Maha Ghosananda Buddha of Battlefield

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matikaerOg
1> esckþIepþIm ................................................................ 5

2> esckþIEføgGMNrKuN .................................................... 9
3> kMeNIt nig kumarPaB ................................................. 10
4> dMeNIrCIvit ............................................................... 14
5> cMeNHviC¢a én semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ .......................... 24
6> 15 qñaM Kg;enARbeTs\NÐa ......................................... 33
7> smaFiRkugéRB ......................................................... 42
8> yagyaRtacUlsmrPUmi ............................................. 52
9> RBHBuT§kñúgsmrPUmi .................................................... 64
10>FmµyaRta elIkTI 2 .................................................. 74
11>FmµyaRta elIkTI 3³ GMBIRBwtþkarN_énkare)aHeqñat ......... 82
12>FmµyaRta elIkTI 4³ GMBIRKab;mIn ................................ 96
13>FmµyaRta elITI 5³ GMBIéRBeQI ................................. 100
14>FmµyaRtaelIkTI6³ GMBIkarbRgÜbbRgÜmCati ................. 106
15>CraTuBVBlPaB ...................................................... 116
16>sRmg;TsSn³semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ ....................... 125
17>mnusSCati ............................................................ 131
18>edImeBaFi ............................................................. 138
19>snþPi aBminGacekIteLIg)aneT drabNaenAmanRKab;mnI ... 143
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4
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6
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9
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nagRkmMuenHKWCaPriyarbs;GñkkemøaHenaH.
16
éf¶TBI rI énBiFbI N
u ücUlqñaM var³vnbt KWCakmµvFi CI nU mðbÚ cMNdI l;Gkñ
manKuN manmatabita yayta nigmnusScas;². eBlRBlwmRsag²
GñkRsukPJak;BIdMeNknaMKñaeTAvtþedIm,IRbeKncgðan;eTARBHsgÇ nig
sþab;elakeTsnakñúgBiFIenHEdr eKmankarRbKMuePøgRbéBNI nigePøg
BiNBaTü manrnat sÁr xøyú saéL bYgsYgcMeBaHRBHBuTræ bU . kñgú eBl
CamYyKñaenH GñkRsukmanRbéBNICUnmðÚbGahar nMcMNI páaPJIdl;jati
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éf¶dEdl GñkRsukmkCYbCMKu añ enARBHvihar edIm,IBnU PñxM Sac; nigsMBu rC½y
BIRBHsgÇedIm,IesckþIsuxsb,ay nigmansnþiPaB.
enAéf¶TIbIénBiFIbuNücUlqñaM KW var³eLIgs½k GñkPUmi b¤GñkTIRkug
naMKñaeTAvtþtaMgBIRBlwmRsag² edIm,IeFVIBiFIBUnPñMxSac; tMNagnUvkar
begáItelak. CaTmøab; GñkRsukBUnPñMcMnYn 5 EdleFVIGMBIxSac; b¤£Ggár
sMrab;CanimitþrUb 5 CMhan énRBH)aTrbs;RBHsmaµsm<úTæ b¤tMNagnUv
TisTaMg 4 cMNuc kNþalCasaklelak RBHsgÇBUnPñMRsUv manerobcM
tubEtgRkdas;BisidæcMruHBN’ nwgkardutFUb edatelIPñMenAeBlFUbeqH
RBHsgÇerayxSac;eFVIkar]Tæis nig)aj;TwkGb;.
BiFbI N
u ücUlqña)M anmkdl;TbI Ba©be; nAéf¶TbI I mankmµvFi BI ei ssGMBI
RbéBNIRsg;RBH. GñkRsuknaMKñadgTwkmkdak;enAxagmuxRBHBuTærUb
eRkayBIeFVIkar]TæisrYc BYkeKcab;epþImeR)aHTwkmkelIRBHsgÇ cas;
RBwTæacarü elakyay elakta matabita nigmitþsMLaj;rbs;eK
bnÞab;mk BYkeKeFVIkarsMuxmaeTasral;GMeBIxusqÁgTaMgLayEdl
BYkeK)aneFVIknøgmkkalBIqñaMmun eKmanbYgsYgsMueGayrYccak;put
17
nUvTukeç TasTaMgLayTaMgBYg nigeGayBYkeKTTYl)anmkvijnUvesckþI
sux PaBcRmugceRmInkñgú qñafM eIµ nH. BiFbI N
u üRsg;RBHenHbegátI nUvsemøg
esIcy:agk¥akk¥ay RBHsgÇ nigcas;RBwTaæ carüKg; b¤enAtamvtþGara:m
Ek,PUmi Rsuk eFVIkarrkSasilEdlenHCaesckþIéføfñÚr.
buNüRct;RBHngÁlrbs;RBHmhakSRt
RBHraCBiFIRct;RBHngÁlrbs;RBHmhakSRt)ankMNt;GMBIkarcab;
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RBHmhakSRtyagcuHP¢rÜ dIedaypÞal;RBHGgÁ rYmTaMgkardaMdHu edIm,I]Tæsi
dl;RBHGaTieTB. eKaEdlykmkeRbIenAkñúgBiFIenHRtUv)antubEtg
edayRkNat;sURt nigRtedakmas.
RBHmhakSRtyageFVkI sikmµGmedaysemøg sÁr qwg nigxøyú tam
dEgðrRBHraCa esnaraCü)aMgq½RtrYtfVayRBHmhakSRtpgEdr RsIþén
RBHbrmraCvaMgedIrCak,ÜntameRkayRBHmhakSRt kþab;RsUvecjBIl¥I
eTAeRBaHtamsñamngÁlrbs;RBHmhakSRt.
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eFVIkaredaylM)akenAeRkamkMedAéf¶ eRkayeBlkargardksÞÚgrYcral;
ksikrRtUvemIlEfTaMsnÞÚg rhUtdl;rdUvRcUtkat;mkdl;.
18
buNücUlRBHvsSa
enAcMéf¶eBjbUN’mI ExeCsæ Caéf¶kMNt;énkarcab;epþImBiFIbuNü
cUlRBHvsSa Edlmanry³eBl3ExsMrab;RBHsgÇenAtamvtþenATUTaMg
RBHraCaNacRk RBHsgÇEdlKg;caMRBHvsSa)anRbtibtþsi maFi nigeron
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RBHvsSa qøgcUlBiFIbuNükzinCabuNüRbéBNIRBHBuTæsasna Edl
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buNüenHR)arBæeLIgry³eBl 14 éf¶ enAkñgú ExRsaBN_ edIm,I]Tæsi
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CnTaMgenaHeGay)aneTAekItenATIsßansuxmenarmü.
19
BiFIbuNüenHmanv½ycMNas;CageKenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa BIeRBaH
manPsþúag)anbgðajenAelIsilacrikekItenAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT
yesar vrµ½n rvagqñaM 889 dl;qñaM 910 )ansresrfaRBHmhakSRt
)anksagvtþGara:mCaeRcInkEnøg nig)anRbeKnGgáreTARBHsgÇ
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smrPUmi.
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TaMgLay TaMgGñkman TaMgGñkRk )anmkCYbCMKu añ enAvtþ edIm,IeFVkI ci e© KarB
nUvGtþsBaØaNrYmCatiExµredaykarRbeKneTyüTandl;vtþ GñkRsukman
CMenOfa RBlwgdUnta nigdak;bNþasadl;kUnecANaEdlxkxanenAkñúg
buNüP¢MbiNÐenH.
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BiFIbuNüP¢MbiNÐekIteLIgkñúgsm½yesþc Bim<isar CamYyRBHsgÇ
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RbeKnRBHsgÇ. enAeBlRBHGgÁenaHesayTIvgÁteTA RBHsgÇTaMgenaH
)ankøayeTACabIsac CaexµaceRskXøan)anTTUcGgVrRBHBuTæGgÁfa
etIenAeBlNaeTIbBYkeKGacbriePaKGaharenH)an? RBHBuTæRTg;man
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eTARBHBuTæenAGnaKtfa etIenAeBlNaBYkeKGacbriePaKGaharenH
20
)an? RBHGgÁeqøIyfa GñkÉgral;KñaRtUvrg;caMesþcBimi<sarRbeKncgðan;
ehIy]TæisbuNükusleGayeTIbGñkGacbriePaKGaharenH)an.
buNüGMuTUk
buNüGMuTUkerobcMeFVIenAExGsSúC edaymanTUkRbNaMgCaRBHraC
]btßmrÖ bs;RBHmhakSRt. BiFeI nHeFVtI amTenø ERBk sÞgw kñgú RBHraCaNa-
cRk. RbCaraRsþExµrniyayfa karRbNaMgTUkenHeFVIeLIgedIm,IGbGr
saTr nigpþl;CakitþiylrMlwkKuNdUnta nigkgT½BeCIgTwkrbs;Exµr
nasm½yburaN. mYyEpñkeToténBiFIbuNüenHR)arBæeLIgedIm,IrMlwk
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karkMNt;nUvGBÖÚtehtuekIteLIgerogral;qñaM enARbeTskm<úCaenAeBl
TwkTenøsab cab;epþImhUrRbRcaseTAelIvij.
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enAxagmuxRBHbrmraCvaMg naTIRkugPñeM Bj GñkRsukrMleM dImeQImyY edIm
sMrab;eFVTI kU cUlrYmRbKYttamRsuk extþnmi yY ² eK)aneRCIserIsyuvCn
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RBHGaTieTB b¤)armIvtßsú kþsi Ti Tæi aMgLaymksNæti enACamYyTUk Edlman
cMNgGMe)aH. enARBwkéf¶RbNaMg eKKUrEPñkFM²enAcMk,alTUk edIm,Ibgðaj
fa TUkrbs;BkY eKmanCIvti enAeBlRbNaMgeKvaysÁreFVCI acgVak;srM ab;
CYykmøaMgcitþénGñkGMuTUk.
buNüGMTu kU KWCaBiFbI N
u ürMlkw KuNdl;RBHKgÁa TenøemKgÁ ¬CaemTwk¦
21
Edlpþl;CIviteGaymnusSstV. manBiFIbuNüRbcaMqñaMepSg²eTot
EdlR)arBæeLIgedIm,IrMlwkKuNdl;RBHFrNI RBHBay nigRBHGKÁi.
buNübegðaHExøg
BlrdæExµrcUlcitbþ egðaHExøg dUecñHehIyeTIbeKmaneFVBI Fi bI N
u ümYy
eQµaHfa buNübegðaHExøg EdlR)arBæeLIgenAkñúgExktþik. ExµrburaN
manCMenOfa karbegðaHExøgenHCakarfVaydMNwgdl;RBHBay edIm,Ibk
naMykTwkePøóg ehIynaMmknUvPaBRtCak;RtCMdu l;EpndI. RBHBayCYy
mnusSeGaymandegðIm RBHBaybk;pat;BBknaMmkTwkePøóg RBHBay
bkpat;BBk)aMgBnøWéf¶ edIm,I)ancaMgBnøWéf¶mkelIdMNaMRsUvcMkar.
enAsm½yTMenIbenHvij mnusSdwgEtGMBIkarsb,aykñúgeBlbegðaHExøg
b:uEnþBYkeKmin)ansÁal;GMBIGtßn½y b¤témøBiténBiFIbegðaHExøgEdlCa
karrMlwkKuNdl;RBHBayenaHeT.
buNülaynkmµ
BiFIbuNüenHR)arBæeLIgenAExmiKsir b¤ExbusS edIm,IGbGrsaTr
dl;rdUvRcUtkat; CaCIviPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæExµr. BiFIbuNüenHkMNt;TI
bBa©bé; nkargareFVEI RsedaykarlM)ak enAeBlRsUvTMlu mµ RcUt GñkRsuk
naMKñacuHERsCYykMlaMgKñaRcUt.
enATIbMputRsUvRcUtrYceRsc)ac; valERsenATeT BiFIbuNük¾cab;
epþmI enAeBlenaHEtmþg. eKeFVbI N
u üenHenAeBll¶ac ehIymnusSnaMKañ
22
eTAvtþ naMKñaeFVIBiFIepSg² dUcCasURtmnþ smaFi daMsør Tl;PøW bnþrhUt
dl;éf¶bnÞab;. GñkRsuknaMKñamkvtþedaymansemøókbMBak;fµI cMruHBN’
RBHsgÇsURtFm’ nigeFVIBiFIrMlwkKuNdl;dUnta b¤m©as;Twkm©as;dI
Edl)anpþl;plRsUvy:agRkas;ERklkñúgrdUvRcUtkat;enH. eBlbB©ab;
BiFI RBHsgÇnimnþclU kñgú kudi tRnþcI ab;epþmI RbKMyu a: gKRKwkKeRKg yuvCn
CakemøaH RkmMunaMKñaraMelgrhUtTl;PøW mnusScas;²)ancUlraMCamYy
pgEdr GñkxøHeTotGgÁúyemIlekµg²raMelgy:agsb,ayrIkray.
Es¥keLIg GñkRsuknaMKñaykRsUvfµIeTARbeKnRBHsgÇ edIm,IrMB£k
dl;RBHBuTæbrmRKU. RbCaCatiExµrmanCMenOfa RKab;GgármYyRKab;²
mantémøskþisiTæiNas; elakCaRBHem b¤CaTwkedaHrbs;RBHFrNI.
buNülaynkmµmni RtwmEtR)arBæeLIgsMrab;kN M t;TbI Ba©br; dUvRsUtkat;
b:ueNaÑHeT buNüenHeFIVeLIgedIm,IdwgKuNcMeBaHFmµCati manRBHFrNI
RBHPiruN RBHBay RBHGaTitü rYmTaMgdUnta Cam©as;Twk m©as;pgEdr.
RbPB³
ÉksarenHRsg;ecjBIGtßbTkñgú esovePARbvtþsi aRsþGasIGu eKñyn_ Bi næeday elak Milton
Osborne
RbvtþiénBiFIbuNürbs;ExµrRsg;ecjBIkUnesovePAEnnaMGMBIeTscrN_ nigBIGtßbTtam
eKhTMB½r lesiurecambodia.com
23
cMeNHviC¢a
én
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAbMeBjviC¢aenA K>s 1930

nigenA K>s 1940 kñgú sm½yEdlRbeTskm<Cú akMBgu CYbkarlM)ak nig
RsbeBlvibtþéi nsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. enAsm½yenaH PaKIExµrepSg²
)anbegáIteLIgdUcCaExµrCatiniym ExµrGPirkSniym )aneFVIkarRbqaMg
KñaenAkñúgsgÁmmYyEdlkMBugCYbkarlM)akRsab; ehIynigkarb:HTgÁic
KñarvagGñkneya)ayniym CamYyGñksarB½tm’ anniym begátI Caclacl
sgÁmeBareBjedaykub,kmµ nigGMeBIePvrkmµ.
kalBIkmu ar semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;eTAeronGkSrExµr nig
elxnBVneþ nAsalavtþdcU ekµgÉeTotEdr. kumar eXasnnÞ eronsrsr
eronGanGkSrExµr nigeronTenÞjemsURtkMNaBüerOgeRBgEdldk
Rsg;ecjBIerOgramekr×rþ bs;ExµrERbecjBIvb,Fm’\NaÐ. semþceronGMBI
erOgra:vEdlTak;TgCamYydMeNIrCIvti kñgú GtItCatirbs;RBHBuTæ ¬Catk¦.
RBHGgÁeronGMBFI mµcriyaKW karbNþHú citsþ b,úrs PaBGt;Ftµ ; nigkarebþCaJ
citþx<s; rYmTaMgKuNsm,tþiepSg²rbs;RBHBuTækalBIkumarPaB.
kumar eXasnnÞ eFVIlMhat;enAsala nigsURtkMNaBüedIm,IQan
eTArk]tþmPaBénkarsikSaEpñkcriyaFm’. karGb;rsM m½yenaH Carebob
24
Gnuvtþnk_ arsURtTenÞjrt;mat; dUecñHenAtamTICnbT eKEtgEtB£semøg
sURtemeronemelxrbs;BYkekµg²lan;RThwgecjBIpÞHnimYy².
nasm½yenaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbYsCasameNr
kñúgRBHBuTæsasna . sameNr eXasnnÞ )ancUleTAbMeBjviC¢aenA
Fmµsalakñgú vtþEpñkPasa)alI. sameNrGgÁenHmanbBaØavagév )anecH
caMFm’vni y½ sikaç KµancenøaH ehIyRtUv)anGñkPUmRi suknimnþeGayeTAsURt
Fm’ )alIenAesÞIEtRKb;kmµviFIbuNüenAkñúgPUmi.
tamRBHraCbnÞÚlrbs;semþcRBHsgÇnayk nun Eg:t RBHGgÁ)an
rMlwkGMBIsameNrsm½yedImRbkan;x¢ab;nUvvin½yy:agx<g;x<s;. RBHGgÁ
manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa enAsm½yenaH RbsinebIbuKÁlNamñak;cUlvtþkñúg
CIvti CasameNr KWRtUveronry³eBl3Ex eTIbeKGnuBaØateGayesøókcIBr.
eKbeRgonGMBrI ebobrbbCasgÇ GMBvI ni y½ sikaç beRgonrebobesøók cIBr
beRgonrebobniyay rebobsMBH>>>eKnigvayeyIg RbsinebIeyIgeFVI
mindUcGVEI dleK)anR)ab; RbsinebIeyIgeFVmI ni )anRtwmRtUv eKnigvayeyIg
eyIgRtUvedIredayPaBs¶b>; >snSwm² mineGayB£srU semøgeCIg eKmineGay
edIreyaléd eKeGayeyIgeFVcI lnaedays¶be; s¶óm eyIgRtUveronPasa
)alIvin½ysikçabTrbs;RBHBuTæsasna ehIyRtUvsURteGaycaMsÞat;
RbsinmankarePøcPøaMgRtg;cMNucNamYyeKnigvayeyIg.
RBHRKUbeRgoneyIgeGaylHbg;tNðaelakiy mineGayeyIgCab;
CMBak;CamYysMPar³ RbsinebIeyIgCamnusSsmBaØ eyIgGacRbRBwtþCa
Fmµta eyIgGacbriePaKGaharl¥² eyIgGacerobkar b:Eu nþkalNaeyIg
køayCaRBHsgÇ eyIgRtUvEtbMePøcGVI²TaMgGs;enaH.
25
kñúgqñaM 1930 sameNr eXasnnÞ nimnþmkPñMeBjedIm,IcUlrYm
kñgú karRbLgedjRbeyaKpÞal;mat; EdlelIkeLIgGMB)I alI nigcMeNH
viC¢aEpñkBuTæsasnaenAviTüasßanBuTæsasnbNÐitü.
enHKWCakarBiesaFn_myY rbs;sameNr EdlnimnþmkBICnbTman
RBHT½yrnæt; ehIymankartUccitþcMeBaHPaBclaclkñúgsgÁmEdlekIt
eLIgrvagGñkneya)ay nigGñksarB½t’manbnþrhUtdl;qñaM 1940.
kñgú qñaM 1941 kgT½BCb:nu )ancUlRKb;RKgRbeTskm<Cú a RbeTsesom
)anqk;yk»kasenH edIm,ITajykcMeNjBIkarrgeRKaHrbs;RbeTs
km<Cú a edayRbeTsesom)ancUllukluyextþmyY cMnnY Edlsßti enACab;
CamYyRbeTsrbs;xnÜø dUcCaextþ)at;dbM g mYyEpñkeToténextþesomrab
dak;enAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;xøÜn.
RBHkruNaRBHmhakSRtExµr RBH)aTsemþc RBHmunvI gS RTg;esay
RBHTIvgÁtkñgú qñaM 1941 RbEhlmkGMBRI BHGgÁxcU RBHT½ycMeBaHkar)at;
bg;extþ)at;dbM g nigPaBTuys’ rbs;mhaGMNacbreTs EdlmkRtYtRta
RbeTsrbs;RBHGgÁ KWdbM gU eLIyRbeTs)araMg bnÞab;mkRbeTsCb:un
ehIyeRkaymkeTotRbeTsesom.
RbeTskm<úCa RtUveKTajeGayFøak;cUleTAkñúgsRgÁamelakelIk
TI 2 EdlRbCaraRsþExµrBMuEdlemIleXIjfa RbeTskm<úCaTTYl)an
RbeyaCn_GTIV al;EtesaHGMBsI RgÁamenH. RBHGgÁma© s; neratþm sIhnuu
RTg;eLIgRKgraCüCaRBHmhakSRtrbs;RbeTskm<Cú a KWsgñ raCübnþGBM I
RBHkruNa RBH)aT munIvgS .
26
enAqñaM 1942 RbeTskm<úCaCYbRbTHRBwtþkarN_RcbUkRcblEpñk
neya)aymYyry³KWkarpÞúHeLIgnUvclnamha)atukmµd¾FMmYy cUlrYm
edayRBHsgÇcMnYn 500 GgÁ nigCnsIuvilrab;Ban;nak;)aneFVIdMeNIr
eTAdl;GKÁesnaFikar)araMg edIm,ITamTar)araMgeGaydkkmøagM RtYtRta
mkelIExµr ehIyRtUvTTYlsÁal;GFibetyüPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCa
eLIgvij. enACMnan;enaH eKehA)atukmµenHfa {sRgÁamq½Rt} edaysar
RBHsgÇ)aMgq½RtenAkñúg)atukmµenaH.
RbCaraRsþExµrenAeBlenaH mankarPJak;ep¥Ily:agxøaMgeday)an
eXIjkgT½BCb:nu RtYtRtaBYk)araMg. GMNacCaGNaBüa)almkelIExµr
rbs;)araMghak;dUcCarlay)at; edayBMu)anTTYlnUvPaBrgeRKaH b¤
karQWcab;GVIeLIy etIesckþIrMBwgrbs;RbeTskm<úCaeTAelIGFiraCenH
manTMhbM N u: aÑ kñgú karTamTarykextþ)at;dbM gBIkarRtYtRtarbs;RbeTs
esommkvij? RbCaraRsþExµrmankartUccitþy:agxøaMgcMeBaHsßankarN_
enH ehIy)annaMKañ eRkakeLIgeFVkI arts‘.U CMnan;enaH semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RTg;enACayuvsgÇ RBHGgÁRTg;)anRCab nigi yl;GBM bI BaðasgÁm
CMnan;enaHy:agc,as;.
kñúgqñaM 1943 sameNr eXasnnÞ bribUN_edayviC¢a nigman
sTæacitþbrisuTæBitkñúgRBHBuTæsasna )ancUleTATTYlCa]bsm,TaCa
Pikçú eRkamRBHraCaFibtIPaBd¾x<g;x<s;rbs;semþcRBHsgÇraC RBHnam
CYn Nat eCatBaØaeNa EdlRTg;)ansBVRBHraChb¤T½yTTYleFVICa
RBH]bCÄay_rbs; semþcmhaeXasnnÞ. enAsm½yenaH semþcRBH
27
sgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)anTTYlkarEttaMg CacaghVagénsala)alI
Can;xs< R; kugPñeM Bj KWBTu kiæ viTüal½RBHsuraRmwt nig)anCaRBHRKUsgÇviCa¢
rbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ pgEdr.
kñgú qñaM 1944 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)anTTYlkarEtg
taMgCaecAGFikarvtþ ]NÑaelam CaTIGasn³sMrab;RBHmhasgÇraC
ExµrKg;enA. enAqñaM 1948 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)aneLIg
smNs½kþiCan;x<s;bMputrbs;RbeTskm<úCaCa RBHmhasuemFaFibtI
sgÇ naykKN³mhanikaydwknaMRbeTskm<úCaEpñkRBHsgÇGs;ry³
eBl 20 qñaM.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )ancUlsikSabriytþiFm’ ehIy)an
RbLgCab;enABuTæikviTüal½y RBHsuraRmwt RkugPñMeBj rYcehIybnþfñak;
]tþmBuTæiksikSaenAextþ)at;dMbg. semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat
EdlCaRBHRKUrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;mankareBjRBHT½y
RBmTaMg)anekatsresIry:agxøaMgcMeBaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
EdlRTg;manbBaØavagévnig]sSah_Büayam sikSakñgú PaBCabBVCti én
RBHBuTæsasna.
semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;RbsURtenAéf¶TI 11 ExmIna
qñaM 1883 enAkñúgRKYsarksikrRkIRkmYyenAPUmikMerog sgáat;rkaekaH
RsukKgBisI extþkMBg;s<W. semþcCaemdwknaMclnaEkTRmg;karsikSa
RBHBuTæsasna Edlmanb¤sKlCaPasa)alIecjBIKm<IrRBHéRtbitk
nigCaGñkksagKm<rI dIkaCaeRcIn )anTaMgERbPasa)alI nigerobeFVeI sovePA
28
EdlCaRbeyaCn_sMrab;karsikSaCaeRcIn. clnaenHmaneQµaHfa
Fmµkay )anCH\TæBi ly:agxøagM dl;yvu sgÇExµrenAedImstvtSTI 20.
clnaFmµkay)aneFVkI arbNþHú GtþsBaØaNénPasaCatiExµr vb,Fm’Cati
RBmTaMgkarelIkkMBs;nUvRblwgCatiExµr.
kñgú qñaM 1922-1923 kalRBHGgÁenACaRBHRKUsgÇstßa semþc
RBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)aneTAbMeBjviC¢axagPasasMRsáit nig
GkSrsilacarikenAsala)araMgcugbUBa’RbeTsnaRkughaNUy evotNam
xageCIg kñgú sMNak;elak lVI hVI NUt_ nig elak viktW kULbÚ vU . semþcRTg;
)anTTYl\TæiBlGMBIdMeNIrkarEkTRmg;enHBIRBHGgÁm©as; vC¢ra:y:an
RTg;CaRBHsgÇraCrbs;RbeTséfLgd_ Edl)anEkERbdMeNIrRbtibtþi
BuTæsasnaenAtamtMbn;eGayeTACa rebobénkarRbtibtþirYmrbs;Cati
GMBIBuTæsasna rYmTaMgkarGb;rMnigeKalkarN_sMxan;²énkarRbtibtþi
RBHFm’.
kñúgRBHraCzan³CacaghVagénsala)alICan;x<s; semþcRBH
sgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)anCMrujeGaymankarvivDÆn_fµIénRBHsgÇ
Exµr dUcCarebobbdibtþiRBHFm’tamsaRsþasøwkriTæiERbkøayeTACakar
BRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;RBHsgÇkñúgkarbMeBjviC¢aEpñkPasasMRsáwt nig
)alI. karRbkan;tamvin½ycas;RtUvpSaP¢ab;CamYykaryl;dwgCamUl
dæanGMBIFmµvin½yCac,ab; RbedA»üRbRBwtþRtwmRtUvsMrab;bBVCitTaMgPikçú
sgÇ TaMgRKhsßkgúñ km<Cú rdæ. semþcRTg;)aneFVeI GayTMenIbeLIgnUvviFI
saRsþénkarbeRgonénBuTæiksikSaExµrpgEdr.
29
eRkamkarENnaMrbs; semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anTTYleCaKC½ykñúgkarbMeBjcMeNHviC¢arbs;
RBHGgÁedaybribUN_.
enAeBl semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat RTg;)aneLIgsmNs½kiþ
CaRBHmhasuemFaFibtI sgÇnaykKN³mhanikay RBHGgÁRTg;
hamR)amRBHsgÇTaMgGs;eGaydkRBHkayecjBIkarBak;B½næCamYy
karGnuvtþn_tamrebobmnþGaKm dUcCa eharasaRsþ/ karBüa)alCm¶W b¤
eFVIskmµPaBCamnþviC¢akarepSg² BIeRBaHRBHGgÁRTg;yl;eXIjfa
skmµPaBTaMgenH eFVIeGayb:HBal;dl;esckþIéføfñÚrrbs;RBHsgÇ
CaBiess minRsbTal;EtesaHCamYyPaBbrisuTæénRBHBuTæsasna
pgEdr.
kñúgRBHraCzan³Ca semþcRBHmhasuemFaFibtI sgÇnaykKN³
mhanikay RBHGgÁRTg;)andwknaMkargarERbPasa)alITaMgRsugBIkm<Ir
RBHéRtbitkCaPasaExµr nig)aneroberogvcnanuRkmExµr Edl)an
køayCamUldæanénvb,Fm’Exµr. semþcRBHsgÇraCRTg;manskmµPaB
y:agskmµkñúgdMeNIrksagKm<IdikaCaeRcIn ehIyRBHGgÁRTg;)andak;
RBHT½yCaGciéRnþyk_ gúñ kic©karGPivDÆn_vb,Fm’ nig RBHBuTsæ asnaExµr.
enAéf¶TI 25 ExkBaØa qñaM 1969 semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat
RBHGgÁRTg;esayTivgÁtenAkñúgRBHtMNak;RBHGgÁ navtþ]NaÑelam
mYyqñaeM RkayRBHGgÁesayTivgÁt RbeTsCati)anFøak;cHu . GdæFi aturbs;
semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat )anbBa©úHenAvtþ]NÑaelamnaRkug
PñMeBjsBVéf¶enH.
30
KYreGayrMePIbcitþéRkElg nigCakitþiysd¾]tþúg]tþmsMrab;
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlRTg;)anbMeBjcMeNHviC¢aeRkamkar
ENnaMrbs; semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat. nasm½yenaH karsikSa
CYbkarlM)akxøagM RsbeBlEdlRbeTskm<Cú aFøak;clU kñgú sRgÁamelak
elIkTI 2. RBwtþkarN_EdlnaMeGaymankarbBa©b;sRgÁamenAeBlenaH
KWkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik mkelITIRkughIurU:sIuma: nigTI
RkugNaKðasaKIrbs;RbeTsCb:nu enAExsIha qñaM 1945. karTmøak;RKab;
EbkenH)aneFVIeGayBiPBelakTaMgmUlmanesckþIrnæt;y:agxøaMg
BIeRBaHvaCakarTmøak;RKab;EbbbrmaNU. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;manRBHT½yxVlx; aV yy:agxøagM GMBsI aß nkarN_BPi Belak semþc)an
]TÞiscMeeBaHsnþiPaB eRkayGMBIRBwtþkarN_énkarTmøak;RKab;EbbenH.
enAkñgú qñaM 1946 ]b,tþei htumyY )anekIteLIg eK)andak;karTTYl
xusRtUvénkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;kgeyaFaGaemrikaMgmkelIvtþ]NÑa-
elam EdlRKaenaH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ kMBgu Kg;enATIenaHCamYy
semþcRBHsgÇraC CYn Nat CaRBHRKU. ]b,tþiehtuenH )ansmøab;
mnusScMnYn 11 nak; nigeFVIKutRBHsgÇCaeRcInGgÁ. enHCaGMeBIhigSa
mYyEdl)anekIteLIgenAeKok semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ.
eRkaysRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 rvagqñaM 1945-1953 manRBwtkþ arN_
mYylan;B£kgrMBgenATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa enaHKWCaRBHraCbUCniykic©
TamTarÉkraCüBIGaNaniKmniym)araMg rbs;RBHmhakSRtExµr
RBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu. RBHraCükic©enHTamTar)araMg
eGaydkkmøaMgT½B nigRbKlmkkm<úCavijnUvesrIPaBeBjbribUN_.
31
nasm½yenaH manclnaT½BéRBExµrmYyRkum)anbegátI eLIg KWclnaExµr
\sSr³ Edl)anRbmUlpþMúenATisBayBüénRbeTskm<úCa. clnaExµr
esrImyY RkumeTot )anbegátI eLIgpgEdredIm,IRbqaMgrbbRKb;RKgénRBH
mhakSRt. sßankarN_enHnaMeGayekItmanGMeBIlcY bønP; aBRcbUkRcbl
nigkarPitP½yenAtamTICnbTénRbeTskm<úCa.
RBPB³
ÉksarenHdkRsg;ecjBI esovePAmYyeQµaH b:ul Bt niBnæedayelak Philip Short
nigRBHraCbnÞÚlrbs;emþcRBHsgÇnayk nun Eg:t
32
15qñaMKg;enARbeTs\NÞa
kñúgqñaM 1953 RsbeBlRbeTskm<úCaTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMg

emþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;nimnþcakecjBIRbeTskm<úCaeTAbMeBj
viCa¢ fñak;bNÐti enAsaklviTüal½y NaLanda rdæ b‘h Í a RbeTs\NÞa.
RBHGgÁKg;enATIenaHGs;ry³eBl 15 qña.M semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
bMeBjcMeNHviCa¢ EpñkGhigSaCamYyRBHsgÇCb:nu mYyGgÁEdlmankitniþ am
l,Il,ajRBHnam nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI CaGñk]btßmÖmhatµ³KnæI.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anp¥akkarsikSarbs;RBHGgÁmþg
edIm,IyageTAcUlrYmenAkñúgmhasnñi)aTénRkumRbwkSaRBHsgÇén
RBHBuTæsasna elIkTI 6 Edl)anR)arBæeFVIeLIgenATIRkugrugÁÚn RbeTs
PUmar. semþcyageTATIenaHedIm,IdEgðrsemþcRBHRKUrbs;RBHGgÁKW
semþcRBHmhasgÇraC CYn Nat énRbeTskm<Cú a. mhasnñ)i aTenH
]btßmÖedayrdæaPi)alPUmarkñúgGaNtþiénnaykrdæmRnþI yU nU Edl)an
R)arBæeLIgenAvtþ kab Gaey: RkugrugÁÚn. mhasnñi)aTenHRbRBwtþeLIg
RsbeBlBiFIbuNüBak;kNþalsasnarbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæKMrb; 2500
RBHvsSa enAkñúgéf¶visaxbUCa RtUvnigéf¶TI 24 Ex]sPa qñaM 1956.
RBHetCKuN m:aha sIusay:adUv manRBHraCtYnaTICaGñksMrbsMrYl
RBHsgÇ cMnYn 2500 GgÁ EdlnimnþmkCYbCMuKñakñúg»kasenaH.
Par³kics© xM an;rbs;RkumRbwkSaenHKWeFVkI arepÞógpÞat;eGay)anRtwmRtUv
33
énkarERbKm<RI BHéRtbitk)alItamPasaCatirbs;RbeTsnimyY ² ehIy
nigeFVIkaryl;RBmCapøÚvkarnUvKm<IRBHéRtbitk EdlERbrYcedIm,IerobcM
e)aHBumÖtamlkçN³GkSrCatiTMenIb.
mhasnñ)i aTenHKWCaRBwtkþ arN_FéM nBiPBelakEpñkBuTsæ asnaefvaT
Edl)anbegánI eLIgnUvkarsikSaEpñkBuTkiæ ³ nigdMeNIrRbtibtþRi BHFm’tam
BuT»æ vaTrbs;RBHsmµasm<Tú .æ BiFbI N
u üenHkMNt;pgEdrGMBKI N u nUbkar³
KuNcMeBaHesckþIemtþaFm’rbs;RBHBuTæGgÁ. rdæaPi)alPUmar)anbBa¢ar
eGaymankarbnßÚrbnßyeTassMrab;TNÐiTry³eBl 6 Ex RBmTaMglub
ecaleTasRbharCIvti eGaymkenARtwmeTaskMrti 20 qña.M mankaredaH
ElgstVVBahn³ nigbkSabkSIEdlrg;caMkarBiXat TIstVXat pSarRtI
nighaglk;sac;enATUTaMgRbeTsPUmarRtUv)anbiTTaMgGs;.
elaknaykrdæmRnþI yU nU )anbgÁab;eGayeKksagKuhamYy
manerobpÞaMgfµµFM² nigmanbBa©úHvtßúEdlmantémøCaeRcIndUcCamas
CaedIm- mankarksagnUvsvndæanmYylabBN’RkhmRcal EdlGac
dak;mnusS)ancMnYnmYymWunR)aMBan;nak;. RBHsgÇcMnYn 500 GgÁ
)annimnþmkCMuKñaenAkñúgKuhaenHedIm,I sURtKm<IRBHFm’énRBHéRtbitk
Edlmanry³eBl 1600 em:ag.
RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘U hVÚCI
kñgú GMLgú eBlénkarKg;rbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ enARbeTs
\NÐa RBHGgÁ)anbMeBjviCa¢ CamYyRBHetCKuN nICdI as‘U hVCÚ I CaRBHsgÇ
Cb:nu enAGaRsmrbs;RBHGgÁCti edImeBaFiRBwkSCa TIkEnøgEdlRBHsmµa
34
sm<Tú Ræ Tg;)aneFVFI mµeTsnaedIm,IBPi BelakmansnþPi aBenARKIdaKUta .
RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘U hVCÚ I KWCaGñk]tßmÖ CashkarIrbs; mhatµ³
KnæI nigCasßabnikénRBHBuTæsasnaCb:unnikay nIb:unsSan mIyUCI.
RBHGgÁsBVRBHraChb¤Ty½ CamYy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CaxøagM .
RBHsgÇCb:unGgÁenH )annimnþeTARbeTs\NÐacab;taMgBIqñaM 1930
bnÞab;BRI BHGgÁ)anebþCaJ fVayCIvti sgçarrbs;RBHGgÁedIm,IRBHBuTsæ asna
rs;eLIgvijenARbeTs\NÐa. kalenaHRBHGgÁmanRBHCnµ 46 qñaM.
nasm½yenaH KWenAExmina mhatµ³Kn§I )aneFVIyuTænakarplitGMbil
d¾l,I l,aj CaclnaGhigSay:agFMedIm,IreM daHRbeTs\NÐaeGayrYcput
GMBGI aNaniKmGg;eKøs. mhatµ³Kn§I RtUveKcab;dak;mnÞXI XuM aMgsaCafµI
mþgeTot eRkayeBlEdlelak)aneFVIyuT§nakarGhigSaRbQmmux
CamYyGCJaFrGg;eKøs.
RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘U hVCÚ I )anCYbCamYy mhatµ³Kn§I CaelIkdMbgU
enAqñaM 1933 ehIy)ansñak;enACamYyKñary³eBl 2 eTA 3 Ex enA
GaRsm va:da enAeBlenaHehIyEdlRBHetCKuN nICdI as‘U hVCÚ I mancM
Nab;GarmµN_eTAelIkarbeRgonrbs;mhatµ³Kn§IGMBIkmøaMgGhigSa
edaypÞal; EdleKsÁal;faCaGMNacénRBlwgviBaØaNrbs;mnusS.
clnaGhigSaTamTarÉkraCürbs;RbeTs\NÐamankareCOnelOn
kñgú rvagqañ1M 933 nig qña1M 940. RBHetCKuN nICdI asU‘ hVCÚ I man»kas
RKb;RKan;kñúgkarsegát b¤tamdanemIlkmøaMgénclnaGhigSakñúgkar
eFVIeGayRbeTsCati b¤GaNacRkmankarpøas;bþÚr. eRkaymkRBHGgÁ
)aneRbIyTu s§ aRsþenHedIm,Its‘CU amYysBaVvFu brmaNU nigCamYysRgÁam
35
kñgú mYyCIvti rbs;RBHGgÁ. epþmI ecjBIesckþrI n§te; kIténkarTmøak;RKab;
EbkbrmaNUmkelITIRkughIurU:sIuma: nigTIRkugNaKðasaKI
RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anlHbg;CvI ti cugeRkayrbs;RBHGgÁ
ts‘UedIm,IsnþiPaBBiPBelakCamYy nigkarTamTareGaymankarlub
bM)at;eRKOgsBaVvuF CaBiess GavuFnuuyEkøEGr.
kñúgqñaM 1954 RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )ansemÖaFn_vtþmYy
kEnøgeQµaH vtþsnþiPaB CaelIkdMbgU enARbeTsCb:nu bnÞab;mk RBHGgÁ
)aneFVcI lnaRbqaMgGavuFnuyekøEGr eRkaymkeTot RBHGgÁ)anpþÜcepþIm
ksagvtþsnþiPaBenABaseBjBiPBelak sMrab;bgðajnUvTwkcitþrbs;
RBHGgÁ EdlR)afñacg;)ansniþPaBBiPBelak eRkayBIPaBexÞcxÞIEdl
ekItGMBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI 2. vtþsnþiPaB)anpþl;CakEnøgsMrab;
begátI clnaepþmI ecjBIkmøagM rbs;mnusSCatieFVsI kmµPaB edIm,IsnþPi aB
BiPBelak.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)ancUlrYmCamYyskmµPaBenH
Cajwkjab;. RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ I )anbBa¢ak;dac;xat;GBM kI areRbI
kmøaMgGhigSaeFVIkarts‘U edIm,IsnþiPaBBiPBelak.
kñúgsnÞrkfarbs;RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI ehIyRBHGgÁ)an
beRgon semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ pgEdrenaH RBHetCKuNmansgÇ
dIkafa {buKlÁ EdlCab;sti¥ CamYyerOgneya)ay buKlÁ enaHXaøt
q¶ayGMBIerOgsasna sasnaxusKñaRsLHBIneya)ay esdækic©
nig kmøagM T½B. RBHsmµasm<Tú Kæ CW aRBHGgÁma© s;sTi tæ Eß dlyagecal
36
RBHraCblø½g edIm,IEsVgrkFm’sc©³mkRbedAmnusSeGayman
snþPi aB. neya)aypSaP¢ab;CamYyerOgRbeyaCn_rbs;Cati sasna
minmanniyayGMBeI rOgRbeyaCn_ b¤GBM eI rOgsiTeiæ T sasnaKWCaPav³
edImrbs;CIvit}.
RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI mansgÇdIkabnþeTotfa {GarüFm’
minEmnCaBnøeW PøgI GKÁsI nI minEmnynþehaH min)anplitRKab;Ebk
nuyEkøEGreT GarüFm’mni )ansmøab;mnusS min)anbMpaø jsBVstV
manCIvitenAelIEpndI min)aneFVIsRgÁam GarüFm’KWniyayEtGMBI
esckþIeKarB nigkarRsLaj;rab;GanKñaeTAvijeTAmk}.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;mancMeNHviC¢ay:ageRCARCHEpñk
RBHBuTæsasnakñúgkarksagsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaGMLúgeBlEdl
RBHGgÁKg;enARbeTs\NÐaCamYyRBHetCKuN nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ .I RBHetC-
KuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anbeRgonfa {dl;eBlevlaehIy¡ dl;eBl
evlaEdleyIgminRtUvenAsg¶eM s¶ómeToteT eyIgRtUvRbjab;Rbjal;
ecjBIpÞHrbs;eyIg. dl;eBlevlaEdleyIgRtUvsmøwgemIleTA
zansYK’ ehIyRtUvykCmñHelIxøÜnrbs;eyIgenAelIEpndIenH
dl;eBlevlaEdleyIgRtUvniyayGMBIesckþITukçesakrbs;eyIg
R)ab;mnusSmñak;eTAmnusSmñak;eTot}.
RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ I mansgÇdIkaeTotfa {mnusSEdleK
TukdUcCaRBHKWCamnusSEdl)anRbtibtþei KalsIlFm’CaRbcaMbKu lÁ
b¤sgÁmmansnþiPaB KWmankarGPivDÆn_mYyEdledIrRsbCamYy
37
eKalsIlFm’ buKÁlb¤sgÁmEdlminxVl;xVayGMBIeKalsIlFm’
b¤esIccMGk b¤bMpøajecalnUveKalsIlFm’ buKÁlenaHCamnusS
BukrlYy ehIysgÁmenaHCasgÁmRcbUkRcbl CalTæplGMeBI
higSa nigGMeBIrXatkmµkøayCavb,Fm’rbs;sgÁmenaH}.
RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ I mansgÇdIkarbnþfa {kardak;CMenOfa
kareRbIGMeBIhigSaekItGMNacy:agFMeFg eBlenaHGMeBIXatkmµ
nighaynPaBnwgkøayCaCMnajrbs;mnusSrs;enAkñgú sgÁmenaH}.
RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anRbkasfa {sßansYK’ EpndInwg
ERbRbYl enAeBlNakmøaMgénkarRbtibtþiRBHFm’Føak;cuH} rdæmYy
nigERbRtLb;BPI aBedImeBlEdlBlrdæenAkñgú rdæenaH )at;bg;ckçvú si y½
énRBHBuTEæ dlCakmµvtßdú B¾ si di éæ nCMenO {sTæa} CalTæplR)ak;ngi køay
eTACaRBHGaTieTBfµIenAelIEpndIenH.
RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ I )anRbkasbdiesFcMeBaHkarlUtlas;
én {sRgÁamRtCak;} rvagBYkkumyúµ nisþ nigBYkmUlFnniym lTæplenH
)anbgáat;ePøIgsRgÁamEdl)anbMpøajRbeTskm<úCaTaMgRsug. {minfa
CaviTüasaRsþ b¤Cabec©kviTüaeCOnelOn b¤Canreya)ay b¤Caesdækci ©
b¤CaesrInyi m b¤Cakumúnµ si nþ yi meT eKBMu)aneXIjmaKa’enAkñúglTæi
TaMgenH)anraraMgmnusSeGayrYcputBIkarbMpøajxøÜnÉgTal;Et
esaH eRkAEtGMBIkarplitGavuFfµI²}. b:uEnþeK)anrkeXIjmaKa’
EdlkarBarmnusSBIkarbMpøajxøÜnÉgenAkñúgeKalénsilFm’ nig
enAkñúgeKalénsasnaEdl)ankMNt;y:agelIslb;. sasna
38
CaGMNacénCMenOEdleFVeI GaybrisuTPæ aB nigEkERbmnusSRKb;rUb
edayeKalénsilFm’EdlminerIsmux}.
RBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anRbkasbdiesFecalTaMgRsugBI
PaBrIkcMerInEdlekItGMBbI ec©kviTüa. {viTüasaRsþ nigbec©kviTüa)an
rkeXIjnUvkarplitRKaMEbbbrmaNU nighIRu tUEhSn ehIyRbeTs
RbCaFibetyümYy)aneRbIsBaVvuFTaMgenHedIm,Ismøab;mnusSkñúg
eBlsRgÁam/// karplit kareRbIR)as;RKaMEbkbrmaNU nighIuRtU-
EhSn KYreGayxµas;eGonbMputcMeBaHGarüFm’rbs;mnusSCati.
eKalénsilFm’eFVIkarriHKn;y:agxøaMgeTAelIGMeBIEdlKYreGay
xµas;eGonTaMgenHmkelITegVrI énkarTmøak;RKab;rbs;shrdæGaemrik
EdlBMumanéf¶Gacrlub)at;eLIy}.
RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ I KaMRTfakarGPivDÆn_pvÚø citKþ nM ti KWCa ]sf
sMrab;eRbICamYyCnsmÖar³niymkñgú BiPBelakTMenIbenH. sasnapþlB; nøW
y:agFMeFgsMrab;BPi BelakexµAggwtEdlekItBIGarüFm’TeM nIb mansµartI
pøÚvcitþKMnitBitR)akdekItCaGMNackarBarCIvit niglHbg;ral;karkab;
smøab;EdlbegáItnUvesaknadkmµy:agF¶n;F¶rdl;mnusSCatikñúgelak.
RBHGgÁmansgÇdIkaeTotfa {karhamXat;ral;karkab;smøab;
KWCamUldæanRKwHénGarüFm’mnusSCati RbkarenHeKBMEu dleXIjman
karKitKUr b¤ykcitþTukdak;BIsMNak;EpñkviTüasaRsþ Epñkesdækic©
nigEpñknreya)ayTal;EtesaH }.
{karTb;saá t;keuM Gaymankarkab;smøab;eTIbCabBaðaFMeFgelIs
39
lb;CagbBaðanreya)ay esdækci © nigviTüasaRsþeTAeTot RtUvnaMKañ
edaHRsaybBaðaenHCadac;xatedIm,IkeuM GaymnusSCatirlMrlay}.
»vaTrbs;RBHsgÇCb:unGgÁenH)aneFVIeGay semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ )anRCYtRCabkñúgebHdUgrbs;RBHGgÁ.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anTTYlcMeNHviCa¢BRI BHetCKuN
nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI GMBIsar³sMxan;énkaredIrcUleTAkñúgsgÁmmnusSral;éf¶
TaMgmhatµ³KnæI TaMgRBHetCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )anrYmKñanimnþedIreFVI
yuTænakarRbqaMgcMeBaH karGPivDÆn_bec©kviTüafµIEdleFVIeGayRbeTs
\NÐakøayCaTaskr karRbqaMgcMeBaHkardwknaMBPi Belakeq<aHeTArkkar
bMpøicbMpøajekItGMBIsRgÁaménsBaVvuFbrmaNU nigGuyEkøEGrenH.
kñgú eBleFVyI Tu næ akarenH RBHGgÁ)anCYbCamYymnusSsmBaØya: geRcIn.
enAeBlnimnþRtLb;mkRbeTsCb:un RBHsgÇekµgGgÁenHKWRBH
etCKuN nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI )aneFVIyuTænakaredIrk,ÜnEdlmaneQµaHfa
ékhUKüÚ edayRBHGgÁ)ancMNayeBlevlarab;Ban;éf¶ nimnþedIrtamPñM
enARbeTsCb:nu rYmmankarvaysÁr nigkarsURtFm’. kñgú mYyéf¶² RBHGgÁ
nimnþedIr)ancm¶ay 40 KILrÚ ._ RBHetCKuN nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ I )anbeRgon
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ fa {RBHsgÇBit KWCaRBHsgÇEdlminKg;
enAmYykEnøgeT} RTwsþIenHP¢apSab;CamYyRbéBNInikayefrvaT
rbs;Exµr GMBIkarRbtibtþiFutgÁénRBHsgÇEdlcMNayeBlevlaénCIvit
CasgÇrbs;RBHGgÁnimnþcUleTAkñúgéRB eFVIsmaFitamknøgénRBHBuTæ
brmRKU.
40
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anTTYlcMeNaHviCa¢ BIRBHetCKuN
nICdI as‘Y hVCÚ I Edlkñgú GMLgú eBl 20 qñaM eRkaymk)anCYyRBHGgÁkgúñ
RBHraCebskkmµsaß bnaeLIgvijnUvRBHBuTsæ asnaExµr rYmTaMgkarnimnþ
dwknaMeFVIFmµyaRtarbs;RBHGgÁGs;ry³eBlBIrTsvtSr_knøgmkenH.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anTTYlRBHraCkityiþ lCakMBlU bBVCti
manRBHkitþinaml,Il,ajkñúgBiPBelakekItGMBIRBHraCebskkmµrbs;
RBHGgÁeFVIyuTænakaredIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaCatienARbeTskm<úCa
eRkayRBwtþkarN_sRgÁam.
RbPB³
snÞrkfarbs;RBHetCKuN Nichidatsu Fujii EdlRBHGgÁ)anEføgkalBI éf¶TI6 Exsiha
qñaM1956 )ane)aHBumÖpSayenAtamevtikaCaeRcIn nwgenAtam one-line.
sUmkt;cNM aMfa ´minsÁal;mhaviTüal½y Nalanda EdlsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞRTg;)an
sikSa eyagtamRBHraCCIvRbvtþri bs;semþcEdlmanpSayenAeKhTMBr½ Ghosananda.org
nigtambNþajpSBVpSayepSg².
41
smaFiRkugéRB
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbBa©bk; arsikSafñak;bNÐti enA

