‫‪9/6/2010 10:22:53 PM‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت وﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬

‫) ‪(Techniques and general rules of translation from English into Arabic‬‬

‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺎت اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )‪(Sentence beginnings‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ) ‪Ways of linking the elements of sentence/‬‬
‫‪(CONNECTORS‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﲨﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ )) ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ‪ ،((Thus..‬ﺃﻭ ))ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ‪ ((As..‬ﻟﻨﺬﻛﺮ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪"The interconnection is an important‬‬
‫"‪consumer issue‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺮﺽ ‪ -‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪"The consumers cannot communicate with‬‬
‫‪each other unless proper interconnection‬‬
‫"‪arrangements are in place‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﺳﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑـ‬
‫))ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ‪ ((..‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺂﺧﺮ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ))ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ (( While...‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ ))ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ (( However...‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻠﻔﻆ ‪ Although‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲏ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ‪(Despite the fact that .....‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺔ وﺗﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮف‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪Chemically active calcium, phosphorus‬‬
‫‪and potassium‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻻ‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪Page 1 of 2‬‬
 ‫‪9/6/2010 10:22:53 PM‬‬

‫))ﺿﻌﻒ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ((‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪)) :‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ((‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻓﺘﻜﺘﺐ ﺻﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺼﻒ‪-‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ -‬ﺷﺨﺼﺎﹰ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺷﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﻗﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻓﻼﻥ ﻭﺑﺴﺎﻟﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﺑﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻼﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﯿﻎ اﻟﻤﻔﺮد اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Student Affairs‬‬
‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﺮﻓﻲ ﺟﺮ أو ﻇﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ واﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪:‬‬
‫‪The amount of water in artificial juices‬‬
‫‪ranges from at least 50% to about 70%‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫))ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪((%٧٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺍﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺮﰲ ﺍﳉﺮ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫))ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ %٥٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪((%٧٠‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز واﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﳎﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ D‬ﺇﱃ )ﺩﻱ( ﻭﻟﻴﺲ )ﺩ( ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ W‬ﺇﱃ )ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ( ﻭﻟﻴﺲ )ﻭ(‬

‫دﻋﻮاﺗﻜﻢ‬

‫‪Syed Haider Ali Bukhari,‬‬

‫‪Pakistan‬‬
‫‪+923344053239‬‬

‫‪Page 2 of 2‬‬