Network Analysis by Van Valkenburg Solutions CH#6 Part 1

Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.
H)} 1
CH#6
Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)} 2
PROBLEMS
Q#6.1: Show that i = ke-2t and i = ke-t are solutions of the differential equation
d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
Characteristic equation:
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
Putting corresponding values we get
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t
Q#6.2: Show that i = Ke-t and i = Kte-t are solutions of the differential equation
d2i di
+2 +i=0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
1s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1es1t + K2tes2t
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2te-1t
Q#6.3: Find the general solution of each of the following equations:

(a)
d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t
(b)
d2i di
+5 + 6i = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 6i = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t
(c)
d2i di
+7 + 12i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 7si + 12i = 0

s2 + 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-7  72 – 4(1)(12)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 48
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t
(d)
d2i di
+5 + 4i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 4i = 0
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  9
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  3
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t
(e)
d2i di
+1 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 6i = 0
s2 + 1s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -23
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i4.796
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

(f)
d2i di
+1 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 2i = 0
s2 + 1s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t
(g)
d2i di
+2 +i=0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 2si + i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

(h)
d2i di
+4 + 4i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 4si + 4i = 0
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t
Q#6.4: Find the general solution of each of the following homogeneous differential
equations:
(a)
d2v dv
+2 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 – i2)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1), (-1 – i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t
(b)
d2v dv
+2 + 4v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s2 + 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i3.464
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i3.464)/2, (-2 – i3.464)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.732), (-1 – i1.732)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t
(c)
d2v dv
+4 + 2v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 2.828)/2, (-4 – 2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.586), (-3.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-0.586)t + K2e(-3.414)t
(d)
d2v dv
2 +8 + 16v = 0
dt2 dt
After simplification
d2v dv
+4 + 8v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(8)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 32
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  -16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  i4
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 – i4)/2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2), (-2 – i2)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-2 + i2)t + K2e(-2 – i2)t
(e)
d2v dv
+2 + 3v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s2 + 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 – i2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.414), (-1 – i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + K2e(-1 – i1.414)t
(f)
d2v dv
+3 + 5v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s2 + 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(5)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 20
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  -11
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  i3.317
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 – i3.317)/2
s1, s2 = (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 – i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t
Q#6.5: Find particular solutions for the differential equations of Prob. 6.3 subject to
the initial conditions:
di
i(0+) = 1, (0+) = 0
dt
(a)
d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2

s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-2(0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -K1e-1t - 2K2e-2t
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e-1(0+) - 2K2e-2(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e0 - 2K2e0
dt
0 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1)
0 = -K1 - 2K2
K1 = - 2K2
Putting the value of K1 in (ii)
1 = -2K2 + K2
K2 = -1
1 = K1 + (-1)
K1 = 2
i(t) = 2e-t + (-1)e-2t
i(t) = 2e-t – e-2t
(b)
d2i di
+5 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 6i = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)

di(t)
= -2K1e-2t - 3K2e-3t
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
dt
0 = -2K1 - 3K2
2K1 = -3K2
K1 = -1.5K2
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
1 = -1.5K2 + K2
1 = -0.5K2
K2 = -2
K1 = -1.5(-2)
K1 = 3.0
i(t) = 3e-2t + (-2)e-3t
i(t) = 3e-2t - 2e-3t

(c)
d2i di
+7 + 12i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 7si + 12i = 0
s2 + 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-7  72 – 4(1)(12)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 48
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-3(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= -3K1e-3t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1e-3(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1e0 - 4K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1(1) - 4K2(1)
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1 - 4K2
dt
0 = -3K1 - 4K2
3K1 = - 4K2
K1 = -1.334K2
1 = -1.334K2 + K2
1 = -0.334K2
K2 = -2.994
K1 = -1.334(-2.994) = 3.994
i(t) = (3.994)e-3t + (-2.994)e-4t
i(t) = 3.994e-3t - 2.994e-4t
(d)
d2i di
+5 + 4i = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 4i = 0
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  9
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  3
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= -1K1e-1t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -1K1e-1(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -1K1e0 - 4K2e0
dt
0 = -1K1(1) - 4K2(1)
0 = -K1 - 4K2
K1 = -4K2
1 = -4K2 + K2
1 = -3K2
K2 = -0.334
K1 = -4(-0.334)
K1 = 1.336
i(t) = 1.336e-1t – 0.334e-4t

(e)
d2i di
+1 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 6i = 0
s2 + 1s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -23
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i4.796
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e0
dt
0 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2(1)
0 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2
0.5 + i2.398
K1 = K2
-0.5 + i2.398
K1 = [0.917 – i0.400]K2
1 = [0.917 – i0.400]K2 + K2
1 = [[0.917 – i0.400] + 1]K2
1 = [0.917 – i0.400 + 1]K2
1 = [1.917 – i0.400]K2
K2 = 0.5 + i0.104
1 = K1 + K2
K1 = 1 – K2
K1 = 1 – [0.5 + i0.104]
K1 = 1 – 0.5 - i0.104
K1 = 0.5 - i0.104
i(t) = [0.5 - i0.104]e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + [0.5 + i0.104]e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

(f)
d2i di
+1 + 2i = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 2i = 0
s2 + 1s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2(1)
dt
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2
(-0.5 + i1.323)K1 = (0.5 + i1.323)K2
(0.5 + i1.323)
K1 = K2
(-0.5 + i1.323)
K1 = (0.75 – 0.662i)K2
1 = (0.75 – 0.662i)K2 + K2
1 = [(0.75 – 0.662i) + 1]K2
1 = [1.75 – 0.662i]K2
K2 = 0.5 + 0.189i
1 = K1 + 0.5 + 0.189i
K1 = 1 - 0.5 - 0.189i
K1 = 0.5 - 0.189i
i(t) = [0.5 - 0.189i]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [0.5 + 0.189i]e(-0.5 - i1.323)t
(g)
d2i di
+2 +i=0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 2si + i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 1
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+
i(0+) = K1e0
i(0+) = K1(1)
1 = K1

di(t)
= -K1e(-1)t + K2[-te(-1)t – e-t]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1e(-1)0+ + K2[-(0+)e-(0+) – e-(0+)]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1e0 + K2[–e0]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1(1) + K2[–(1)]
dt
0 = -K1 – K2
0 = -(1) – K2
K2 = -1
Putting corresponding values
i(t) = (1)e(-1)t + (-1)te(-1)t
i(t) = e(-1)t - te(-1)t
(h)
d2i di
+4 + 4i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 4si + 4i = 0
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0
A 1
B 4
C 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-2)0+ + K2(0+)e(-2)0+
1 = K1e0
1 = K1(1)
1 = K1
di(t)
= -2K1e(-2)t + K2[-0.5te-2t – 0.25e-2t]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e(-2)0+ + K2[-0.5(0+)e-2(0+) – 0.25e-2(0+)]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 + K2[–0.25e0]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1(1) + K2[–0.25(1)]
dt
0 = -2K1 – 0.25K2
2K1 = -0.25K2
K1 = -0.125K2
K2 = -8
i(t) = (1)e(-2)t + (-8)te(-2)t
i(t) = e(-2)t - 8te(-2)t

di
i(0+) = 2, (0+) = +1
dt
(a)
d2i di
+3 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-4)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -2
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-2(0+)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)

di(t)
= -K1e-1t - 2K2e-2t
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e-1(0+) - 2K2e-2(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e0 - 2K2e0
dt
1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1)
1 = -K1 - 2K2
K1 = -1 - 2K2
2 = [-1 - 2K2] + K2
2 = -1 - 2K2 + K2
3 = -K2
K2 = -3
2 = K1 + (-3)
K1 = 5
i(t) = 5e-t + (-3)e-2t
i(t) = 5e-t – 3e-2t
(b)
d2i di
+5 + 6i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 6i = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= -2K1e-2t - 3K2e-3t
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
dt
1 = -2K1 - 3K2
2K1 = -3K2 - 1
K1 = -1.5K2 – 0.5
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
2 = [-1.5K2 – 0.5] + K2
2 = -1.5K2 – 0.5 + K2
2 = -0.5K2 – 0.5
K2 = -5
2 = K1 + (-5)
K1 = 7
i(t) = 7e-2t + (-5)e-3t
i(t) = 7e-2t - 5e-3t
(c)
d2i di
+7 + 12i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 7si + 12i = 0
s2 + 7s + 12 = 0
a 1
b 7
c 12
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-7  72 – 4(1)(12)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 48
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 1)/2, (-7 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-6)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -3, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-3(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0

i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= -3K1e-3t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1e-3(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1e0 - 4K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1(1) - 4K2(1)
dt
di(0+)
= -3K1 - 4K2
dt
1 = -3K1 - 4K2
3K1 = -4K2 - 1
K1 = -1.334K2 – 0.334
2 = [-1.334K2 – 0.334] + K2
2 = -1.334K2 – 0.334 + K2
2.334 = -0.334K2
K2 = -6.988
2 = K1 + (-6.988)
8.988 = K1
i(t) = (8.988)e-3t + (-6.988)e-4t
i(t) = 8.988e-3t – 6.988e-4t
(d)
d2i di
+5 + 4i = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 5si + 4i = 0
s2 + 5s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  9
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  3
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 3)/2, (-5 - 3)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-8)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -4
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-4(0+)
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= -1K1e-1t - 4K2e-4t
dt
di(0+)
= -1K1e-1(0+) - 4K2e-4(0+)
dt
di(0+)
= -1K1e0 - 4K2e0
dt
0 = -1K1(1) - 4K2(1)
0 = -K1 - 4K2
K1 = -4K2
1 = -4K2 + K2
1 = -3K2
K2 = -0.334
K1 = -4(-0.334)
K1 = 1.336
i(t) = 1.336e-1t – 0.334e-4t

(e)
d2i di
+1 + 6i = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 6i = 0
s2 + 1s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -23
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i4.796
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i4.796)/2, (-1 - i4.796)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i2.398), (-0.5 - i2.398)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t … (i)