mhaviTüal½y NaLanda RbeTs\NÐa. kñgú qñaM 1969 semþcRTg;)an
TTYlbrmgarCaRBHraCkitþiysd¾x<g;x<s;bMputrbs;RBHGgÁKW RBHmha
eXasnnÞ mann½yfaFM/Gs©arü b¤RbesIréføføaénbBVCit Edledj
RbeyaKRBHbriytþiFm’)an EdlGacERb)alIrYcmiineTIsTak;.
semþcFøab;niTanCarebobkMEbøgfa {PhDmann½y fa Person Has
Dukkha ERbfa {bNÐitKWCamnusSEdlmanTukç} semþcRTg;;man
RBHraCbnÞÚldUecñHeRkayeBlRBHGgÁ)anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;bNÐit
ry³eBl 15 qñaMenARbeTs\NÐa.
enARbeTséfLgd_ semþcRTg;nimnþcUleTAkñúgéRB edIm,IbMeBj
ParkicC© abBVCti PavnaceRmInstikgúñ GaRsmrbs;RBHRKU FmµTaera enAvtþ
cayNaénextþnKrRsIFmµraCü EdlsßitenAPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTs
éfLg;d_. kñúgkarbMeBjCaPikçúPavnakmµdæanenATIenaH semþc)an
ceRmInEpñksti sm,CBaØ³ KW {sµartI nigesckþIdwgxøÜn}.
elak RKwsþúhVW FItm:as; CaRKUBuTæiksikSaEdlmkBIbc©wmRbeTs
)aneTAbMeBjFm’enAvtþ cayNa CamYy semþcRBHeXasnnÞ enAkñgú
qñaM1972 )andMNal;GMBIRBwtþkarN_énkarmkrbs; semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ fa RKaenaHsemþcmankasavB½RsþBN’elOg EdlsMKal;Ca
42
RBHsgÇnimnþmkBITIRkug mindUcRBHsgÇFutgÁEdlmankasavB½RsþBt’
sÁretñat. elak FItm:as; )andMNalfa {semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;kan;sm<aytUc²BIrenAelIsaµ rbs;RBHGgÁTaMgsgxag semþc
manGakb,kiriyasuPaBrabsar mandMeNIrmYy²RbkbedayPaB
s¶b;es¶óm RBHGgÁmanrUbsm,tþil¥Nas;kñúgRBHCnµ 40 qñaM}.
eK)anRbeKnRBHdMNak;fVayRBHGgÁenAEk,rFmµsala elak
FItm:as; Føab;)ancUleTAfVaybgÁsM emþcCajwkjab; BIeRBaHRBHGgÁGac
niyayPasaGg;eKøs Pasaéf rYmTaMgPasa)araMg nig)alI sMRsáwt
pgEdr. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHPRkþjjwm nigesIcenAeBl
RBHGgÁmansgÇdIkamkrk´ RBHGgÁEtgEtkan;édrbs;´. semþceBar
eBjedaymuTti aFm’ mandMeNIrciteþ samnsSeTArkesckþsI xu rbs;Gkñ
déTedayBMeu rIsmux RBHGgÁmanmuTti acityþ a: gRCaleRCApSayecjeTA
RKb;Tsi TI minfaenAxagkñgú b¤enAxageRkA}. elak FItm:as; manRbsasn_
eTotfa {semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞCaRBHsgÇmYyGgÁKt; Edlman
lkçN³sm,tþei pSgBImnusSdéT RBHRKUFmµaTaera ecAGFikarenATI
Gara:menaHmankarTMnak;TMngCamYysemþcepSgBIGñkdéT}.
elak FItm:as; )andMNaleTotfa {enAeBlsemþcRTg;nimnþ
mkdl;TeI nHPøamRBHGgÁ)andk RBHkaydac;qa¶ yBImnusSTaMgLay
enATIenaH ehIyRBHGgÁ)anerobcMCIvPaBrs;enACatabsEtmþg
RBHGgÁBMu)anR)aRs½yTak;TgCamYyGñkNaeT RBHGgÁ)anbgðaj
RBHkaykñúgeBlqan;cgðan;RBwk nigenAkñúgkarcUlrYmrbs;RBHGgÁ
43
kñgú karsikSaGMBRI BHFm’mgþ máalEtb:eu NÑaH. enAvtþenHmanRBHsgÇ
cMnYn 80 eTA 100 GgÁ rYmTaMgdUnCImYycMnYn-RBHsgÇExµrGgÁenH
manbuKÁllkçN³xusq¶ayBIRBHsgÇ nigmnusSÉeTotenAkñúg
vtþenH }.
CaTUeTA RBHKUFmµTaera ecAGFikarvtþcayNa mineBjRBHT½y
Tal;EtesaHcMeBaHPaBdak;xøÜneGayenAdac;q¶ayBIeKrbs;buKÁlNa
mñak;kñúgvtþenH minEtb:ueNaÑHRBHRKU)andak;vin½yy:agtwgrwgcMeBaH
smNsisSkñgú karceRmInRBHFm’edaykarbdibtþsi maFi enAeRkamedim
eQItam\riyabT 4 KW edk/edIr/Qr nigGgÁúy b:uEnþRBHRKU FmµTaera
EbrCamanRBHT½yTn;Pnø C; amYy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ eTAvij-
edayBMumannrNamñak;dwgGMBImUlehtuenHesaH.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anGeBa¢Ijelak FItm:as;; mkkan;
RBHraCdMNak;rbs;RBHGgÁ kñgú »kasenaH elak FItm:as; mankarPJak;
ep¥Ily:agxøaMg tamRbsasn_rbs;elakfa enHCakarcEmøkéRkElg
edayelakBMu)aneXIjmanmnusSNamñak;)anmkdl;RBHraCdMNak;
rbs;semþcTal;EtesaH sUm,IEtbg¥cÜ k¾mni )anebIkEdr. enAkñgú dMNak;
enHBMueXIjmanGVIEbøkeRkAEtGMBIRkdas;tUc² 2 eTA 3 snøwkbiTCab;
CBa¢aMgsresrGMBIBuTæ»vaTrbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæ CaPasaGg;eKøs nig
CaPasaepSg²Etb:ueNÑaH. semþcmancitþeRtkGrrIkrayCaFmµCati.
enArdUvePøóg RBHsgÇTaMgGs;RtUvKg;kgúñ vtþedIm,IeFVkI ci ©]TÞsi cMeBaH
karceRmInFm’ nigsmaFi d¾xg< x; s< ; minfaCardUvR)aMg b¤rdUvvsSaeT RBHRKU
FmµTaera EtgEtdwknaMRBHsgÇeFVFI tu gÁ-KWkarnimnþ cUleTAkñgú éRBry³eBl
44
CaeRcIns)aþh_ b¤CaeRcInEx RBHRKU)andwknaMkare)aHCMrMuenAeRkameQI
minfayb; b¤éf¶ EdlenHCakarerobcMdMeNIrRbtibtþitamCIvitEdlBMuman
TIkMNt;rbs;RBHBuTæbrmRKU.
RBHRKUFmµTaera )andwknaMkargarenHenAvtþcayNacab;taMgBIqñaM
1954 edayRBHGgÁ)anepþatCasMxan;eTAelIkarsikSaGMBI { Gna)anusSti}
KW {sti nig degðmI }. erogral;la¶ cRBHRKUbeRgonGMBsI maFiCaPasaéf
RBHRKU)anbegátI rebobeFVvI bi ,snatamry³kareRbIclnaédeFVCI a]b,krN_
smaFi RBHRKUmankarBiesaFn_enHeRkayeBlRBHGgÁ)anGnuvtþnv_ Fi sI maFi
enHGs;ry³eBl 9 qñaM EdleFVIeGayRBHGgÁmanPaBeCOCak;kñúgkar
bgðan;beRgon.
smNsisSEdlmkTTYlcMeNaHviCa¢enH RtUvhat;eFVIsmaFibNþúH
emtþa KWkartaMgcitþ>>>> karbNþúHcitþemtþaKitdl;GñkdéT>>> KwCaesckþI
emtþaCasakl.
RBHsgÇéfGgÁenH)anbeRgonsmNsisSrbs;RBHGgÁCaelIkdMbgU
GMBIstiP¢ab;CamYydegðIm bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁbeRgonGMBIsmaFibNþúH
sm,CBaØ³ EdlepþatelIkareRbIclnaéd nigevTnarmµN_ eFVCI ameFüa)ay
sMrab;karbNþúHsm,CBaØ³RCaleRCA.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbdibtþti amkmµvFi RI bcaMéf¶Edl)an
kMNt;CaeBlevla dUcteTA³
ema:g 4³00 eTobPønW mi nþclU kñgú RBHviharedIm,IsRU tFm’ em:ag 5 nimnþ
ecjeTAeFVITandl;CnRkIRkEdlenAeRkAvtþ em:ag8RBwkqan;cgðan;
eBlRBwk em:ag11RBwk qan;cgðan;eBléf¶Rtg; ema:g2 eTAema:g4
45
resol GgÁúyeFVIPavnaceRmInFm’énsmaFi em:ag 4 eTAem:ag 5 l¶ac
nimnþecjeTAeFVIsmaFi em:ag 5 sMrakqan;Et em:ag 6³30 naTI l¶ac
GgÁúysmaFi em:ag 8 yb; sþab;FmµeTsnarbs;RBHetCKuNRBHRKU
FmµTaera ema:g 9-10 yb; nimnþeFVIsmaFitam\riyabTedIr.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa RBHRKUFmµTaera
tRmUveGaysmNsisSTaMgGs;eFVIsmaFienAranhalmuxkudi edIm,I
RBHGgÁ)ansegÁtemIlsmNsisSeBlkMBugeFVIsmaFi.
eRcInqñaMknøgputeTA¡
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbgðajGMBIkarseRmcrbs;
RBHGgÁkgúñ karceRmInsmaFi R)ab;dl;smNsisSrbs;RBHGgÁEdlGac
kMerIkédsþaMeLIgcuHyWt²CaclnaRtUvKña. semþcmanRBHbnÞÚlfa
eyIgKYreGaymankarhat;eFIVsmaFitamviFIenHenAtamvtþ. eyIgeFVI
smaFitamviFIenHry³eBlmYyéf¶ eyIgGackMerIkédeLIgcuHmansti
rB£ktamcgVak;degðImnimYy² ral;éf¶eyIgeFVIsmaFitamviFIenH-BMuman
GVIelIsBIenHeT.
kñgú qñaM 1969 RsbeBlEdl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ kMBgu eFVI
smaFikñúgéRB RBHGgÁ)anTTYldMNwgBIRbeTskm<úCaGMBIGMeBIhigSa
Edl)anbgávinaskmµedaykarTmøak;RKab;Ebkedaysm¶at;rbs;
GaemrikmkelITwkdIrbs;RBHGgÁ. enHKWCayuTænakarénkarvayRbhar
Edlmin)anR)ab;dMNwgCamunrbs;GaemrikmkelITwkdIkm<úCa Edlman
ry³eBl 14 Ex. karvayRbharedaykarTmøak;RKab;EbkenHman
46
eQµaHfa {Rbtibtþki arsikGahareBlRBwk} rbs;GaemrikedIm,IbTi pøvÚ
lMhUCImiuj nigkarbBa©b;sRgÁamenAevotNam. RbtibtþikarsikenH
ehIyEdl)anbgáItGesßrPaBmkelIRbeTskm<úCa. CnePossik
rab;ryrab;Ban;nak;)anhUrcUlTIRkugPñMeBj cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk
RbeTskm<úCa)anFøak;cUly:ageRCAeTAkñúgePøIgsRgÁam.
qñaM 1970 KWCaRBwtkþ arN_énrdæRbharrMlrM bbraCaniym ehiyI dak;
CMnYsmkvijnUvrdæaPi)alniymGaemrik. ePøIgsRgÁamqab;eqHkan;Et
xøaMgeLIg²cab;BIqñaM 1970 rhUtdl;qñaM 1975 bnþrhUt RbeTskm<úCa
Føak;cUleRCAkñúgvibtþi nigGMeBIhigSay:ageXarXACaTIbMput.
eRkayeBlbBa©bs; RgÁamrbs;Gaemrik GaemrikaMg)anTmøak;RKab;
EbkmkelIRbeTskm<úCa manTm¶n;srub 2/750/000 etan Tm¶n;enH
elIsBITm¶n;srubénRKab;EbkEdl)anTmøak;edayRbeTssm<½næmitþ
kalenAkñgú sRgÁamelakelIkTI 2 eTAeTot. RbeTskm<Cú a CaRbeTstUc
EdlmanTMhMb:unrdæva:sIunetan BMuKYrNaTTYlrgBIkarTmøak;Ebkd¾F¶n;F¶r
EbbenHesaH. tamkar)a:n;RbmaNfa RbCaCnExµrcMnYn 500/000
nak;)ansøab;edaykarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikenH.
erogral;éf¶ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )ansþab;Bt½ m’ antamviTüú
pSayGMBRI Bwtkþ arN_enARbeTskm<Cú a. B½tm’ anenH)anb:HTgÁci pøvÚ citrþ bs;
RBHGgÁya: gxøagM RBHRKUFmµTaerasitß enAEk,rRBHGgÁ edIm,IelIkTwkciteþ Gay
bnþkarhat;cti -þ karbNþHú snþPi aBpøvÚ citrþ bs;RBHGgÁ ehIyRtUvrgcaMeBl
evlasmRsbedIm,IRBHGgÁGacvileTArkRbCaraRsþrbs;RBHGgÁvij.
47
elak RKwsþúhVW FItm:as; )anmkCYb semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
cMeBlEdlRBHGgÁkMBugKg;smaFikñúgRBHraCdMNak;rbs;RBHGgÁ
RKaenaHkñgú qñaM 1973 eBlEdlGaemrikkMBgu begánI karTmøak;RKab;Ebk
mkelIRbeTskm<Cú a. elak FItm:as; )ancgcaMf; aenAeBlenaH semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHT½yTukeç saky:agxøagM ehIyRBHGgÁman
RBHraCbnÞÚledayeRkómRkMfa {sÞwgenAkm<úCaeBareBjedayQam
ehIy¡ }.
eBlmYy semþc)anTTYldMNwgd¾EsneRkómRkMmkfa mata bita
rbs;RBHGgÁ rYmTaMgbgb¥Ún nigRBHsgÇCamitþrYmCMnan;rbs;RBHGgÁ
)ansuKt; nig)at;bg;CvI ti Gs;ehIykñgú RBwtkþ arN_enH. semþcRTg;Rsk;
TwkEPñk. RBHGgÁRTg;kEnSgral;éf¶edayBMumanGVIGacTb;TwkRBHenRt
rbs;RBHGgÁ)an eTcMeBaHdMNwgd¾EsnexøacpSaenH cMENkRBHRKUrbs;
RBHGgÁ)anxitxMelIkTwkcitþ nig)ancUlrYmCamYyRBHGgÁnUvesckþITukç
exøacpSaenH RBHRKUmansgÇdIkafa {RBHGgÁQb;bgðÚrTwkEPñkeTA
sUmRBHemtþamanstirgw maMeLIgvij stienHeRbobdUcCabg¥cÜ b¤Taæ r
EdlRtUvbiT b¤ebIk stiR)ab;eyIgGMBIeBlevlasmRsbsMrab;eFVI
kargarGVImYyeGay)anRtwmRtUv}. RBHRKUFmµTaeramansgÇdIkabnþ
eTotfa ³ {RBHGgÁmni GacbBa©b;sRgÁamenHeT b:uEnþRBHGgÁRtUvts‘U
CamYyesckþITukç nigesckþIeRkaF>>> sUmRBHGgÁekItstieLIg¡
RBHGgÁRtUverobcMxøÜn edIm,IGacnimnþRtLb;eTARbeTsCatirbs;
RBHGgÁvij sUmRBHemtþamanstieLIg¡}.
48
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anKg;smaFiceRmInstiGs;ry³
eBly:agyUr RBHGgÁ)aneFVIkarqøúgbBa©aMgGMBIesckþIsøab;P¢ab;CamYy
»vaTrbs;RBHRKUFmµTaera semþc)anRbemIleXIjfa esckþIsøab;KWCa
esckþIsøab; enHKWCaRBwtþkarN_EdlknøgputeTAehIy RkumRKYsarrbs;
RBHGgÁrYmTaMgsmNmitþTaMgenaH)anrMlt;x½næBIelakenHputeTAehIy
\LÚvenHRBHGgÁkBM gu KiteTArkGnaKtKWCa eBlevlaenAxagmuxEdlmin
manPaBc,as;las; b¤R)akd. semþcRTg;)ansMercciteþ FVkI ci ©karGVmI yY
EdlRBHGgÁGaceFV)I anKWCakic©karEdlsßti enAkñgú eBlbc©bú ,nñKCW aeBl
evlaEdlGacRKb;RKg)an. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞlÚ
fa ³ {bc©úb,nñKCW amataénGnKt sUmEfrkSamþay²nigEfrkSakUn}.
bnÞab;mksemþcRtLb;eTArkdMeNIrbdibtþFi m’ edaykartaMgsmaFiPa¢ b;
CamYycgVak;degðImsaCafµI. RBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÜlfa kardkdegðIm
minEmnCakalknøgputeTAeT kardkdegðIm BMuEmnCaeBlevlaenA
GnaKtEdlminTan;eTAdl;enaHeT b:uEnþdegðImKWCadMeNIrenAkñúgeBl
bc©úb,nñ.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;bBaÄb;sRmk;Tkw EPñk ehIyRBHGgÁ
manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {BMumanesckþITukçesakEdlsßitenAkñúgeBl
bc©úb,nñenHeT etIesckþTI ukçenHsßti enAÉNa?} esckþTI ku ç nigesckþI
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xN³bc©úb,nñeT semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbdibtþiFm’Kg;smaFi
kñgú éRBenARbeTséfLg;dG_ s;ry³eBlevlaCag 9 qñaM RBHGgÁ)anseRmc
49
nUv\dæmnuBaØpl manstiPøWføa RTg;manR)aCJax<g;x<s;Rbkbedayemtþa
kruNaFm’ EdllUtlas;ecjGMBIsmaFiy:agRCaleRCArbs;RBHGgÁ.
elak FItm:as; )anrMlkw fa RKamYyRBHRKUFmµaTaera)annimnþ semþc
RBHmhaeXannÞ eFVIFmµeTsnadl;RBHsgÇ nigdUnCIenAvtþcayNa
semþcmansgÇdIkaEtGMBeI mtþakruNaFm’ nigesckþeI RtkGr nigkarekIt
R)aCJax<g;x<s;BIkarbdibtþiFm’smaFivib,snaEtb:ueNÑaH.
éf¶T1I 7 Exemsa qña1M 975 ExµrRkhm)ancUlkan;kab;TRI kugPñMeBj
BYkemdwknaMExµrRkhm)anGHGagfa BYkeKCaGñkseRgÁaHRbeTskm<úCa
eGayrYcputBIkarbMpøajrbs;breTs ehIyrkSa)annUvGtþsBaØaNCati
ExµrRkhm)anRbkas;faBYkeKebþCJacitþkarBarCati RbqaMgkarRtYtRta
rbs;breTs edaykgT½Bbdivtþn_ekItecjBIvNÑ³ kmµkr ksikr nig
maKa’rbs;bdivtþne_ lIeKalkarN_bgábegánI pl nigkarBarCatielIslb;
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eXasnnÞ pgEdr manRBHraCbnÞÚltamviTüúGMBavnavdl;kgkmøaMg
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fa {sRgÁamenARsukeyIg)anbBa©b; RbeTsCatirbs;eyIgman
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semþc)anyagRtLb;mkvtþ]NÑaelamvij enATIenaH BYkExµrRkhm
)ancab;RBHGgÁykeTAXMuXaMg edayecaTRBHGgÁfa manRbBnæ nigkUn
50
kMBugrs;enATIRkug)a:rIs RbeTs)araMMg enAéf¶bnÞab;mk semþcRBH
sgÇraC hYt tat RtUv)anBYkExµrRkhmcab;bBa¢ÚnmkPñM]tþúg EdlCa
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eBlenaHmk.
RBHBuTæsasnaenARbeTskm<úCa)anrs;eLIgvijeRkaykardYlrlM
rbs;BYkExµrRkhmenAqñaM 1979 . rUbsMNakrbs;semþcRBHsgÇraC
GgÁenH mantaMgenAkñgú vtþ]NÑaelamsBVéf¶enH. rUbsMNakenHRtUv)an
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RbPB³
kMNt;sMKal;rbs;elak Chirstopher Titmuss )anmkGMBI On-line newsletter
rbs;Kat;.
karEsteQµaH Insight Journal Fall qñaM 2004 kñgú GtßbTmancMNgeCIgfa }kñgú elakenH
esckþIs¥b;minGaclubbM)at;edayesckþIs¥b;eT}
GtßbTesreesredayelak Kate Freison pSaytam on-line kñúgqñaM1988 sþIGMBI
neya)ayrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
mYyCMhanmþg² pSayedayelak Jane Mahoney nig Philip Edmonds.
51
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CMurMCnePosxøÜnenAsaEkv
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anCYbCamYyCnePosxønÜ ExµrCaelIk
dMbgU enACMrs;uM aEkvEdlsßti enACab;RBMEdnRbeTséfLgd_ Pøam²eRkay
kardYlrlMrbs;BkY ExµrRkhmenAqñaM 1978. CnePosxønÜ TaMgenaHman
sPaBesøksøagM sÁmsÁagM edaykarGt;Gahar maneBaHFM² sk;eLIgBN’
elOg. semþc)anEckxitb½NÑRsg;ecjBIKm<IemtþasURtrbs;RBHsmµa
sm<Tú æ EdlRTg;manBuT»æ vaTGMBeI sckþGI aNitGasUr nigesckþGI t;eGan
eTACnePosxøÜnEdlmanesckþIfa {eTas³ minEdls¶b;eTAeday
eTas³eLIy. eTas³Gacs¶be; TA)anedaysarEtemtþaRBhµvh i ar
b:ueNÑaH }.
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TTYlCnePosxøÜnExµr manTItaMgenACitPUmisaEkv sßitenAcenøaHBIRsuk
GarBaØya:R)aeft nigPUmisaEkv Ek,rRBMEdnrvagRbeTséfLgd_ nig
RbeTskm<úCa.
tamkarerobrab;rbs;skmµCnsiTmiæ nusSBIrrUbeQµaH eCn ma:han;nI
nig hVIlIb EGtm:ns_ Edl)ancUleTAkñgú CMru eM nHmuneKbg¥s; )aneXIj
TidæPaBénCnePosxøÜnExµreBareBjedaykareRskXøan nigRtUvkar
CMnYyCabnÞan;.
52
RBwtþkarN_enaH enAqñaM1978 GñkEdlrs;ranmanCIvitBIrbb
valBiXatmanGarmµN_cgrMuB½T§edayesckþIP½yrn§t;BIsRgÁam/ karbgçM
eGayeFVkI ar/ karkab;smøab; nigkarlubbM)at;sasna enARbeTskm<Cú a
enAxageRkayPUmiRsuk vtþGara:m nigERscMkarrbs;BYkeK)ankøayeTA
CaepH enAxagmuxrbs;BkY eKKWCaCMru CM nePosxønÜ nigesckþsI gÇwmsMrab;
karrs;ranmanCIvit. cMnYnCnePosxøÜnEdl)anrt;mkRCkekanenAkñúg
CMru sM aEkvmancMnnY kan;EteRcIneLIg² BYkeKrs;enAeRkamkMedAéf¶ekþAxøagM
mandMeNIreRTteRTat semøgERskf¶Úrénburs RsþI ekµg cas;Edlman
sPaBsÁmsÁaMg esøksøaMg nwigeBareBjedayesckþIeRskXøan.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)annimnþtamrfynþcas;sm½y
buraNmYyeRKOg Edlmansemøglan;eRktRkt² enAtampøÚvbt;Ebn/
ecat nigeLIgPñMcuHPñMkñúgcm¶aypøÚvCag 50 KILÚr_Em:Rt semþcRTg;Kg;
eBnEPñnelIekAGIEdlminGacbt; ehIyRBHeksrbs;RBHGgÁ»n EPñk
TaMgKUrbiT Cays,g;cIBrrbs;RBHGgÁFøak;elILanbk;rvic² enHKWCa
esckþIs¶b;énRBHsgÇv½ykNþalGgÁenH EdlBMumanmic©acriyaTal;
EtesaH eTaHCaRBHGgÁkMBugsßitkñúgGakasFatuekþAhYtEhg/ kg;Lan
lan;sUrgWt² nigclnakBaäk;²enACMuvijRBHGgÁy:agNak¾eday semþc
eBjhUrehoredayemtþaFm’ RBHGgÁ)annimnþeFVIdMeNIrEtmYyGgÁKt;
RBHGgÁ)anmkdl;TVarrbgénCMurMCnePosxøÜnsaEkv3éf¶eRkaykar
begáIteLIgénCMurMenH.
ma:han;nI nig EGtm:ns_ )antMNaleTotfa {CMru eM nHmansPaB
esaHkeRkaH tampøvÚ manmnusSENnNan;tan;tab; Twks¥yú hUrtam
53
RbLaytUc xVHmðbÚ Gahar nigTwk CnePosxønÜ PaK eRcInenApþKMú añ kñgú
tg;RkNat;Edlmandac;rey:réy: }.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nimnþqgø kat;bs:u R×iþ tYtBinti ü RBHGgÁnmi nþ
edIrmYy²cUleTAkñúgCMurM )anERbkøayPaBRsegHRsegaceTACaesckþI
rMePIbeBjkñúgCMurMTaMgmUl CnePosxøÜn)ansÞúHmkrkRBHGgÁ Edlbgðaj
nUvnimti rþ bU énRBHBuTsæ asnaCaelIkdMbgU bg¥s;)anrs;eLIgvij eRkaykar
)at;bg;Gs;eBld¾yUrknøgmk.
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cab;yklixti tUc²Edlmandac;rEhkmYykþab; kñgú lixti enHCaBuT»æ vaT
rbs;RBHsmµasm<úTæGMBIemtþaFm’ RBHGgÁ)anEcklixiteTACnePosxøÜn
RKb;rbU RBmTaMg)ansURtFm’bgY sYgtamRbéBNI RbkbedaycriyaFm’
Tn;Pøn; nigkareKarBd¾x<g;x<s; PaBesakseRgg nigGarmµN_rMeCIbrMCYl
rbs;RbCaCn)anFUrRsal. BYkeK)anlt;CegÁgR; kabfVaybgÁM semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ Pøam²enaHsERmkRTeharyM)anpÞúHeLIglan;kgrMBg
eBjCMurMTaMgmUl .
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nigkarsgswk EtgekIt mansarcuHsareLIgCabnþbnÞab;mni Qb;
QreLIy. karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfa cuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym
niglkç½NÐeLIy b:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;
eyIg. bBaØa nig kruNaRtUvedIrTmÞwgKña manEtmYyehIyxVHmYy
eRbobdUckaredIrEteCIgmçag edIrmin)anq¶ayeT ehIymin)anyUr
eT GñknwgdYlCaminxaneLIy edIm,IføwgeGayesµIbBaØa nig kruNa
54
GñkKYredIrsnSwm²eGay)anesµ²I mþgmYyCMhan² mþgmYyCMhan¡
Step by Step!
enAqñaMbnÞab; RbeTsevotNam)anvaylukcUlRbeTskm<úCa
BYkTahanExµrRkhm)anrt;qgø EdncUlmkkñgú RbeTséfLgd_ semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)annimnþeTACYbTahanExµrRkhm RBHGgÁ)ansMeNH
sMNalCamYyTahanTaMgenaHGMBBI Tu »æ vaTrbs;RBHsmµasm<Tú Gæ BM eI mtþa
Fm’ nigkruNaFm’ edayRBHGgÁBMu)anefáaleTaseTAelIGMeBITaMgLay
EdlBYkenH)aneFVeI LIy semþcmanRBHraCbnÞlÚ R)ab;elak GaLan eqnnW
plitkrExSrPaBynþ Edl)anplitExSrvIedGUGMBI semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ GMBsI aß nPaBCnePosxønÜ fa {BYkeKQWcab;xaø gM Nas;rhUt
dutsmøab;xnÜø BYkeKcg;)ansnþPi aB BYkeKcg;)anesckþsI xu ehIy
BYkeKEbrbn;sMuesckþIsuxsnþiPaBBIRBHBuTæCaGm©as; }.
enAeBlsYrfa {etIRBHGgÁmanGarmµN_dUcemþccMeBaHBYkExµr
Rkhm?} semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ eGanRBHeksbnþiceTIbRBHGgÁ
eqøyI tbfa³ {eyIgmanemtþaFm’ya:gFMeFgcMeBaHBYkeK BIeRBaHBYkeK
minsÁal;GBM sI c©Fm’ BYkeKbMpaø jRBHBuTsæ asna BYkeKbMpaø jxønÜ Ég}.
qñaM 1979 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anksagvtþenAkñúgCMurM
CnePosxøÜn EdlsßitenAtambeNþayRBMEdnRbeTsExµr nigéfLg;d_.
RBHGgÁ)anbMbsY RBHsgÇfµ²I eTaHbIRBHGgÁRbQmmuxCamYybTbBa¢ar
rbs;eyaFaéfy:agNak¾eday. tamsmþrI bs; kaRtIn pUFki GñkCMnaj
EpñkRbvtþisaRsþRbeTskm<úCa )aneGaydwgfa enAeBlclnats‘Urbs;
BYkExµrRkhmcab;bgçM edaykarekNÐCnePosxøÜneGayeFVITahan
55
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ rYmCamYyRBHRKUnki ayRbUetsþgR; BHnam PItFW
pn )aneFVkI arpSBVpSaytamry³lixti edIm,IFanafaCnTaMgLayNaEdl
mincg;eFVImatuPUminivtþ RBHGgÁnigpþ;l;»kasdl;CnTaMgenaH edIm,IRCk
ekanenAkñúgvtþrbs;RBHGgÁ. eRkayBIkarGMBavnavenH manyuTæCn
rab;Ban;nak;)anTmøak;GavuFenAmat;TaV rvtþ ehIyrt;mkRCkekankñgú vtþ.
BYkTahanéfEdlKaMRTs¶at;²dl;dMeNIrkarekNÐT½BedaybgçMrbs;
BYkExµrRkhm )anxwgsm,arCamYysemþcy:agxøaMg. RBHRKU PItFW pn
rYmTaMgkUnRbusrbs;Kat;)anRtUvcab;xnÜø b:Eu nþeRkaymkRBHmhakSRtiyanI
RBHGgÁCaFmµnidæénRBHBuTæsasna kñúgnamRBHsgÇ)aneFVIGnþraKmn_
kñgú erOgenH. RBHRKU PItFW pn manefrdIkafa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
)ancUleTAsYrsuxTukçRBHetCKuNenAkñúgKuk kñúglkçN³kMEbøg RBHGgÁ
)anxSwmdak;RBHkayRBHeys‘URKisþ kñúgeBlEdlRBHGgÁ)anhucnM
b½ugsac; nigePsC¢³tamcMrwgTaVrénbnÞb;XMuXaMg. 1 qñaMeRkaymk
semþcRBHmhaeXannÞ RtUv)aneKhamXat;mineGayRBHGgÁnimnþ
ecjcUlkñúgCMurMeToteLIy. RBHGgÁ)aneFVIkarenAkñúgCMurM)anRtwmEt
mYyqñaM bnÞab;mkRtUveKbgçMeGayRBHGgÁdkRBHkayecjBITIenaH.
enAqñaM 1980 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anTTYlkarEtgtaMg
BiessedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgtYnaTIrbs;RBHGgÁTTYlbnÞúk
EpñkRkumRbwkSasgÁm nigesdækic©tMNagnireTskCnkm<úCa.
RBHsgÇExµrmancMnYnsrubTaMgGs; 65000 nak; enAkñúgRbeTs
km<úCa enAmanrs;ranCIvitEt 3000 GgÁb:ueNaÑH eRkamrbbRKb;RKg
d¾eXareXArbs;BkY ExµrRkhmGs;ry³eBlCit 4 qña.M semþcRBHmha
56
eXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞlÚ fa {ExµrRkhmmanCMenOfa BYkeKGac
e)assMGatRBHBuTsæ asna BYkeKBüayamlubbM)at;RBHBuTsæ asna
b:uEnþRBHBuTæsasnaminGacrlMrlayCadac;xat RBHBuTæsasna
enACamYyCIvti rbs;RbCaCatiExµr RBHBuTsæ asnaCaPasaCaemtþaFm’
rbs;ExµrtaMgBIdUnta CaBiessRBHBuTæsasnaKWCaCIvitEdlbgáb;
y:ageRCAkñúgebHdUgrbs;RbCaraRsþExµr¡}.
bNÐit PItFW xarI CaskmµCnsnþiPaBmYyrUbeTotEdl)aneFVIkar
enAkñúgCMurMCnePosxøÜnpgEdr enaH)andMNalGMBIrebobEdl semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anTb;sáat;karbHe)arhigSamYyrbs;RkumExµr
RkhmKñaÉgEdlbMrugpÞúHGavuFdak;Kña. RBHGgÁ)ancMNacyeBleBj
mYyéf¶edIm,IBnül;RkumTaMgenHGMBIsikçabTGhigSaTaMg8cMNuc.
tamsmþIrbs;elak PItFW xarI )aneGaydwgfa vtþmanrbs;
RBHsgÇenAeBlenaH mansar³sMxan;Nas;kgúñ karTb;saá t;karpÞHú higSa
nigesckþITukçevTna. elak PItFW xarI )anrMlwkGMBIrebobEdl semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anTb;sáat;karpÞúHGavuFenAkñúgCMurMEdlsßitenA
eRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;BYkExµrRkhmenAedImqñaM1980. eBlenaH
RBHGgÁ)anRbmUlmnusSeBjv½yTaMgGs;eGaymksþab;karBnül;rbs;
RBHGgÁeBjmYyéf¶GBM sI ki aç bTTaMg 8 rbs;RBHsmµasm<Tú .æ mandMeNIr
erOgmYyeTotdUcKñaenHekIteLIgenAkñúgFmµaRtaelIkTI2BIextþ
esomrab mkkan;TIRkugPñMeBjenAkñúgqñaM1993 Ca]TahrN_GMBI
esckþIkøahanrbs;RBHsgÇeFVIkarbNþúHKMnitmnusSTaMgLayeGay
lHbg;ecalmaKa’eq<aHeTArkGMeBIhigSa }.
57
RBHraCskmµPaBenAeRkACMurMCnePosxøÜnenaTsvtSr_80
kñúgry³eBl 15 qñaM dMbUg semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbMeBj
kargaredIm,RbCaraRsþkm<úCa edayBMumankarenOyht;Gs;kmøaMgkay
citþbnþicesaHeLIy. enAkñúgqñaM1980 semþceFVICaGñktMNagRbCaCn
ExµrEdlnireTsxøÜnenAeRkARbeTs. kñúgRBHraCzan³CaTIRbwkSaénRkum
RbwkSasgÁm nigesdækic©rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati semþcKWCashGñk
sßabnikénebsskmµGnþr³sasnaedIm,IsnþiPaBEdl)anpþÜcepþImeFVI
yuTænakarEpñksasnasMxan;²CaeRcIndUcCa {TivaBiPBelakénkarsURt
Fm’bgY sYg edIm,IsnþPi aBenARbeTskm<Cú a nigenATUTaMgBiPBlelak
TaMgmUl}.
enAcugqñaM 1980 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anyageTAKg;
enATIRkugRbUvIdg; kñúgrdæ rU:dGayELn enATIenaHehIyEdlRBHGgÁ
)anbegáItvtþExµrmuneKbg¥s;enAshrdæGaemrik. enATsvtSr_TI 80
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )aneRbIeBlevlaedayBMuKitGMBIkarenOy
ht;RBHkay )anyagecjeTAbMeBjebskkmµenAbNþaRbeTsenAelI
BiPBelak dUcCaRBHGgÁnimnþeTACYbshKmn_ExµrenARbeTs)araMg/
GaemrikxageCIg/ nimnþeTAbBa©Hú sImavtþExµrenARbeTsGURsþalI karsem<aFn_
shKmn_Exµr rYmTaMgkardwknaMBuTæbris½TR)arBVeFVIBiFIbuNü rYmTaMgkar
yageFVCI aRBHraCGFibtIkgúñ kmµvFi vI b,Fm’epSg² kñgú kic©xti xMRbwgERbg
edIm,IsnþPi aB nigkarpSHpSa CaBiessRBHGgÁ)anCMrju dl;kci c© rcasnþPi aB
enAkm<úCa nigkarsßaRbeTskm<úCaeLIgivj.
58
enAqñaM 1983 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAkan;TRI kug
r:mU edIm,IclU Kal;semþc b:b cn b:Ul TI 2 CaelIkdMbgU edIm,IBPi akSaGMBI
TYnaTIsasnakñgú karksagsnþPi aBBiPBelak. kñgú eBlcUlKal;semþc
b:b semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ mansgÇdIkaEbbkMEbøgfa {´)aneGab
semþc ehIy)anelIkRBHGgÁputBIdI¡ ´)anelIkRBHviharrUm:g;
katUlikputBIdI¡}. semþc b:b cn b:Ul )antaMgRBHqayal½kçEdl
RBHGgÁ)an eGabsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ enAkñúgmhaRBHvihar
va:TIkg; CaerogrhUtmk . cab;taMgBIqñaM 1986 TivasURtFm’bYgsYg
edIm,IsnþPi aBBiPBelakRtUvR)arBVeLIgCaerogral;qañ M edaymanemdwknaM
sasnaBiPBelak)anmkCYbCMKu añ enATIRkug GasIsu uI edIm,IeFVkI arsURtFm’
bYgsYgedIm,IsnþiPaB. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)annimnþyag
cUlrYmTivaenHerogral;qñaMrhUtRtwmeBlEdlRBHGgÁesayRBHTivgÁt.
TivaenH)anbdisnæieLIgBIEpøpáaénkarcUlKal;rbs; semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ CamYysemþc b:b cn b:Ul TI 2.
RBHetCKuN CUsuI XVg rUs: uI mansgÇdIkaGMBkI arCYbKñaCaelIkdMbgU
enARBHviharva:TIkg;fa {´manP½BVsMNag Edl)andEgðrsemþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ RBHGgÁmanrUbragtUc-søtÚ bUtNas; Tn;Pnø ; RBHGgÁ
maneRsameCIgBN’elOg BN’Rkhm BN’Tkw RkUc>>> eRkayeBl
semþc)ancUlKal;semþc b:b ´)ansYrsemþcGMBIkarCYbCamYysemþc
b:b rbs;RBHGgÁ)anRbRBwtþeTAy:agNaEdr? semþcRTg;eqøIyfa
{semþc b:b F¶nN ; as;¡ eyIg)anCYbKñaenAelICeNþrI énmhaRBH
vihar EdlmanmnusSrab;Ban;nak;)anemIlsemþc b:b eGabsemþc
59
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ -esÞIRCuHEvntarbs;RBHGgÁ}. bnÞab;mksemþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbnþkaryageTATTYlsemþc b:b mnusSRKb;Kañ
mankarPJak;ep¥lI cMeBaHRBwtkþ arN_enH b:Eu nþenARbeTskm<Cú a eKEtgEteTA
TTYlGVEI dlCaTIskáar³ enHKWCaehtuplEdl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;manRBHbnÞÚlfa semþc b:b cn b:Ul F¶n;Nas;. semþc b:b cn
b:lU )anyag semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ edIm,Imni mþclU rYmenATivasURt
Fm’bYgsYgedIm,IsnþiPaBCamYyemdwknaMsasnaBiPBelakenARkug
GasIusIu . \LÚvTivaenHkøayeTACaTivaEdl)anR)arBVeFVIeLIgCaerog
ral;qañ eM hIy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anyageTAcUlrYmrhUtRtwm
eBlRBHGgÁesayRBHTivgÁt.
enAéf¶TI 14 Exemsa qñaM 1983 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)an
R)arBVBFi mI yY enATIRkugj:vÚ yk enAmCÄmNÐ hSin xagekItpøvÚ elx 31
BiFIenHmanePJóvcUlrYmTaMgGs;cMnYn 200 nak; EdlGeBa¢IjmkBI
RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcCaRbeTskm<úCa RbeTslav/RbeTsPUmar
nigRbeTséfLgd_ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ KWCaRBHsgÇmYyGgÁKt;
Edl)ancUlrYmenAkñgú BiFeI naH semþc)aneGayEpøTBM aM)ayCUrBN_saV y
eTAePJóv niwgeFVIBiFIbYgsYg.
cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk RbeTskñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_manesckþI
sgÇwmGMBIkarbegáItvtþrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgmCÄmNÐlenaH.
enAkñgú qñaM 1985 eRkayGMBkI ar]TÞsi vtþsnþPi aBenATIRkug lIvEr:t
rdæ ma:saCUsSit rYcmk semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anpøas;eTA
TIRkug lIvEr:t tamkarnimnþrbs;RBHetCKuN nIb:unsSan mIyU:hUCI.
60
edIm,ICakarrMlkw eLIgvijGMBGI tItRBHRKUrbs;semþcCamYyRBHetCKuN
nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI semþc)anksagRBHviharRBHBuTæsasnaExµrmYykénøg
EdlmantItaMgenAEk,rvtþsnþiPaBrbs;RBHRKU nICIdas‘Y hVÚCI.
kgT½BsnþiPaBrbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
enAqñaM 1987 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwknaMRBHsgÇ
mYyRkumnimnþeTATIRkug hSakata RbeTs\NÐÚensIu edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúg
kic©crcasnþiPaBEdl]btßmÖedayGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgRBHnamén
RbeTskm<úCa. enAkñúgeBlkMBugcrcar RBHsgÇ)anR)arBVBiFIsURtFm’
bYgsYg kareFVsI maFi karerobcMBFi bI N u üCapøvÚ kar edIm,IsnþPi aB nigw kar
ÉkPaBCati karpSBVpSayesckþIEføgkarN_GMBIsnþiPaB karsMueGay
PaKImanCemøaHeFVIkarsRmussRmYlKña-karGMBavnaveGayemdwknaMén
PaKIExµrRkhm nigemdwknaMénPaKIRbqaMgCamYyExµrRkhmRbkan;yk
maKa’ {snþiPaBKWCabMNgR)afñarbs;eyIgRKb;Kña}.
RBHraCvtþmanCaGBüaRkitüPaBrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
rYmCamYyKN³RbtiPUsgÇ )anbgðajKMrUGMBIkarrYbrYmKñasMrab;PaKIEdl
manCemøaH. mundMbgU PaKIkmu yúµ nisCþ TM as;CamYyBiFkI artamsasnaenH
b:uEnþedaymankaresñIeLIgrbs; semþcRBH)aT neratþm sIhnu
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RtUv)anfVayRBHraCkitþiysnimnþKg;Cab;
CamYyRBHmhakSRtenAeBlEdlKN³RbtiPéU n PaKInmi yY ²)anbgðaj
vtþmanrbs;BkY eKenAkñgú kicR© bCMeu nH. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)an
CYybnÞnC; hM rrbs;PaKIEdlRbqaMgCamYyPaKIkmu yúµ nisþ EdleRkaymk
61
)anekItCaEpøpáaénsþareLIgvijénRBHBuTæsasna Edl)ankMNt;Ca
sasnarbs;rdæmanEcgkñúgrdæFmµnuBaØrbs;RbeTskm<úCa eRkamkar
dwknaMd¾x<g;x<s;rbs; semþc h‘un Esn CanaykrdæmRnþI.
{snþPi aBGacseRmc)an} enHCaRBHraCsBÞrbs; semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ EdlRTg;)anTTUccMeBaHPaKIenAkñúgkic©RbCMuenaH eRkaymk
)ankøayeTACa)avcnarbs;RBHGgÁsMrab;karsßabnakgB½TsnþiPaB
EdlmanGavuFeRbIRKab;emtþkruNaFm’. enHCakgB½TEdlBMumanGavuF
b¤BMumankarRbkan;bkSneya)ay enHKWCakgB½TEdlnaMmknUvkarpSH
pSaCatimanesckþIkøahanx<s;Tmøak;ecalhigSa CakgT½BEdlman
ebskkmµedIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarbBa©b;esckþITukçesak.
elak kaRtIn pUFik )ankt;sMKal;fatamry³snñisiTénkic©crca
snþPi aBrbs;PaKIExµr enH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anCYbCamYybBVCti
katUlikr:UmauMgmYyGgÁRBHnam bb ma:t semþc)anEføgGMNrRBHKuN
cMeBaHbBVCitGgÁenH Edl)aneFVIkarbMerICnePosxøÜnenACMurMsayFU
sßitenARBMEdnRbeTsLg;d_ nigkm<úCa cab;taMgBIqñaM 1980. semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ )ansYrsMnrY eTAbBVCti fa ehtuGRIV BHetCKuNeFVIkar
CYyEtPaKImçag ehIyBMu)anKaMRT]btßmÖdl;yuTæCnExµrRkhmEdl)an
køayCaCnePosxønÜ pgEdr? sMnrY enH)anbegátI nUvkarKitKUrbEnßbeTot.
elak pUFki )andMNalfa bBVCti katUlki r:mU augM rUbenaH rYmCaRBHetCKuN
ys h‘ut exmcaera CaRBHsgÇExµrmYyGgÁeTot EdlmanRBHkitniþ am
l,Il,ajpgEdrenaH)anbegátI mCÄmNÐlmYymaneQµaHfa {mCÄmNÐl
edIm,IsnþPi aB nigkarpSHpSa} RBHetCKuN ys h‘tu exmcaera Kg;enA
62
eRkARbeTskñúgGMLúgeBlrbbExµrRkhm eRkaymkRBHGgÁ)annimnþ
eTAKg;enARbeTs)araMg nigRbeTsGURsþalI bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁ)annimnþ
RtLb;mkKg;enACMurMsayFU edIm,IbeRgonGMBIsiTæimnusSEdl]btßmÖ
edayGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
kñúgqñaM 1988 enAkñúgkic©RbCMuenATIRkug)a:rIs semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RtUv)anfVaysmNskþiCan;x<s;bMputCa semþcRBHmha
sgÇraC CasgÇnaykExµrBiPBelak. RBHGgÁ)anTTYlykRBHraC
zan³enHCabeNþaHGasnñ rhUtmankareRCIserIsRBHsgÇraCfµEI dlRtUv
Kg;enAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj.
bnÞab;mkenAqñaM 1989 mhaviTüal½y RbUvIdg; TIRkug RbUvIdg; rdæ
rU:dGayELn )anRbeKnRBHraCzan³fVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
CabNÐitkitþiyssMrab;RBHraCebskkmµrbs;RBHGgÁ kñúgkic©karbMerI
mnusSFm’.
RbPB³
esovePAmYyCMhanmþg e)aHBumÖpSayeday Jane Mahoney nwg Philip Edmonds
Kathryn Poethig } dMeNIrqøgkat;dMeNIrFmµyaRtaenAkm<úCa } RbvtþisaRsþBuTæsasna
nigclnasasnaenAkm<Cú a e)aHBumpÖ Sayeday John Marston nig Elizabeth Guthrie.
RBHFm’rs;eLIgvijenAkm<úCa kñúgTsSnavdI RBHsgÇéRB rbs;bNÐit Peter Carey.
RBHetCKuN Jakusho Kwong Roshi, Sonoma Mountain mCÄmNÐl Zen snþrkfa
tam on-line enAmCÄmNÐl Zen TIRkug Providence,
RBwtþib½RtB½t’man Rkug Providence cuHéf¶TI30 Exkkáda qñaM1988 GtßbTsþIGMBI
BuTæsasnikCnExµreRCIserIsRBHsgÇraC .
63
kñúgTsvtSr_1990 PaBGs;sgÇwmenAEtbnþmanenAkm<úCa
RbCaraRsþExµrrab;ryBan;nak;)ankøayCaCnePossikenAkñúgRbeTs
rbs;xøÜn ekItGMBIkarvayRbyuTæKñarvagkgT½BExµrRkhm CamYykgT½B
ExµrPñeM Bj. PaBrMeCIbCMrlY Epñkesdækci © nigesckþPI ti P½y)anekIteLIg
enATUTaMgRbeTs. kñúgkarRbwgERbgedIm,IykC½yCMnHelIrdæaPi)al
eRkamkarRKg;RKgrbs;RbeTsevotNam RbeTscin RbeTséfLg;d_
nigkgT½BGaemrik)anbnþkarKaMRTBYkExµrRkhmenAkñúgkarRbyuTæKña
enAtamtMbn;PaKxaglicénRbeTskm<úCa.
enAcugqñaM 1990 sPaGaemrik)andak;sm<aFeGaydkkarKaMRT
BYkExµrRkhm ehIybgVli CMnyY enHeTACaCMnyY mnusSFm’srM ab;RbCaCn
Exµrvij. kic©RBmeRBogenATIRkug)a:rIsEdl)ancuHhtßelxaenAqñaM
1991 )anesñeI GaybiTCMru eM nAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf nigkareFVmI atuPmU i
nivtþénCnePosxøÜncMnYnbIEsnnak;cUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCavij.
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu RBHmhakSRtExµr RTg;sBVRBHT½yya:g
xøaMgcMeBaHRBHraCskmµPaBd¾éføføarbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ.
RBHkruNa)anesñIeyablBI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ edayRBHGgÁ
mankarxVl;xVayy:agxøaMgcMeBaHTukçevTnaénRbCaraRsþrbs;RBHGgÁ.
eBlsYrfaetIsemþc)anfVayeyablGVeI TARBHmhakSRt semþcRTg;)an
eqøyI tbfa {eyIg)anfVayeyableTARBHkruNa sUmeGayRBHGgÁ
64
kMuXøatecjputBIxN³bc©úb,nñ esckþITukçnigFøak;mkelIRBHGgÁ
kalNaRBHGgÁKiteTArkerOgGtItkal b¤GnaKtkal RbsinebI
RBHGgÁstiß enAkñgú xN³bc©bú ,nñ RBHGgÁngw manesckþsI xu CIvti KWCa
xN³bc©úb,nñ kardkdegðImcUlKWsßitenAkñúgxN³bc©úb,nñ kardk
degðmI ecjKWstiß enAkñgú xN³bc©bú ,nñ degðmI minekItenAkñgú RKaEdl
knøghYsputeTAeT kardkdegðmI k¾mni sßti enAkñúgeBlGnaKtEdr
degðImrbs;eyIgmandMeNIrenAkñúgeBl\LÚvenH>>>>>>>}
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa {sRgÁamkñgú
citRþ tUvkareBlevlaedIm,IrMlt;yUrCagsRgÁamkaNugkaMePøIg>>>>
eyIgRtUvkarBüa)aledayemtþaFm’ eyIgRtUveFVIdMeNIrsnSwm²
mYyCMhanmþg²>>>} kñgú karTTYlsÁal;nvU karlM)akenH semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHbnÞlÚ fa {´minq¶l;eTcMeBaHkarRslaj;Gñk
CiHCan;eFVI)abeK RbEhlCamanGakb,kiriyad¾lM)akbMput edIm,I
sMerc b:Eu nþbBaðaenHCac,ab;srM ab;TnM ak;TnM gCasakl. kMhgw nig
karsgswk EtgekItmansarcuHsareLIgCabnþbnÞab;mni Qb;Qr
eLIy. karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfacuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym nig
lkçN ½ eÐ LIy b:Eu nþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kci c© rcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg.
vamann½yfaeyIgemIlxøÜn eyIgeGayeXIjc,as;enAkñúgsRtUv.
sRtUvCaGV?I sRtUvKWsBVstVTaMgGs;EdlenAkñgú emahPaB. ehIy
xønÜ eyIgpÞal;kC¾ aemah³énerOgra:vCaeRcInEdr. ehtuenH manEt
emtþaFm’ RBhµvh i arnigstiEdl)anp©ti p©gR; twmRtUvehIyeTeTIbGac
erIxøÜnecj)an } .
65
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnuu RBHmhakSRtkm<úCa RTg;)aneR)as
RBHraCTanRbeKnRBHbrmgarfVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ Ca
semþcRBH bEnßmelI mhaeXasnnÞ. enHCasmNskþix<s;bMput
EdlRBHGgÁ)anTTYlBIRBHmhakStüCa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
EdlmanGtßny½ CasemþcEdlmanRBHetC³x<gx; s< ; ]tþgú ]tþmxøagM køa.
bEnßmBIenH RBHkruNaCam©as;CvI ti RTg;eR)asRBHraCTanRBHraCzan³Ca
semþcRBHsgÇsnþiPaB sMrab;RbeTskm<úCapgEdr.
enAéf¶TI 12 Exemsa qñaM 1992 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;)andwknaMFmµyaRtaelIk TI 1 edIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaCati
Edlmanry³eBlmYyExenAPaKxageCIgénRbeTskm<Cú a KWenAmuneBl
énkarmkdl;rbs;GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati
ehAkat;fa G‘untak;. FmµyaRtaedIm,Isc©PaB b¤CaFmµyaRtaedIm,I
snþiPaB )anRbRBwtþeTAmanry³eBlCaeRcInéf¶ nigCaeRcIns)aþh_.
RBHetCKuN Ej:m Kwmetg PikçúsgÇmYyGgÁEdl)ancUlrYmenAkñúg
FmµyaRtaenaHEdrmansgÇdIkafa {tamry³FmµyaRtaenH semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ xitxMKas;kkayGVIEdleyIg)an)at;bg;eTA edIm,I
eGayRtLb;mkvij. ExµrCaCatisasn_mYymancriyaFm’éføfñÚr
suPaBrabsar mancitþesµaHRtg; nigmankruNaFm’. enAkñúgRKa
lM)ak ExµrecHCYyKña eyIgecHniyayrkKñaedayesckþIeKarB>>>
\LÚvenHeyIg)at;bg;Gs;ehIyenAkñúgsRgÁam GMeBIhigSa nig
karbMpøicbMpøaj }.
66
FmµyaRtaelIkTI 1 rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞTTYl)annUv
karGbGrsaTry:agFMeFg nigTUlTM lU ayBIsN M ak;mhaCn. FmµyaRta
TI 1 enHKWCakarcab;epþIménkarvilRtLb;mkvijénCnePosxøÜnExµrmk
kan;matuPUmivijBICMrMuenAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf.
skmµCnsiTæimnusSmñak;eQµaH GIulIsSaEb‘t bWnesÞn Edl)an
cUlrYmdMeNIrFmµyaRtaelIkTI 1 )anerobrab;GBM RI Bwtkþ arN_enAExkkáda
qñaM 1992 kñúgRBwtþb½RtB½t’manmYyeQµaHRBHsgÇéRBy:agdUecñHfa
{FmµayaRtaenHmankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;CnePosxøÜnrab;rynak;
rYmTaMgRBHsgÇ nimnþmkBIRbeTsRsIlgáar RbeTséfLg;d_ nig
RbeTsCb:nu )anedIrqøgcUleTAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a. GñkcUlrYmedIrk,Ün
FmµyaRtaTaMgenaHmankarrYbrYmKñal¥Nas; fVeI bIBkY eKXøatq¶ayBI
RkumRKYsar . k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;TRI kugPñeM BjenAéf¶TI 13 Ex
]sPa cMéf¶bN u üvisaxbUCa Caéf¶EdlRBHsmµasm<Tú Ræ Tg;RbsURt.
hVgÚ mnusSkuHkr)anQremIlenAsgxagpøvÚ GñkxøH)ancUlrYmdMeNIr
kñúgFmµyaRtaenHpgEdr. eBlEdlk,ÚnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;
xagmuxRBHbrmraCvaMgmanmnusScUlrYm)anekIneLIgrhUtdl;cnM nY
CagmYyBan;nak; }.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbBa¢ak;fa FmµyaRtaenHBMEu mn
Ca)atukmµneya)ayeT FmµyaRtaenHk¾BMuEmnCaerOgcEmøkkñúgRBHBuTæ
sasnaEdr. FmµyaRta KWkareFVdI eM NIrtamRBHBuTæ brmRKUpaÞ l; RBHGgÁ
Føab;)andwknaMsav½krbs;RBHGgÁeFVdI eM NIrrebobenHCag 2500 qñaM knøg
mkehIy. RBHGgÁdwknaMRBHsgÇsav½kmanExSrbnÞat;d¾évg nimnþeTA
67
kan;TICnbT edIm,IeTsnaBnül;BIerOgsnþiPaB nigpøÚvsMrab;erIxøÜnecj
BITukç RBHsmµasm<úTæFaøb;eFVIdMeNIreTAkan;smrPUmiEdlkMBugmankar
RbyuTæKñapgEdr.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anrMlkw erOgmYyenAkñgú sm½yBuTkæ al
EdlTak;TgCamYysÞwgerahiNI EdlehobnigpÞúHsRgÁamrvagRbeTs
CitxagKñaBIrKW ekaliy³ nigskü³. sßankarN_enHekIteLIgrvag
raCüvgSénRbeTsTaMgBIr EdlenAsgxagsÞwgKña. nKrTaMgBIrenH
suTæEtCasac;jatiénRBHeKatmskümunIKWRBHBuTæGgÁ )aneRtomkmøaMg
T½BeFVIsRgÁaCamYyKña edIm,IdeNþImTwkedaysarTwkePøógFøak;ticeBk
TwksÞwgerahiNIrak;ehIyRsUvminTan;dak;RKab; GñkRsukRBYy)armÖGMBI
karRbmUlpl. RbCaraRsþTaMgsgxagcg;)anTwkEterog²xøÜn ehIy
mankarCECkKñaRbkbedaykMhwg edayeRbIBaküRbmafeCrRbeTc
dak;Kañ eTAvijeTAmk. erOgenH)anB£eTAdl;RBHmhakSRténnKrTaMgBIr
ehIy)anerobcMedIm,IeFVIsRgÁamCamYyKña.
RBHBuTGæ gÁ)anTTYlB½tm’ anGMBsI aßnkarN_énkarRbQmmuxdak;Kañ
rvagkgT½BénnKrTaMgBIr. RBHGgÁ)ansMercRBHT½yyagcUleFVGI nþra-
Kmn_ ebImindUecñHBYkeKniwgsmøab;KñaCaminxan. RBHBuTæyageTAkan;
smrPUmiedayRTg;yageTAcenøaHkgT½BTaMgBIr. enAeBlEdleXIj
RBHBuTæGgÁ RkumjativgSrbs;RBHGgÁmankarRsgakcitþ nigxµas;eGon
ehIyPaKITaMgsgxagnaMKañ TMlak;GavuF RkabfaVybgÁM RBHBuTGæ gÁeday
esckþIeKarB. bnÞab;mkRBHBuTæGgÁ)ansYreTAPaKITaMgBIrfa {rvagTwk
sÞgw nigQammnusS etImyY NamantémøCag?}. nKrTaMgBIryl;Rsb
68
fa QammnusSR)akdCamantémøCagTwksÞwg. RBHBuTæGgÁ)anBnül;
eTotfa {RbsinebIkarRbQmmuxdak;KñaekIteLIgedaybuBVehtu
BITkw BiRtmharaCTaMgBIrnwgeFVeI GayTwksÞgw enHeGaykøayeTACa
QamehIy} nKrTaMgBIrenAes¶oms¶at;. RBHBuTGæ gÁRTg;manBuTkiæ arbnþ
eTotfa ³ {RbsinebIkarRbQmmuxdak;Kañ ekIteLIg edaybuBeV htu
BITwk etImYyNamantémøticCag>> BiRtmharaCTaMgBIr>> minKYr
bMpaø jCIvti mnusSeT etImYyNamantémøFMeFgCag b¤mYyNaman
témøtictYcCag}.
FmµayaRtaenHekItecjGMBITwkcitþRCHføarbs; semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ EdlRBHGgÁ)annimnþedayefµrI eCIgqøgkat;tbM n;nanaenAtam
beNþayRBMEdnExµrEfLgd_ nigqøgkat;smrPUmiEdleBaeBjeday
RKab;mIn.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHbnÞÚlfa {eyIgCa
BuTsæ asnik RtUvEsVgrkesckþkI aø hanecjBIvtþrbs;eyIg ehIycUl
eTAkan;vtþBiesaFn_mYyeToténmnusSCati KWvtþeBaeBjeTAeday
esckþTI ku .ç RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuT-æ RBHRKwsþ b¤KnæI eyIgminGac
eFVGI eVI ToteT. CMreuM Possik BnænaKar tMbn;Gkñ TITal;Rkrs;enAGBa©gw
smrPUminigkøayCavtþrbs;eyIg}.
sRgÁamcb;ehIy
GIlu sI SaEb‘t bWnesÞn )anrMlkw GMBFI mµyaRtaelIkTI 1 manmnusS
rab;Ban;RKYsar)anQrCaCYrtambeNþaypøÚvsmøwgmkrkmnusSsnþiPaB
69
EdlkMBgu edIrCak,Ünqøgkat;PmU i Rsukrbs;BkY eK EdlBYkeKminFøab;)an
eXIjBImunmk elIkElgEtRBwtþkarN_énkarCemøósRbCaCneday
bgçeM cjBIRkugPñeM Bjrbs;BkY ExµrRkhmEtb:eu NaÑH. enAeBlk,ÜnFmµyaRta
qøgkat;PUmi b¤TIRbCMuCn GñkeFVIdMeNIrenAkñúgk,Ün)aneR)aHTwkdak;Gñk
QrtamdgpøÚv ehIy)anERskeLIgfa {sRgÁamcb;ehIy¡}
ebItamsmþIrbs; bWnesÞn FmµyaRtaenH)anbgðajGMBIdMeNIr
pSHpSaCati nigkareFVeI GayFUes,Iydl;RbCaraRsþExµr Edl)anCYbRbTH
nUvesckþIQWcab;exøacpSakñúgeBlknøgmk. esckþIeRtkGrlayLM
CamYyTwkEPñk)anekIteLIgCamYyGñkeFVdI eM NIrkñgú k,ÜnCaCnePossik
eRkayeBlEdlBYkeK)anCYbCMuRkumRKYsarEdl)anEbkKñaGs;ry³
eBl 13 qñaM 15 qñaM nig 20 qñaM.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anR)arBVBiFIeR)aHTwkmnþtam
RbéBNI edaykarsURtFm’ bYgsYg edIm,ICRmH]bRTBcéRg nigRBwtkþ arN
_eFVI»yexøacpSaEdlekItBIsRgÁam. semþcRTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa
{Gatµa>>CabuKlÁ Fmµta kareRsacTwkenHERbmkfakarlagsMGat}.
bWnesÞn )anbnþeTotfa FmµyaRtaenHCYbkarlM)akenArdUvR)aMg
CaFmµtaeyIg)ankMNt;eBlecjdMeNIrcab;BeI ma:g 2 b¤ema:g 3 eTobPøW
CaeBlEdlRtCak;. ćaMfaenARBwkmYy ´)aneXIjRsþmI añ k;dkw édburs
CabþI EdlGñkTaMgBIrmanGayuRbEhl 60 qñaM enAeBlCitdl;s<an
manBnøWBilcaMgeXIjs<an)ak;edaykEnøg ´)anB£RsþIenaHniyayfa
{Rby½tRñ tg;enH mans<an)ak;edIrxagsþaM QanCMhanxø²I } tamBit
bþrI bs;RsþeI naHBikarEPñk ´)ansYreTAKat;fars;enAÉNa? Kat;)anR)ab;
70
mk´fa {enAq¶ay¡ cm¶ayBITeI nHeTApÞHKat; 20 KILEÚ m:Rt }. Kat;)an
niyayR)ab;éTotfa BYkeyIg)anB£B½tm’ ankalBIRBwkmSilmijmkfa
k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;TIenHenAeBll¶ac kñúgmYyCIvitrbs;´
minEdl)aneXIjFmµyaRtaeT BYkeyIgRtUvEtmkcUlrYm enHCa
»kassMrab;eyIg .
FmµyaRta)aneFVeI LIgRsbCamYybBaðaCaeRcInEdl)anekIteLIg.
muneBlecjdMeNIr manmnusSCaeRcInnak;)anbg¥ak;eyIgfa FmµyaRta
enHminGaceFVIeTA)aneT BIeRBaHman]bsKÁRKab;mInkb;enAkñúgdIeRcIn
Nas;. bWnesÞn enAcaMfa ]bsKÁepSgeTotEdlFmµyaRta)anCYb
RbTHpgEdrKI ekItGMBmI RnþrI bs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anraraMgBYkeyIg
]bsKÁekItGMBIBYkExµrRkhm nigPaKIExµrc,aMgKñaekItGMBIrdæaPi)al
RbeTséfLg;d_ rYmTaMgkaryayIrbs;BkY ecarenAtammUldæan. bWnesÞn
)anniyayeTotfa enAeBlenaH eyIg)anseRmcfa dMeNIrFmµyaRta
RtUvEtbnþeTAmux eTaHbICYb]bsKÁGVIk¾edayrYmTaMgbBaðaGakasFatu
ekþAnardUvR)aMgEdlmankemþAeLIgdl; 45 GgSar nigbBaðaxVHTwk.
FmµyaRta)anmkdl;extþ)at;dMbgedayBMumanCYbbBaðaGVITal;
EtesaH. mnusSmYycMnYn)ancUlrYmdMeNIrCamYyeyIgmYyry³xøI
GñkxøHeTotbnþdeM NIrCamYyeyIgkñgú cm¶aypøvÚ Evg. enAtampøvÚ GñkRsuk
ykcgðan; cMNIGahar nwgTwkmkRbeKRBHsgÇ rYmTaMgkarerobcMkEnøg
sRmak;eBlyb;srM ab;Gkñ eFVFI mµyaRtapgEdr. CaTUeTAk,ÜnFmµyaRta
eRcInEtsMctenAkñúgvtþ .
FmµyaRta)anCYbCamYyRbCaCny:ageRcInkuHkrenAtamPUmi Rsuk
71
EdleyIg)anqøgkat;. burscMNas;mañ k;)anR)ab;´fa {kUnrbs;´)an
søab;Gs;ehIy ´rs;enAmñak;Ég \LÚvRBHBuTsæ asna)anmkCYy
eyIg eyIgCYbmnusSCaeRcInnak;)anedIrdEgðrk,ÜnedIm,IsnþiPaB
nigedIm,Ikarrs;eLIgvijénRBHBuTsæ asna RbeTsCatirbs;eyIgnig
TTYl)anesckþIsuxekSmkSanþ. edaysarEteyIgePøcRBHBuT§
sasna eyIg)anedIrvegVgpøvÚ kab;smøab;Kañ eFVsI RgÁambgðrÚ QamKña
\LÚvenHeyIg)anmkCYbCMuKñavijeRkammøb;énRBHBuT§sasna}.
RsþImñak;)anEnßmfa {ExµreyIgminEdl)anTTYlsnþiPaBGs;ry³
eBlyUrmkehIy eyIgminEdlsÁal;snþiPaBeT \LÚveyIg)an
eXIjRBHsgÇ rYmTaMgGñkeFVFI mµyaRta naMeGayeyIgKitfa RBHsgÇ
mkbeRgoneyIgeGayecHRsLaj;rab;GanKña nigkarrYbrYmKñaeLIg
vij. enAeBlĆYbTidæPaBenH ´rMePIbcitþxøaMgNas; ńiyaymin
rYceT eyIgR)akdCaTTYl)ansnþiPaB¡ }.
enAéf¶TI 13 Ex]sPa qñaM 1992 mnusScUlrYmkñúgdMeNIr
FmµyaRtamancMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg² cMnYnekInCagmYyBan;nak;
)anmkdl;TIRkugPñMeBjenAcMéf¶buNüBisaxbUCa. RBHsgÇrab;ryGgÁ
rYmTaMgdUnCIrab;rynak;nmi nþedIredayPaBs¶be; s¶óm RbkbedayesckþI
éføfñÚrenAtamdgvifI Edlmancm¶aypøÚvCagmYyKILÚEm:Rt.
karyagRtLb;mkvijrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbegátI
nUvBaküccamGaramepþImecjBIBuT§TMnayburaNmYyEdleBalfa
{eRkayBIkardYlrlMénBYkTmiLGt;sasnaputeTA CYbGñkbuNümñak;
CaRBHGgÁm©as;ragtUcsesþIgyagmkseRgÁaHRbCaraRsþ}.
72
enAqñaM 1992 manRBwtþkarN_BIr)anekIteLIg TI 1³ kare)aHBumÖ
esovePAkarcMerInbBaØa nig kruNaFm’ mYyCMhanmþgrbs; semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ eday Parallax Press esovePAenH)anbkERbCa
Pasa Exµr/éf/eGHs,aj nigB½rTuyeKð. TI 2³ mUlnIFi ra:hVtU énTIRkug
bWKðin RbeTsN½rev: )anRbeKnrgVan;GMBIsiTæimnusSfVay semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ.
RbPB³
karrMlkw GMBFI mµyaRtaelIkTI1rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞkgúñ GtßbTrbs;elak Scott
Hunt sþIGMBIGnaKténsnþiPaB Harper Co qñaM2002.
Kathryn Poethig {dMeNIrqøgkat;FmµyaRtaenAkm<úCa} RbvtþisaRsþRBHBuTæsasna

