137 CHAPTER 8 The Hydraulic Jump When the rapid change in the depth of flow is from a low stage to high stage, the result is usually and abrupt rise of water surface. This local phenomenon is known as the hydraulic jump. Practical applications of the hydraulic jump are (1) to dissipate energy in water flowing over dams, weirs, and other hydraulic structures and thus prevent scouring downstream from the structures (2) to recover head or raise the water level on the downstream side of a measuring flume and thus maintain high water level in the side of a measuring flume and thus maintain high water level in the channel for irrigation or other water- distribution purposes; (3) to increase weight on an apron and thus reduce uplift pressure under a masonry structure by raising the water depth on the apron; (4) to increase the discharge of a sluice by holding back tailwater, since the effective head will be reduced if the tailwater is allowed to drown the jump; (5) to indicate special flow conditions, such as the existence of supercritical flow or the presence of a control section so that a gaging station may be located; (6) to mix chemicals used for water purification; (7) to aerate water for city water supplies ; and (8) to remove air pockets from water ~ supply lines and thus prevent air locking. Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Channels For supercritical flow in a horizontal rectangular channel, the energy of flow is dissipated through frictional resistance along the channel, resulting in a decrease in velocity and an increase in depth in the direction of flow. A hydraulic jump will form in the channel if the Froude number Fy of the flow, the flow depth y:, and a downstream depth ys satisfy the eqinition. yoi yr = % (\1+8R? -1) Q) This equation may be represented by the curve in Fig. 1. This curve has been verified satisfactorily with many experimental data and will be found very useful in the analysis and design for hydraulic jumps138 id enya Fee on 7 o 2 @ 6 @ 0 2 1@ 6 Ww 20 2 Vales ot Fi Fig.1. Relation between Fi and yz /y1 for a hydraulic jump in a horizontal rectangular channel. ‘Types of Jump Hydraulic jumps on horizontal floor are of several distinct types. These types can be conveniently classified according to the Froude number F} of the incoming flow as follows. For Fy = 1, the flow is critical, and hence no jump can form. For Fy) = 1 to 1.7. the water surface shows undulations, and the jump is called an undular jump. Por F) = 1.7 to 2.5, a series of small rollers develop on the surface of the jump, but the downstream water surface remains smooth. The velocity throughout is fairly uniform, and the energy loss is low. This jump may be called a weak jump. For F; = 2.5 to 4.5 . there is an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to surface and back again with no periodicity. Each oscillation produces a large wave of irregular period which , very commonly in canals, can travel for miles doing unlimited damage to earth banks s. This jump may be called an oscillating jump. and ripr for by — 4.5 to 9.0, the downstream extremity of the surface roller and the point at Which the high-velocity jet tends to leave the flow occur at practically the same vertical section. The action and position of this jump are least sensitive to variation in tailwater depth.139 ‘The jump is well-balanced and the performance is at its best. The _ energy dissipation ranges from 45 to 70% . This jump may be called a steady jump. TERT TTOO TT TOOTTIET TOE A Unda Fyst7-25 Weok ump nciotng ie 2 ee peda onc mp EERE ss LDA TTDI F290 Sting iume Fig.2. Various types of hydraulic jump. 9.0 and larger, the high-velocity jet grabs intermittent slugs of water rolling For Gown the front face of the jump, generating waves downstream, and a rough surface can prevail. The jump action is rough but effective since the energy dissipation may reach 85%, Vhis jump may be called a strong jump. Basic Characteristics of the Jump Several busic characteristics of the hydraulic jump in horizontal rectangular channels aire as follows Energy Loss The loss of energy in the jump is equal to the difference in specitic energies before and after the jump. The loss is ~