At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)0+ + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i2.398)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2e0
dt
1 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2(1)
1 = (-0.5 + i2.398)K1 + (-0.5 - i2.398)K2
K1 = -0.084 – i0.400 + [0.917 – i0.4]K2
2 = [-0.084 – i0.400 + [0.917 – i0.4]K2] + K2
2 + 0.084 + i0.400 = [1.917 – i0.4]K2
2.084 + i0.400 = [1.917 – i0.4]K2
K2 = 1 + i0.417
2 = K1 + 1 + i0.417
2 - 1 - i0.417 = K1
1 - i0.417 = K1
i(t) = [1 - i0.417]e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + [1 + i0.417]e(-0.5 - i2.398)t
(f)
d2i di
+1 + 2i = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 1si + 2i = 0
s2 + 1s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 - i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
i(0+) = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
di(t)
= K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)0+
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e0 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2e0
dt
di(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1(1) + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2(1)
dt
1 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2

K1 = -0.25 – i0.662 + [0.75 – i0.662]K2
2 = -0.25 – i0.662 + [0.75 – i0.662]K2 + K2
2 + 0.25 + i0.662 = [0.75 – i0.662]K2 + K2
2.25 + i0.662 = [1.75 – i0.662]K2
K2 = 1 + i0.757
2 = K1 + 1 + i0.757
K1 = 2 – 1 - i0.757
K1 = 1 - i0.757
i(t) = [1 - i0.757]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [1 + i0.757]e(-0.5 - i1.323)t

(g)
d2i di
+2 +i=0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 2si + i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-1)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+
i(0+) = K1e0
i(0+) = K1(1)
2 = K1
di(t)
= -K1e(-1)t + K2[-te(-1)t – e-t]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1e(-1)0+ + K2[-(0+)e-(0+) – e-(0+)]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1e0 + K2[–e0]
dt
di(0+)
= (-1)K1(1) + K2[–(1)]
dt
1 = -K1 – K2
1 = -(2) – K2
K2 = -3
i(t) = (2)e(-1)t + (-3)te(-1)t
i(t) = 2e(-1)t - 3te(-1)t
(h)
d2i di
+4 + 4i = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2i + 4si + 4i = 0
s2 + 4s + 4 = 0
A 1
B 4
C 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 0)/2, (-4 - 0)/2
s1, s2 = (-2), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-2)0+ + K2(0+)e(-2)0+
2 = K1e0
2 = K1(1)
2 = K1
di(t)
= -2K1e(-2)t + K2[-0.5te-2t – 0.25e-2t]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e(-2)0+ + K2[-0.5(0+)e-2(0+) – 0.25e-2(0+)]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1e0 + K2[–0.25e0]
dt
di(0+)
= -2K1(1) + K2[–0.25(1)]
dt
1 = -2K1 – 0.25K2
1 = -2(2) – 0.25K2
-5 = 0.25K2
K2 = -20
i(t) = (2)e(-2)t + (-20)te(-2)t
i(t) = 2e(-2)t - 20te(-2)t

dv
v(0+) = 1, (0+) = -1
dt
(a)
d2v dv
+2 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 – i2)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1), (-1 – i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1)0+
v(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)t + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e0 + (-1 – i1)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1(1) + (-1 – i1)K2(1)
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1)K1 + (-1 – i1)K2
K1 = -iK2 + 0.5 + 0.5i
1 = [-iK2 + 0.5 + 0.5i] + K2
1 = -iK2 + 0.5 + 0.5i + K2
K2 = 0.5
1 = K1 + 0.5
K1 = 0.5
v(t) = 0.5e(-1 + i1)t + 0.5e(-1 – i1)t
(b)
d2v dv
+2 + 4v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s2 + 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i3.464
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i3.464)/2, (-2 – i3.464)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.732), (-1 – i1.732)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.732)K2e0
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.732)K2(1)
-1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1 + (-1 – i1.732)K2
(-1 + i1.732)K1 = (1 + i1.732)K2 - 1
K1 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + 0.25 + i0.433
1 = [[0.5 – i0.866]K2 + 0.25 + i0.433] + K2
1 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + 0.25 + i0.433 + K2
1 - 0.25 - i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + K2
0.75 - i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866 + 1]K2
0.75 - i0.433 = [1.5 – i0.866]K2
K2 = 0.5
1 = K1 + 0.5
K1 = 0.5
v(t) = 0.5e(-1 + i1.732)t + 0.5e(-1 – i1.732)t
(c)
d2v dv
+4 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 2.828)/2, (-4 – 2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.586), (-3.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-0.586)t + K2e(-3.414)t … (i)

At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-0.586)0+ + K2e(-3.414)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)t + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)0+ + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)0+
dt
-1 = (-0.586)K1e0 + (-3.414)K2e0
-1 = (-0.586)K1(1) + (-3.414)K2(1)
-1 = -0.586K1 - 3.414K2
K1 = 1.706 – 5.826K2
1 = 1.706 – 5.826K2 + K2
0.706 = 4.826K2
K2 = 0.146
K1 = 1.706 – 5.826(0.146)
K1 = 1.706 – 0.851
K1 = 0.855
v(t) = 0.855e(-0.586)t + 0.146e(-3.414)t

(d)
d2v dv
2 +8 + 16v = 0
2
dt dt
d2v dv
+4 + 8v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(8)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 32
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  -16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  i4
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 – i4)/2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2), (-2 – i2)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-2 + i2)t + K2e(-2 – i2)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + K2e(-2 – i2)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)t + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)0+
dt
-1 = (-2 + i2)K1e0 + (-2 – i2)K2e0
-1 = (-2 + i2)K1(1) + (-2 – i2)K2(1)
-1 = (-2 + i2)K1 + (-2 – i2)K2
K1 = -1i + 0.25 + i0.25
K1 = -0.75i + 0.25
1 = [-0.75i + 0.25] + K2
1 + 0.75i – 0.25 = K2
0.75 + 0.75i = K2
v(t) = [-0.75i + 0.25]e(-2 + i2)t + [0.75 + 0.75i]e(-2 – i2)t
(e)
d2v dv
+2 + 3v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s2 + 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 – i2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.414), (-1 – i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + K2e(-1 – i1.414)t
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)t

dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.414)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.414)K2(1)
dt
-1 = (-1 + i1.414)K1 + (-1 – i1.414)K2
K1 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 + 0.334 + i0.471
1 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 + 0.334 + i0.471 + K2
1 - 0.334 - i0.471 = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
(0.666 - i0.471) = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
K2 = 0.499
1 = K1 + 0.499
0.501 = K1
v(t) = 0.501e(-1 + i1.414)t + 0.499e(-1 – i1.414)t
(f)
d2v dv
+3 + 5v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s2 + 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(5)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 20
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  -11
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  i3.317
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 – i3.317)/2
s1, s2 = (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 – i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e0 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1(1) + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2(1)
dt
-1 = (-1.5 + i1.659)K1 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2
K1 = 0.401 – i0.664
1 = 0.401 – i0.664 + K2
K2 = 0.599 + i0.664
v(t) = (0.401 – i0.664)e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (0.599 + i0.664)e(-1.5 – i1.659)t
Q#6.8: Find particular solutions to the differential equations given in Prob. 6.4,
given the initial conditions:
dv
v(0+) = 2, (0+) = 1
dt
(a)
d2v dv
+2 + 2v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 2s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2)/2, (-2 – i2)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1), (-1 – i1)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1)0+
v(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)t + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e(-1 + i1)0+ + (-1 – i1)K2e(-1 – i1)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1e0 + (-1 – i1)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1)K1(1) + (-1 – i1)K2(1)
dt
1 = (-1 + i1)K1 + (-1 – i1)K2
K1 = -iK2 – 0.5 – i0.5
2 = -iK2 – 0.5 – i0.5 + K2
2 + 0.5 + i0.5 = -iK2 + K2
2.5 + i0.5 = [-i + 1]K2
K2 = 1 + i1.5
2 = K1 + 1 + i1.5
1 = K1 + i1.5
K1 = 1 – i1.5
v(t) = (1 – i1.5)e(-1 + i1)t + (1 + i1.5)e(-1 – i1)t
(b)
d2v dv
+2 + 4v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 4v = 0
s2 + 2s + 4 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 4
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(4)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i3.464
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i3.464)/2, (-2 – i3.464)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.732), (-1 – i1.732)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.732)K1e(-1 + i1.732)0+ + (-1 – i1.732)K2e(-1 – i1.732)0+
dt
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.732)K2e0
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.732)K2(1)
1 = (-1 + i1.732)K1 + (-1 – i1.732)K2
(-1 + i1.732)K1 = (1 + i1.732)K2 + 1
K1 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 - 0.25 - i0.433
2 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 - 0.25 - i0.433 + K2
2 + 0.25 + i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866]K2 + K2
2.25 + i0.433 = [0.5 – i0.866 + 1]K2
2.25 + i0.433 = [1.5 – i0.866]K2
K2 = 1 + i0.867
2 = K1 + 1 + i0.867
1 – i0.867 = K1
v(t) = (1 – i0.867)e(-1 + i1.732)t + (1 + i0.867)e(-1 – i1.732)t

(c)
d2v dv
+4 + 2v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 2v = 0
s2 + 4s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + 2.828)/2, (-4 – 2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.586), (-3.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-0.586)t + K2e(-3.414)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-0.586)0+ + K2e(-3.414)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)t + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-0.586)K1e(-0.586)0+ + (-3.414)K2e(-3.414)0+
dt
1 = (-0.586)K1e0 + (-3.414)K2e0
1 = (-0.586)K1(1) + (-3.414)K2(1)
1 = -0.586K1 - 3.414K2
K1 = -1.706 – 5.826K2
2 = [-1.706 – 5.826K2] + K2
2 = -1.706 – 5.826K2 + K2
2 + 1.706 = [–5.826 + 1]K2
3.706 = [–4.826]K2
K2 = -0.768
2 = K1 + (-0.768)
2.768 = K1
v(t) = 2.768e(-0.586)t – 0.768e(-3.414)t

