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 is made from two sets of yarns, a horizontal
set and a vertical set, which are interlaced to make fabric.

© J
 is made by interlooping (loops of yarn that
are locked together) yarn.

©  
 are made by forming fibers into a
wad or web like structure, which are then layered one on
top of another. The layers are bonded by applying
pressure, moisture, heat, chemicals or specialized mechanical
techniques such as needling which entangles the fibers together
using barbed needles.
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½re water soluble molecules which combine both chemically and
physically with the textile fibre molecules, and actually penetrate the
surface of the fibre.
Certain classes of dyes are attracted to particular fibres, and the
following dyes are used in dyeing cotton:
‡ §  possibly the most commonly used: it gives a bright shade
on cotton
‡  - used for the indigo dyeing of denim and viscose fibre
‡ @
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‡  - one used for dyeing protein fibres such as wool and nylon

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½re not water soluble and do not combine with any particular fibre type.
Pigment particles are bound to the fibre surface by binding agents
(resins). The binder, rather than the pigment, unites or combines with
the fibre.
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 is the general term for a multitude of
processes and treatments which a fabric may
undergo after it has been woven or knitted and
dyed or printed. It is the final processing of the
cloth and its purpose is to make the fabric suitable
for its intended end use. That may mean making
the fabric shrink proof, softer, soil resistant, stiffer,
water repellent or crease resistant, or a
combination of these and many more.
 i
  

^ultitude of processes and treatments given to

fabric after they are knitted or woven and dyed
or printed.
Ļ
Purpose is to make the fabric suitable for its
intended end use.
Ļ
E.g. Shrink Proof, Softer, Soil Resistant, Stiffer,
Water repellant, or crease resistant etc«..
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Fabrics are passed very quickly over a row of gas flames
or between heated metal plates.
!
For Cotton/polyester blends done at preparatory stage,
as it causes globules pf melted polyester fiber to form.
@Õ 

. Sizes are chemical compounds added to warp yarns to
provide them sufficient abrasion resistance to withstand
stresses to weaving.
!
ihis is the process of removal of size to allow colorants
and finishing chemicals to penetrate into fibers
 Õ

Cleans Impurities from fabrics containing cellulosic fibers ( e.g. Cotton)
!
Fibers exposed to solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Detergent
!
Steamed and rinsed
^  

Improves dye uptake, stiffness, strength and absorbency.
!
Fabric is placed in cold Alkaline Solution of Sodium Hydroxide (18-
27%).
!
Fabric is rinsed and given cold acid bath to neutralize any remaining
alkali.
!
Prevents shrinkage and develops luster.
 Õ




^echanical straightening of fabrics.
!
Dry the fabric
!
Stabilize .i.e. set the width
!
Cure any finishes/ resins imparted to the fabric.
Õ
ihe effect of skew with twill fabrics finished with the weft
yarn at right angle to the selvedge is that the leg twisting
occurs in jeans during garments washing.
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Done mainly for Denim garment because denim shouldn't
become baggy with use.
!
Small amount of shrinkage to be left in the fabric.
!
Shrinkage should be a known and consistent value.
!
Shrinking is done on the Sanforizing ^achine.
 ^ 
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 iotal resistance to destruction
by fire
©  
 may degrade with prolonged
exposure to flame or high temperatures.
©   
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excessive
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Õ   Anti Felting Finishing.
 Helps to dye wool without boiling

 Protection against stains and dirt.
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6or testing the quality of the fabric various test are carried
out in the lab like fastness test etc.. and also undertake
development work in the laundering of denim for
different finishes, these can be:
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 ^an made fabrics are created by
³EXi
SION´  forcing a thick,
viscous liquid through tiny holes of a
device called a µSpinneret¶ to form
continuous filaments of semi-solid
polymers.
. 
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i
‡ Shower head like structure
‡ Tiny openings and made
from expensive corrosion
resistant metals.

2. 
The process of extrusion
and solidification of
endless filaments is called
spinning.
 i
 


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Fiber-forming
substances dissolved in a solvent.
!
Spinneret submerged in
Chemical Bath
!
Filaments emerge,
precipitate from the solution and
solidify.
!
E.g. Acrylic, ayon,
Aramid, Spandex, ^odacrylic
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Solidification achieved by evaporating
the solvent in a stream of air or inert
gas.
!
Filaments don¶t come in contact with
precipitating liquid.
!
E.g. Acetate, iriacetate, Acrylic,
^odacrylic, Spandex, Vinyon etc««
†^
ÕY



Fiber Forming Substance melted
!
Extruded through spinneret
!
Solidified by Cooling
!
E.g. Nylon, Olefin, Polyester, Saran &
Suran
†ÕY




sed to obtain High strength or other
special fiber properties.
!
Polymer Chains bound together in
liquid crystal form.
!
Filament passed through air
!
Cooled in a liquid bath
!
E.g. Polyethylene, Aramid
  i§§
 
i§!§ 
ÿarvesting and cleaning the 6iber;
Ļ
Carding it and Spinning it into
threads;
Ļ
Weaving into cloths;
Ļ
Sewing the cloth into clothes.
Y 
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Picking is removing of foreign

matter (dirt, insects, leaves,
Seeds) from the fiber

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Carding is combing the fibers to

align and join them into loose
rope called ³ Sliver´
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Spinning is twisting of the

fibers resulting yarn on a
Bobbin.

 Y
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Warping is gathering yarns from a
number of Bobbins and winding
them close together on a reel or
spool.


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Weaving is the final stage in

making cloth, which is done on a
loom.
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