nigclnasasnaenAkm<úCae)aHBumÖeday John Marston nig Elizabeth Guthrie.
GtßbTrbs; Elizabeth Bernstein kñúgRBwtþb½RtB½t’manRBHsgÇéRB Exkkáda qñaM1992
mancMNgeCIgfa {lagsMGatsñabRbLak;Qam}.
73
FmµyaRtaelIkTI2
FmµyaRta)ankøayCaclnabnþeTAFmµyaRtaelIkTI2Edl)an
eFVIeLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1993 munkare)aHeqñatCatielIkdMbUgrbs;RbeTs
km<úCa. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )andwknaMFmµyaRtaenHqøgkat;
tMbn;EdlkMBgu mansRgÁamenAeLIy edayRBHGgÁmaneKalbMNgyag
eTAenAEk,rRbCaCnedIm,IelIkTwkBYkeKBuHBareGay)aneRmcelIkar
P½yxøacGMeBIhigSaEpñkneya)ay b¤karbMPitbMP½yEpñkneya)ay
niwgkareRbIR)as;siTæikñúgkare)aHeqñat.
RBHsgÇ dUnCI ])ask ])asika RbmaNCag 400 nak; )ansµR½ Kcitþ
eFVIFmµyaRtaEdl)anQaneCIgnUvCMhanTImYyrbs;eKkñúgcMgaypøÚv
350 KILÚEm:Rt qøgkat;extþEdlkMBugEhkhYrKñaedaysRgÁam dUcCa
extþesomram extþkMBg;FM extþkMBg;cameq<aHmkkan;TIRkugPñMeBj.
muneBlecjdMeNIrBIextþesomrab KN³kmµkardwknaMk,ÜnFmµyaRta
)aneFVIkarbNþúHbNþalGñkedIrk,Ün rYmTaMgkarGnuvtþn_kargarepSg²
enAvtþdMNak;kñúgextþesomrab. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)an
dMNal fa {RKaenaH eyIg)anB£sñÚrkaMePøIgrbs;PaKIkMBugRbyuTæKña
enAEk,rRkumFmµyaRta RKab;kaMePøgI mYycMnYn)anehaHTmøúHCBa¢aMg
RBHvihar. GñkeFVFI mµayaRta 3 nak; )anRtUvrbYs edaymñak;RtUvcM
sµñaFøayeTAmçag} semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andas;etOn
GñkeFVFI mµyaRtaTaMgGs;eGayrkSaPaBs¶be; s¶ómBIkarPitP½yTaMgenH
74
edayRBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {eBlxøHeyIgmanP½y b:uEnþbnþic
eRkaymk karPitP½yenHrlt;putBIeyIg. eyIgRtUvEtbnþdMeNIr
rbs;eyIgedIm,IpSBVpSayemtþaFm’ kruNaFm’ nigkareKarBsiTæi
rbs;buKÁlRKb;rUbEdlrgeRKaHBIsRgÁam}.
bBVCit bb m:at nwg GIulIsSaEb‘t bWnesÞn Edl)ancUlrYmkñúg
FmµyaRtaenaH )andMNalGMBIdMeNIrFmµyaRtakalRKaenaHmanerOg
cEmøk²)anekIteLIg. TIvtþEdlRkumFmµyaRta)anRbmUlpþúMKñaeFVI
smaFi KWenARBlwméf¶TI 3 Ex]sPa )ankøayCaTItaMgsmrPUmRi byuTKæ añ
rvagkgT½BExµrRkhm nigkgT½BrdæaPi)al. karRbyuTKæ añ enH)anRbRBwtþ
eTAGs;ry³eBlCit 4 em:ag eFVeI GaysmaCik FmµyaRta 3 nak; RtUvrg
rbYs. kñúgeBlkMBugRbyuTæKñaenH PaKIbdibkç)anKb;RKab;EbkmYy
RKab;clU mkkñgú bnÞb; Føak;ckM NþalRkumFmµyaRta EdlmanKñaRbEhl
200 nak; rYmTaMg semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlCaGñkdwknaM
FmµyaRtapgEdr EtCakuslRKab;EbkenaHBMu)anpÞúHeLIy. eBlEdl
karRbyuTæKña)ans¶b;eTA GñkcUlrYmFmµyaRtaTaMgGs;)anRbmUlpþMú
KñaenACMvu ji semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlmanRBHPRkþjjwm RTg;man
RBHraCbnÞÚlfa {RBHBuTæCYyeyIg¡ }.
GñkeFVFI mµyaRtaTaMgGs;Kañ Etgcab;epþmI ecjeFVdI eM NIrCaerogral;
RBwkenAem:ag 4 eTA 5 PøW BIeRBaHCaeBlRtCak; dMeNIrFmµyaRtaGaRs½y
eTAelIsßanPaBsnþisuxénPUmiRsukpgEdr. sgxagdgpøÚvsuTæEtCa
cMkarmIn sItuNðPaBekþA 40 GgSar FmµyaRtaedIrqøgkat;TItaMgrbs;
kgkmøagM rkSasnþPi aBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCati Edle)aHbg;ecaleday
75
sarBMmu ansuvtþPi aB CYnkalmanePøóg EdleFVeI GayGñkdMeNIrTTwkeCaK
CaMTaMgGs; GñkEdlQrrg;caMTTYltamdgpøÚvk¾TTwkeCaKdUcKñaEdr.
bBVCti m:at nig bWnesÞn )anerobrab;GBM RI Bwtkþ arN_enaHfa eBleyIg
ecjdMeNIrem:ag 4 PøW enATIRkugk¾dUcCnbTEdr RbCaCnesÞIrEtRKb;
RKYsar)anQrrgcaMenAxageRkApÞHrbs;eK edaymane)a:tmanTwk
eBjmYy² maneTonFUbGuCehIyeRsc. RBHsgÇnigdUnCIedIrBIrCYrtam
dgpøvÚ RBHsgÇ nigdUnCI)an)acTwk nigRbsiTBiæ rCUnGñkRsukTaMgenaHfa³
{sUmeGayGñkmansnþPi aBkñgú cit>þ >> kñgú RKYsar>>> kñgú PUm>i >> nigkñgú
RbeTseyIg>>>} cMENkGñkRsukEdlkMBugQrtamdgpøÚv)an)acTwk
cak;elIeCIgRBHsgÇ dUnCI edayCUnBrs½BÞsaFukarfa {sUmeGayRBH
etCKuNRKb;GgÁ dUnCIRKb;rUb eFVIdMeNIreTA)ansuxsb,ay¡
sUmRtCak;dUcTwk}. GñkRsukmñak;)anbn;Rsn;fa {sUmeGayeyIgGac
edkenAelIpHÞ eLIgvij¡ eBlyb;Qb; eGayeyIgRbmUlkUnecAcUl
kñúgRtg;eseTot¡ sUmeGayQb;)aj;epøag¡}.
eBlEdlFmµyaRtaqøgkat;ExSeRtomRbyuTræ vagkgT½BExµrRkhm
nigkgT½BrdæaPi)al BYkTahan)andak;GavuFcuHenAmat;pøÚv ehIy)an
fVaybgÁMsemþcsMuRbsiTæiBrBIRBHGgÁ TahanTaMgenaH)ansEmþgnUvkar
mineBjcitþGMBIsRgÁambgðÚrQamKña. bMNgR)afñarbs;BYkeKesµaHGs;
BIcitþ KWCaesckþIsuxsnþiPaB.
bBVCit m:at nig bWnesÞn )anerobrab;GMBIRBwtþkarN_enaHbnþeTot
fa k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anQb;sMrakenAkñúgvtþmYy eBlenaHBYkTahan
CaeRcInnak;)ansMrukcUleTAkñúgRBHvihar BYkeKsMuCYbCamYyRBHsgÇ
76
EdldwknaMFmµyaRta. TahanTaMgenaH)andak;kaMePøIgenAelIkRmal
RBHvihar BYkeKlutCgÁgf; aV ybgÁRM BHetCKuN Ej:m Kwmetg edaysUm
eGayRBHGgÁeGayBrs½BÞsaFukardl;eK edIm,IkarBareKeGay)an
suxsb,ay.
Tahanmñak;nyi ayfa {eyIgmincg;smøab;nrNamñak;eT b¤sUm,I
EtRtwmeFVIeKmanrbYseLIy ehIyk¾sUmkMueGaynrNamñak;)aj;
eyIgEdr}.
Tahanmñak;eTotcUlmkfVaybgÁMRBHsgÇ edIm,IsMuBredaykar
R)afñafa {kMeu GayRKab;kaMePøgI eyIgeTAb:HBal;nrNamñak;eGayesaH
ehIysUmkMueGayRKab;ePøIgeKmkb:HBal;eyIgeLIy}.
enATIRbCMCu nEdlmanmnusSeRcInmYy mRnþrI dæ)almUldæanBüayam
hamR)amGñkRsuk kMueGaymkeGIeBICamYyFmµyaRta b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij
BYkGñkRsuk)anmksVaKmn_eyIghYsBIkarsµan. GñkRsukTaMgenaH)an
t¥jÚ Et¥rR)ab;eyIgBI karhamR)amrbs;rdæ)alkñgú Rsukfa {eK)anham
Xat;eyIg kMueGaymkTIenH b:uEnþeKminGacbBaÄb;eyIg)aneT
enHCaCMenOrbs;eyIg eyIgeRskXøansnþPi aBNas;} eK)anRbeKn
cgðan;RBHsgÇdUnCIedaysTæa.
FmµyaRta)anqøgkat;PUmimYyEdlmandMNwgfµI²GMBIkarsMlab;
rgÁal;mnusS 30 nak; GñkRsukecjmksVaKmn_FmµayaRta eyIg)anCYb
bursmñak;)anniyayR)ab;eyIgfa {enHCaelIkTImyY EdlBYkeyIg)an
CYbCMuKña éf¶enHmkTTYlFmµyaRta. GñkRsukmkTIenHRKb;²Kña
Gñklk;dUrp¥ak pSarbiT GñkxøHTmøak;kargarecal edIm,ImkemIl
77
FmµyaRtarbs;RBHsgÇ BYkeyIgmanesckþeI RtkGrNas; eday
)aneXIjFmµyaRtaedIm,IrksnþPi aBsMrab;BYkeyIg. GgÁkarsh-
RbCaCati {G‘nu tak;} )anbBa¢nÚ mnusSrab;sbi nak;mkBIRKb;RbeTs
kñúgBiPBelakedIm,IrksnþiPaB b:uEnþsßankarN_enHkMueXIjmanGVI
ERbRbYleLIy manEtelaksgÇGaceFVIeGayeyIgmansnþiPaB
RBHsgÇdwknaMeyIgeGayQb;kab;slM ab;Kañ ebIeyIgKitEtBIsmøab;
Kña KµansnþiPaBeT>>>eyIgsgÇwmTaMgRsugeTAelIRBHsgÇ}.
enAeBlk,ÜnFmµyaRtamkdl;RkugPñMeBj EdlCaTIRkugmanPaB
twgEtgnigRcbUkRcbl EtsmaCikénFmµyu aRta)anekIteLIgrhUtdl;
3000 nak; )ancUlrYmkñúgkaredIredaysµRK½citþ. GñkeFVIkarmYycMnYn
)anp¥akkargar edIm,ImkcUlrYmdMeNIrCamYyFmµyaRta. buKÁlikExµr
mñak;EdleFVIkarCamYyGgÁkarGnþrCati)anniyayR)ab;eyIgfa {´)an
eXIjk,ÜnFmµyaRtaeFVIdMeNIrkat;muxkariyal½y´ ´Kitfa ´RtUv
EtcUlrYmedIr ´BMGu acenAes¶óm)aneLIy ´)anedIrecalkargarrbs;
´}. GñkeFVkI armñak;eTot)anniyaybEnßmfa {FmµyaRta)anCYybnßy
esckþIP½yxøac nig)anpþl;esckþIsgÇwmfµImYysMrab;eyIg}.
FmµyaRta)anbBa©b;enAxagmuxRBHbrmraCvag EdlmanmnusS
y:ageRcInkuHkr)anRbmUlpþKúM añ eFVsI maFi nwgsURtFm’bgY sYg. RBHkruNa
RBH)aTsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnuu RBHmhakSRt RTg;yagmk
bdisNæarkick© ,ÜnFmµyaRta. RBHGgÁ)anGMBavnavdl;RbCaraRsþkm<úCa
CakUnecArbs;RBHGgÁ {sUmbBaÄb;GeM BIhgi Sanigkars¥be; x<mI Kña sUm
bM)at;ecalnUvKMnitsgswkKñacab;BIéf¶enHteTA}
78
bBVCti katUlki r:mU g: ; bb ma:t mankarrMePIbcityþ a: géRkElgcMeBaH
GgÁén semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ EdlRTg;)anpþln; vU RBHraC»vaTsMrab;
BYknikayRBHey:sU‘RKisþ. bBVCitGgÁenH)ansEmþgnUvesckþIdwgKuN
d¾xg< x; s< d; l;semþcEdlRTg;)anbNþHú pøvÚ citrþ bs;RBHGgÁya: gRCaleRCA.
{´)aneronsURteRcInNas;GBM GI tßny½ CaRKwssþ asnik CakatUlki
nigCakatUlikrU:m:gBIBuTæbris½TCamitþrbs;´}. semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞlÚ fa {RbsinebIelakcg;eFVIkaredIm,IsnþiPaB
enARbeTsrbs;´ sUmGeBa¢Ijmktam´}. semþcmin)anR)ab;´fa
RtUveFVIGVI eFVIrebobNa eFVICamnusSGVI b¤CarebobkatUlikenaHeT b:uEnþ
semþcRTg;RKan;EtmanRBHbnÞÚlfa {elakGeBa¢IjmkedIrCamYy´ }
bBVCitkatUlikr:Um:g;GgÁenH)andMNalGMBIdMeNIrFmµyaRtaral;
éf¶CamYy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ eTotfa GñkRsukGgÁúyenAtam
dgpøvÚ edaymanFugTwk nigFUb rg;caMsaV Kmn_FmµyaRta Edl)anedIrGs;
ry³eBl 3 eTA 4 em:ag enAeBlRBwk>>>>enAeBlTTYlTwkmnþBFI mµyaRta
GñkRsukERskRTeharyM CaBiessmnusScas;. RBwtþkarN_enH
naMeGay´manTsSn³fa {eKGacbMpøajRBHviharTaMgGs;ecal
eKGacdkhUtrUbsBaØaénsasnaBImnusS b:uEnþeKminGacdkhUt
ebHdUgrbs;mnusS)aneT}.
cMENk sáút EGbEpl)ay )anniyayfa FmµyaRta)anpþl;
esckþIkaøhancMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCa kñúgkarBuHBar»y)anseRmcelI
esckþPI y½ xøacrbs;BkY eK bnÞab;BsI RgÁam Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñakM nøg
mk. b:unµanéf¶munkare)aHeqñaH BYk]TÞamExµrRkhm)ansmøab;RbCaCn
79
sIvu li mYycMnnY rYmTaMgkgrkSasnþPi aBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati {G‘nu tak;}
cMnnY 20 nak; pgEdr. semþcRBH mhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anKit nigTay
Tukfa kare)aHeqñatenHnigminCYb]bsKÁGeIV T. Gñke)aHeqñat)anQrtRmg;
CYreRkamdMNk;TwkePøógGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInem:ag edIm,Ie)aHeqñat.
tamsmþIrbs; EGbEpl)ay )anbBa¢ak;fa FmµyaRta)anbNþúH
esckþIsgÇwm nigPaBeCOCak; rbs;RbCaCnkñúgkarcUlrYmkare)aHeqñat
ehIy)anBuHBareGay)anseRmcelIPaBP½yxøac EdlekItGMBIkar
KMramkMEhg kaeRbIGeM BIhgi Sa nigw karrMxanrbs;BkY ExµrRkhm. RKaenaH
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ rYmTaMgGñkdEgðrRBHGgÁ)anmkdl;TIRkug
PñeM Bj. manRbCaCnrab;ryBan;nak;)anQrtamdgpøvÚ edIm,Iplþ k; møagM
citþdl;GñkeFVIFmµyaRta. RbCaCnRbmaNCagmYymWunnak;)ancUlrYm
CamYyskmµPaBenH. kare)aHeqñatCati)ankMNt;CaRbvtþisaRsþelIk
TI1sMrab;RbeTskm<úCa EdlFana)annUvkare)aHeqñatmYyesrInig
yutþiFm’EdlmanRbCaCncMnYn90PaKry)aneTAe)aHeqñat.
kñgú RKaEdlGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<Cú a
{G‘nu tak;} )anbegátI lkçn½ CacaM)ac;myY cMnnY sMrab;FananUvkare)aHeqñat.
RbCaCnkm<Cú aCaeRcInnak; rYmTaMgGñkeFVkI arenAkñgú GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al
)ansEmþgkareBjcitcþ eM BaHPaBeCaKC½yénFmµyaRtaEdlmankarcUlrYm
BImhaCny:ageRcInsnækw snæab;. GñkcUlrYmdMeNIrFmµyaRtamanesckþI
køahan mankmøaMgcitþx<s; nwgTTYl)ankareKarB nigekatsresIrBI
sMNas;PaKICemøaHTaMgGs;.
80
kaRFIn pUFIk )ansresrfa eRkaykare)aHeqñatbnþicmk semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwknaMskmµPaBmYycMnYnedIm,IKaMRTdl;
snñi)atrdæFmµnuBaØ edayRBHGgÁmankarxVl;xVayGMBIkarGnuvtþn_lTæi
RbCaFibetyü semþc)andwknaMRBHsgÇnigdUnCIeFIVsmaFiedIm,I]TÞis
cMeBaHrdæFmµnuBaØfµIenHRtUvtak;EtgeLIgeGay)anRtwmRtUvRbkbeday
yutFiþ m’ enAkñgú sm½yRbCMru bs;sPaCati EdlRbsURtecjBIkare)aHeqñat.
mCÄdæanCati nigGnþrCati )anTTYlsÁal;kardwknaMrbs; semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ RbkbedaykareKarBd¾xg< x; s< b; pM tu . RkumGgÁkarminEmn
rdæaPi)almYyRkum)anbegátI bNþajrYmKñamYy Caq½RtbNþGM gÁkarminEmn
rdæaPi)al)anRbeKnRBHraCzanHfVaysemþcCaRBHRbFankitþiys.
semþc Kg;enAvtþseM BAmasCaTItaMgénmCÄmNÐlFmµyaRta rYmCamYy
kariyal½yénRkumkargaredIm,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSa.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CaGgÁEdl)anpSay\TæiBly:agx<s;
éRkElgeTAelIesckþRI BagénrdµFmµnBu aØrbs;RbeTskm<Cú a Cac,ab;kBM lU
rbs;CatimYykñúgBiPBelak EdlFana)annUvkareKarBsiTæimnusSy:ag
eBjelj.
RbPB³
r)aykarN_rbs;bBVCit Maat nig Liz Bernstein mancMNgeCIgfa {mYyxN³
énsnþiPaB-esckþIsgÇwmlicGENþt}
{eyablpÞúyKñaelIBisidæmnþ } rbs; R. Scott Appleby
Kathryn Poethig {dM e NI r qø g kat; F mµ y aRtaenAkm< ú C a} Rbvtþ i s aRsþ B u T æ s asna
nigclnasasnaenAkm<Cú ae)aHBumpÖ Sayeday John Marston nig Elizabeth Guthrie.
81
FmµyaRtaelIkTI3
GMBIRBwtþkarN_énkare)aHeqñat
kñúgqñaM 1994 FmµyaRtaelIkTI3)anR)arBVeFVIenAtMbn;PaKxag