(d)
d2v dv
2 +8 + 16v = 0
dt2 dt
d2v dv
+4 + 8v = 0
2
dt dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 4sv + 8v = 0
s2 + 4s + 8 = 0
a 1
b 4
c 8
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-4  42 – 4(1)(8)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  16 – 32
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  -16
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-4  i4
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-4 + i4)/2, (-4 – i4)/2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2), (-2 – i2)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-2 + i2)t + K2e(-2 – i2)t
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + K2e(-2 – i2)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)t + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-2 + i2)K1e(-2 + i2)0+ + (-2 – i2)K2e(-2 – i2)0+
dt
1 = (-2 + i2)K1e0 + (-2 – i2)K2e0
1 = (-2 + i2)K1(1) + (-2 – i2)K2(1)
1 = (-2 + i2)K1 + (-2 – i2)K2
K1 = -i – 0.25 – i0.25
K1 = -i1.25 – 0.25
2 = -i1.25 – 0.25 + K2
2 + i1.25 + 0.25 = K2
2.25 + i1.25 = K2
v(t) = [-i1.25 – 0.25]e(-2 + i2)t + [2.25 + i1.25]e(-2 – i2)t
(e)
d2v dv
+2 + 3v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 2sv + 3v = 0
s2 + 2s + 3 = 0
a 1
b 2
c 3
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  -8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  i2.828
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + i2.828)/2, (-2 – i2.828)/2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i1.414), (-1 – i1.414)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + K2e(-1 – i1.414)t
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2
dv(t)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e(-1 + i1.414)0+ + (-1 – i1.414)K2e(-1 – i1.414)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1e0 + (-1 – i1.414)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1 + i1.414)K1(1) + (-1 – i1.414)K2(1)
dt
1 = (-1 + i1.414)K1 + (-1 – i1.414)K2
K1 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 – 0.334 – i0.471
2 = [0.334 – i0.943]K2 – 0.334 – i0.471 + K2
2 + 0.334 + i0.471 = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
2.334 + i0.471 = [1.334 – i0.943]K2
K2 = 1 + i1.060
2 = K1 + 1 + i1.060
1 - i1.060 = K1
v(t) = (1 - i1.060)e(-1 + i1.414)t + (1 + i1.060)e(-1 – i1.414)t
(f)
d2v dv
+3 + 5v = 0
dt2 dt
as2 + bs + c = 0
Here
s2v + 3sv + 5v = 0
s2 + 3s + 5 = 0
a 1
b 3
c 5
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(5)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 20
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  -11
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  i3.317
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + i3.317)/2, (-3 – i3.317)/2
s1, s2 = (-1.5 + i1.659), (-1.5 – i1.659)
General solution:
v(t) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t … (i)
At t = 0+
v(0+) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (ii)
dv(t)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)0+ + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)0+
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1e0 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2e0
dt
dv(0+)
= (-1.5 + i1.659)K1(1) + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2(1)
dt
1 = (-1.5 + i1.659)K1 + (-1.5 – i1.659)K2
K1 = 0.101 – i0.996 – 0.300 – i0.332
K1 = -0.199 – i1.328
2 = -0.199 – i1.328 + K2
2 + 0.199 + i1.328 = K2
2.199 + i1.328 = K2
v(t) = (-0.199 – i1.328)e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + (2.199 + i1.328)e(-1.5 – i1.659)t
Q#6.9: Solve the differential equation

d3i d2i di
3 +8 + 10 + 3i = 0
dt dt dt
3s3i + 8s2i + 10si + 3i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
3s3 + 8s2 + 10s + 3 = 0
We can find roots using synthetic division
1 8 10 3
-1 -1 -07 -3
1 7 3 0 Remainder is zero.
s = -1
So s + 1 is a factor.
(s + 1)(s2 + 7s + 3) = 0
s2 + 7s + 3 = 0
A 1
B 7
C 3
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-7  72 – 4(1)(3)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 12
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  37
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  6.083
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 6.083)/2, (-7 – 6.083)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.917)/2, (-13.083)/2
s1, s2 = -0.459, -6.542

General solution:
i(t) = K1e-0.459t + K2e-6.542t
So –1, -0.459, -6.542 are roots of the X-TICS equation.

General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-0.459t + K3e-6.542t

d3i d2i di
2 +9 + 13 + 6i = 0
dt dt dt
2s3i + 9s2i + 13si + 6i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
2s3 + 9s2 + 13s + 6 = 0
2 9 13 6
-1 -2 -07 -6
s = -1
(s + 1)(2s2 + 7s + 6) = 0
2s2 + 7s + 6 = 0
A 2
B 7
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-7  72 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  25
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  5
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 5)/2, (-7 – 5)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-12)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -6
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-6t
So –1, -1, -6 are roots of the X-TICS equation.

General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t … (i)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-1(0+) + K3e-6(0+)
0 = K1e0 + K2e0 + K3e0
0 = K1(1) + K2(1) + K3(1)
0 = K1 + K2 + K3
di
= -K1e-t - K2e-1t - 6K3e-6t
dt
di(0+)
= -K1e-(0+) - K2e-1(0+) - 6K3e-6(0+)
dt
1 = -K1e0 - K2e0 - 6K3e0
1 = -K1(1) - K2(1) - 6K3(1)
1 = -K1 - K2 - 6K3
d2i
= K1e-t + K2e-1t + 6K3e-6t
2
dt
d2i(0+)
= K1e-(0+) + K2e-1(0+) + 6K3e-6(0+)
2
dt
-1 = K1e0 + K2e0 + 6K3e0
-1 = K1(1) + K2(1) + 6K3(1)
-1 = K1 + K2 + 6K3
Q#6.11: The response of a network is found to be

i = K1te-t, t  0
where  is real and positive. Find the time at which i(t) attains a maximum value.
=4 K=1
t=0 i(0) = 0
t=1 i(1) = 0.018
t=2 i(2) = 0.001
t=3 i(3) = 0
3.5
3 3
2.5
2 2
current
Series1
Series2
1.5
1 1
0.5
0 0 0.018 0.001 0
1 2 3 4
Series1 0 1 2 3
Series2 0 0.018 0.001 0
tim e
Q#6.12: In a certain network, it is found that the current is given by the expression
i = K1e-1t – K2e-2t, t > 0, 1 > 2
Show that i(t) reaches a maximum value at time
1 1K1
t= ln
1 - 2 2K2
1 1K1
t= ln
1 K2
Solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t – K2e-2t
i(1) = K1e-1(1) – K2e-2(1)
t=1
i(1) = K1e-1 – K2e-2
i(2) = K1e-1(2) – K2e-2(2)
t=2
i(2) = K1e-21 – K2e-22
i(3) = K1e-1(3) – K2e-2(3)
t=3
i(3) = K1e-31 – K2e-32
i((1/1)ln(1K1/K2)) = K1e-1((1/1)ln(1K1/K2))
t = (1/1)ln(1K1/K2) – K2e-2((1/1)ln(1K1/K2))
1 1K1
t= ln
1 K2
Q#6.13: The graph shows a damped sinusoidal waveform having the general form
Ke-t sin(t + )
From the graph, determine numerical values for K, , , and .
t = 1 sec
1
f=
t
f = 1 Hz
 = 2f
 = 2(1)
 = 2
 = 6.28 rad/sec
t V(t)
0 0
0.4 0
0.8 0
Q#6.14: Repeat Prob. 6.13 for the waveform of the accompanying figure.
t = 4 msec
1
f=
t
f = 250 Hz
 = 2f
 = 2(250)
 = 1570 rad/sec
 = 00
Q#6.15: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed and a steady state is
reached in the network. At t = 0, the switch is opened. Find an expression for the
current in the inductor, i2(t).
Solution:
Circuit diagram:
K 10  i2
+
100 V 1H
- 20 F
Equivalent circuit before switching:
At t = 0-
100
i2(0-) =
10
i2(0-) = 10 A = i2(0+)
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0
Equivalent circuit after switching:
i2
Using KVL we have

di2 1
L + i2dt = 0 … (i)
dt C
Differentiating we have
d2i2 i2
L + =0
dt2 C
The characteristic equation is
i2
Ls2i2 + = 0
C
1
Ls2 + = 0
C
1
s2 = -
LC
-1
s=
LC
1
s = j
LC
Roots are pure imaginary so from table 6-1

