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 CYLINDER HEAD
Introduction
Ï The Cylinder Head is made of a single casting. It is
bolted on the top of the Cylinder Block.
Ï It has passages for oil and water circulation.
Ï It accommodates valves, spark plugs/ injectors
(in case of the diesel engines) and heater plug.
Ï A combustion chamber is also provided in some
cylinder heads.
Ï In case of the overhead valve system, the cylinder
head supports the rocker shaft assembly.
CYLINDER HEAD

CYLINDER HEAD
 CYLINDER HEAD

þ The lower surface of the cylinder head is

machined to the specified accuracy and a
gasket is used in between the cylinder head
and cylinder block to avoid leakage.
þ MATERIAL OF CYLINDER HEADS:
CAST IRON
ALUMINIUM ALLOY
 TYPES OF CYLINDER HEAD

þ Four types of cylinder heads are used in an

automobile engine as per the valve
arrangements.
¶L· head
¶I· head
¶F· head
¶T· head
 
 


hThe majority of internal combustion engines also
are classified according to the arrangement of the intake and
exhaust valves, whether the valves are located in the cylinder head
or cylinder block.

hL-HEAD ³The intake and the

exhaust valves are both located on
the same side of the piston and
cylinder.
hThe valve operating mechanism is
located directly below the valves,
and one camshaft actuates both the
intake and the exhaust valves .(Eg.
Dodge)
 hI-HEAD ³The intake and the exhaust valves are both
mounted in a cylinder head directly above the cylinder.

hThis arrangement requires a

tappet, a pushrod, and a rocker
arm above the cylinder to reverse
the direction of valve movement.
hThe valves are operated by a
single cam shaft through the
tappet, pushrod and rocker arm
mechanism.
hIt was rapidly superseded by
the overhead camshaft.
hEg. Ambassador, Ashok Leyland.
¶I· HEAD
 ¶F· HEAD
hThe intake valves are normally
located in the head, while the
exhaust valves are located in the
engine block.
hThe valves are operated by single
cam shaft.
- he intake valves in the head are
actuated from the camshaft
through tappets, pushrods, and
rocker arms.
- he exhaust valves are actuated
directly by tappets on the
camshaft.
hEg. Mahindra Jeep CJ-3V Model
 ¶T· HEAD
ÈThe intake and the
exhaust valves are located
on opposite sides of the
cylinder in the engine
block.
ÈTwo camshafts are used
to operate the valves, one
for inlet and the other for
exhaust.
ÈThe valves operated by
the tappet directly.
each requires their own
camshaft.
Eg. Ford.
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DOUBLE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT
h hen the double overhead camshaft is used, the intake and
the exhaust valves each operate from separate camshafts directly
through the lifters.
hIt provides excellent engine performance and is used in more
expensive automotive applications.
 Valve Train Components
1. Cam Shaft
2. Cam Shaft drive
3. Valve Tappet
4. Push Rod
5. Rocker Arm and Rocker Shaft
 Cam Shaft
Material: Forged from alloy steel or cast from
hardenable cast iron and is case hardened.
Construction: Consists a number of cams at suitable
angular positions for operating the valves at appox.
timings relative to the piston movement in a sequence
according to the selected firing order.
Functions:
È Provides a means of actuating the opening and
controlling the period before closing, both for the inlet
as well as the exhaust valves.
È Also provides a drive for ignition distributor and
mechanical fuel pump.
 Cam Shaft Drive
È The Camshaft rotates at half the crankshaft speed
so as to open and close the valves once in every two
revolutions of crankshaft.
È Drive is either a chain drive or gear drive.
È Camshaft gear or sprocket wheel is twice as large as
the crankshaft or sprocket wheel, consists of timing
marks on the sprockets or gears of the camshaft and
the crankshaft to ensure correct valve timing.
È Latest type of drive is made of toothed rubber belt,
since they are relatively silent and need no lubrication.
 Valve Tappet
The Valve tappet i.e. cam follower follows the shape of
the cam lobe on the camshaft.
Location: placed in between the push rod and the
cam.
Function: Converts angular movement of the cam into
a reciprocating motion in the valve train.
Push Rod
Function: Serves to transmit the reciprocating
motion of the valve lifter to the rocker arm.
It also serves as a passage for oil for lubrication of
the valve actuating mechanisms.
 Rocker Arm & Rocker Shaft
Function: To reverse the upward motion of the
push rod to downward motion of the valve and
vice versa.