licénRbeTskm<úCaCaTwkdIEdlkMBugEhkhYrKñaedaysRgÁam GñkedIr
k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anCab;enAkñúgkarvayRbyuTæKñarvagkgT½BExµrRkhm
nigkgkmøaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al Edl)aneFVIKt;RBHsgÇnigdUnCImYycMnYn.
eTaHCay:agNak¾eday semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;enAEtbnþdeM NIr
FmµyaRtaeTAmuxCanic.© RBHGgÁmanRBHbnÞlÚ fa {dMeNIrrbs;eyIgenA
EtbnþdMeNIreTAmux enHCamUlehtuEdlnaMeGayeFVFI mµyaRta }.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞlÚ fa {eyIg)anQan
mYyCMhan sUmeGayGñkedIrFmµyaRtaTaMgGs;bNþúHesckþIs¶b;
mkRKb;dNþbe; lIesckþeI sckþPI y½ xøac}. CMhannimYy²CadegðmI
ral;skmµPaBeBaeBjedaysti CMhannimyY ²CasmaFi eyIgcUl
eTAekoksnþiPaB enHCadMeNIrEdlBMumanGVImkbBaÄb;)aneT>>>
dMeNIrrbs;eyIgCadMeNIrsnþiPaBcab;epþIméf¶enHnigral;²éf¶>>
snSwm¡ snSwm¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡>>. dMeNIrrbs;
eyIgenAEtbnþedaysamanGMeBIhigSa. eyIgminFøak;TwkcitþeT
eyIgedIrsnSWm²mþgmYyCMhan¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡ CMhannimYy²
Casc©anidæan. eyIgedIrhUtTal;EteyIg)anseRmcsnþiPaB}.
82
semþcmanRBHraCbnÞÚleTotfa {karsagsnþiPaBKWkarrkSa
degðmI ²ecj-cUl RbsinebIbBa¢bd; egðmI ERbmkfasøab; dUecñHeyIg
RtUvEtbnþ }.
k,ÜnFmµyaRtaCYbRBwtþkarN_rnæt;nwgRbkbedayPaBeRKaHfñak;kñúg
kic©RbwgERbg bBa¢úHbB¢ÚalPaKIExµrRkhmnigPaKIExµrc,aMgKñacUlmk
pSHpSaKña. EGbEpl)ay )ansresrfakal³eTs³ neya)aynigbMNg
rbs;FmµyaRta)anpøas;brÚþ ¬cab;taMgBIFmµyaRtaqñaM 1993¦ FmµyaRta
qñaM 1994 eFVIeLIgedIm,IKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkarpSHpSaCatimYyExeRkay
eBlBYkExµrRkhm)ancUlkan;kab;mUldæanT½BCayuTæsaRsþenARkug
éb:lni Edlsm,ÚrN_edayEr: t,Úgfµmantémø nwgb:nu aµ néf¶eRkay karp¥ak
dMeNIrkarcrcasnþPi aBrvagPaKIExµrRkhmCamYyrdæaPi)alcMrHu Edl)an
begáIteLIgeRkaykare)aHeqñatqñaM 1993. buKÁlikeFVIkarenAGgÁkar
KN³kmµFikarmiunNUéN Mennonite Central Committee )an
rMlkw GMBRI Bwtkþ arN_enARKaenaHfa k,ÜnFmµyaRta)ankMNt;mkdl;TtI aMg
kñúgGMLúgeBlmYyExenAcMéf¶sil edIm,IeFVIBiFIdaMedImeQITukCanimitþrUb
énkarRbsURt nigkarpSHpSaCati ehIy)anEckxitb½NÑsþIGMBIkarkab;
bMpøajéRBeQI nigeRKaHfñak;énRKab;mInCaedIm.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞÜleRbobeFobRbeTs
km<úCaCaTUkEdlRBHGgÁ)anEføgenAmuxGgÁrvtþfa {RbsinebIRbeTs
km<Cú aliclg;kgúñ sRgÁam kñgú GMeBIhgi Sa kñgú elaP³ kñgú KMnuM b¤kgúñ kar
sgswk mnusSRKb;Kañ nigliclg;eTACamYyEdr. eyIgrs;enAkñúg
RbeTskm<úCamYyKña. eyIgRtUveFVIdMeNIredIm,IsnþiPaBcab;epþIm
83
BIéf¶enH ral;²éf¶ snSwm¡snSwm¡ mþgmYyCMhan¡ CMhannimYy²
CasmaFi CMhannimYy²Casc©anidæan CMhannimYy²Cakarksag
s<an>>>}.
GIulIsSaEb‘t bWnesÞn CaGñkeFVIFmµyaRtamñak;)anniyayfa
RKaenaHenAéf¶TI 23 Exemsa qñaM 1994 FmµayaRta)anqøgkat;tMbn;
EdlmansRgÁamkMBugRbyuTæKña. RBHsgÇRbmaN 450 GgÁ nwg dUnCI
cMnnY 250 nak; RBmTaMg])ask])asikacMnnY 100 nak; )anRbmUlpþKMú añ
enAvtþbrvilénextþ)at;dMbg
muneBlecjdMeNIr eK)anbeRgonGñkedIrk,ÜnTaMgGs;GMBIGhigSa
GMBsI tism,CBaØ³ nigviFCI yY seRgÁaHCabnÞab;. enAeBlFmµyaRta)anmk
dl;qa¶ ybnþci eyIgB£srÚñ kaMePøgI FM eyIg)aneFVeI sckþGI BM aveGaybBaÄb;
kar)aj;KñaCabnÞan; k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anmkdl;PUmiGñkRsuk mnusSrab;
Ban;nak;QrtRmg;CrY enAtamdgpøvÚ manFugTwk nwgFUbrgcaMTTYlTwkmnþ
BIFmµyaRta nigkarkUrTwkedayFUbbYgsYg sMueGaybBa©b;sRgÁam.
FmµyaRta)aneFVIdMeNIrGs;ry³eBl 3 éf¶ eyIgenAEtB£sñÚrRKab;
epøagelVIy². bWnesÞn )andMNalfa RKb;TIkEnøgEdlFmµyaRta)an
eTAdl; GñkRsuky:ageRcInkuHkrmkTTYleyIgedaykareKarBedayman
e)a:t manTwk FUb. BYkeKrgcaMkareR)aHRBMuTwkmnþBIFmµyaRta nigyk
cgðaneTAvtþEdlFmµyaRtacUlsMct. enAtamPUminimYy² semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anBnül;GñkRsukGMBIFmµyaRta.
k,ÜndMeNIr)anecjBIPUmibwgGMBilcMeBlEdlkarRbyuTæKñarwtEt
xøagM eLIg² eyIg)anmkdl;ekokCitsmrPUm.i GñkPUmPi aKeRcInrt;ecj
84
BIpÞHsEm,grbs;BYkeK Kat;)anR)ab;eyIgfakEnøgEdlkMBugRbyuTæKña
enAcm¶ay 8 KILrÚ _ BITeI nH. eyIgeXIjBYkTahan)anTmøak;GavuF lutCgÁg;
fVaybgÁMRBHsgÇenAtamdgpøÚvrgcaMTTYlTwkmnþ. RKaenaHmanmnusS
cas;mñak;)anbnÞabxøÜnenAkñúgCYrCamYyTahan enAkñúgédrbs;Kat;mçag
kan;kBa©b;)ay édmçageTotkan;bMENkEdksøabk)a:l;ehaH Edlman
sresrGkSrfa {ntßi snþi brM sux}M ERbfa {\tmansuxNaesñkI sIþ b¶ ; }.
k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anqøgkat;TIRkugexµacmYykEnøg CaTIRbCMuCnEdl
eKe)aHbg;ecal. RBwtkþ arN_eBlenaHmanRKab;rku: EktmYyRKab;)anehaH
BIelIFmµyaRta bnøWsUrsWur²²eyIg)ansURtFm’nigbYgsYgfa {sUmsBV
stVTaMgGs;rYccakputBITukç sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;rYccakputBIP½y
sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;)anrs;enAkñúgsnþiPaBterogeTA }. rfeRKaH
nigrfynþEdldwkBYkTahan)anbnßyel,Ón TahanEdlCiHenAelI
rfeRKaH nigrfynþTaMgenaH)anbnÞn;xøÜnenAeBlBYkeKqøgkat;RBHsgÇ
nigdUnCI EdlkMBugeFVIsmaFiedayPaBs¶b;es¶óm.
karRbyuTærvagkgT½BénPaKIEdlmanCemøaHrwtEtxøaMgeLIg²
)anbgçMGñkedIrk,ÜnFmµyaRtaRtLb;fyeRkayeTAPUmibwgGMBilvij.
enAeBlenaHPaBRcbUkRcbl)anekIteLIgGñkxøH)andkfy GñkxøH
eToteLIgCiHmU:tUb¤LanRtLb;eTAeRkayvij b:uEnþ semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RBHGgÁ)anebþCaJ citeþ dIm,IbBa©bF; mµyaRtaenATItaMgEdl)an
kMNt; RKaenaHdUnCIcN M as;m; añ k;)anERskeLIgfa {sMrab;rUb´mñak;enH
´RtUvEtedIrtamsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ ´bnþdeM NIrCamYyRBHGgÁ
eRkamRBHraCkic©dwknaMrbs;RBHGgÁ }.
85
nal¶acenaHdUnCI nigGñkedIrk,ÜnenAsl;cnM nY 200 nak; )andkfy
eTAenACamYyRbCaCnEdlrt;ePosxøÜnrab;Ban;RKYsarrt;ecjBIkarvay
RbyuTæKña. bWnesÞn )andMNalfa FmµyaRta)anedIrCamYyExSrreTH
eKa m:tU U nigkg;EdlmanpÞkú FugTwk )avGgár man;Ta qñagM can rYmTaMgekµg².
RbCaCn)aneLIgelIpøÚveFVIdMeNIredays¶at;es¶ótedaymin)anB£GVI
eRkAEtGMBIsemøgsÁrrbs;RBHsgÇCb:un nigsñÚrkg;reTHrbs;GñkRsuk
Etb:ueNÑaH RsþImañk;Edlts‘UCamYykUn 4 nak; )anniyayfa {evlaenH
yb;ehIy etIeyIgedkenAÉNa?}
GñkdwknaMFmµyaRta)anEsVgrkpøÚvs¶at; edaykaredIrsMedAeTAkan;
TIéRB. eyIg)ansYreTABYkTahanrkpøvÚ EdlminmanmIn. Tahanmñak;
esøókBak;svuI li minmankan;kaMePøgI edIrtamk,ÜnyFµyaRta. TahanCaeRcIn
nak;eTotEdlmanGavuF)anedIrcuHeLIgkñgú CYrFmµyaRta edayBYkeK)an
R)ab;eyIgfa {eyIgmanPar³kic©edIrl,atenATIenH} .
k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anCYbRbTHCamYyTahanExµrRkhm rMeBcenaH
karpÞúHGavuFrvagkgT½BrdæaPi)alCamYykgB½TExµrRkhm)ancab;epþIm
FmµyaRtaCab;enAcenøaHkNþalénPaKIEdlkMBgu RbyuTKæ añ . kñgú RBwtkþ arN_
enaH karRbyuTæKñaenH)aneFVIKutRBHsgÇcMnYn 3 GgÁ nigdUnCImñak;
RBmTaMgmanrbYsCaeRcInnak;eTot kñúgenaHrYmTaMg RBHetCKuN kul
sardæ pgEdr.
ExµrRkhmcab;XMuGñkeFVIFmµyaRtaCaeRcInnak; edaybBa¢ÚnBYkeK
eTAkan;CMurMenAkñúgéRB. TahanExµrRkhmPaKeRcInCayuvCnekµg²
)ansEmþgnUvesckþTI ku eç RkomRkMeRkayBI)anTTYldMNgw fa karRbyuTæ
86
Kña)aneFVIKutRBHsgÇmYycMnYn. bWnesÞn )ankt;sMKal;eRkayeBl
TahanExµrRkhm)anbB¢ÚanKat;eTAkEnøgXMuXaMg GVIEdleFVI»yKat;
ekItkarrMClY citeþ naH KWTahanExµrRkhmmñak;manGayu 27 qñaM manesckþI
rnæty; a: gxøagM edayeK)anXøatBImaþ yrbs;eKGs;ry³eBl 15 qñaM ehIy.
embBa¢akarExµrRkhm)aneFVkI arsMeu Tasdl;skmµCnsnþPi aB eday
)anBnül;GBM mI lU ehtuEdlBYkeKebIkkarvayRbharenH KWedaysarman
TahanrdæaPi)albgáb;enACamYyFmµyaRta. embBa¢akarrUbenaH)an
niyayeTotfaKat;cg;)ansnþPi aBEdr. Kat;)anesñsI GuM kñ eFVFI mµyaRta
eGaysßti enACaGBüaRkitü minRtUvsßti enACamYybkSNaeT kñgú dMeNIrkar
pSHpSaCatienH. bWnesÞn )anftsemøgembBa¢akarrUbenaHfa {sUmrMlkw
eTAdl;BYkbreTsTaMgGs;EdlkMBugeFVIkarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
eGay)anRCabfa RbCaCnkm<Cú aTaMgGs; rYmTaMgPaKIkm<Cú aRbCa-
Fibetyü cg;)ansnþPi aB nwgkarGPivDÆn_. ´sUmGP½yeTascMeBaH
mrN³PaBrbs;RBHsgÇ RbsinebIBMumankgTahanbgáb;enAkñúg
k,ÜnenaHeT eyIgk¾min)aneFVIKutRBHsgÇEdr }.
embBa¢akarrUbenaH )ansYrGMBIFmµyaRta nig semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ EdlRBHGgÁ)anCYyksagvtþenAkñúgCMurMCnePosxøÜnenA
RbeTséfLgd_ ehIymanCnePosxønÜ CaExµrRkhmxøHFøab;CbY RBHGgÁ.
emBa¢akarrUbenaH)anniyayfa {eyIgćg;CbY CamYyGgÁ eyIgcg;rkpøvÚ
sMrab;edaHRsay eyIgFujRTan;CamYysRgÁamxøagM Nas; sRgÁam
EdlmanGayu 20 qñaMenH}. eRkayBI)anCECkKñaGs; ry³eBlCag
mYyem:agrYcmk ExµrRkhm)anedaHElgRkumeFVIFmµyaRta.
87
kñúgRbtikmµeqøIytbeTAelImrN³PaBKYreGayrnæt;rbs;RBHsgÇ
RBHkruNaRBHmhakSRtExµr semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu )anepJrI raCsar
mYyc,ab;RbeKn semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigGñkeFVFI mµyaRta RBHGgÁ
sMueGaylubecaldMeNIreFVIFmµyaRta edayRBHGgÁ)anelIkeLIg
GMBIkarRBYy)armÖenAsuvtþiPaBrbs;GñkeFVIFmµyaRtaekItBIGMeBIhgi Sa.
b:Eu nþGkñ edIrk,ÜnFmµyaRta)ansc©abnþdeM NIreTAmuxeTot eRkayeBlBYk
)anbBa¢b;eFVIBiFIbuNüsBénCnrgeRKaHrYcmk. semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {eyIgRbkan;x¢ab;GhigSaFm’
ERbmkfa karksagsnþPi aB karpSHpSaCati nigkarÉkPaBCati
RBHmhakSRt)anesñIeGayeyIgdkxøÜnecj GMBIkruNaFm’enHCa
kruNaFm’GhMkar minEmnCakruNaFm’sakleT eyIgRtUvEtbnþ
dMeNIreTAmux} GñkxøHP½yxøac)anp¥ak;dMeNIrCamYyFmµyaRta b:uEnþ
GñkxøHeTot)ancUlrYmCabnþFmµyaRta)anbnþdMeNIreTATisxageCIg
ehIy)anCYbCamYyRbCaCny:ageRcInkuHkr EdlecjmksVaKmn_
BYkeyIg edayTwkcitþRCHføapusecjBIebHdUgBit².
FmµyaRtamanEpnkarQb;sMctenAGgÁvtþmYyyb;muneBlbnþ
dMeNIrtampøvÚ mYyeTot. enAtampøvÚ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)an
sþab;B£ niwg)aneXIjpÞal;EPñkrbs;RBHGgÁGMBICIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCa
raRsþrmY elahitrbs;RBHGgÁ semþcCasakSIénesckþPI y½ xøac nigkarfb;
)armÖEdlekItGMBeI PøgI sRgÁam karlYcbøn; karKMramkMEhg karekobsgát;
nigkarrMelaPminecHGs;mni ecHehIy. semþc)aneXIjmnusSedkkñgú
Pk;tamvalERsenAeRkamtg;)aøsiÞkBN’exovnardUvePøóg. enARKb;pøÚv
88
EdlFmµyaRta)aneFVIdMeNIrqøgkat; eyIg)anCYbCamYyGñkRsuk Edl
kMBgu EtmanTuklç )M akesÞEI tRKb;PmU i RKb;vtþecjmkTTYlFmµyaRtaeday
)ansEmþgnUvktþBaØÚFm’.
RsþImñak;)anRkabbgÁMTUlfVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ fa
{kñúgmYyCIvti rbs;´RBHkruNaenH CYbEterOgrt;lUn RbsinebIrab;
cMnYnvijmindwgCab:unµandgeT tamKitemIleTAkñúgmYyqñaM²´
RBHkurNa rt;y:agticR)aMdg etIExµreyIgekItmksMrab;Etrt;lUt
b¤ya: gNa?} enAeBlenaH RBHsgÇ)ansYreTARsþeI naHvijfa {etIej:am
cg;R)ab;dMNWgGVIeTAGñkdwknaMenAPñMeBj?} RsþIenaH)aneqøIyfa
{´RBHkruNa cg;R)ab;emdwknaMTaMgenaHeGayksagsnþPi aB RbCa
raRsþmni RtUvkarCMnyY GVeI TBIeRBaHeyIgmanERscMkar eyIgGacRbkb
muxrbrenHedayxønÜ Ég)anehIy b:Eu nþBkY eyIgsMEu tmüa:geT KWplþ ;
eGayRbCaraRsþ)anrs;enAkñúgPUmiRsukedaysuxsnþiPaBpg¡} .
eRkayeBlbBa©bF; mµyaRta enAéf¶TI 27-28 Ex]sPa semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ )annimnþyageTAkan;RbeTskUer:xageCIg edIm,IclU rYm
BiPakSaGMBIsnþiPaB {snþiPaBCacMNucmkdl; nigCacMNucecjdM
eNIr} enHCamUlehtuEdleyIgRtUvcab;epþmI mþgeTot KWmyY CMhanmþg²
ehIyeyIgmingakecjBIdMeNIrenHeT }.
plitkrExSrPaBynþmñak;eQµaH GaLan eqnNW )anmkdl;
RbeTskm<Cú aenA qñaM 1994 edIm,IerobcMkarplitPaBynþsGIþ BM I semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigkargarsnþPi aBrbs;RBHGgÁ. PaBynþenHbgðaj
GMBtI émøénRBHBuTsæ asnakñgú erOgGhigSa sMrab;karsßabnasgÁmkm<Cú a
89
eLIgvij. elak eqnNW )andMNalfa {´)anCYbsemþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ CaelIkdMbgU naeBlresolmYy EdlmanGakasFatuekþA
hYtEhgenATIRkugPñeM Bj. mkdl;mat;TaV rénRBHraCdMNak;rbs;RBH
GgÁ ´)ansMLgw emIlCMvu ji rMeBcenaHsemþc)annimnþecjBIbnÞbT; kw
BIeRBaH´)aneXIjTwkRsk;tamRBHhtßrbs;RBHGgÁ ĆamnusScMELk
BIeRBaH´min)anCUndMNgw munGMBkI arcUlKal;RBHGgÁ. semþc)an
eXIj´ RBHGgÁbnÞnR; BHkayjjwm ehIy)anGeBa¢jI ćUlkñgú kud}i .
{b:unµanéf¶eRkaymk´)anGgÁúypÞal;\dæTl;muxRBHsgÇraCEdl
manRBHPRkþjjwmBRBayGgÁenH>>>´)ansYreTARBHGgÁGMBIGVIEdlnaM
eGayRBHGgÁkaø yCaGñkbYs BIeRBaHGñkbYsCamnusSminmanesBkammcäa
CamnusSRkIRkekItCabMNg;Bti R)akdkñgú elakiyenH semþcmanRBHraC
bnÞlÚ fa {enHCaTMenomTmøab;Exµr} semþc)anBnül;eTotfa PikEúç Rbmk
fa {GñksUmTan }.
´)ans‘ksMnrY eTAsemþcfa {etIRBHGgÁemIlxønÜ ÉgCaGñksUmTan
Edrb¤eT?}
semþcpÞúHsMeNIr rYcmanRBHbnÞÚltbvijfa {Br>>CaGñksUmTan
Biess}>>>>
eqnNW )ansYrbnþeTotfa³ {etIRkumRKYsarrbs;RBHGgÁTTYlrg
TukçevTnakñúgrbbExµrRkhm Emnb¤eT?
semþceqøIy³ {Br>>> }
eqnNW bnþsnM rY semþceqøyI mkvijfa³ {BYkKat;)aneFVmI rNkal
Gs;eTAehIy }
90
eqnNW sYr {cuHcMENk matabitarbs;RBHGgÁ? }
semþceqøIy ³ {Br>>>>}
eqnNW sYr ³ { cuHcMENk bgb¥Únrbs;RBHGgÁ?}
semþceqøIy ³ {Br>>>>}
lTæplekItGMBkI arCYbR)aRs½yCamYy semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
enHehIyEdlelak GaLan eqnNW rYmCamYyelak edvIt )anplit
ExSrvIedGUmYymancMNgeCIgfa {CIvitbrisuTæ} erOgenHmanlkçN³
BiessbgðajGMBGI gÁén semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CamYyFmµyaRta.
ExSrvIedGUenH )anbBa¢aMgCaelIkdMbUg EdlmanGñkcUlrYmTsSnacMnYn
700 nak; kñúgenaHmanmRnþICan;x<s;nimnþ nigGeBa¢IjmkBIsßab½nBuTæ
sasna nigBIraCrdæaPi)alkm<Cú a. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraC
bnÞlÚ R)ab;ePJóvEdlmkTsSn³enaHfa {buKlÁ mansnþPi aB mansc©Fm’
manemtþaFm’ naMeGayekItmandl;sgÁmCati} semþcmanRBHraC
bnÞÚleTotfa³ {sgÁmCatimansnþiPaB ekItGMBIbuKÁlmansnþiPaB
maKa’eq<aHeTAkan;snþiPaBminEmnekIteLIgEtGMBIkarbYgsYg b¤
smaFimyY muxenaHeT b:Eu nþvaekItGMBKI ti nigcriyaFm’pgEdr Rbsin
ebIbuKÁlrs;enAeRkamGMNacKMnMu PaBelaPln; nigesckþIeRkaF
buKlÁ enaHBMumansnþPi aBeT b:uEnþRbsinebIbuKlÁ kykcitsþ b,úrFm’
emtþaFm’ RBhµvh i arFm’ nigyutFiþ m’mkdak;CnM yY vij sgÁmCatirbs;
eyIgnwg)ansuxsnþiPaB nigmansuPmgÁl }.
eRkayeBl)anTsSn³ semþc eTB vgS RBHGKÁmhasgÇraCExµr
RTg;)anekatsresIrExSrvIedGUenH ehIyRBHGgÁ)anTTYlsÁal;fa
91
{vIedGUenHnwgCYyceRmInsnþiPaBenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa} semþcRBH
mhasgÇraCRTg;manRBHraCbnÞlÚ eTotfa {vIedGUenHnwgCYypSBVpSay
GMBsI nþPi aB nigkarpSHpSaCati enAkm<úCa nigmanmFüaysMrab;kar
bBa©aMgvIedGUenHenAtMbn;ExµrRkhm}. RKamYyenA qñaM 1997 semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbgðajvIedGU {CIvitbrisuTæ} eTAGtItembBa¢a
karkgvresnatUcExµrRkhm Edlpþac;xnÜø mkcuHcUlCamYykgeyaFBl
exmrPUminÞ. viTüasßanExµredIm,IRbCaFibetyü )aneRbIR)as;vIedGUrbs;
semþc kñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalsMrab;TahaTaMgenaHCabnþbnÞab;.
elak Dwt Rbn GñkkarEstExµr Edl)anTTYlC½ylaPIBanrgVan;
GUsáar enAkñúgerOgvalBiXat )anemIleXIj\TæiBlrbs; semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ enARbeTskm<úCaeRkaysRgÁam edayelakman
Rbsasn_fa {RbeTsCatirbs;eyIgrgkarvinasGnþray TurÖikSenA
RKb;TIkEnøg karRBat;R)as;RKYsar kar)at;bg;mnusSCaTIRsLaj;
PUmizan pÞHsEm,gRtUvbMpøajexÞcxÞI. eyIgTTYlkarrgTukçevTna
karQWcab; PaBGs;sgÇwm nigkar)ak;Twkcitþ semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RTg;)annimnþeTARKb;TisTIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa RBHGgÁ
nimnþeTAkan;CMurMCnePosxøÜnkñúgRbeTséfLg;d_ nimnþeTAtamPUmi
RsuknanakñúgRbeTskm<úCa nwgnimnþeTACMuvijBiPBelak )aneFVI
eGayeyIgrB£kfa RBHBuTsæ asnamanRBHCnµenAeLIy ehIyRBHBuTæ
kMBugenACamYyeyIg RBHBuTæsasna)anbgáb;y:ageRCAenAkñúg
PaBTn;Pøn;énRbéBNIrbs;eyIg. elak Diwt Rbn manRbsasn_
eTotfa {eyIgKYrfVayRBHkitniþ amsMrab;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ Ca
92
mhavIvsgÇ BIeRBaHRBHGgÁ)an)anrMlkw eyIgGMBrI ebobénkarRbtibtþi
RBHFm’rbs;GgÁ mYyCMhanmþg² snSwm² edaykarRbugRby½tñ
RbkbedaystiRKb;kalevla ehIymandMeNIrbnþeTAmux}.
enAéf¶TI 27 nig 28 Ex]sPa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;)andwknaMmRnþIsgÇCan;x<s;mYyRkumyageTAkan;TIRkug PüÚgy:ag
RbeTskUer:xageCIg edIm,IeTAcUlrYmkñgú kic©crcarsnþPi aB eRkamRBHraC
GFibtIPaBd¾xg< x; s< r; bs;RBHkruNa RBH)aTsemþcRBHneratþm sIhnu.
kñgú eBlkicc© rcasnþPi aBkMBgu dMeNIrkarenARbeTskUer:xageCIg skmµCn
FmµyaRtaenARbeTskm<Cú a)andwknaMyTu næ akarmYy bMpsu RbCaCneGay
cgceRmokRkNat;BN_elµótedIm,IsnþiPaB RBmTaMgkarcgbdaenA
Bas;eBjTIRkugPñMeBj. enAeBlPaKICemøaHBMu)anTTYllTæplGMBI
kacrca PaKI)anrMlkw KñaeTAvijeTAmkGMBRI BH»vaTrbs; semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ fa {snþiPaBCacMNucénkarmkdl; snþiPaBCacMNuc
énkarecjdMeNIr} enHCamUlehtuEdleyIgRtUvcab;epþImmþgeTot
mYyCMhanmþg² ehIyeyIg minrafycMeBaHdMeNIrenHeT.
ebskkmµedIm,ImnusSFm’rbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anbnþ
rhUtdl;qñaM 1994 semþc )anyageTAcUlrYmenAkñúgdMeNIrkarcrca
snþiPaBtumUlelIkTI 2 enATIRkugPñMeBj. semþc)andwknaMRbtiPUGnþr
sasnamYyRkumyageTAkan;TI RkugkULmú bU RbeTsRsIlgáar kñgú karcUl
rYmdMeNIrkarcrcasnþiPaBenATIenaH nwgkarEsVgrkkarbBa©b;sRgÁam
sIvu li . smaCikRBwTsæ PashrdæGaemrik elak ékøbn‘ Epl RbFanKN³
kmµaFikarTMnak;TMngkic©karGnþrCatiién RBwTæsPashrdæGaemrik)an
93
fVay semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ QrCaRBHraCebkçPaBsMrab;kar
eRCIserIsBanrgVan;NUEblsnþiPaBBiPBelak.
enAéf¶TI 4 ExFñÚ qñaM 1994 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yag
eTAbnÞayXMXu aMgmnusSeQµaH GUs‘ qVci sS_ RbeTsb:LU jÚ edIm,I RbsiTBiæ r
cMeBaHkarecjdMeNIrénk,ÜndMeNIredIm,IsnþiPaB Edlcab;epþImBIbnÞay
enA GU‘sqVicsS_ eq<aHeTATIRkug hIurU:sIuma:. yuTænakarenH)ankMNt;
GMBIkarebIkkic©RbCMu énRkumGñkeFVIdMeNIrk,ÜnGnþrsasnaedIm,IsnþiPaB
nigCIvit. enHKWCadMeNIrCMuvijBiPBelak Edl)anR)arBVeFVIeLIgedIm,I
rMBk£ GMBsI RgÁamelakelIkTI 2. kmµvFi eI nH)anTTYlkar]btßmBÖ GI gÁkar
shBlkmµedim,IsnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSa.
k,ÜndMeNIrenHpþcÜ epþmI eLIg nigdwknaMedayRBHetCKuN nIbnu: sSan
mIyU:hUCI EdlRtUvecjdMeNIrenAéf¶TI 10 ExFñÚ qøgkat;RbeTsenAGWrbu:
xagekIt tMbn;mCÄwmbUBa’ RbeTs\NaÐ rYmTaMgRbeTsenAtMbn;GasIu
GaeKñy_ rYcehIyeq<aHeTAkan;TIRkughIur:UsIuma: nigTIRkugNaKðasasIu
CaTItaMgbBa©b;énk,ÜndMeNIrRtwméf¶TI 8 ExsIha qñaM 1995.
kñúgGMLúgeBlénKg;enARbeTsGWr:ub semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
)anyageTAcUlrYmkñúgsnñisiTsnþiPaBTIRkug)asSÚeLNa RbeTs
eGs,:aj:lÚ . snñsi Ti enHerobcMedayGgÁkar UNESCO GñkdwknaMsasna
cMnYn 50 nak; )anmkCYbCMuKñaBiPakSaelIRbFanbTsþIGMBI {kic©bric©aK
énsasna edIm,Iksagvb,Fm’snþPi aB}. lTæplénkarBiPakSakñgú
snñisiT)anecjesckþIEføgkarrYmsþIGMBIsnþiPaBEdlepþatelITdi Pæ aB
énvb,Fm’snþPi aB RBmTaMgKtibNÐti énRbéBNIsasna d¾x<g;x<s;.
94
esckþIEføgkarN_TIRkug)asSÚeLNa)anqøúHbBa©aMgGMBI\TæiBl
rbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ Edl)anEføgfa {eyIgkMBugRbQm
muxCamYyvibtþiEdlkMBugeFVIeGayeyIgkøayCaGñkeFVIGtþXat
xøÜnÉg. vibtþienHnaMeGayeyIgekItkarPJak;rlwkfµImYy nigesckþI
sgÇwmfµmI Yy. eyIgmanCMenOfa snþPi aBBitCaGacseRmc)an>>>>
snþPi aBbBa¢ak;GMBkI arrkSa)anedayeBjeljnUvkruNaFm’ emtþa
Fm’ esckþéI f¶frÚñ rbs;mnusSCati nwgyutFiþ m’. snþPi aBbBa¢ak;ya: g
c,as;fa mnusSmñak;²RtUvyl;fa karrs;enAmankarTMnak;TMngKña
b¤karGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk. eTaHCabuKlÁ kþI eTaHCasmUhPaBkþI
RtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsuxmalPaBsMrab;Gkñ CMnan;eRkay. snþPi aB
TamTarkareKarBCIvti sBVstVenAelIEpndI CaBiess CIvti mnusS.
eyIgmansm,CBaØ³x<s;edIm,IkMriteGay)annUv kareRbIR)as;bec©k
viTüa. eyIgxitxMlbu bM)at;vb,Fm’eRbIR)asniym nigeFVeI GayRbesIr
eLIgnUvKuNPaBénCivti . snþPi aB KWCa pøvÚ -EdlRtUveFVdI eM NIreday
BMmu anTIbBa©b}; .
RbPB³ GtßbTrbs; Elizabeth Bernstein kñúgRBwtþb½RtB½t’manRBHsgÇéRB Exkkáda
qñaM1992 mancMNgeCIgfa {lagsMGatsñabRbLak;Qam}. GtßbTRsg;ecjBI
{kgTB½snþPi aBrbs;km<Cú a } kñgú RBwtbþ R½ tén }PatrPaBénkarpSHpSa} pSayenAExmkra
qñaM1999 esresreday Joe Clare Hartsig rYmCamYy Walter Wink.
karsegÁt nigkarrMlwkrbs; Alan Channer GMBIGñkQreQµaHsMrab; kareRCIserIsBan
rgVan;NUEblsnþiPaBBiPBelakrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. kñúgRBwtþb½RtBt’mancMNgeCIgfa
RBHsgÇéRB cuHpSayenAExmkra qñaM1996. GtßbTspSaytam on-line.
eKhTMB½rrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEdlpSayB½t’manGMBIsnñisiT nigesckþIEføgkarGMBI
vb,Fm’snþiPaB.
95
FmµyaRtaelIkTI4
GMBIRKab;mIn
Ex]sPa qñaM1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwk

FmµyaRtaelIkTI4ecjBIRbeTséfLg;d_qøgkat;RbeTskm<úCa
eq<aHeTAextþsaV yerogCab;RBMEdnRbeTsevotNam. FmµyaRtaelIkTI
4 enHepþatelIkarhamR)amRKab;mIn nigedIm,IkarTak;Tajkarykcitþ
Tukdak;mkelI RbeTskm<úCaEdlmanmIncMnYnCag 10 lanRKab;bgáb;
enAkñúgdI. RKab;mInTaMgenHenAEtbnþsmøab; nigeFVIeGayrbYsdl;kumar
nigRKYsarksikrrab;rynak;kñúgmYyqñaM². kñúgeBlkMBugeFVIFmµyaRta
BuTæsasnik)anRbmUlsñamemédcMnYn 20000 nak; Edl)anKaMRTdl;
yuTænakarhamXat;kareRbIR)as;mIn.
enARBMEdnrvagRbeTséfLg;d_ nigkm<Cú a FmµyaRtaelIkTI 4 )anCYb
sVaKmn_CamYyk,ÜndMeNIrénGnþrsasnaedIm,IsnþiPaB Edl)ancak
ecjBIbnÞayXMXu aMgmnusSenA GUs‘ qVci sS_ RbeTs b:LU jÚ kalBIqañ mM nu
kñgú dMeNIreq<aHeTARbeTsCb:nu edIm,IeFVbI N
u ürMBk£ xYbTI 50 qñaM énkarTmøak;
RKab;EbkenATIRkughIurU:sIuma:.
kñúgqñaM 1995 FmµyaRtaeFVIdMeNIrecjBIRkuge)a:yEb:t sßitenA
TisBayBüénRbeTskm<úCa CaGKÁesnaFikarrbs;BYkExµrRkhm.
eBlFmµyaRtakMBugeFVIdMeNIr eyIg)anB£sñÚrkaMePøIgFMénkarRbyuTæKña
96
rvagkgT½BrdæaPi)al CamYykgT½BExµrRkhm.
sarB½tm’ anera:yT½r)anraykarN_fa {TahanExµrEdlkan;kaMePøgI
karBarenAtampøvÚ )anTmøak;GavuFcuH ehIy)anlt;CgÁgR; kabfVay
bgÁMk,ÜnFmµyaRta Edlqøgkat;TItaMgrbs;BYkeK} eRkamkMedAéf¶
hYtEhg GñkRsuk)anQrrgcaMsaVKmn_FmµyaRtakñúgcm¶aypøÚv 74
KILÚr_ BIRkuge)a:yEb:tmkExtþ)at;dMbgmanFugTwk eTonFUb páa rgcaM
TTYlkareR)aHTwkmnþGMBIRBHsgÇ RKYsarmYycMnYn rYmTaMgTahan)an
beBa©jmtiya: gekøóvkøafa BYkeKR)afñacg;)ansnþPi aB. enAeBlFmµyaRta
)anmkdl;TItaMgkMNt; manmhaCny:ageRcInkuHkr)anTTYlsVaKmn_
y:agkk;ekþAekIt)annUvesckþIsgÇwmfµI RBmTaMgkarTTYl)ansnþiPaB.
kñgú cenøaHeBlenH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAkan;TI
RkugRbUvdI g; rdærd:U GayELn semþcKg;enATIenaHmYyry³edIm,ICbY CamYy
RkumemdwknaMsasna rYmTaMgskmµCnsnþPi aB Edl)anRbmUlpþKMú añ sURt
Fm’ nigeFVkI arbYgsYgcMeBaHPaBeCaKC½yénFmµyaRta emdwknaMsasna
nigskmµCnsnþiPaBTaMgenaH )anGMBavnavsMueGaybBaÄb;TaMgRsug
nUvkareRbIR)as;/karplit/karlk; nigkarTijRKab;mnI . esckþGI BM avenH
)anelIkeLIgenAkñgú snñsi Ti karEstmYyEdl)anerobcMenAmCÄmNÐl
BuTæsasnaenATIRkug j:ÚGIugELn.
elak Gan cnpn edImkMeNItCaExµr man«BukFm’CabuBCV ti RBHnam
PItFW pn Edl)aneFVIkarenARbeTskm<úCaCamYysmNsisSrbs;
smþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manmtifa {FmµyaRta )anbNþHú KMnti sMrab;
yuvCnCMnan;feIµ RcInNas; }. elak Gan cnpn manRbsasn_bnþfa
97
{semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;CaGñkelIkTwkcitþ CaGñkbNþHú qnÞH
rbs;yuvCny:agsMxan; semþcmin)anKg;enACamYyPaKINamYy
EdlkMBugc,aMgKña minfaCaPaKIExµrRkhm b¤CaPaKIrdæaPi)al b:uEnþ
semþc)andak;RBHkayrbs;RBHGgÁKg;enACamYyRBHBuTæ }.
semþcsgÇraCmYyGgÁxagsasnaÉkniym)anGanRBHraCsar
rbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ {snþiPaBCacMNucénkarmkdl;
nigsnþiPaBCacMNucénkarecjdMeNIr enHCamUlehtuEdleyIg
RtUvcab;epþImmþgeTot mYyCMhanmþg² ehIyeyIgminrafycMeBaH
dMeNIrenH bBaØaKWCaGavuFrbs;eyIg emtþanigkruNaKWCaRKab;
stiKWCaGaveRkaH eyIgeFVIdMeNIrrhUtTal;EtRbeTskm<úCa nig
BiPBelakTaMgmUlmansnþiPaB}.
enAExvicäika semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anyageTAcUlrYmkñúg
snñsi Ti mYypþcÜ epþmI eLIgedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<Cú asþGI BM I {RBHBuTsæ asna
nwgkarGPivDÆn_sgÁmExµr}. snñisiTenHerobcMenAkñúgvtþmYysßitenA
CayRkug)at;dMbg cm¶ayRbEhl 30 KILÚem:Rt BITwkdIEdlRKb;RKg
edayExµrRkhm. kñgú »kasenaH semþcRBHraCGKÁmehsI munInaf
sIhnu RBHGgÁ)anyageFVICaRBHraCGFibtId¾x<g;x<s;enAkñúgkmµviFI
eBlRBwk RBHraCvtþmanrbs;semþcRBHraCGKÁmehsI )anjaugM eGay
kmµviFI)anRbRBwtþeTAy:agGFikGFm edaymankaredaHElgGeNþIk
FMBIrk,aleTAkñúgRsHTwkvtþ RBmTaMgkarbYgsYgsnþiPaBpgEdr.
snñisiTenHmanGñkcUlrYmcMnYn 350 nak; CaRBHsgÇ dUnCI mRnþIrbs;
raCrdæaPi)al RBmTaMgbuKÁlikGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al)anmkCYbCMuKña
98
edIm,IBiPakSaKñaGMBIbBaðaénTsSn³viC¢a GñkcUlrYmeTAkñúgsnñisiTman
skmµPaBmYycMnnY dUcCakarExVgTsSn³Kña ekItGMBkI arBiPakSa karniyay
kMEbøg kareFVsI maFi karsURtFm’ bnÞab;mkBYkeK)anEbkKña eday)annaM
ykeTACamYynUvqnÞHfµI nwgmanCMenOy:agmutmaMeTAelIRBHBuTæsasna
CamUldæanRKwHsMrab;ksagsnþiPaB nigkarGPivDÆn_. fñak;dwknaMkm<úCa
TaMgGs;)anTsSnaExSrvIedGU rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
semþcRBHGKÁmhasgÇraC eTB vgS RTg;)anyagcUlrYmeTAkñúg
snñisiTenHpgEdr. RBHGgÁmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {TMnas;énbuKÁlnaM
eGayekItTMnas;dl;RbeTsCati }.
kñgú RBHraCsnÞrkfarbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;m; anRBH
bnÞlÚ fa {RbsinebIGkñ ebIkbryanCMnHi Rsvwg etIKat;GacebIkbrdUc
emþc? RbsinebIbuKlÁ minmanFm’sb¶ e; T buKlÁ enaHminGacnaMyk
snþPi aBmkCUnRbeTsCatieT}. eqøóteBlTMenrBIkarcUlrYmenAkñúg
snñisiT semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nimnþyagcuHsYrsuxTukçRKYsarCn
ePosxøÜn Edl)anvilRtLb;mkdl;PUmiRsukrbs;BYkeKvij semþc)an
CYbCamYyRKYsarEdlrs;enAelIdImYyk,altUc kñúgTidæPaBmYyy:ag
esaHkeRkaH)anrgeRKaHBITwkCMnn; semþc)annimnþmkpþl;kmøaMgcitþ
nig)anRbsiTiæBrdl;RKYsarenH.
99
FmµyaRtaelITI5
GMBIéRBeQI
qñaM 1996 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHT½yxVl;xVay

y:agxøagM GMBbI Baðabrisaß n nwgkarkab;é®BeQIya: gGnaFibetyüenAkñgú
RbeTskm<úCa. semþc)andwknaMFmµyaRtaelIkTI5enHepþakkaryk
citþTukdak;eTAelIkar)at;bg;éRBeQI GMBIkarrMelaPbMBanedayGMNac
eyaFa karkab;eQIxsu c,ab; nwgkarbnþsRgÁamsIvu li . semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RTg;)ancg¥úlbgðajGMBIkarTMnak;TMngrvagéRBeQICamYy
CIvti mnusSenAkñgú BuTbæ BaØatiénRBHBuT.æ k,ÜnFmµyaRtaenH)aneFVIeLIg
edIm,IsEmþgnUvkarRBYy)armÖceM eBaHGMeBIhgi SaEdlekItBIkarbnþRbyuTæ
KñarvagkgT½BrdæPi)alCamYykgT½BExµrRkhmbNþaleGayRbCaCn
Exµrrab;Ban;nak;rgeRKaHfñak;kñúgmYyqñaM².
FmµyaRtaenHmanmnusScUlrYmcMnYnR)aMBIrrynak; EdleFVIdMeNIr
qøgkat;extþmYycMnYnEdlTTYlrgBIkarkab;éRBeQIF¶n;F¶rCageK.
FmµyaRta)aneFVBI Fi dI aMedImeQIcnM nY BIrBan;edImenAtampøvÚ RBmTaMg)an
Eckxitb½NÑpSBVpSayGMBIkar)at;bgéRBeQIcMnYn90000snøwk.
FmµyaRta)anerobcMkarBiPakSaCasaFarN³enAtamPUmiRsukEdl
FmµyaRta)anqøgkat;.
100
enAtamPUmiRsuknimYy² semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)aneFVI
BiFIbMbYsedImeQIedIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIBisidæPaBrbs;FmµCati RBHGgÁman
RBHraCbnÞÚlfa {bnÞab;BIkarbMbYsenHeTA edImeQIenH)ankøayCa
RBHsgÇ RbsinebICnNamñak;smøab;edImeQIenH eRbobdUcCa
smøab;RBHsgÇ}.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbBa¢ak;GBM tI émøénRBHBuTsæ asna
ksagmYldæanRKwHsMrab;karpSHpSasgÁm karbNþúHemtþaFm’ semþc)an
Bnül;Gkñ sþab;fa {sUmdkRKab;mnI énKMnMuecjBIcti }þ RBHGgÁRTg;)an
Bnül;GMBIkarTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñitrvagéRBeQICamYyBuTæsasna
{RBHsgÇénBuTæsasnaKg;enAeRkamedImeQI nimnþkñúgéRBrab;
shsSvtSr éRBeQICabrisaß n nigCaRBHRKUd]_ tþm]tþm} semþcRTg;
)anBnül;eTotfa {RBHsmµasm<Tú Ræ Tg;RbsURtenAeRkameQI Rtas;dgw
enAeRkameQI briniBaVnenAeRkameQI} RKaenaH semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ Kg;enAkñúgmøb;eQIRBHGgÁman\riyabTs¶b; RTg;)anbnþkar
Bül;GMBIrebobcUlrYménedIeQICamYysmaFi KWkardkdegðImkñúgRBHBuTæ
sasna snþiPaBmann½yfakardkdegðImcUlnigkardkdegðImecj CIvit
rs;enACamYynigkardkdegðmI RbsinebIKaµ nsnþPi aBenHeT CIvti k¾Kaµ nEdr
cMENkdMeNIrFmµyaRtasnþPi aBdUcKñaEdr eyIgedIrral;éf¶ RbsinebIBmuM an
karRbtibtþiEbbenHeT CIvitk¾KµanEdr .
seRmcRTg;manRBHbnÞÚleTotfa {enAeBleyIgeKarBbrisßan
FmµCatinwgpþl;plRbeyaCn_mkeGayeyIgvij edImeQIeRbob
dUcCamþay«Bukrbs;eyIgEdl)anciBa©mw bI)ac;E; frkSa nig)anpþl;
101
GVI²RKb;y:agmkeGayeyIg-dUcCaEpø søwk Emk edIm edImeQIpþl;
cMNeI GayeyIg nig)anbMeBjesckþRI tUvkarrbs;eyIg b:Eu nþRbsinebI
eyIgkab;edImeQI nigeFVIeGay)at;ePøóg edImeQIbegáItTwkePøóg
FmµyaRta)anpSBVpSayRBHFm’srM ab;karBarxønÜ eyIgnigkarBarbrisaß n
enHCaRBHFm’rbs;RBHBuTæ}.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞlÚ bnþeTotfa {eBlEdl
eyIgsuxcitRþ BmTTYlfaeyIgCaEpñkmYyénmhavgSRtkUlmnusS
Cati-ral;bru s RsþRI Kb;rbU suTEæ tmanBuTtæ HV -RKwstþ HV b¤KnæI dUecñHeyIg
KYrGgÁyú CECkKñarkmeFüa)ayksagsnþPi aB. ´sUmbYgsYgeGay
)ansMercnUvsnþPi aBekItenAelIBPi BelakEdl)anCYberOglM)ak
nwgkarnaMmknUvsnþPi aBenH CUnmnusSCatieGayeBareBjedayEpø
páa. ´sUmbYgsYgeGayeyIgTaMgGs;Kañ )ansMercnUvsnþPi aBGs;
mYyCIvti ehIyCYyeRsacRsg;stVelakTaMgGs;eGayrYccakTukç}.
enAExkkáda qñaM 1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anerobcM
GtßbTmYymancMNgeCIgfa {mnu s SCati } bgðajenAkic©RbCMu
eKðtesEm:n CaTIkEnøgénkarRbmUlpþúMRBHsgÇénBuTæsasna nigRKwsþ
sasna. kmµvFi eI nHR)arBVCamYynikayénesckþsI b¶ n; yi meKðtesEm:n
rdæexnfak;KI CalMenAsßanrbs;Gkñ niBnæGBM pI vÚø citdþ l¾ ,Il,ajmñak;KeW lak
fUma: s; mWrtun. kicR© bCMu eKðtesEm:n erobcMeLIgsMrab;plþ k; ti yiþ sCUn
elak fUm:as; mWrtun kñúgkarRbwgERbgrbs;elak edIm,Isßabna cMNg
mitPþ aB karsnÞa nigkaryl;Kañ rvagkatUlki sasna nigRBHBuTaæ sasna.
snñsi Ti enH )anTTYlkar]btßmBÖ GI gÁkarsnÞnaénbBVCti énGnþrsasna.
102
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa {eyIgCa
BuT§sasnik RtUvEsVgrkesckþIkøahan edayecjBIvtþrbs;eyIg
ehIycUleTAkan;vtþBei saFn_mYyeToténmnusSCati KWvtþeBaeBj
eTAedayesckþITukç. RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuT§-RBHRKwsþ b¤Kn§I
eyIgminGaceFVIGVIeToteT. CMrMuePosxøÜn-CMrMuePossik-BnænaKar-
tMbn;GñkTITal;Rkrs;enAGBa¢wgsmrPUminigkaøyCavtþrbs;eyIg.
eyIgmankargareRcInNas;EdlRtUveFVI.
bnÞab;BIkarbgðajrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RBHsgÇCb:nu
RBHnam eGsSIn nIsSImU:ra: mansgÇdIkaeTAkan;Gkñ cUlrYmCaRBHsgÇ
nigdUnCI eday)anerobrab;GBM dI eM NIrrbs;RBHGgÁeTAkan;CrMu CM nePosxønÜ
ExµrenAkñgú TwkRbeTséfkalBIbnu: aµ nqñakM nøgeTA. RBHGgÁ)andMNalfa
{CnePosxønÜ enAkñúgCuMrMmankargarbnþci bnÞcÜ ´)aneXIjRBHvihar
mYyFVGI BM bI s¤ SI ksagCabeNþaHGasnñenATItaMgmYykñgú CMru M enAxag
kñgú RBHviharmanRBHBuTræ bU mYyGgÁKg;smaFi}. RBHsgÇCb:nu GgÁenH
)angakeTArk semþcRBHsmhaeXasnnÞ ehIy)anERskGbGr
sarTrfVaysemþcedaymansgÇdIkaxøaMg²fa {semþcCaGm©as;enH
ehIy¡} ´RBHkruNasUmsYrfaetIRBHGgÁ)aneFVGI eIV nATIenaH?} semþc
RTg; manRBHbnÞlÚ tbvijfa {´ksagsnþPi aBsMrab;xnÜø Ég nigkarEck
rMElkCamYyGñkdéT}.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;mni )anP¢ab;RBHGgÁCamYykarsnÞna
b¤karBiPakSasþGI BM eI Kalneya)ay nwgbBaðaxagsasnviTüaeT. enAeBl
RkumRKwsþsasnik)anBüayamTak;TajRBHGgÁ edIm,IeGayRBHGgÁ
103
gakecjGMBIdMeNIrRbtibtþiCak;Esþgrbs;RBHGgÁP¢ab;CamYybBaðats‘U
CamYynigGMeBIGyutFiþ m’ semþcRTg;)anbdiesFkarP¢ak;CamYykarBiPakSa
GMByI Tu sæ aRsþby¤ Tu væ Fi I edayRBHGgÁRKan;EtmanRBHraCbnÞlÚ mþgehIy
mþgeTotGMBBI Tu »æ vaTd¾]tþgú ]tþmrbs;RBHBuTæ EdlRTg;)anENnaMmnusS
eGayksagsnþiPaBedayxøÜnÉg.
enAcugbBa©bé; nsnñsi Ti eKðtesEm:n semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;)andwknaMRBHsgÇ dUnCInmi nþedIrsmaFienAEk,rpñrÚ rbs;elak fUma: s;
mWrtun. semþcyagQrEtmYyGgÁÉgenAxageRkayeQIqáag rIÉGñk
cUlrYmTaMgGs;)anmkpþKMú añ enACMvu ji RBHGgÁ RKaenaHmandUnCImañ k;)anrMlkw
fa semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwknaMRBHsgÇeFVFI mµyaRtaedIm,I
snþiPaBenARbeTskm<úCa Edlrg;eRKaHfñak;edaysarsRgÁam.
enAExkBaØa qñaM 1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ yageTATIRkug
rgÁÚn RbeTsPUmar edIm,ICYbCamYyGñkRsI Gg;san s‘UCI nigmRnþIsgÇ
mYycMnYneTot.
qñaMeRkay²mkeTot semþc)anCYbCamYysemþcsgÇCan;x<s;én
sasnakatUlki enATIRkugsSa)a:Tsi aþ r énrdæca)a:s RbeTsmicu siSckU.
Exkum³Ö qñaM 1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAcUlrYm
kñúgsnñisiTsþIGMBIbNþajGnþrCatiedIm,IelIkkMBs;RBHBuTæsasna.
104
RbPB³
GtßbTTaMgRsugsþIGMBI }mnusSCati } manP¢ab;enAkñúgesovePAenH .
Bt’man)anmkBIsm<½n§PaBedIm,Isasna nigGPirkS maneKhTMB½rP¢ab;. Bt’manTTYl
)anGMBIGtßbTrbs;elak Alan Channer tam on-line qñaM996 kñúgcMNgeCIgGtßbT³
edIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚr
ExSGat;semøgkñúgBiFI Gethsemane Encounter rkSaTukCaÉksaredIm³ tMkl;enA
mhaviTüal½y Notre Dame MID 009³ kñúgkic©snÞnaGnþrsasna ÉksarCasemøg
nigrUbPaB EdlmanelxerogCaGkSr AMID 22491-22495 x ÉksarCasemøg cMnnY
5 karEst qñaM 1996 - 0723 kñúgBiFI GethsemaneEncounter rYmTaMgkic©smÖasn_
rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ AMID 25512 CB³ 4-kic©smÖasn_rbs;semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ qñaM 1996-0726. enAkic©BPi akSa AMID 22509 CB³ 2 ]tþmKti
RBHGrhnþ nigBuT§sasnaCamYykarTMnk;TMngsgÁm. Éksarrbs;semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ CamYyRBHetCKuN Samu Sunin qñaM 1996-0726. sRmg;ÉksarGMBI
kic©snÞarbs;RBHsgÇkñúgRBwtþb½Rt LDL Christian Century cuHéf¶TI 16 Extula qñaM
1996.
105
FmµyaRtaelIkTI6
GMBIkarpSHpSaCati
FmµyaRtaelIkTI6enAqñaM1997 CaRBwtþkarN_mYyy:agsMxan;
enAkñúgkarpSHpSarvagExµrRkhmCamYykgT½BrdæaPi)al. FmµyaRtaenH
)anedIrelIpvÚø cas;mansñamesaknadkmµmkelIFmµyaRtaelIkTwkTI 3
EdlbNþaleGaymnusSmYycMnYn)ansøab;. FmµyaRtaelIkenH)an
kMNt;karecjdMeNIrBIextþ)at;dbM g eq<aHeTATIRkugéb:lni nigmkbBa©b;
enAextþbnÞaymanC½y. karEstPñeM Bjb:su )×þi anraykarN_fa FmµyaRta
qñaeM nHmanGñkcUlrYmcMnnY 230 nak;. kñgú RBHraCbMNgedIm,IkarpSHpSa
Cati semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anCMrju eGaymanelIkElgeTas
dl;TahanExµrRkhmrYmTaMgGñkKaMRTmYycMnnY Edl)anTTYlsÁal;ceM BaH
GMeBIGaRkk;EdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþ ehIy)anlHbg;GMeBITaMgenaHecal
rYmTaMgkarlHbg;ecalnUvGMeBIhgi Sa kñgú enaHEdrKWplþ k; arelIkElgeTas
dl;embBa¢akarExµrRkhm ¬minsÁal;eQµaH¦ Edl)anedaHElgGñkeFVI
FmµyaRtakalBIqañ 1M 994 . eRkaymkembBa¢akarrUbenaH)anCYbGñkerob
cMFmµyaRtaelIkTI6mþgeTot. eBlenHFmµyaRta)anmkdl;Rkug
éb:lni edaysuvtþPi aB ehIy)anQb;scM tenATIenaH edIm,IerobcMesckþI
GMBavnaveGaymansnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaCati. enAeBl semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ nigk,ÜnFmµyaRtamkdl;Rkugéb:lni RKYsarExµrRkhm
106
EdlminFøab;eXIj nigmin)ansÁal;GBM FI mµyaRtanaMKañ ecjmkemIlk,Ün
dMeNIrenHedayPaBcEmøk nigeBareBjedayesckþrI eM PIbcitéþ RkElg.
elak eGog sarI CaemdwknaMExµrCan;x<s; manlMdab;TI 3 bnÞab;BI
b:ul Bt )anecjmksVaKmn_ semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigGñkdEgðr
RBHGgÁeBlyagmkdl;Rkugéb:lni . enAéf¶TI 26 Exmina elak eGog
sarI )anbgðajxønÜ enAcMeBaHRBHPRkþén semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ edIm,I
TTYlkarRbsiTBiæ rGMBRI BHGgÁehIy)ansnüaTmøak;GavuF. karsnüakñgú
bMNgsnþPi aBCakarRKb;RKan; Edl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)an
»üGP½yelak eGog sarI sMrab;ebIkpøvÚ énkarpSHpSaCati. semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHbnÞÚlfa {kñúgRBHBuTæsasna enAeBl
buKÁlTTYlsÁal;GMeBI]RkidæEdlxøÜn)anRbRBwtþ buKÁlenaHsMuGP½y
BIRBHBuTæ RBHGgÁplþ G; P½yeTAbuKlÁ enaH}. {eyIgmin)andwgc,as;
faelak eGog sarI niyaykarBitb¤PUtkuhk b:uEnþRBHFm’»üGP½y
eTAbuKÁlvileTArkBnøW edaye)aHbg;ecalkarRbyuTæ}.
CMnYbrvag semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ CamYyelak eGog sarI
manry³eBlxøI semþc)aneR)aHTwkmnþ ecjBIdbTwksuTæeTAelIelak
eGog sarI EdlCakarbgðajfaRBHGgÁBMu)anykcitþTukdak;CaBiess
eTAelIelak eGog sarI eT. bnÞab;mk elak eGog sarI tamdEgðrsemþc
yageTAvtþekagkagénRkugéb:lni Edlsßti enAelIPCMñ ayRkugéb:lni edIm,I
eFVkI ci ©bgY sYgmYyry³eBlxø.I RKaenaHeyIgB£srÚñ RKab;mnI pÞHú enAcm¶ay
BIkEnøgenH bnÞab;mkk,ÜnFmµyaRta)anbnþdMeNIreTAmuxeTot mRnþGI kñ
muxGñkarenARkugéb:lni )anpSBVpSaydMNgw CabnÞan;GBM FI mµyaRtaeTAkan;
107
GCaJFrmUldæan nigRbCaCnenAtampøvÚ Edl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;yagqøgkat;.
GtItyuTCæ nrab;rynak; rYmTaMgRkumRKYsarrbs;BkY eK )antubEtg
xøÜnR)aNy:ags¥at)at mansMelokbMBak;;fµI² rgcaMsVaKmn_dMeNIr
FmµyaRta edayBYkeKmindwgR)akdfaFmµyaRtaqøgkat;tampøvÚ mYyNa
BYkeK)aneRtomcgðan; Tan FUb rYmTaMgfvikarsMrab;RbeKn nigCUneTAGñk
edIrk,Ün EdlmankarenOyht;. xN³eBlBYkeKkMBgu rg;caMTTYlTwkmnþ
BI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nig RBHsgÇkñgú k,ÜnFmµyaRta GñkRsuk
enAéb:linnaMKñaniyayfa BYkeKeRtomxøÜnrYcCaeRscedIm,IsnþiPaB nig
RBHBuTæsasna.
day Lay Cam©as;haglk;TMnijmYykénøgmaneQµaHfa b¤sIS
enACitkñgú Rkugéb:lni )anRbkas;fa {BYkeyIg´sb,ayrIkrayNas;
eday)anCYbsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ nigFmµyaRtaEdl)an
nimnþmkdl;TeI nH. enHCakarbBa¢ak;fasRgÁamCitcb;EmnETnehIy
BYkeyIgnwgmanCIvPaBsb,ÚrN_sb,ay kalBImuneyIgrt;cUléRB
eKcBIRKab;epøag \LÚvenHmankarGPivDÇn_ dUcCakarsagsg;pÞH
kareFVIpøÚv nwgsYnhMEhrkay }.
GñkRsukéb:linRbmaNmYyBan;nak; )anRbmUlpþúMKñaenAtampøÚv
edIm,IrgcaMTTYlTwkmnþBI semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ k,ÜnFmµyaRta)an
edIrmYyCMRu kugéb:lni ry³eBl45naTI muneBlcakecjBITeI naH eday)an
bnSl;TuknUvesckþInwkrlwkBIsMNak;GñkeRsukenATIenaH semþcRBH
mhaeXasnnÞ manRBHbnÞlÚ R)ab;Gkñ kEstfa {\LÚvenHeyIgman
108
snþPi aB 90 PaKryehIy enAsl;Et 10 PaKryb:eu NaÑH CamYyBYk
ExµrRkhmmYycMnnY EdlenArwgrusnigbBaðaRKab;mnI nigkarminTan;
cuHsRmugKñarvagRbCaCn}. eRkayeBl semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;yagecjBIRkugéb:lin elak eGog sarI )aneFVIsnñisiTkarEst
mYy edayelak)anniyayfa {RBHraCvtþmanrbs;semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ BitCamansarsMxan;kgúñ karCYyelIkkMBs;dl;deM NIrkar
ksagsnþPi aBenARbeTskm<úCa enAeBleyIgsVaKmn_FmµyaRta
)ansrbBa¢ak;faeyIg)ancUlCamYydMeNIrkarsnþiPaB Edl)an
cab;epþmI Gnuvtþnd_ cU CakarGb;rRM bCaCnfa RbeTskm<Cú aminGacrs;
ranmanCIvitCaCatisasn_mYy)aneT RbsinebIBMumansnþiPaB}.
elak eGog sarI )anGHGagsaCafµfI a kñgú zan³elakCaemdwknaMsM xM an;
mñak;kñúgrbbExµrRkhm elakminmanGMNacGVITaMgGs;kñúgkarserccitþ
elakmin)anTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGMeBIeXareXAEdl)anRbRBwtþeday
BYkExµrRkhmeT. elak eGog sarI )anR)ab;Gkñ karEstfa {enAxag
eRkA´)anbgðajfa´minEmnCaGñkBuTsæ asnaeT b:Eu nþenAxagkñgú citþ
rbs;´vij ´)anrkSaCMenORBHBuTsæ asnaedaysm¶at;}. elak)an
niyaybEnßmeTotfa elak)ancakecjBIvtþtaMgEtBIelakenACa
yuvCn ehIyelakmankarRsg:akcityþ a: gxøagM CamYysasna {´minman
PirTu Pæ aBenAkñgú citrþ bs;éT>>>>>> ´min)anbBa¢areGayeKlubbM)at;
sasna nigkMeTcvtþGara:meT }.
GñkRsukEdlmkBIPUmienAEk,renaH)anecjmkTTYlk,ÜndMeNIr
edIm,IsnþiPaB ehIy)anniyayfa BYeK)ansEmþgnUvktBaØÚtaFm’Edl
109
BuTsæ asna)anRtLb;mkvijeRkayry³eBl20qñaM EdlBMmu anRBHsgÇ
nigsasnaenARkugéb:lin. elakyay CYn ehg Gayu 64qñaM
)anniyayfa {b:ul Bt mincUlcitþRBHsgÇeT} elakyay)anrMlkw
GMBkI areFVKI tu RBHsgÇ nigw karbeNþjRBHsgÇeGayecjBIvtþ {´sb,ay
citN þ as; BIeRBaHecArbs;´)aneXIjFmµyaRta ´KitfaeTAéf¶mux
RbCaCnenATIenH nwg)anbdibtþiRBHBuTæsasna}.
enAeBlFmµyaRta)anecjmkdl;CayRkugéb:lni manmnusSkan;
EteRcIneLIg² ecjmkemIlk,ÜndMeNIreBareBjedayesckþIrMePIbcitþ
mkdl;PUmisalaeRkACakEnøgénsmrPUmi eyIg)anCYbekµg²CasisS
sala )anpþúMKñaQrCaCYrenAtamdgpøÚvmanFUlIhuy GñkRsuknaMKñaecj
eTATTYlFmµyaRtaedaymanpáa FUb eTon FmµyaRta)anbnþdMeNIr
ry³eBl3s)aþh_ qøgkat;GtItmUldæanT½BsMxan;²TaMgGs;rbs;
BYkExµrRkhmEdl)anpþac;xøÜn. kareFVIdMeNIrRtUvqøgkat;tMbn;Edl
sm,ÚrN_edayRKab;mIneRcInbMputkñúgBiPBelak. semþcRBHmha
eXasnnÞ RTg;)anBnül;GñkRsukEdl)anRbmUlKñamksþab;RBHGgÁ
{eyIgRtUvEtedaHmInEdlkb;enAkñúgcitþrbs;eyIg»üGs; BIeRBaHva
raraMugeyIgkñúgdMeNIrksagsnþPi aB. mInTaMgenaHKWelaP³ eTas³
nwgemah³ . eyIgGacQñHelaP³edayGavuFsb,úrsFm’ eyIgGac
QñHeTas³edayGavuFemtþakruNa eyIgGacQñHemah³edayGavuF
bBaØa karksagsnþiPaBcab;epþImBIxøÜneyIgmñak;²}.
RBHraCebskkmµedIm,IsnþiPaBrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
)aneFVIeGayBYkExµrRkhmmankarPJak;rlwkx<s; kñúgkarbBa©b;karts‘U
110
rbs;BYkeK ehIygakeTArkkarpSHpSaCatiCabnþbnÞab;enAqñaM1996
niwgqñaM1997. RKaenaHExµrRkhm)anEbkCa 2 Rkum mYyRkumcg;pþac;
xønÜ cuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)al mYyRkumeTotcg;bnþsRgÁam. elak Cag Ekv
CaembBa¢akarrgénkgBlExµrRkhm Edl)ancuHcUlCamYykgeyaFBl
exmrPUminÞ )anTTYlkarEstvIedGUrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
{CIvitbrisuTæ}. elak Cag Ekv )anniyayR)ab;GMBIlTæplbnÞab;BI
TsSn³ExSrvIedGUenHrYcmk {eyIg)anpøas;bþÚrcitþeRkayeBl)an
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RBHkruNa RBH)aTRBHneratþm sIhnu enAqñaM 1995 edIm,IkarpSHpSaCati
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bBa¢akarmYycMnYnsñitCamYyKat;. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞman
RBHraCsMeNIrCadMeNaHRsaytamRBHBuTæsasnaedaykarGnuBaaØt
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111
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riHKn;RBHGgÁvji fa {Blrdækm<Cú aRtUv karrYbrYmkmøagM edIm,Isaß bnaCati
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manRBwtþkarN_Kb;RKab;EbkcUleTAkñúghVÚg)atukr EdldwknaMeday
elak sm rgSI emdwknaMKN³bkSRbqaMgenARbeTskm<Cú a Edl)aneFVI
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nak;. RBwtþkarN_enAéf¶TI 5-6 Exkkáda)anpÞúHeLIgnUvGMeBIhigSaenA
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rdæaPi)alcRmuH nig)anbnþkarRKb;RKgRbeTs. sñÚrsnæwkrfeRKaHenA
tamdgvifIkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj BYkTahan)ancUllYcrbs;rbrenAtam
hagnanaenAkñúgTIRkug.
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EdlKwkkgenHmþgeTog enAedImExsIha RBHGgÁ)andwknaMRBHsgÇ dUnCI
112
nig])ask ])asika eFVFI mµyaRtamYydEgðrBIvtþseM BAmas eq<aHeTAkan;
mnÞrI dæsPa. GñkeFVdI eM NIrkñgú k,ÜnFmµyaRta)anR)arBVBFi CI aRbéBNI nigi
kareFVIsmaFi rYmTaMgkarGMBavnaveGaymansnþiPaB. RkumGñkeFVI
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neya)ay epJIreTAGgÁkarshRbCaCati nwgbNþajsarB½t’man edIm,I
CMrujeGaymanPaBs¶b;s¶at;RtLb;mkvij.
enAExkBaØaqñaM 1997 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )anyagRtLb;
eTATIRkugva:snuI etan EdlenATIenaHRBHGgÁ)ancUlrYmenAkñgú karRbmUl
pþmMú haCnmYyenAkaMCeNþrI énmnÞrI RBwTsæ PaGaemrik rYmCamYyskmµCn
snþPi aBepSg²eTot edIm,IeFVkI arGMBavnaveTARbeTsGaemrik RbeTscin
nigRbeTsr:su SI eGayeFVkI ci R© BmeRBogrYmKñabBa©bk; arplitmIn. semþc
RBHmhaeXasnnÞ manRBHraCbnÞlÚ tam]eKÇasnsBÞfa{mInRbqaMg
mnusSekItBIxagkñúgcitþCadMbUg rYcehIyvabnþeTAbgáb;enAkñúgdI
eyIgRtUvnaMKñaedaHmInenAxagkñúg edIm,IeGaymankarbBaÄb;kar
plitmInenAxageRkA }.
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enAkñúgkarRbmUlpþMúenaHpgEdr )anrMlwkGMBIRBwtþkarN_enARKaenaHfa
sarB½tE’ brCamanPaB es¶óms¶at;CamYyRBwtkþ arN_Edlmansar³sMxan;
enHeTAvij.
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eBlxøI2dgeTot enARbeTskm<úCa FmµyaRtaelIkTI7)anRbRBwtþ
eLIgenAtMbn;TisBayBüénRbeTskm<úCa EdlepþatCasMxan;eTAelI
113
bBaðabrisßan. FmµyaRtaelIkTI8)anecjdMeNIrBIextþtaEkv ehIy
)anmkbBa©be; nAxagmuxRBHbrmraCvaMgnaTIRkugPñeM Bj. FmµyaRtaenH
)ankMNt;eKalbMNgpSBVpSayGMBIkare)aHeqñatedayGhigSa.
cab;BIqñaM1999mk semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ )andkRBHkay
ecjBIdMeNIrFmµyaRta edaymUlehtuRBHraCsuxPaB.
enAéf¶TI25 Exemsa qñaM1997 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
RTg;)aneFVICaRBHraCsh]btßmÖ CamYysemþcsgÇraC daéL Lama:
énRbeTsTIeb edIm,IKaMRTmhaRBHviharCatiTIeb enATIRkugva:sIunetan
shrdæGaemrik.
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RBHraCkitþiysy:agx<g;x<s; edayRBHGgÁTTYl)anBanrgVan;snþiPaBBI
mUlniFinIvaNUenATIRkugtUküÚ RbeTsCb:un. BanrgVan;enHsMrab;RbeKn
fVay b¤RbKleGayeTAbuKÁl b¤GgÁkarEdl)anRbwgERbgkñúgkic©
shRbtibtþki arxagEpñksasnakñúgbuBVehtusnþiPaBBiPBelak.
kñúgRBHraCzan³CasikçakamkñúgevTikarEdlerobcMedayGgÁkar
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GgÁkarTsSn³BiPBelakenATIRkugPñMeBj kalBIéf¶TI 28 Ex]sPa
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anBnül;GBM eI KalsMxan;²énRBHBuTæ
sasna edayRBHGgÁ)anelIkeLIgfa {RBHBuTæGgÁ)anRbwgERbgGs;
ry³eBl 6 qñaM EsVgrkmaKa’RtwmRtUvedIm,IseRmc)annUvsuPmgÁl
nigsnþiPaBedaymCÄimb,dibTa nigedayGdægÁikmKÁ CaesckþI
RtiHriHRtUv sµartIRtUv smþRI tUv karBüayamRtUv} semþcRTg;manRBHraC
114
bnÞÚlbnþeTotfa {GdægÁikmKÁCYyeGayeyIgmansuPmgÁl nigman
snþiPaB b:uEnþRtUvEtCamaKa’kNþal minFUreBk mintwgeBk.
karksagsnþPi aBeRbobdUcExSBiNKWmni FUreBk mintwgeBk ebImni
dUecñHeTvanigdac;. RbsinebIbKu lÁ suxsanþnaMeGayRKYsarsuxsanþ
RKYsarsuxsanþ naMeGayshKmn_suxsanþ shKmn_suxsanþnaM
eGayCatisuxsanþ CatisuxsanþnaMeGayBiPBelakTaMgmUl)an
suxsanþ mansuPmgÁl}.
RbPB³
dMeNIrFmµyaRtaedIm,IsnþiPaBCa GtßbTrbs;elak Tricia Fitzgerald cuHenAéf¶TI17
Exemsa qñaM1996 kñúgkarEstPñMeBjb:usþi.
B½t’manTTYl)anBIRkum edIm,Ikarpøas;bþÚr cuHenAExmifuna-kkáda qñaM 1997 rbs;elak
Alan Channer rYmTaMgÉksarsþIGMBIcitþ/ebHdUg nwgRBlwgkñúgts‘UCamYyPaBRkIRk
esresreday Katherine Marshall CamYy Lucy Keough.
115
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cab;BIqñaM2000 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manCraBaF.