Form of solution
i = K1cos t + K2 sin t
Here
1
=
LC
i = i2(t)
i2(t) = K1cos (1/LC)1/2t + K2 sin (1/LC)1/2t … (ii)
From equation (i) at t = 0+
di2(0+)
L + VC(0+) = 0
dt
di2(0+)
= 0 Amp./sec
dt
From (ii) at t = 0+
i2(0+) = K1cos (1/LC)1/2(0+) + K2 sin (1/LC)1/2(0+)
i2(0+) = K1(1) + 0
K1 = 10
di2(t)
= -(1/LC)1/2K1sin (1/LC)1/2t + (1/LC)1/2K2 cos (1/LC)1/2t
dt
At t = 0+
di2(0+)
= -(1/LC)1/2K1sin (1/LC)1/2(0+) + (1/LC)1/2K2 cos (1/LC)1/2(0+)
dt
di2(0+)
= -(1/LC)1/2K1sin (1/LC)1/2(0+) + (1/LC)1/2K2 cos (1/LC)1/2(0+)
dt
0 = (1/LC)1/2K2
0 = K2
i2(t) = (10)cos (1/LC)1/2(t) + (0) sin (1/LC)1/2(t)
i2(t) = (10)cos (1/(1)(20(10-6)))1/2(t)
i2(t) = 10cos 223.607t
Q#6.16: The capacitor of the figure has an initial voltage VC(0-) = V1, and at the
same time the current in the inductor is zero. At t = 0, the switch K is closed.
Determine an expression for the voltage V2(t).
Solution:
V1 V2
C R L
Here
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 = V2(0+)
iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0
After switching
dV2 V2 1
C + + V2dt = 0 … (i)
dt R L
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’
d2V2 dV2 V2
C + + =0
2
dt Rdt L
d2V2 dV2 V2
+ + =0
dt2 RCdt LC
The characteristic equation is
s V2
2
s V2 + V2 + =0
RC LC
s 1
2
s + + =0
RC LC
a 1
b 1/RC
c 1/LC
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-(1/RC)  (1/RC)2 – 4(1)(1/LC)

s1, s2 =
2(1)
-(1/RC)  (1/R2C2) – (4/LC)

s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = -(1/2RC)  (1/2RC)2 – (1/LC)
Case (a) if
(1/2RC)2 – (1/LC) = 0
(1/2RC)2 = (1/LC)
that is
1 L
R=
2 C
Then
1
s=-
2RC
So form of solution is:
Nature of roots
s1, s2 = (-1/2RC + 0), (-1/2RC - 0)
s1, s2 = (-1/2RC), (-1/2RC)
Negative real and equal
V2(t) = K1es1t + K2tes2t
V2(t) = K1e(-1/2RC)t + K2te(-1/2RC)t … (ii)

From equation (i) at t = 0+
dV2(0+) V2(0+)
C + + iL(0+) = 0
dt R
dV2(0+) -V1
=
dt RC
At t = 0+
V2(0+) = K1e(-1/2RC)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1/2RC)0+ … (ii)
V1 = K1e0
V1 = K 1
Differentiating (ii) with respect to ‘t’
dV2(t)
= (-1/2RC)K1e(-1/2RC)t + K2[-te(-1/2RC)t - e(-1/2RC)t]
dt
At t = 0+
dV2(0+)
= (-1/2RC)K1e(-1/2RC)0+ + K2[-(0+)e(-1/2RC)0+ - e(-1/2RC)0+]
dt
dV2(0+)
= (-1/2RC)K1e0 + K2[-e0]
dt
-V1
= (-1/2RC)K1(1) + K2[-(1)]
RC
V1
= (1/2RC)K1 + K2
RC
V1
= (1/2RC)V1 + K2
RC
-V1
K2 =
2RC
V1
V2(t) = V1e(-1/2RC)t - te(-1/2RC)t
2RC
Q#6.17: The voltage source in the network of the figure is described by the equation,
V1 = 2 cos 2t for t  0 and is a short circuit prior to that time. Determine V2(t).
Repeat if V1 = K1t for t  0 and V1 = 0 for t < 0.
Solution:
+
- V1 V2
Here iL(0-) = iL(0+) = 0 A

VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 = V2(0+)
For t  0
According to KCL
V2 1 dV2 1
+ + (V2 – V1)dt = 0 … (i)
2 2 dt 1
Differentiating we have
dV2 1 d2V2
+ + V2 – V1 = 0
2dt 2 dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 – 2V1 = 0
2
dt dt
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2V1
dt dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2[2 cos 2t]
dt dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 4 cos 2t … (ii)
2
dt dt
Equation (ii) is a non-homogeneous differential equation
Characteristic equation is
s2V2 + sV2 + 2V2 = 0
s2 + s + 2 = 0
a 1
b 1
c 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 – i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
V2(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t … (ii)

Complementary solution.
The form of particular solution is
V2P = Acos 2t + Bsin 2t … (iii)
Substituting (iii) in (ii)
d2 d
[Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] + [Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] + 2[Acos 2t + Bsin 2t] = 4 cos 2t
dt2 dt
-2Asin 2t + 2B cos 2t – 4Acos 2t – 4Bsin 2t + 2Acos 2t + 2Bsin 2t = 4 cos 2t
Equating coefficients of L.H.S & R.H.S
-2A – 4B + 2B = 0
-2A – 2B = 0
-2A = 2B
-A = B
2B – 4A + 2A = 4
2B – 2A = 4
B–A=2
-A – A = 2
-2A = 2
A = -1
-(-1) = B
B=1
V2P = -1cos 2t + 1sin 2t
V2P = -cos 2t + sin 2t
Therefore particular solution is
V2 = complementary + particular
V2 = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + [-cos 2t + sin 2t]
V2 = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t - cos 2t + sin 2t … (iV)
dV2
= (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + 2sin 2t + 2cos 2t
dt
V2(0+) 1 dV2(0+)
+ + iL(0+) = 0
2 2 dt
dV2(0+)
=0
dt
At t = 0+
dV2(0+)
=
dt
(-0.5 + i1.323)K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ + 2sin 2(0+) + 2cos 2(0+)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1e0 + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2e0 + 2sin 0 + 2cos 0
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1(1) + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2(1) + 2(1)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1 + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2 + 2 … (V)

At t = 0+ equation (iV)
V2(0+) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + K2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ - cos 2(0+) + sin 2(0+)
0 = K1e0 + K2e0 – 1
0 = K1(1) + K2(1) – 1
0 = K1 + K2 – 1
1 = K1 + K2 … (Vi)
K1 = 1 – K2
Putting the value of K1 in (V)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)(1 – K2) + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2 + 2
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323) – K2(-0.5 + i1.323) + (-0.5 – i1.323)K2 + 2
0 = -0.5 + i1.323 + 0.5K2 – i1.323K2 – 0.5K2 - i1.323K2 + 2
-1.5 - i1.323 = [0.5 – i1.323 – 0.5 - i1.323]K2
-1.5 - i1.323 = [–i2.646]K2
1.5 + i1.323 = [i2.646]K2
K2 = 0.5 – i0.567
Putting the value of K2 in (Vi)

1 = K1 + 0.5 – i0.567
0.5 + i0.567 = K1
V2 = [0.5 + i0.567]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [0.5 – i0.567]e(-0.5 – i1.323)t - cos 2t + sin 2t
Part (b)
If V1 = Kt
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2V1
dt dt2
dV2 d2V2
+ + 2V2 = 2K1 … (a)
2
dt dt
Equation (ii) is a non-homogeneous differential equation
s2V2 + sV2 + 2V2 = 0
s2 + s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 1
C 2
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-1  12 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  1 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  -7
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-1  i2.646
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-1 + i2.646)/2, (-1 – i2.646)/2
s1, s2 = (-0.5 + i1.323), (-0.5 – i1.323)
General solution:
v(t) = C1es1t + C2es2t
V2(t) = C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t … (i)
Complementary solution.
The form of particular solution is
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn
V2P = At + B … (ii)
Substituting equation (ii) in (a)
d2 d
[At + B] + [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 2K1t
dt2 dt
A + 2At + 2B = 2K1t
Equating coefficients
t:
2A = 2K1
A = K1
Constants:
A + 2B = 0
K1 + 2B = 0
B = -0.5K1
V2P = K1t - 0.5K1
Therefore
Particular solution
= Complementary + particular
V2 = C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + K1t - 0.5K1 … (ii)

Differentiating
dV2
= (-0.5 + i1.323)C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)t + K1
dt
At t = 0+ eq. (ii)
V2(0+) = C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ + K1(0+) - 0.5K1
0 = C1e0 + C2e0 - 0.5K1
0 = C1(1) + C2(1) - 0.5K1
0 = C1 + C2 - 0.5K1 … (iii)
dV2(0+)
= (-0.5 + i1.323)C1e(-0.5 + i1.323)0+ + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2e(-0.5 – i1.323)0+ + K1
dt
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)C1e0 + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2e0 + K1
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)C1(1) + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2(1) + K1
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)C1 + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2 + K1 … (iV)

Putting the value of C1 from (iii) into (iV)
0 = (-0.5 + i1.323)[0.5K1 – C2] + (-0.5 – i1.323)C2 + K1
C2 = 0.250 – i0.284K1
Putting the value of C2 in (iii)
0 = C1 + 0.250 – i0.284K1 - 0.5K1
C1 = -0.250 + i0.284K1 + 0.5K1
Putting corresponding values eq. (ii) becomes
V2 = [-0.250 + i0.284K1 + 0.5K1]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [0.250 – i0.284K1]e(-0.5 – i1.323)t +
K1t - 0.5K1
Q#6.18: Solve the following nonhomogeneous differential equations for t  0.
(a)
d2i di
+2 +i=1
dt2 dt
Nonhomogeneous differential equation
i(t) = iC + iP
Complementary solution
s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 – 0)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
iP = A = 1
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t + 1
(b)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t …(c)
dt2 dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)
Particular solution
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn
iP = At + B … (ii)
Putting the value of iP from (ii) into eq. (c)
d2 d
[At + B] + 3 [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 5t
dt2 dt
3A + 2At + 2B = 5t
2A = 5
A = 2.5
Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0
7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
iP = 2.5t – 3.75
iP = -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2
(c)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t … (k)

2
dt dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)
Particular solution
From table 6.2
iP = A sin 10t + B cos 10t
Putting the value of iP in (k)
d2 d
[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 3 [A sin 10t + B cos 10t] + 2[A sin 10t + B cos 10t] =
dt2 dt
10 sin 10t
-100A sin 10t – 100B cos 10t + 3[10A cos 10t - 10B sin 10t] + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t
= 10 sin 10t
-100A sin 10t – 100B cos 10t + 30A cos 10t - 30B sin 10t + 2A sin 10t + 2B cos 10t =
10 sin 10t
Sin
-100A – 30B + 2A = 10
-98A – 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A – 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A – 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10
A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
iP = -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
iP = -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t + [-0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t]
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
(d)
d2q dq
+5 + 6q = te-t … (m)
dt2 dt
q(t) = qC + qP
s2q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t
Particular solution
qP = (At + B)te-t  multiplied by ‘t’ because e-t is repeating in both iP & iC
Putting the value of iP in eq. m
d2 d
[(At + B)te-t] + 5 [(At + B)te-t] + 6[(At + B)te-t] = te-t
dt2 dt
At e - 2Ate – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t + Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t + 5[-At2e-t + 2Ate-t - Bte-t + Be-t]
2 -t -t
+ 6[At2e-t + Bte-t] = te-t

At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t - Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t - 5At2e-t + 10Ate-t - 5Bte-t + 5Be-t
+ 6At2e-t + 6Bte-t = te-t
t2e-t:
A – 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A=0
te-t:
-2A – 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e-t:
2 – B – B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667
When B = 0.5
qP = (0t + (0.5))te-t
qP = 0.5te-t
When B = -0.667
qP = (0t + (-0.667))te-t
qP = -0.667te-t
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t, K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0.5te-t
(e)
d2V dV
+5 + 6V = e-2t + 5e-3t … (n)
2
dt dt
V(t) = VC + VP
s2V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
V(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

Particular solution
VP = Ce-2t + Ce-3t
Substituting the value of VP in eq. (n)
d2 d
[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 5 [Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 6[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] = e-2t + 5e-3t
dt2 dt
4Ce-2t + 9Ce-3t + 5[-2Ce-2t – 3Ce-3t] + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t
4Ce-2t + 9Ce-3t - 10Ce-2t – 15Ce-3t + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t
e-2t
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
C=0
VP = (0)e-2t + (0)e-3t
VP = 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t
Q#6.19: Solve the differential equations given in Prob. 6.18 subject to the following
initial conditions:
dx
x(0+) = 1 & (0+) = -1
dt
where x is the general dependent variable.
(a)
d2i di
+2 +i=1
dt2 dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 – 0)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
iP = A = 1
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t + 1
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+ + 1
1 = K1e0 + 1
1 = K1(1) + 1
K1 = 0
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - K2(0+)e-(0+) + K2e-(0+)
dt
-1 = -K1e0 + K2e0
-1 = -K1(1) + K2(1)
-1 = -K1 + K2
-1 = -(0) + K2
-1 = K2
i(t) = (0)e(-1)t + (-1)te(-1)t + 1
i(t) = - te-t + 1
(b)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t …(c)
dt2 dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)
Particular solution
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn
iP = At + B … (ii)
d2 d
[At + B] + 3 [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 5t
dt2 dt
3A + 2At + 2B = 5t
2A = 5
A = 2.5
Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0
7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
iP = 2.5t – 3.75
iP = -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2 … (b)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 15/4 + 5(0+)/2
1 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 15/4
1 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 15/4
1 = K1 + K2 - 15/4
1 + 15/4 = K1 + K2
4.75 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating (b) at t = 0+
di
(0+) = -K1e(-1)0+ - 2K2e(-2)0+ + 5/2
dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 + 5/2
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) + 5/2
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 + 5/2
-1 – 2.5 = -K1 - 2K2
-3.5 = -K1 - 2K2
From (A)
K1 = 4.75 – K2
-3.5 = -[4.75 – K2] - 2K2
-3.5 = -4.75 + K2 - 2K2
-3.5 + 4.75 = -K2
1.25 = -K2
K2 = -1.25
4.75 = K1 + (-1.25)
4.75 + 1.25= K1
K1 = 6
Putting corresponding values of K1 & K2
i(t) = 6e(-1)t + (-1.25)e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = 6e(-1)t - 1.25e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2
(c)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t … (k)
dt2 dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)
Particular solution
From table 6.2
d2 d
dt2 dt
10 sin 10t
= 10 sin 10t
10 sin 10t
Sin
-100A – 30B + 2A = 10
-98A – 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A – 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A – 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10
A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
iP = -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
iP = -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094 sin 10(0+) - 0.029 cos 10(0+) … (c)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 0.094 sin 0 - 0.029 cos 0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 0.029 (1)
1 = K1 + K2 - 0.029
1.029 = K1 + K2 … (y)
Differentiating eq. (c) with respect to ‘t’
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - 2K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094(10) cos 10(0+) + 0.029(10) sin 10(0+)
dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 - 0.94 cos 0 + 0.029(10) sin 0
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) - 0.94 (1)
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 - 0.94
0.06 = K1 + 2K2
From eq. (y)
K1 = 1.029 – K2
0.06 = [1.029 – K2] + 2K2
0.06 = 1.029 – K2 + 2K2
-0.969 = K2
Putting the value of K2 in (y)
1.029 = K1 + (-0.969)
1.029 + 0.969 = K1
1.998 = K1
i(t) = 1.998e(-1)t + (-0.969)e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = 1.998e(-1)t - 0.969e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t

(d)
d2q dq
+5 + 6q = te-t … (m)
2
dt dt
q(t) = qC + qP
s2q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t
Particular solution
d2 d
dt2 dt
At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t + Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t + 5[-At2e-t + 2Ate-t - Bte-t + Be-t]
t2e-t:
A – 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A=0
te-t:
-2A – 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e-t:
2 – B – B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667
When B = 0.5
qP = (0t + (0.5))te-t
qP = 0.5te-t
When B = -0.667
qP = (0t + (-0.667))te-t
qP = -0.667te-t
At t = 0+
q(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) - 0.667(0+)e-(0+), K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) + 0.5(0+)e-(0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0, K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1), K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2, K1 + K2 … (y)
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’ at t = 0+
dq
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) -3K2e-3(0+) - 0.667[-(0+)e-(0+) + e-(0+)]
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 -3K2e0 - 0.667[e0]
-1 = -2K1(1) -3K2(1) - 0.667[1]
-1 = -2K1 -3K2 - 0.667
0.333 = 2K1 + 3K2
From eq. (y) K1 = 1 – K2
0.333 = 2[1 – K2] + 3K2
0.333 = 2 – 2K2 + 3K2
0.333 = 2 + K2
K2 = 0.333 - 2
K2 = -1.667
1 = K1 + (-1.667)
K1 = 2.667
q(t) = 2.667e-2t + (-1.667)e-3t - 0.667te-t
q(t) = 2.667e-2t - 1.667e-3t - 0.667te-t
(e)
d2V dV
+5 + 6V = e-2t + 5e-3t … (n)
dt2 dt
V(t) = VC + VP
s2V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t
Particular solution
VP = Ce-2t + Ce-3t
d2 d
[Ce + Ce ] + 5 [Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 6[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] = e-2t + 5e-3t
-2t -3t
2
dt dt
4Ce + 9Ce + 5[-2Ce-2t – 3Ce-3t] + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t
-2t -3t

e-2t
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
C=0
VP = (0)e-2t + (0)e-3t
VP = 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (k)
At t = 0+
V(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1)
1 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating eq. (k) with respect to ‘t’
dV
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
-1 = -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
-1 = -2K1 - 3K2 … (B)
K1 = 1 – K2
-1 = -2[1 – K2] - 3K2 … (B)
-1 = -2 + 2K2 - 3K2
-1 = K2
1 = K1 + (-1) … (A)
2 = K1
V(t) = 2e-2t + (-1)e-3t … (k)
V(t) = 2e-2t - e-3t
Q#6.20: Find the particular solutions to the differential equations of Prob. 6.18 for
the following initial conditions:
dx
x(0+) = 2 & (0+) = -1
dt
where x is the general dependent variable.
(a)
d2i di
+2 +i=1
dt2 dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 2si + 1i = 0
s2 + 2s + 1 = 0
A 1
B 2
C 1
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-2  22 – 4(1)(1)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  4 – 4
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2  0
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-2 + 0)/2, (-2 – 0)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -1
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

Particular solution
From table 6.2
V(a constant) A
iP = A = 1
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t + 1
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2(0+)e(-1)0+ + 1
2 = K1e0 + 1
2 = K1(1) + 1
K1 = 1
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - K2(0+)e-(0+) + K2e-(0+)