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kmøagM rbs;RBHGgÁcHu exSayCalMdab; b:Eu nþeTaHCaya:gNakþI semþcRTg;
enAEtbgðajRBHPRkþedayPaBKYrsmkñúgkarCYbCMuénskmµCnsasna
rYmTaMgRBHraCvtþmanrbs;RBHGgÁenAkñgú snñsi Ti snþPi aBTUTaMgPiPBelaP
nigkarpþln; vU RbsiTBiæ reTAtamTRmg;epSg²kñgú RBHraCvtþmanenAkñgú kmµvFi I
TaMgenH. semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;BsuM vU manRBH»vaT b¤pþl;kar
elIkTwkcitþGVIeRcIneT.
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kñgú kic©RbCMku BM lU sþGI BM sI hsSvtSrénsnþPi aBBiPBelak rbs;emdwknaM
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nwgkaredaHRsayCemøaHRsbtamqnÞHrbs;mnusSCati. emdwknaMsasna
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namsasna rYmTaMgkareKarBsiTæiesrIPaBénCMenOsasnapgEdr.
enAkñgú kic©RbCMku BM lU enH semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manPaB
s¶b;s¶at;kñúgRBHraCeyablcUlrYmCamYyemdwknaMsasnaTaMgenaH
116
RBHGgÁ)anRbsiTiæBrcMeBaHkarCYbCMuénemdwknaMsasnaedayRTg;)an
bnÞn;RBHkiriyafVaybgÁMRBHsmµasm<úTæedayesckþIeKarB. RBHGgÁman
RBHraCbnÞÚlfa { ´sUm]TÞiscMeBaHCnTaMgLayEdlkMBugmanTukç
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E; tmYyrbs;nag sUm»ütémøeTAmnusSRKb;rUbedayBMumanRBMEdn}.
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHraCbnÞlÚ eTotfa {karmineFVI
GMeBIGeIV saHKWCaRbPBénGMeBITaMgLay. karksagsnþPi aB eyIgRtUv
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eyIgRtUvmankruNaFm’ manemtþaFm’ mansti. karminKitBIxøÜn
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kNþalRbkbedaybBaØanigkruNaFm’}.
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rYmkic©RbCMu eKðtesEm:n elIkTI 2 énshKmn_RBHsgÇ nigdUnCI enArdæ
exnfak;KI RBHsgÇnigdUnCICaRKwtbþ risT½ nigCaBuTbæ risT½ )anmkCYbCMuKña
edIm,IeFVkI arpøas;brÚþ Bt’manBIKañ eTAvijeTAmk nigeFVsI maFirmY KñafVtI ,wtEt
semþcRBHmhaXasnnÞ RTg;mni manRBHbnÞlÚ GVkI e¾ day b:Eu nþRBHraC
vtþmanrbs;RBHGgÁRBHPRkþjjwmeBareBj edayesckþeI samnsSrIkray
EdlminGacrlub nigminGacbMePøc)aneLIy .
117
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kic©snÞna BuTæsasnikCamYyRKwsþsasnik)anRbmUlpþMúenAxagmux
RBHvihar edIm,IR)arBVBFi dI aMedImeQICanimti rþ bU éncMNgmitPþ aB RKaenaH
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enHpgEdr)anniyayfa {eyIgkMBgu BiPakSaKñaGMBeI sckþeI RkaFekItGMBI
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118
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RBHbnÞÚl RKaenaHCaeBlEdlsemþcRTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚl RBHGgÁ)an
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119
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120
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elakRsIc,as;Nas; GatµacMNaMRcmuHrbs;elakRsI} RKaenaH´pÞHú
sMeNIry:agxøagM ´)ansYreTARBHGgÁeTotfa {semþccgcaMTlU bgÁRM twm
EtRcmuHEmnb¤?} semþcRTg;eqøIyfa {RcmuHrbs;elakRsIl¥}.
m:asSa‘ rUs: )anniyayfakalBImSilmij ´manGarmµN_ hak;dcU Ca
)anCYbCamYyelakta EdlKat;)anehA´famþay enAeBléTAsYrsux
TukKç at; ´)ansYrKat;faehtuGRIV tUvehA´dUecñH BIeRBaHKat;manGayucas;
121
Cag´ Kat;)aneqøyI fa eyIgGackøayCamþayeGayKñaeTAvijeTAmkenA
kñúg»kasNamYy dUecñHkalBImSilmijGñkmþaynigelakta)anGgÁúy
pwkEt esIcelgsb,ay)anBiPakSaKñaGMBICIvRbvtþibnþicbnÞÜc eyIg)an
niyayGMBIsikçasala nigniyayGMBIrebobénkarbdibtþiRBHFm’rbs;
RBHBuTæ.
karenAEk,r semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ hak;bIdUcCa)anTTYlnUv
TayC¢Tand¾mantémøbpM tu Edl)anbMPeWø nAkñgú citrþ bs;´. enHCaTaC¢Tan
EdlekItGMBIKMrUrbs;semþcCabuKÁlEdlminKitGMBIxøÜnÉg PaBCabuKÁl
smBaØ PaBbrisTu )æ ancak;beM Bjkñgú rUbkayrbs;´taMgBIeBlenaHrhUt
mkdl;éf¶enH nigteTAGnaKt .
b:nu aµ nqñaéM nCIvti cugeRkayrbs; semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RBHkay
Blrbs;RBHGgÁecHEtRTuteRTameTA² eBlevlacugeRkayxitCitmk
dl . semþcCaTIskáar³énmhaCnExµrenArdærdU: GayELn rdæma:saCUsSit
nwigrdæpinsIuevNna kñúgeBlEdlRBHGgÁ)anRbTankarRbsiTæiBrdl;BuTæ
bris½TenArdæTaMgenaH.
RBHsemþcmhaeXasnnÞ Kg;smaFienAkñúgRBHvihartUcmYy
rbs;RBHGgÁ Edl)anksagenAkñúgshKmn_Exµr. RBHGgÁEtgEtnimnþ
ecjedIrCaRbcaMéf¶ BYkekµg²EdlenAEk,renaHnaMKñaedIrtameRkayRBH
GgÁ edayesckþIsb,ayrIkray ehIy)ansURtFm’bYgsYgtamRBHGgÁ
fa {mþgmYyCMhan¡ CMhannimYy²CakarbYgsYg¡ CMhannimYy²
edIm,IsnþiPaB¡ } semþcRTg;)aneR)aHTwkmnþeTAelIBYkekµgEdlCiHkg
bnÞab;mkRBHGgÁyagRtLb;mkqan;sac;GaMgenAFøaesµAvij .
122
semþcmanGakar³QWcab;RBHkayCajwkjab; b:uEnþRBHGgÁmin)an
BieRKaHbBaðaenHCamYyGñkNaeT eRkAEtGMBIskmµPaBCaRbcaMéf¶ Edl
RBHGgÁ)anbMeBjCamYyRBHPRkþjjwmeBareBjedaysuPmgÁl RKamYy
semþcRTg;manRBHraCbnÞÚlfa³ {ragkayeRbobdUcCayan rfynþ
ynþehaH b¤eTacRkyan. eyIgeRbIragkayb:Eu nþeyIgminRtUvGnuBaØat
eGayragkayeRbIeyIgeLIy. RbsinebIeyIgRKb;RKgcit)þ anehIy
sUm,IEtenAeBlRbQmmuxnwgkarQWcukcab;kñúgragkay k¾citþ
enAEtPøWføa nigKitGVItambMNgEdr}.
enAéf¶T1I 2 Exmina qña2M 007 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;esay
RBHTivgÁtedays¶be; s¶óm kñgú RBHraCdMNak;rbs;RBHGgÁ naTIRkugLÚEv:l
rdæma:saCUsSit .
RbPB³
ÉksarenHTTYl)anGMBIRbB½næTMnak;TMngCabuKÁl karniTanxøI² blog karcgcaMCa
buKlÁ pSaytam Internet nigw karsEmþgnUvKuNanisgSRBHKuN dMNgw GMBkI aresayTivgÁt
énsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ.
123
124
sRmg;TsSn³
{snþiPaBGacseRmc)an}
)avcnarbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
***
TukçevTnarbs;RbCaCnkm<úCamanTMhMFMeFgNas;
emIleXIjTukçevTnaenH naMeGaymanmhakruNa
mhakruNa naMeGaymancitþs¶b;
citþs¶b; naMeGaybuKÁlsuxsanþ
buKÁlsuxsanþ naMeGayRKYsarsuxsanþ
RKYsarsuxsanþ naMeGayshKmn_suxsanþ
shKmn_suxsanþ naMeGayCatisuxsanþ
Catisuxsanþ naMeGayBiPBelaksuxsanþ.
sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;)anrs;enAkñúgsnþiPaB suPmgÁlterogeTA.
***
125
{karc,aMgKña nigkareFVsI RgÁamekItGMBeI laP³ eTas³ emah³ nigGviCa¢
snþPi aBekItGMBsI li smaFi bBaØa rYmTaMgsc©slI PaB nigktBaØtú aFm’
sÁal;sc©³naMeGayrlt;elaP³ ekItemtþanaMeGayrlt;eTas³
ekItbBaØanaMeGayrlt;GviC¢a
karrMedaHxøÜnBIcm,aMg ekItGMBIkarrkSasIl }
[ Hughes qñaM 1998 ]
***
eTas³CaGñksMlab;
BMumansRtUvÉNasMlab;GñkeT KW eTas³enHeTEdlsMlab;Gñk
***
{kñúgmYyCIvitrbs;RBHGgÁ
RBHBuTæEtgEtBnül;dl;sav½keGayKaMRTsnþiPaBnigsiTæimnusS.
eyIgRtUveronykeGay)aneRcInnUvrebobenHtamRBHGgÁ.
siTæicab;epþImekIteLIgenAeBlmnusSmñak;²køayCaPatrPaBniwgKña
nigecHEtEfrkSakarBarKña edayesµaHRtg;bMput.
CnCatikm<úCa)anCYyCIVs ehIyCVIs)anCYyGaRhiVka
GaRhVika)anCYyCatisasn_déTeTot.
eyIgTaMgGs;Kña)ankøayeTACaGñkbMerIKñaeTAvijeTAmk>>>
126
snþiPaBBitR)akdminRbkan;xageCIg - xagt,Úg - xaglic -
xagekIt eLIy.
km<úCaEdlnwgmansnþiPaBRKb;RKan;
RtUvtaMgenAy:agCitsñiTæCamYyRbeTsCitxagTaMgGs;.
snþiPaBCaGhigSa.
dUecñH eyIgCaCnCatikm<úCaRtUvEtmanGhigSacMeBaHCnCatiTaMg
Gs;elIBiPBelak enAeBleyIgksagRbeTseyIgeLIgvij.
snþiPaB)anmkBImUldæanBIry:agKW yutþiFm’ nigesrIPaB }.
***
{sUmkMuts‘UCamYymnusSCati
RtUvts‘UCamYyrcnasm<½næ b¤lkç½NÐEdleFVIeGaymnusSc,aMgKña }
***
{buKÁlEdlminmanesckþIsux eTaHbIkMBugCYbkarlM)ak
CakarRbesIrbuKÁlenaHminRtUv)at;stieT}
***
127
{ etIRBHBuTæsasnaGaceFVIGVIeGayFUres,Iy
nUvmuxrbYsBiPBelak)andUcemþcxøH? etIRBHBuuTæ
RTg;beRgonGVxI Hø EdleyIgGacdkykmkeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVeI GayFUres,Iy
nigRbesIreLIgeEfmeTot dl;mnusSCati.
skmµPaBd¾køahanbMputmYyrbs;RBHBuTæ
KWRTg;nimnþyagcUleTAkan;smrPUmi edIm,IbBa©b;nUvCemøaH.
RBHGgÁminKg;enAkñúgvtþ rg;caMsRtUvTaMgLaycUleTArkeLIy.
RBHGgÁRTg;nimnþcUleTAkan;smrPUmi edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaH.
eyIgCaBuTæsasnik
RtUvEsVgrkesckþIkøahanedayecjBIvtþrbs;eyIg
ehIycUleTAkan;vtþ BiesaFn_mYyeToténmnusSCati
KWvtþeBareBjeTAedayesckþITukç. RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuTæ
RBHRKwsþ b¤KnæIeyIgminGaceFVIGVIeToteT. CMrMuePosxøÜn CMrMuePossik
BnænaKa tMbn;GñkTITal;Rkrs;enA
GBa©wgsmrPUminigkøayCavtþrbs;eyIg.
eyIgmankargareRcInNas;EdlRtUveFVI }.
***
128
´minq¶l;eTcMeBaHkarRsLaj;GñkCiHCan;eFVI)abeK - CnCati
km<úCaRsLaj;ExµrRkhm -RbEhlCamanGakb,kiriyad¾lM)akbMput
edIm,IsMerc b:uEnþbBaðaenHCac,ab;sMrab;TMnak;TMngCaskl.
kMhwgnigkarsgswk EtgekItmansarcuHsareLIgCabnþ
bnÞab;minQb;QreLIy. karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfa
cuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym niglkç½NÐeLIy
b:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg
vamann½yfaeyIgemIlxøÜneyIgeGayeXIjc,as;enAkñúgsRtUv
sRtUvKWGVI sRtUvKWsBVstVTaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgemahPaB.
ehIyxøÜneyIgpÞal;k¾Caemah³énerOgra:vCaeRcInEdr.
ehtuenHmanEtemtþaRBhµvihar nigstiEdl)anp©itp©g;
RtwmRtUvehIyeT eTIbGacerIxøÜnecj)an.
***
129
GñkdwknaMsasnaCaeRcIn)aneRbonRbedAdl;sav½krbs;eK
nUvmeFüa)ayEtmYyKt;KW {karrYccakTukç}.
´sþab;edayjjwm Et´minÉkPaBCamYyeT.
CagBIrBan;qñaMknøgmkehIy
RBHsmµasm<úTæbrmRKURTg;)ansMEdgFmµeTsnadl;sav½krbs;
RBHGgÁeQµaHkaLamfa ³ kMuGaleCOGVIgay²eBk edayyl;fa
erOgenaHRKUrbs;Gñk)anbeRgonmky:agenHy:agenaH
b¤¤k¾kMusMGagfacarenAkñúgkm<IrenH Km<IrenaHeLIy.
kMGu aleCO edayRKan;EteXIjmnusSPaKeRcIneCO {eCOtamKñaµ }.
kMuGaleCO edaysMGagfabuBVbursrbs;xøÜnFøab;eCOBImunmk.
cUreCOnigGnuvtþnUvGVIEdlGñkyl;eXIjfaBitenAcMeBaHmuxGñk.
***
manmnusSmYycMnYn)ansYrsemþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞfa
{ etImnusSsmBaØFmµtaGackøayeTACaGñkksagsnþPi aBedayrebobNa?}
semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞmanRBHraCbnÞÚlfa
{sUmEfrkSaxøÜnGñk sUmceRmInkruNaFm’ecjBIkñúgxøÜnGñk
sUmceRmInemtþaFm’ecjBIkñúgxøÜnGñk bnÞab;mkGñkkøayCa
GñkksagsnþiPaB. snþiPaBcab;epþImBIbuKÁl}
***
130
mnusSCati
kñgú mYyCIvti rbs;RBHGgÁ RBHBuTEæ tgEtBnül;dl;sav½keGayKaMRT