dt
-1 = -K1e0 + K2e0
-1 = -K1(1) + K2(1)
-1 = -K1 + K2
-1 = -(1) + K2
0 = K2
i(t) = (1)e(-1)t + (0)te(-1)t + 1
i(t) = e-t + 1
(b)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 5t …(c)
dt2 dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)
Particular solution
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn
iP = At + B … (ii)
d2 d
[At + B] + 3 [At + B] + 2[At + B] = 5t
dt2 dt
3A + 2At + 2B = 5t
2A = 5
A = 2.5
Constants
3A + 2B = 0
3(2.5) + 2B = 0
7.5 + 2B = 0
B = -3.75
iP = 2.5t – 3.75
iP = -15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2 … (b)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 15/4 + 5(0+)/2
2 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 15/4
2 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 15/4
2 = K1 + K2 - 15/4
2 + 15/4 = K1 + K2
5.75 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating (b) at t = 0+
di
(0+) = -K1e(-1)0+ - 2K2e(-2)0+ + 5/2
dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 + 5/2
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) + 5/2
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 + 5/2
-1 – 2.5 = -K1 - 2K2
-3.5 = -K1 - 2K2
From (A)
K1 = 5.75 – K2
-3.5 = -[5.75 – K2] - 2K2
-3.5 = -5.75 + K2 - 2K2
-3.5 + 5.75 = -K2
2.25 = -K2
K2 = -2.25
5.75 = K1 + (-2.25)
5.75 + 2.25= K1
K1 = 8
Putting corresponding values of K1 & K2
i(t) = 8e(-1)t + (-2.25)e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2
i(t) = 8e(-1)t - 2.25e(-2)t - 15/4 + 5t/2
(c)
d2i di
+ 3 + 2i = 10 sin 10t … (k)
dt2 dt
i(t) = iC + iP
s2i + 3si + 2i = 0
s2 + 3s + 2 = 0
A 1
B 3
C 2
-b  b – 4ac
2
s1, s2 =
2a
-3  32 – 4(1)(2)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  9 – 8
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-3  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 – 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-1), (-2)
General solution:
i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2e(-2)t … (i)
Particular solution
From table 6.2
d2 d
dt2 dt
10 sin 10t
= 10 sin 10t
10 sin 10t
Sin
-100A – 30B + 2A = 10
-98A – 30B = 10
Cos
-100B + 30A + 2B = 0
-98B + 30A = 0
B = 0.306A
-98A – 30(0.306A) = 10
-98A – 9.18A = 10
-107.18A = 10
A = -0.094
B = 0.306(-0.094)
B = -0.029
Now
iP = -0.094 sin 10t + (-0.029) cos 10t
iP = -0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e(-1)0+ + K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094 sin 10(0+) - 0.029 cos 10(0+) … (c)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0 - 0.094 sin 0 - 0.029 cos 0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1) - 0.029 (1)
2 = K1 + K2 - 0.029
2.029 = K1 + K2 … (y)
Differentiating eq. (c) with respect to ‘t’
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - 2K2e(-2)0+ - 0.094(10) cos 10(0+) + 0.029(10) sin 10(0+)
dt
-1 = -K1e0 - 2K2e0 - 0.94 cos 0 + 0.029(10) sin 0
-1 = -K1(1) - 2K2(1) - 0.94 (1)
-1 = -K1 - 2K2 - 0.94
0.06 = K1 + 2K2
From eq. (y)
K1 = 2.029 – K2
0.06 = [2.029 – K2] + 2K2
0.06 = 2.029 – K2 + 2K2
-1.969 = K2
Putting the value of K2 in (y)
1.029 = K1 + (-1.969)
1.029 + 1.969 = K1
2.998 = K1
i(t) = 2.998e(-1)t + (-1.969)e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
i(t) = 2.998e(-1)t - 1.969e(-2)t - 0.094 sin 10t - 0.029 cos 10t
(d)
d2q dq
+5 + 6q = te-t … (m)
dt2 dt
q(t) = qC + qP
s2q + 5sq + 6q = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
A 1
B 5
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t
Particular solution
d2 d
dt2 dt
At2e-t - 2Ate-t – 2Ate-t + 2Ae-t + Bte-t – Be-t – Be-t + 5[-At2e-t + 2Ate-t - Bte-t + Be-t]
t2e-t:
A – 5A + 6A = 0
2A = 0
A=0
te-t:
-2A – 2A + 10A = 1
6B = 3
B = 0.5
e-t:
2 – B – B + 5B = 0
2 + 3B = 0
B = -0.667
When B = 0.5
qP = (0t + (0.5))te-t
qP = 0.5te-t
When B = -0.667
qP = (0t + (-0.667))te-t
qP = -0.667te-t
At t = 0+
q(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) - 0.667(0+)e-(0+), K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+) + 0.5(0+)e-(0+)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0, K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1), K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2, K1 + K2 … (y)
q(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t - 0.667te-t
Differentiating with respect to ‘t’ at t = 0+
dq
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) -3K2e-3(0+) - 0.667[-(0+)e-(0+) + e-(0+)]
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 -3K2e0 - 0.667[e0]
-1 = -2K1(1) -3K2(1) - 0.667[1]
-1 = -2K1 -3K2 - 0.667
0.333 = 2K1 + 3K2
From eq. (y) K1 = 1 – K2
0.333 = 2[2 – K2] + 3K2
0.333 = 4 – 2K2 + 3K2
0.333 = 4 + K2
K2 = 0.333 - 4
K2 = -3.667
1 = K1 + (-3.667)
K1 = 4.667
q(t) = 4.667e-2t + (-3.667)e-3t - 0.667te-t
q(t) = 4.667e-2t - 3.667e-3t - 0.667te-t
(e)
d2V dV
+5 + 6V = e-2t + 5e-3t … (n)
2
dt dt
V(t) = VC + VP
s2V + 5sV + 6V = 0
s2 + 5s + 6 = 0
a 1
b 5
c 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-5  52 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  25 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-5  1
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-5 + 1)/2, (-5 - 1)/2
s1, s2 = (-4)/2, (-6)/2
s1, s2 = -2, -3
General solution:
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t
Particular solution
VP = Ce-2t + Ce-3t
d2 d
[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 5 [Ce-2t + Ce-3t] + 6[Ce-2t + Ce-3t] = e-2t + 5e-3t
dt2 dt
4Ce-2t + 9Ce-3t + 5[-2Ce-2t – 3Ce-3t] + 6Ce-2t + 6Ce-3t = e-2t + 5e-3t
e-2t
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
4C – 10C + 6C = 1
C=0
VP = (0)e-2t + (0)e-3t
VP = 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t + 0
V(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (k)
At t = 0+
V(0+) = K1e-2(0+) + K2e-3(0+)
2 = K1e0 + K2e0
2 = K1(1) + K2(1)
2 = K1 + K2 … (A)
Differentiating eq. (k) with respect to ‘t’
dV
(0+) = -2K1e-2(0+) - 3K2e-3(0+)
dt
-1 = -2K1e0 - 3K2e0
-1 = -2K1(1) - 3K2(1)
-1 = -2K1 - 3K2 … (B)
K1 = 2 – K2
-1 = -2[2 – K2] - 3K2 … (B)
-1 = -4 + 2K2 - 3K2
-3 = K2
1 = K1 + (-3) … (A)
4 = K1
V(t) = 4e-2t + (-3)e-3t … (k)
V(t) = 4e-2t - 3e-3t

d3i d2i di
2 +9 + 13 + 6i = K0te-tsint … (u)
dt dt dt
2s3i + 9s2i + 13si + 6i = 0
X-TICS EQUATION:
2s3 + 9s2 + 13s + 6 = 0
2 9 13 6
-1 -2 -07 -6
s = -1
(s + 1)(2s2 + 7s + 6) = 0
2s2 + 7s + 6 = 0
A 2
B 7
C 6
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a
-7  72 – 4(1)(6)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  49 – 24
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  25
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-7  5
s1, s2 =
2
s1, s2 = (-7 + 5)/2, (-7 – 5)/2
s1, s2 = (-2)/2, (-12)/2
s1, s2 = -1, -6
General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-6t
So –1, -1, -6 are roots of the X-TICS equation.

General solution:
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t … (i)
Particular olution
iP = Fte-tcos t + Gte-tsin t
Putting the value of iP in (u)
Here in eq. (u) i = iP
Simplification
Ist derivative of iP:
= F(1)e-tcos t + Ft(-e-t)cos t + Fte-t(-sin t) + G(1)e-tsin t + Gt(-e-t)sin t + Gte-tcos t
= Fe-tcos t - Fte-tcos t - Fte-tsin t + Ge-tsin t - Gte-tsin t + Gte-tcos t
2nd derivative of iP:

= F[-e-tsin t – e-tcos t] – F[e-tcos t - te-tcos t - te-tsin t] – F[e-tsin t - te-tsin t + te-tcos t] +
G[e-tcos t – e-tsin t] – G[e-tsin t - te-tsin t + te-tcos t] + G[e-tcos t - te-tcos t - te-tsin t]
= -2Fe-tsin t – 2Fe-tcos t + 2Fte-tsin t + 2Ge-tcos t – 2Ge-tsin t - 2Gte-tcos t
3rd derivative of iP:

= -2F[e-tcos t – e-tsin t] - 2F[-e-tsin t – e-tcos t] + 2F[e-tsin t - te-tsin t + te-tcos t]
+ 2G[-e-tsin t – e-tcos t] – 2G[e-tcos t – e-tsin t] – 2G[e-tcos t - te-tcos t - te-tsin t]
= 6Fe-tsin t – 2Fte-tsin t + 2Fte-tcos t – 6Ge-tcos t + 2Gte-tcos t + 2Gte-tsin t
2[6Fe-tsin t – 2Fte-tsin t + 2Fte-tcos t – 6Ge-tcos t + 2Gte-tcos t + 2Gte-tsin t] +
9[-2Fe-tsin t – 2Fe-tcos t + 2Fte-tsin t + 2Ge-tcos t – 2Ge-tsin t - 2Gte-tcos t] +
13[Fe-tcos t - Fte-tcos t - Fte-tsin t + Ge-tsin t - Gte-tsin t + Gte-tcos t] +
6[Fte-tcos t + Gte-tsin t] = K0te-tsin t
12Fe-tsin t – 4Fte-tsin t + 4Fte-tcos t – 12Ge-tcos t + 4Gte-tcos t + 4Gte-tsin t

- 18Fe-tsin t – 4Fe-tcos t + 4Fte-tsin t + 4Ge-tcos t – 4Ge-tsin t - 4Gte-tcos t +
13Fe-tcos t - 13Fte-tcos t - 13Fte-tsin t + 13Ge-tsin t - 13Gte-tsin t + 13Gte-tcos t +
6Fte-tcos t + 6Gte-tsin t = K0te-tsin t

Comparing coefficients
e-tsin t:
12F – 18F – 4G + 13G = 0
-6F + 9G = 0
-2F + 3G = 0 … (7)
te-tsin t:
-4F + 4G + 4F – 13F – 13G + 6G = K0
-3G – 13F = K0 … (8)
From eq. (7) F = 1.5G put in (8)
-3G – 13(1.5G) = K0
-3G – 19.5G = K0
-22.5G = K0
G = -0.045K0
Put in (7)
-2F + 3(-0.045K0) = 0
-2F – 0.135K0 = 0
F = -0.068K0
iP = (-0.068K0)te-tcos t + (-0.045K0)te-tsin t
iP = -0.068K0te-tcos t - 0.045K0te-tsin t
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t + (-0.068K0te-tcos t - 0.045K0te-tsin t)
i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-1t + K3e-6t - 0.068K0te-tcos t - 0.045K0te-tsin t … (9)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1(0+) + K2e-1(0+) + K3e-6(0+) - 0.068K0(0+)e-(0+)cos (0+) - 0.045K0(0+)e-(0+)sin (0+)
1 = K1e0 + K2e0 + K3e0
1 = K1(1) + K2(1) + K3(1)
1 = K1 + K2 + K3
Differentiating eq. (9) with respect to ‘t’
di
(0+) = -K1e-(0+) - K2e-1(0+) - 6K3e-6(0+) - 0.068K0[e-(0+)cos (0+)
dt
– (0+)e-(0+)cos (0+) – (0+)e-(0+)sin (0+)] - 0.045K0[e-(0+)sin (0+) – (0+)e-(0+)sin (0+) + (0+)e-
(0+)
cos (0+)]
-1 = -K1 – K2 – 6K3 - 0.068K0[1]
-1 = -K1 – K2 – 6K3 - 0.068K0
1 = K1 + K2 + 6K3 + 0.068K0
Q#6.22: A special generator has a voltage variation given by the equation V(t) = t V,
where t is the time in seconds and t  0. This generator is connected to an RL series
circuit, where R = 2  and L = 1 H, at time t = 0 by the closing of a switch. Find the

equation for the current as a function of time i(t).
K L
+
- V(t) i
R
At t  0
According to KVL
di
L + iR = V(t) … (c)
dt
di
+ 2i = t
dt
V(t) = VC + VP
si + 2i = 0
s+2=0
s = -2
iC = Kest
iC = Ke(-2)t
iC = Ke-2t
Particular solution
From table 6.2
A1tn B0tn + B1tn- 1 + … + Bn – 1t + Bn
iP = At + B … (ii)
d
[At + B] + 2[At + B] = t
dt
After simplifications
A + 2At + 2B = t
t:
2A = 1
A = 0.5
Constants:
A + 2B = 0
0.5 + 2B = 0
B = -0.25
iP = 0.5t + (-0.25) … (ii)
iP = 0.5t - 0.25
i(t) = Ke-2t + 0.5t - 0.25
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-2(0+) + 0.5(0+) - 0.25
0 = Ke0 - 0.25  i(0+) = i(0-) = 0 (due to inductor)
0 = K(1) - 0.25
K = 0.25
i(t) = 0.25e-2t + 0.5t - 0.25
Q#6.23: A bolt (flash of lighting) of lightning having a waveform which is

approximated as V(t) = te-t strikes a transmission line having resistance R = 0.1 
and inductance L = 0.1 H. Find i(t) =?
Solution:
+
-
At t  0
According to KVL
di
L + iR = V(t)
dt
di
(0.1) + (0.1)i = te-t … (h)
dt
V(t) = VC + VP
0.1si + 0.1i = 0
s+1=0
s = -1
iC = Kest
iC = Ke(-1)t
iC = Ke-1t
Particular solution
From table 6.2
Particular solution
iP = (At + B)te-t  multiplied by ‘t’ because e-t is repeating in both iP & iC
Putting the value of qP in eq. (h)
0.1[-At2e-t + 2Ate-t - Bte-t + Be-t] + 0.1[At2e-t + Bte-t] = te-t
-0.1At2e-t + 0.2Ate-t – 0.1Bte-t + 0.1Be-t + 0.1At2e-t + 0.1Bte-t] = te-t
Equating coefficients:
t2e-t:
-0.1A + 0.1A = 0
te-t:
0.2A – 0.1B + 0.1B = 1
0.2A = 1
A=5
e-t:
0.1B = 0
B=0
iP = (5t + 0)te-t
iP = 5t2e-t
i(t) = Ke-1t + 5t2e-t
i(t) = Ke-t + 5t2e-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-(0+) + 5(0+)2e-(0+)
0 = Ke0
0=K
i(t) = 0e-1t + 5t2e-t
i(t) = 5t2e-t
i(0+) = i(0-) = 0 (due to inductor)
Q#6.24: In the network of the figure, the switch K is closed at t = 0 with the
capacitor initially unenergized. For the numerical values given, find i(t).
+
-
Here
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 0 V
&
10e-(0+) sin (0+) u(0+)
i(0+) =
10
10e0 sin (0) u(0+)
i(0+) =
10
i(0+) = 0 Amp.
For t  0, KVL
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t u(t)
(10(10-6))
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t
-6
(10(10 ))
i + 104idt = e-t sin t
di
+ 104i = e-t (cost - sin t) … (1)
dt
It is a nonhomogeneous differential equation
si + 104i = 0
s + 104 = 0
s = -104
Therefore complementary function is
iC = Ke-10, 000t
The form of particular integral is
From table 6.2
iP = (Acost + Bsint)e-t
Putting the value of iP in eq. (1)
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000[(Acost + Bsint)e-t] = e-t (cost - sin t)
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000Acoste-t + 10, 000Bsinte-t
= e-t cost - e-t sin t
e-tsint:
-A – B + 10, 000B = -1
-A + 9999B = -1 … (2)
e-tcost:
-A + B + 10, 000A = 1
B + 9999A = 1 … (3)
From (2)
A = 1 + 9999B
B + 9999[1 + 9999B] = 1 … (3)
B + 9999 + 9999(9999)B = 1
B + 99980001B = -9998
B[1 + 99980001] = -9998
B[99980002] = -9998
B = -10-4
A = 1 + 9999(-1/10000)
A = 1 – 0.9999
A = 10-4
iP = (10-4cost + (-10-4)sint)e-t
iP = (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
Complete solution is
i(t) = Ke-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-10, 000(0+) + (10-4cos(0+) - 10-4sin(0+))e-(0+)
0 = Ke0 + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))e0
0 = K(1) + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))(1)
0 = K + 10-4
K = -10-4
i(t) = (-10-4)e-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
Q#6.25: In the network shown in the accompanying figure, a steady state is reached
with the switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values given,
determine the current, i(t) for t  0.
Solution:
0.5 F
R = 1000 
+ 100 sin 377 t
- L=1H

By phasors:
V = 10000
jXL = jL
jXL = j(377)(1)
jXL = j377
1
-jXC = -j
C
-jXC = -j5305.04
Therefore
V
I=
R + jXL - jXC
I = 0.019878.530
That is
i(t) = 0.0198sin(377t + 78.530)
Also
VC = I(-jXC)
VC = (0.019878.530)(5305.04-900)
VC = 105.040-11.470
Therefore
VC(t) = 105.040sin(377t + (-11.470))
VC(t) = 105.040sin(377t - 11.470)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = 0.0198sin(377(0+) + 78.530)
i(0+) = 0.0198sin(78.530)
i(0+) = 0.0198[0.981]
i(0+) = 0.019 amp
At t = 0+
VC(0+) = 105.040sin(377(0+) - 11.470)
VC(0+) = 105.040sin(-11.470)
VC(0+) = 105.040[-sin(11.470)]
VC(0+) = 105.040[-0.199]
VC(0+) = -20.903 Volts
For t  0
According to KVL
di 1
L + idt = 100sin377t … (d)
dt C
d2i i
L + = 100(377)cos377t
dt2 C
d2i i 37700cos377t
+ =
dt2 LC L
d2i i 37700cos377t
+ =
dt2 (1)(0.5(10-6)) 1
d2i
+ 2(106)i = 37700cos377t … (5)
2
dt
s2i + 2(106)i = 37700cos377t
Complementary solution:
s2 + 2(106) = 0
s = j1414.21
iC = K1cos1414.21 t + K2sin1414.21 t
Particular solution:
iP = Acos377t + Bsin377t
-(377)2Acos377t – (377)2Bsin(377)t + 2(106)[Acos(377)t + Bsin(377)t] = 37700cos377t
-(377)2Acos377t – (377)2Bsin377t + 2000000Acos377t + 2000000Bsin377t =
37700cos377t
cos377t:
-(377)2A + 2000000A = 37700
-142129A + 2000000A = 37700
1857871A = 37700
A = 0.020
sin377t:
–(377)2B + 2000000B = 0
B=0
iP = 0.02cos377t + (0)sin377t
iP = 0.02cos377t
Complete solution:
i(t) = K1cos1414.21 t + K2sin1414.21 t + 0.02cos377t … (Q)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1cos1414.21(0+) + K2sin1414.21(0+) + 0.02cos377(0+)
0.019 = K1cos(0) + 0.02cos(0)
= K1(1) + 0.02(1)
= K1 + 0.02
K1 = 0.019 – 0.02
K1 = -0.001
Differentiating eq. (Q) with respect to ‘t’
di(t)
= -1414.21K1sin1414.21 t + 1414.21K2cos1414.21 t + 0.02(-377s)sin377t
dt
From differential eq. (d) at t = 0+
di(0+)
+ VC(0+) = 100sin377t … (d)
dt
di(0+)
+ VC(0+) = 100sin377(0+)
dt
di(0+)
+ (-20.903) = 0
dt
di(0+)
= 20.903
dt
20.903 = -1414.21K1sin1414.21(0+) + 1414.21K2cos1414.21(0+)

+ 0.02(-377s)sin377(0+)
20.903 = -1414.21K1sin0 + 1414.21K2cos0 + 0.02(-377s)sin0
20.903 = 1414.21K2(1) + 0
20.903 = 1414.21K2
K2 = 0.015
Therefore
i(t) = -0.001cos1414.21 t + 0.015sin1414.21 t + 0.02cos377t
Q#6.26: In the network shown in figure, a steady state is reached with the switch K
open. At t = 0, the value of the resistor R is changed to the critical value, Rcr defined
by equation (6.88). For the element values given, determine the current i(t) for t  0.
Solution:
L
Rcr = 2
C
Rcr = 2(1414.214)
Rcr = 2828.428 
For t  0
According to KVL
di 1
Rcri + L + idt = 100sin377t … (x)
dt C
di d2i i
Rcr + L + = 37700cos377t
dt dt2 C
di d2i
2828.428 + (1) + 2(106)i = 37700cos377t … (w)
dt dt2
s2i + 2828.428si + 2(106)i = 0
s2 + 2828.428s + 2(106) = 0
A 1
B 2828.428
C 2(106)
-b  b2 – 4ac
s1, s2 =
2a