snþiPaB nigsiTæimnusS. eyIgRtUveronykeGay)aneRcInnUvrebobenH
tamRBHGgÁ.
siTciæ ab;epþmI ekIteLIgenAeBlmnusSmñak;²køayCaPatrPaBnigw Kña
nigecHEfrkSakarBarKña edayesµaHRtg;bMput. CnCatikm<úCa)anCYy
CVIs ehIyCIVs)anCYyGaRhVik GaRhVika)anCYyCatisasn_déTeTot.
eyIgTaMgGs;Kña)ankøayeTACaGñkbMerIKñaeTAvijeTAmk.
sUm,IenAkñgú RbeTsrbs;e´ ebIRbCaCnkm<Cú aenAmankareKarBsiTiæ
RbeTsevotNam éf cin RbeTsTaMgenHk¾enAeKarBsiTi kiæ m<Cú avijEdr.
enAeBleyIgsuxcitRþ BmTTYlfa eyIgCaEpñkmYyénmhavgSRtkUl
mnusSCati. ral;bru s RsþRI Kb;rbU suTEæ tmanBuTtæ HV -RKWstþ HV -GaLastVH
dUecñH eyIgKYrGgÁyú CECkKña rkmeFüa)ayksagsnþPi aBCUnmnusSCati
eGayeBareBjedayEpøpáa.
´sUmbYgsYgeGayeyIgTaMgGs;Kña)ansMercnUvsnþiPaBGs;mYy
CIvit ehIyCYyeRsacRsg;stVelakTaMgGs;eGayrYccakTukç.
karksagsnþPi aBKWenAkñgú cit.þ eyIgksagsnþPi aBRtUvEtCYbCMKu añ
eGay)anjwkjab;tamlTæPaBEdlGac edIm,IbNþHú snþPi aBeGayekIt
kñúgxøÜneyIg RbeTseyIg-BiPBelakTaMgmUl.
131
snþPi aBBitR)akdminRbkan;xageCIg-xagt,Úg-xagelic-xagekIt
eLIy.
km<Cú aEdlnwgmansnþPi aBRKb;RKan; RtUvtaMgenAy:agCitsñTi Cæ amYy
RbeTsCitxagTaMgGs;. snþPi aBCaGhigSa dUecñH eyIgCaCnCatikm<Cú a
RtUvEtmanGhigSacMeBaHCnCatiTaMgGs;elIBiPBelak enAeBleyIg
ksagRbeTseyIgeLIgvij. snþiPaB)anmkBImUldæanBIry:ag KW
yutþiFm’ nigesrIPaB.
kareFVdI eM NIrrbs;eyIgsMrab;snþPi aB RtUvcab;epþmI BIéf¶enHteTA nig
ral;²éf¶ karksagsnþPi aBTukCaGayuCvI ti rbs;eyIg. eyIgsUmGeBa¢jI
RbCaCnenACMuvijBiPBelakcUlrYmdMeNIrCamYyeyIg. eyIgksag
snþiPaBcMeBaHxøÜneyIg-RbeTseyIg nigBiPBelakTaMgmUl.
kñgú qñaM 1981 GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anebIksnñsi Ti mYy edIm,ICECk
BIGnaKténRbeTskm<Cú a. enAeBlenaH eyIgk¾)anR)arBVeFVBI Fi bI N u ümYy
edIm,IsnþPi aB. enAeBlbBa©bB; Fi bI N
u ü GñkdwknaMExµrRkhmmñak;)anmk
CYb´kñúgkþIRby½tñbMput. eKsMueGay´mkkan;RbeTséf edIm,Iksagvtþ
tamRBMEdn. ´)anR)ab;eTAeKvijfa ńwgmk.
mnusSCaeRcIn)anKitfa {GIy:a ¡ semþckMBugmanRBHbnÞÚlCamYy
sRtUv¡ semþcCYysRtUv¡ etIsemþcyl;y:agdUemþchñ¡+ } ´)anBnül;
R)ab;BYkeKfa ³ {emtþaRBhµvihar EtgeGabRkesabsBVstVTaMgGs;
eTaHbIsBVstVTaMgenaHmancitþéføfñÚrefakTabl¥ b¤GaRkk;.
emtþaRBhµviharenH EtgeGabRkesab b¤pSayedayÉkÉgeTArk
sBVstVEdlmancitþéføfñÚr nigcitþl¥. citþKMnitEdlxVHesckþIsuxk¾rab;
132
bBa¢lÚ kñgú rebobenHEdr BIeRBaHeKd¾RtUvkarnUvemtþaFm’enAkñgú xønÜ eKdUc²
Kña. RKab;BCU énGMeBIlG¥ acsøab;bx¤ cU )anedayGMeBIGaRkk;. GMeBIlm¥ ni Gac
rIkduHdaleLIy)an edayRtwmEtEtsMdRI tCak;EtxVHkruNaFm’ enaHeLIy.
KnæmI anRbsasn_fa {Canick© al Kat;)ansMercsMrlY rYceRscehIy}.
Kat;)anbEnßmeTotfa {BIeRkayGshRbtibtþki arrbs;ÉtgEtmansuqnÞH
d¾mutmaMbMput edIm,IeFVIshRbtibtþikar/ enAkñúgGnþerakaltictYcNas;
sUm,ICamYysRtUvd¾eXaeXA/ cMeBaH´mansikPaBGsuRkitéRkElg Edl
Føab;manenAkñgú esckþRI tUvkarnUvPaBsmrmüénkayvikarrbs;RBHCam©as;
eTaHbIenAkñgú esckþRI tUvkar RBHFm’kK¾ aµ nnrNaecjputBIsN M ageLIy}
´minq¶le; TcMeBaHkarRsLaj;Gkñ CiHCan;eFV)I abeK. CnCatikm<Cú a
RsLaj;ExµrRkhm - RbEhlCamanGakb,kiriyad¾lM)akbMput edIm,I
sMerc b:uEnþbBaðaenHCac,ab;sMrab;TMnak;TMngCaskl. kMhwgniwgkar
sgswk EtgekItmansarcuHeLIgCabnþbnÞab;minQb;QreLIy.
karpSHpSaminEmnmann½yfa cuHcaj;PaBR)akdniym niglkçN ½ eÐ LIy
b:uEnþeyIgeRbIemtþaFm’ral;kic©crcaTaMgGs;rbs;eyIg. vamann½yfa
eyIgemIlxøÜneyIgeGayeXIjc,as;enAkñúgsRtUv. sRtUvKWGVI sRtUvKW
sBVstVTaMgGs;EdlenAkñgú emahPaB. ehIyxønÜ eyIgpÞal;kC¾ aemah³
énerOgra:vCaeRcInEdr. ehtuenH manEtemtþaRBhµvhi arnigsti Edl)an
p©itp©g;RtwmRtUvehIyeT eTIbGacerIxøÜnecj)an.
mhatµHKnæI manRbsasn_fa {GñkRtUvbegáIGhigSaeGay)aneRcIn
kñúgCIvitrbs;Gñk kalNaGñkbegáIt)aneRcInehIyRtUvrkSavaTukeGay
)anl¥ nigcmøgvaeTAGñkÉeTot EdlenACMvu ji Gñk minyUeTvanigw raldal
133
BaseBjBiPBelak)an¡}. eyIgCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñgú karerIxnÜø ecjBI
esckþITukç ehIyEsVgrkesckþIsuxsMrab;xøÜneyIgpÞal; edaybric©arkic©
rbs;eyIg. eyIgRtUvEsVgrkpøÚvedIm,IeFVIkaredaHRsay. bric©arkic©Kµan
GVeI RkABIeyIgmanemtþacMeBaHsBVstVTaMgGs; ehIynigw karelIkTwkcitþ
edayykemah³mkemIledayBnøWePøIgKIbBaØaeLIy.
GVIEdleyIgFøab;ehAfa Gtþa b¤ xøÜn enaHtamkarBitminEmnTal;
EtesaH manEtRtwmehtu nigbc©y½ b:eu NaÑH. dUecñHkarts‘cU eM BaHxønÜ eyIg
nigGñkÉeTotKWCakar\tRbeyaCn_. bNÐitCn GñkmanbBaØa )ansÁal;
c,as; b¤sKlénCemøaHTaMgGs;enHecjmkBIcti .þ C½yCMnHbegátI eLIg
nUvKMn.uM braC½ybegátI eLIgnUvTukeç TamnsS bNÐti CnrEmgminR)afñaTaMg
C½yCMnH TaMgbraC½y. eyIgGacp©aj;GtþTtßPaBedayGavuFKW sb,úrs
Fm’. p©aj;GviCa¢ edayGavuFKWbBaØa. p©aj;sGM b;edayGavuFKWemtþaFm’.
RBHBuTRæ Tg;sEmþgfa {eBlNaeKeFVGI eM BIGaRkk;dl;eyIg RtUvCMnHnUvkar
Gak;Gn;RsBn;cti eþ naHecj ehIyeBalfa {citrþ bs;GatµaGj minRtUvman
karesAhµgRtwmEtehtukarN_enaH²eLIy}. GatµaGjminGnuBaØat
eGayprusvacaNamYy sUm,IEtmYyma:t;pusecjBIbbUrmat;GatµaGj
eLIy. GatµaGj nwgrkSanUvsb,úrsFm’ vsSasPaB RBmTaMgKMnti Rbkb
edayemtþaFm’ nigminmanButt,úGaRkk;eLIy. snþPi aBepþmI ecjmkBI
kñgú citþ BitNas;¡ eyIgnwgsMEdgecjnUvemtþaFm’ceM BaHsBVstVTaMgGs;
sUm,IEtGñkCiHCan;sgát;sgáineKk¾eday.
bnÞab;BIemahnækard¾exµAggwtknøgputeTA eyIg)aneXIjnUvBnøI
snþiPaBkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. eyIgTaMgGs;KñasUmsMEdgnUvktþBaØÚtaFm’
134
y:agRCaleRCAcMeBaHRBHmhakruNaTiKuN nwgrsµIénkarRtas;dwgrbs;
RBHsmµasm<úTæbrmRKUCaGm©as; EdlRBHGgÁRTg;)anbMPøWdl;stVnikr
eGayeXIjnUvBnøWsnþiPaB samKÁIPaB nigbBaØaedaypÞal;RBHGgÁÉg.
eyIgbYgsYgsUmeGaymansamKÁIPaB nigTwkcitþesµaHRtg;ekIteLIg
kñgú karpSHpSaKñatammCÄwmbdibTasßti enARKb;karRbCMBu Pi akSarbs;Gkñ
dwknaMkm<úCa.
eyIgEsVgrkemeron nigbeRgonnUvkarsÞat;CMnajbiunRbsb;Edl
naMeGayekItsnþiPaB. ebIeyIgrs;enAkñúgRBHFm’ esckþIs¶b;nwg)anrIk
lUtlas;dHu daleLIgkñgú citrþ bs;eyIg ehIyeyIgnwgbegátI nUvkarsÞat;
CMnajxageRkA edIm,IksagsnþiPaBmYyBitR)akdCamYysnþiPavkr
TaMgGs;Edl)anmkBIRKb;sasnakñgú BiPBelak eyIgminsuxcitTþ TYl
C½yCMnHeT eyIgsuxcitþTTYlykEtsnþiPaBmYyb:ueNaÑH ehIyeyIgk¾
minRtUvkarkitþiys-yss½kþi b¤kitþis½BÞpÞal;xøÜneLIy emtþamanenAkñúg
citþeyIgTaMgGs;Kña sUmemtþasþab;edayykcitþTukdak;cuHsnþiPaB
kMBuglUtlas;duHdalenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCasnSwm² mþgmYyCMhan¡
mþgmYyCMhan¡ Step by Step .
BuTæsasnikCaeRcInkMBugTTYlrgTukçevTnaenATIeb-km<úCa-Lav-
PUma-evotNam ehIyenARKb;TIkEnøgeTot. erOgsMxan;bMput eyIgCa
BuTæsasnik RtUvxitxMbegáIteLIgeTotnUvkarrMedaHTwkcitþmnusSCati
RKb;Catisasn_. eyIgeRbIekr×mþ rtksasnarbs;eyIgeGaydUcCavtßmú an
tMélRbcaMCIvit.
135
{ etIRBHBuTæsasnaGaceFVIGVIeGayFUres,IynUvmuxrbYsBiPBelak
)andUcemþcxøH? etIRBHBuTu Ræ Tg;beRgonGVxI Hø EdleyIgGacdkykmkeRbI
R)as; edIm,IeFVeI GayFUres,IynigRbesIreLIgeEfmeToteTotdl;mnusS
Cati. skmµPaBd¾kaø hanbMptu mYyrbs;RBHBuTæ KWRTg;nmi nþyagcUleTA
kan;smrPUmei dIm,IbBa©bn; vU CemøaH. RBHGgÁmni Kg;enAkñgú vtþ rg;caMsRtUv
TaMgLaycUleTArkeLIy. RBHGgÁRTg;nmi nþclU eTAkan;smrPUmi edIm,I
edaHRsayCemøaH enAbc©wmRbeTs)anehAbBaðaenHfa ¬dMeNaHRsay
CemøaH¦. etIeyIgedaHRsayCemøaHy:agdUemþc? edayRKab;kaMePøgI b¤kt¾ s‘U
edaykmøaM)ay? etIkarpSHpSaBitR)akdmann½ydUemþc? mhatµHKnæI
manRbsasn_fa ¬skmµPaBGhigSamansarsMxan;bMput¦.
kñgú karEsVgrk nigdak;cHu nUvkarbBa©bb; dibkçPaB. KµanKUrbdibkçeT
bBaðaenHmansarsMxan;Nas; eyIgeKarBbc©amiRt eyIgTukcitTþ aMgRsug
cMeBaHmnusStVHrbs;Gs;elak-Gñknag nigyl;c,as;nUvCm¶WcitþEdl
ekItecjBIemahH. RbesIrbMptu RtUvmanemtþadl;Kañ nigKña. eyIgTaMgBIr
¬burs-RsþI¦ mansuqnÞ³cMeBaHsnþiPaB. eyIgTaMgBIrRtUvkøayCaGñk
ksagsnþiPaB. KnæI)anehAbBaðaenHfa ¬C½yCMnH]PetaPaKI¦
eyIgCaBuTæsasnik RtUvEsVgrkesckþIkøahanedayecjBIvtþrbs;
eyIg ehIycUleTAkan;vtþBei saFn_myY eToténmnusSCati KWvtþeBaeBj
eTAedayesckþTI ku .ç RbsinebIeyIgsþab;RBHBuTæ RBHRKwsþ b¤KnæI eyIgmin
GaceFVGI eIV ToteT. CMreuM PosxønÜ CMreuM Possik BnænaKar tMbn;Gkñ TITal;Rk
rs;enAGBa©wgsmrPUminigkøayCavtþrbs;eyIg. eyIgmankargareRcIn
Nas;EdlRtUveFVI .
136
bBaðaenHnwgpøas;bþÚrsnSwm²cMeBaHmnusSPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAEt
kñúgGasIuGs;mYyCIvit Føab;)aneronsURtnigBwgEp¥keTAelIRBHsgÇCa
TMenomTmøab;. Cnkm<Cú aCaeRcInnak;)anR)ab;´fa ¬semþc¡ kmµsTi riæ bs;
RBHsgÇKWRtUvKg;enAkñgú vtþeTetI¦ vaBi)akNas;srM ab;BkY eK edIm,Iéllk
sMrHu sMrlY eGayRtUvcMeBaHnaTIfeIµ nH. b:Eu nþeyIgCaRBHsgÇRtUveqøyI tb
fakarERskyMBk£ an;EtxøagM eLIgeRBaHTukeç vTna. eyIgRtUvcgcaMfa vtþrbs;
eyIgenACamYyCanic© vtþenAkñúgxøÜneyIg.
137
edImeBaFi
RBHraCsnÞrkfakñúg»kasGnusSrNBiFIén
mUlniFisnþiPaBnIva:NU
kargarrbs;eyIgCakargarRBHFm’rbs;RBHBuT.æ karRtas;dgw rbs;

RBHBuTæCaGm©as;eRbobeFobCamYyedImeBaFi. RBHBuTæGgÁ)anRtas;dwg
Gnutrþ smµasem<aFiBaØaNenAeRkamedImeBaFienH. rukCç atienHman b¤s-
Emk-søwk-páa nigEpø.
rukçCatienH³ RBHBuTæGgÁ)anRtas;dwgeRkamrukçCatienHEdlman
b¤s-edIm-søwk nigEpø.
Epø KWCacturaGriysc©³Casc©³d¾RbesIrEdlsEmþgGMBTI ku -ç ehtunaM
»üekItTuk-ç esckþrI lM t;Tku ç nigw maKa’rlM t;Tku tç ammCÄwmbdibTa. enHKWCa
Epøpaá énedImeBaFi. RBHBuTRæ Tg;sEmþgfa {tfaKtbeRgoncturaGriysc©³
eTAbuKÁlNaEdlsÁal;GMBIevTnanubsSna KWCaR)aCJaEdlBicarNa
eXIjfa bBa©kçnæCaevTna. enaHKWCaTukçEdlmaneQµaHfaevTna.
suxevTna KWkarTTYlGarmµNC_ asuxCaFm’ Gcic.M© Tukeç vTnaCakarTTYl
GarmµN_CaTukç. ]ebkçaevTna CaTukçEdlekItGMBIGviC¢aCaedImehtu nig
bc©y½ . kareRbonRbedArbs;RBHBuTbæ rmRKU CaEpø páa edImeBaFi karRtas;dgw
EdlrYbbBa©lÚ KñaeTACakarTTYlnUvGarmµNC_ aevTna. evTnaTaMgGs;Ca
Gnic©M {mineTog }. evTnaRbRBwtþtamkarTTYl GarmµN_CaesamnsS
138
CaeTasmnsS b¤CaGarmµNG_ Büakt³. enHehIyKWCaTukeç kItGMBGI viCa¢ .
eyIgTTYlTan)ay eyIgTTYlGarmµN_Casux b:uEnþminyUrb:unµan
eyIgRtUvcUlbgÁn; enHCaGarmµNe_ TamnsS enHCaTuk.ç karTTYlGarmµN_
CaeTamnsS enHKWCaTuk.ç GarmµNG_ Büakt³Ca smasFatuCamYyGVEI dl
minR)akd b¤mni dac;eRscCamYyerOgepSgeTot enHKWCaTuk.ç RBHBuTCæ a
Gm©as;eRbonRbedAGMBcI turaGriysc©³eTAbuKlÁ NaEdlsÁal;GBM eI vTna
enH. GV²I TaMgGs;mankarTMnak;TnM gKña. evTnamYyCYbCamYyevTnamYy
eTotenHKWCaTukç. edIm,IbBa©b;Tukç KWRtUvbBa©b;evTnaedaykarPavna
ceRmIinstii CaesckþIrlt;Tukç ¬nieraF¦. enHKWCaEpøpþaénedImeBaFi.
Emkrbs;edImeBaFibeRgoneyIgeGaydwgfaGVI²TaMgGs;enAkñúg
CIvti suTEæ tecjmkBIehtu-bc©y½ KWCabdic©smub,aT. GV²I ekItecjmk
GMBIehtu b¤bc©½y. GVI²rlt;mkGMBIehtunaMeGayrlt;. evTnamkGMBI
ehtueGayekItevTna. RbsinebIcg;rlM t;evTna RtUvrMlt;tNða KWCakar
rMlt;Tukç.
søkw nigpáa rbs;edImeBaFiKeW BaFibkçyi Fm’TaMgsamsibR)aMBrI Rbkar
EdlCaeRKOgeFVIeGayeyIg)anRtas;dwgnUvRBHniBaVn kñúgenaHman
stibdæan4 smb,Fan4 \Tæi)aTFm’4 \RTiÞy5 Bl³5 eBaCÄgÁ7
GdægÁimKÁ8 rYmTaMgGs;mkpþúMKñaenARtwmevTna.
dUecñH søwk nigpáarbs;edImeBaFirYmTaMgGs;KWCaevTna. cab;epþImBI
psS³evTna.
b¤srbs;edImeBaFiKCW abc©y½ 6³-elaP³-eTas³-GviCa¢ -GelaP³-
GeTas³-manviCa¢ . b¤sTaMgGs;RbmUlpþeMú nAkñgú evTna. RbsinebIeyIg
139
GacRKb;RKgevTna eyIgbþÚrbc©½yTaMgenHeGayeTACaR)aCJasRmab;
Rtas;dwgnUvRBHniBaVn¡
rMlt;elaP³ eTas³ nigGviCa¢ naMeGayekItsb,úrsFm’ emtþaFm’ nig
bBaØa.
elaP³eRbobdUcCaman;eQµal. kammucaä nigelaP³ekItGMBeI sam-
nsSevTna. enAeBleyIgeFVsI maFi eyIgeXIjesamsnSevTnaGENþt
nwgrlt;RKb;xN³. eyIgGacrMlt;vaenARtwmEPñkRtecok RcmuH GNþat
kaynigcitþ bnÞab;mkbBaØa nigemtþaFm’cab;epþImduHlUtlas;eLIg.
KuNsm,tþéi nelaP³ ¬esamnsSevTna¦-eTas³ ¬eTamnsSevna¦
nwgGviCa¢ ¬GBüaktevTna¦- sil-smaFi-bBaØa-sb,úrsFm’-emtþaFm’
nwgbBaØa manTMnak;TnM gCamYyesamnsS eTamnsS nigGBüaktevTna.
kalNarlt;elaP³ eTas³ nigGviCa¢ naMeGayekItsb,úrsFm’ emtþaFm’
nigbBaØa.
tYredImeBaFiKWxnæR)aM manrUb-evTna-sBaØa-sgçar nigviBaØaN
EdlGacbMRBYjmkeGayxøI enAEtBIrKW nam nig rUb. x½næR)aMCaTasa
TasIrbs;evTna nigTukCacugePAsMrab;erobcMmbÚð GahareGayevTnasI.u
evTnamanmat;TaMgGs;6 KWEPñk-Rtecok-RcmuH-GNþat-kay nigmena.
evTnasIurUbtamry³EPñk. esamnsSrUb esñIniwgesamnsSevTna.
eTamnsSrUb esñInwgeTamnsSevTna. KµanviBaØaNrUbesñInwgGBüakt
evTna. esamnsSBaküsMdI b¤semøgesñnI gw esamnsSevTna. eTamnsS
BaküsmþI b£semøgesñnI gw eTamnsSevTna. KµanviBaØaNCamYyBaküsmþI
b¤semøg esñInwgGBüaktevTna. esamnsSkiøn esñInwgesamnsS
140
evTna. eTamnsSkøinesñInigeTamnsSevTna. KµanviBaØaNCamYykøin
esñnI gwi GBüaktevTna. ¬dUcKñaCamYynigw karb:H b¤karBal; kareRkbrsCati
nigKMnit¦
RBHBuTGæ gÁ)anRtas;dgw Gnutrþ smµasem<aFiBaØaNtamry³ Gna)a-
nusSti ¬stienAelIdegðIm¦. etIRBHBuTæGgÁCanrNa? KWCaGgÁénkar
Rtas;dgw edaysti nigdegðmI EdlRBHGgÁ)anRsavRCavravrkelakutrþ Fm’
enHGs;ry³eBl 6 qña.M kareRbobeFobCamYykarTTYlGarmµN_ CamYy
rsCati ´TTYlTanGaharenHmkGMBI´Xøan b¤´TTYlGaharenHeGay
)aneRcInedIm,IbBa©bk; arXøan TaMgBIrenHCaTukç krNIenHmansc©³PaBén
TukçdUcKña.
mena KWCamat;EdlmanTMhFM GM s©arü ¬Gaytn³TaMg 6¦. KMnti l¥
esñInwgesamnsSevTna. KMnitGaRkk;esñIniwgeTamnsSevTna. karmin
ykTukdak;CamYyKMnti esñnI gw GBüaktevTna. evTna eRbobdUcCaExSGat;
EdlGat;semøgGVI²TaMgGs;qøgtamGaytn³6. evTnamanmat;TaMg
Gs; 6 EdlsuIGVI²edayminerIs. evTnasIuGVIkøayCaevTnaEbbenaH.
eyIgsuGI mIV yY eyIgkøayCaGVmI yY . eyIgsIBu Pi Belak eyIgkøayCaBiPB
elak. RbsinebIeyIgyl;c,as;GBM cI N M cu enH EdlbBa¢ak;GBM kI areRbon
RbedArbs;RBHBuTæ.
eyIgmanBiPBelakBIr KWBPi Belakxagkñgú nigBiPBelakxageRkA.
BiPBelakxagkñgú manmat; 6 ehAfaGaytn³xagkñgú KW 1-ckçúytn³
2-esatytn³ 3-Civðytn³ 4-Xanaytn³ 5-kayaytn³ 6-
mnayatn³. BiPBelakxageRkAman 6 ehAfaGaytn³ xageRkAKW
141
1-rU)aytn³ 2-sTÞaytn³ 3-Knæaytn³ 4-rsaytn³ 5-
epadæBaVytn³ 6-Fmµaytn³. eyIgsuIGVImYy eyIgkøayCaGVImYy-
\LÚveyIgsIuRBHFm’ eyIgnwgkøayCaRBHBuTæ.
142
snþiPaBminGacekIteLIg)aneT
drabNaenAmanRKab;mIn
eyIgeFVIkarbYgsYgedIm,IsnþiPaB nigedIm,IBiPBelakmYyEdlKµan
RKab;mIn. eyIgdwgehIyfa snþiPaBminGacekIteLIg)aneT drabNa
enAmanRKab;mIn. edIm,I)ansnþiPaB eyIgRtUvnaMKñaedaHmInEdkbgáb;
enAkñúgcitþrbs;eyIg CamInEdlraraMugeyIgBIkarksagsnþiPaB.
mInEdlenAkñúgcitþenaHKW elaP³ eTas³ emah³. eyIgRtUvRbqaMg
CamYyeTas³ edayGavuFemtþakruNaFm’ eyIgRtUvRbqaMgCamYyelaP³
edayGavuFsb,úrsFm’ eyIgRtUvRbqaMgemah³edayGavuFbBaØa.
snþPi aBcab;epþmI CamYyeyIg. karksagsnþPi aBRtUvkarkruNaFm’
nigkarsÞat;CMnajkñúgkarsþab;. enAeBleyIgsþab;mnusSEdlplit
lk; dak;mIn BYkeKnwgTukcitþeyIg ehIyeKnwgsþab;GMBIesckþITukç
y:agFMeFgrbs;eyIgEdlbNþalmkGMBmI nI . erOgenHekIteLIgGaRs½y
EteyIgsþab;BYkeK ehIyBYkeKniwgsþab;eyIgvij.
eyIgRtUvsþab;Gkñ BikaredaysarRKab;mnI pgEdr. eyIgsþab;eday
emtþaFm’ minEmnedaykarGaNiteT. eyIgRtUvbNþúHemtþaFm’cMeBaH
bgb¥nÚ RbusRsIrbs;eyIgEdlCaCnBikar eRbobdUcmþayrkSakUntUcCaTI
RsLaj;rbs;nag . BiPBelakenHCapÞHrbs;eyIg ehIymnusSTaMgGs;
Cabgb¥ÚnKña. krNIykic©rbs;eyIg RtUvmankruNaFm’ karBar niwgbMerI
BYkeK. eBlNaeyIgedaHmInGs;BIkñúgxøÜnrbs;eyIg eFVIeGaypÞHrbs;
143
eyIgmansuvtþPi aBsMrab;karGaRs½yenA eRbobdUcCa eyIg)ankarBarbg
b¥ÚnRbusRsI «Bukmþay nigkUnecArbs;eyIgEdr.
eyIgRtUvsEmþgnUvktBaØtÚ aFm’CnU cMeBaHGñkedaHmInenARbeTskm<Cú a
nigenAelIBPi Belak Edl)aneFVeI GayRbeTs nigBiPBelakrbs;eyIg
mansuvtþPi aBsMrab;mnusSCatiTaMgGs;. karksagsnþPi aBekItGMBsI ti.
eyIgRtUvEtsMercfakarksagsnþiPaBmansarsMxan;Cagkarplplit
karlk; kareRbIR)as;mnI . eyIgRtUvEtsMercRbtibtisþ ki aç bTTImyY Edl)an
hamXat;ral;karsmøab; b¤kardkhUtCIvit.
karsagsnþPi aBminRtUvkarKitBIxnÜø eT. karksagsnþPi aBRtUvkar
sÞat;CnM ajsBVkci k© ar nigshRbtibtþki arKWCaktþasMxan;. edIm,IbBa©bP; aB
eRKaHfñak;edaysarmIn eyIgTaMgGs;KñaRtUveFVIkarrYmKñaenAkñúgRbeTs
km<Cú a rYmCamYybgb¥nÚ rbs;eyIgenARbeTsGahVhaÁ nIsgþ ; RbeTsrUva:nd; a
RbeTsGtItyUehÁasøavI niwgenARKb;RbeTsTUTaMgBiPBelak.
karksagsnþiPaBRtUvkarbBaØa. snþiPaBKWCaEpñkmYyRtUv)an
eRCIserIsedayR)aCJajaN. vaminEmnCadMeNIrmYyEdlGt;eKaledA
enaHeT b:uEnþRtUveFVIdMeNIrmYyCMhanmþg¡ mYYyCMhanmþg¡ Step - by -
Step. eyIgsUmbYgsYgeGayekItbBaØa nigemtþaFm’sßitenACamYy
karBiPakSarbs;rdæaPi)al.
eyIgCaGñkksagsnþiPaB RKb;CMenOsasnaTaMgGs;ebþCJacMeBaH
buBVehtusnþiPaBral;éf¶. eyIgniwgbnþsMelogCMnajrbs;eyIgedIm,I
ksagsnþiPaB. eyIgniwgbnþbYgsYg eFVIdMeNIr nigeFVIskmµPaBedIm,I
snþPi aB edIm,IBPi BelakmYyKµanmInenATIenH nwgenATUTaMgBiPBelak.
144
sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;rYccakputBIP½y
sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;rYccakputBITukç
sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;)anrs;enAkñúgsnþiPaB terogeTA
RbPB³
sRmg;TsSn³ecjBIRBHraCbnÞlÚ rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞenAkñgú »kasEdlRBHGgÁ
)anEføgRBHraCsunrÞ kfa CaesckþEI føgkarN_enAkñgú evTikar b¤enAkñgú snñsi Ti epSg² rYmTaMg
karBiPakSaGMBIRBHFm’Edl)anGat;CasemøgEckcayeRkApøÚvkarN_ enAkñúgcMeNam
GñktamdEgðrRBHGgÁ. mYyEpñkeToténTsSn³TaMgenHmanenAkñúgesovePAénkarcMerIn
bBaØa nigkruNaFm’ mYyCMhanmþg Step by Step rbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
e)aHBumÖeday Parallax Press rYmTaMgRBHraCsunÞrkfarbs;RBHGgÁGMBImnusSCati
e)aHBumÖenA Gethsemane Encounter.
145
GñkCYy]btßmÖ³
esovePAenH)ane)aHBu m Ö e Rkamki c © C Y y ]mtß m Ö r bs; R BHRKU
siTæIFmµvietC/ RBHetCKuN RBHR)aya:d suvNÑqaRTI/ hat
saxmRsIb‘unma:r/ LaM kUtaLas;/ x½rpn/ fnpn/ ty dagcMerIn/
cak cg/ daM mUn/ Ny eFon/ KWmsux sImu / ma:n; Ng dg/ Cy
fn/ sÞvI nig s‘nu / ma:kc; y cnßa/ pan;Na fgés/ b‘UnTWm b‘UnTU/
Ly RsIubu‘nNa/ Rbg;FbI panTMuvNÑntI / vNÑ/I y:avva:er:t rYmCamYy
CUNafan; hVammW/ su‘gdWm sSIm)a/ su‘mCIt b‘uNÑavgS/ s‘Upapn
vtßnaRbIda/ pUR)aøb b‘Unéc/ km<úC rkçtþivgS/ savvl½kç RBhµma:/
nUpn g:ampn/ R)asWt mutaNa FunrkçrugS/ hiuntun vNÐI
rYmTaMgBuTæbris½TæExµrTaMgLayenATI RkugsIuGafl.
146
The Khmer translation of The Buddha in the Battlefield was
made possible through the generous donation of Pat Baars,
Brett Ballard, Josephine Barbour, Chanthou Boua, Margaret
Bywater, Catherine Cecil, Denise Coghlan, Beth Goldring, Thida
Butt Mam, Bob Maat, Laura McGrew, Ellen Minnotti, Eva
Mysliwiec, Jenny Pearson, Kathryn Poethig, and the following
organisations Alliance for Conflict Transformation, American
Friends Service Committee, Church World Service, Khmer
Ahmisa, Jesuit Refugee Service, and VBNK.
The book was translated by Thorng Kakada and design work

completed by Boonruang Song-ngam.
The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies coordinated the

translation, fund raising and distribution of the Khmer version
of The Buddha in the Battlefield as a contribution to the next
generation of Cambodia’s peace builders. Copies are available
at the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies or can be
downloaded from the website - www.centrepeaceconflict
studies.org
147
148
{snþiPaBGacseRmc)an}
)avcnarbs;semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ
***
TukçevTnarbs;RbCaCnkm<Cú amanTMhMFMeFgNas;
emIleXIjTukçevTnaenH naMeGaymanmhakruNa
mhakruNa naMeGaymancitþs¶b;
citþs¶b; naMeGaybuKÁlsuxsanþ
buKÁlsuxsanþ naMeGayRKYsarsuxsanþ
RKYsarsuxsanþ naMeGayshKmn_suxsanþ
shKmn_suxsanþ naMeGayCatisuxsanþ
Catisuxsanþ naMeGayBiPBelaksuxsanþ.
sUmsBVstVTaMgGs;)anrs;enAkñgú snþiPaB suPmgÁl
terogeTA.
***

Maha Ghosananda Buddha of Battlefield

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semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ

1> esckþIepþIm ................................................................ 5

kMeNIt nig kumarPaB

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anRbsUtenAqñaM 1929 kñúgRKYsar

ÉksarmYyeTotdkRsg;ecjBIGtßbTrbs;elak Ajahn Tate EdlsresrGMBrI gVgé; nkar

GñkRbvtþisaRsþmñak;eQµaHelak mIulfun GUsb‘n )anniyayfa

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;yageTAbMeBjviC¢aenA K>s 1930

kñúgqñaM 1953 RsbeBlRbeTskm<úCaTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMg

semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)anbBa©bk; arsikSafñak;bNÐti enA

Kathryn Poethig {dMeNIrqøgkat;FmµyaRtaenAkm<úCa} RbvtþisaRsþRBHBuTæsasna

kñúgqñaM 1994 FmµyaRtaelIkTI3)anR)arBVeFVIenAtMbn;PaKxag

Ex]sPa qñaM1995 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;)andwk

qñaM 1996 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manRBHT½yxVl;xVay

cab;BIqñaM2000 semþcRBHmhaeXasnnÞ RTg;manCraBaF.

kñgú mYyCIvti rbs;RBHGgÁ RBHBuTEæ tgEtBnül;dl;sav½keGayKaMRT

kargarrbs;eyIgCakargarRBHFm’rbs;RBHBuT.æ karRtas;dgw rbs;

The book was translated by Thorng Kakada and design work

The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies coordinated the

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