-2828.428  2828.4282 – 4(1)(2000000)
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2828.428  8000004.952 – 8000000
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2828.428  4.952
s1, s2 =
2(1)
-2828.428  2.225
s1, s2 =
2(1)
s1, s2 = (-2828.428 + 2.225)/2, (-2828.428 - 2.225)/2
s1, s2 = -1413.102, -1415.326
i(t) = K1e-1413.102t + K2e-1415.326t
Form of particular integral is

iP = Acos377t + Bsin377t
Putting the value of iP in eq. (w)
-(377)2Acos377t – (377)2Bsin377t + 2828.428[-377Asin377t + B377sin377t]
+ 2000000[Acos377t + Bsin377t] = 37700cos377t
-142129Acos377t – 142129Bsin377t - 1066317.356Asin377t + 1066317.356Bsin377t
+ 2000000Acos377t + 2000000Bsin377t = 37700cos377t
cos377t:
-142129A + 2000000A = 37700
A = 0.020
sin377t:
–142129B - 1066317.356A + 1066317.356B + 2000000B = 0
2924188.356B - 1066317.356(0.020) = 0
2924188.356B = 1066317.356(0.020)
2924188.356B = 21326.34712
B = 0.007
iP = 0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t
Complete solution:
i(t) = K1e-1413.102t + K2e-1415.326t + 0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t … (a)
At t = 0+
i(0+) = K1e-1413.102(0+) + K2e-1415.326(0+) + 0.020cos377(0+) + 0.007sin377(0+)
0.019 = K1e0 + K2e0 + 0.020
0.019 = K1(1) + K2(1) + 0.020
-0.001 = K1 + K2 … (z)
Differentiating eq. (a) with respect to ‘t’ at t = 0+

di
(0+) = -1413.102K1e-1413.102(0+) - 1415.326K2e-1415.326(0+) + 0.020(-377)sin377(0+) +
dt
0.007(377)cos377(0+) … (g)
At t = 0+ eq. (x) gives
di
(0+) = -32.84
dt
-32.84 = -1413.102K1e-1413.102(0+) - 1415.326K2e-1415.326(0+) + 0.020(-377)sin377(0+) +
0.007(377)cos377(0+) … (g)
-32.84 = -1413.102K1e0 - 1415.326K2e0 + 0.007(377)cos 0
-32.84 = -1413.102K1(1) - 1415.326K2(1) + 0.007(377)(1)
-32.84 = -1413.102K1 - 1415.326K2 + 2.639
-32.84 – 2.639 = -1413.102K1 - 1415.326K2
-35.479 = -1413.102K1 - 1415.326K2
35.479 = 1413.102K1 + 1415.326K2
From eq. (z)
K1 = -0.001 – K2
35.479 = 1413.102[-0.001 – K2] + 1415.326K2
35.479 = 1413.102[-0.001] – 1413.102K2 + 1415.326K2
35.479 = -1.413102 + 2.224K2
K2 = 16.588
K1 = -0.001 – 16.588
K1 = -16.589
i(t) = [-16.589]e-1413.102t + [16.588]e-1415.326t + 0.020cos377t + 0.007sin377t
Q#6.27: Consider the network shown in figure P6.24. The capacitor has an initial
voltage, VC = 10 V. At t = 0, the switch K is closed. Determine i(t) for t  0.
Solution:
Here
VC(0-) = VC(0+) = 10 V
V(t) – VC(t)
i(t) =
10
V(0+) – VC(0+)
i(0+) =
10
-(0+)
V(0+) = 10e sin (0+) u(0+)
V(0+) = 10(1)(0)(1)
V(0+) = 0 Volts
0 – 10
i(0+) =
10
i(0+) = -1 amp.
For t  0, KVL
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t u(t)
(10(10-6))
1
10i + idt = 10e-t sin t
(10(10-6))
i + 104idt = e-t sin t
di
+ 104i = e-t (cost - sin t) … (1)
dt
si + 104i = 0
s + 104 = 0
s = -104
iC = Ke-10, 000t
From table 6.2
iP = (Acost + Bsint)e-t
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000[(Acost + Bsint)e-t] = e-t (cost - sin t)
-Ae-tsint – Ae-tcost + Be-tcost - Be-tsint + 10, 000Acoste-t + 10, 000Bsinte-t
= e-t cost - e-t sin t
e-tsint:
-A – B + 10, 000B = -1
-A + 9999B = -1 … (2)
e-tcost:
-A + B + 10, 000A = 1
B + 9999A = 1 … (3)
From (2)
A = 1 + 9999B
B + 9999[1 + 9999B] = 1 … (3)
B + 9999 + 9999(9999)B = 1
B + 99980001B = -9998
B[1 + 99980001] = -9998
B[99980002] = -9998
B = -10-4
A = 1 + 9999(-1/10000)
A = 1 – 0.9999
A = 10-4
iP = (10-4cost + (-10-4)sint)e-t
iP = (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
Complete solution is
i(t) = Ke-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
At t = 0+
i(0+) = Ke-10, 000(0+) + (10-4cos(0+) - 10-4sin(0+))e-(0+)
-1 = Ke0 + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))e0
-1 = K(1) + (10-4(1) - 10-4(0))(1)
-1 = K + 10-4
K = -1 - 10-4
i(t) = (-1 - 10-4)e-10, 000t + (10-4cost - 10-4sint)e-t
Q#6.28: The network of the figure is operating in the steady state with the switch K
open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. Find an expression for the voltage, V(t) for t  0.
Solution:

V(0-) = V(0+) = I0sin t [R1 + R2]
Equivalent circuit after switching:
For t  0
According to KCL
dV(t) V(t)
C + = I0sin t
dt R1
dV(t) V(t) I0sin t
+ = … (u)
dt CR1 C
1
sV(t) + V(t) = 0
CR1
1
s+ =0
CR1
1
s=-
CR1
VC = Ke-(1/CR1)t
VP = Asin t + Bcos t
Putting the value of VP in eq. (u)
Acos t - Bsin t + [1/CR1][Asin t + Bcos t] = (I0sin t)/C
Acos t - Bsin t + [1/CR1]Asin t + [1/CR1]Bcos t = (I0sin t)/C
cos t:
A + [1/CR1]B = 0  A = -B/CR1
sin t:
-B + [1/CR1]A = I0/C
-B + [1/CR1][-B/CR1] = I0/C
B = I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]
A = -[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1
Complete solution
V(t) = Ke-(1/CR1)t + [-[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1]sin t + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]cos t
At t = 0+
V(0+) = Ke-(1/CR1)0+ + [-[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1]sin (0+) + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]cos
(0+)
I0sin t [R1 + R2] = K(1) + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]
I0sin t [R1 + R2] = K + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]
K = I0sin t [R1 + R2] - [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]
V(t) = [I0sin t [R1 + R2] - [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]]e-(1/CR1)t + [-[I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]/CR1]sin

t + [I0/C[- - 1/C2R12]]cos t
Q#6.29: Consider a series RLC network which is excited by a voltage source.

Determine the characteristic equation.
Locus of the roots of the equation.
Plot the roots of the equation.
Solution:

Network Analysis by Van Valkenburg Solutions CH#6 Part 1

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Muhammad Irfan Yousuf {Peon of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2te-1t

Q#6.3: Find the general solution of each of the following equations:

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t

i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t

s2i + 7si + 12i = 0

i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t

i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t

v(t) = K1e(-0.586)t + K2e(-3.414)t

Putting corresponding values we get

v(t) = K1e(-2 + i2)t + K2e(-2 – i2)t

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.414)t + K2e(-1 – i1.414)t

v(t) = K1e(-1.5 + i1.659)t + K2e(-1.5 – i1.659)t

s1, s2 = (-3 + 1)/2, (-3 - 1)/2

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t … (i)

i(t) = 2e-t – e-2t

i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (i)

Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

i(t) = 3e-2t - 2e-3t

i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t … (i)

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t … (i)

i(t) = 1.336e-1t – 0.334e-4t

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t … (i)

i(t) = [0.5 - i0.104]e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + [0.5 + i0.104]e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

i(t) = K1es1t + K2es2t

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t … (i)

i(t) = [0.5 - 0.189i]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [0.5 + 0.189i]e(-0.5 - i1.323)t

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t … (i)

Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

i(t) = e(-1)t - te(-1)t

i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t

i(t) = e(-2)t - 8te(-2)t

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-2t … (i)

Differentiating (i) with respect to ‘t’

i(t) = 5e-t – 3e-2t

i(t) = K1e-2t + K2e-3t … (i)

i(t) = K1e-3t + K2e-4t … (i)

i(0+) = K1e0 + K2e0

i(t) = K1e-1t + K2e-4t … (i)

i(t) = 1.336e-1t – 0.334e-4t

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + K2e(-0.5 - i2.398)t … (i)

i(t) = [1 - i0.417]e(-0.5 + i2.398)t + [1 + i0.417]e(-0.5 - i2.398)t

i(t) = K1e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + K2e(-0.5 - i1.323)t … (i)

1 = (-0.5 + i1.323)K1 + (-0.5 - i1.323)K2

i(t) = [1 - i0.757]e(-0.5 + i1.323)t + [1 + i0.757]e(-0.5 - i1.323)t

Putting corresponding values we get

i(t) = K1e(-1)t + K2te(-1)t … (i)

i(t) = 2e(-1)t - 3te(-1)t

i(t) = K1e(-2)t + K2te(-2)t

i(t) = 2e(-2)t - 20te(-2)t

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1)t + K2e(-1 – i1)t … (i)

v(t) = 0.5e(-1 + i1)t + 0.5e(-1 – i1)t

v(t) = K1e(-1 + i1.732)t + K2e(-1 – i1.732)t … (i)

v(t) = 0.5e(-1 + i1.732)t + 0.5e(-1 – i1.732)t