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Introduction :
Manpower planning is a technique of correcting the imbalances between manpower demand and
manpower supply in the economy. Such imbalances can cause either the problem of unemployment or
shortage of manpower. Both situation are dangerous and suicidal for the socioeconomic development of the
country.
Man power planning is defined by Vetter as :“the process by which management determines how
the organization should move from its current manpower position to its desired manpower position.”
Through planning, the management strives to have the right number and right kind of people , at right places,
at the right time, doing things which result in both the organization and the individual receiving maximum
long run benefit.
According to Gordon MacBeath, manpower planning involves two stages. The first stage is
concerned with the detailed “ planning of manpower requirement for all types and levels of employees
throughout the period of plan.,” and the second stage is concerned with “ the planning of manpower supplies
to provide the organization with the right type of people from all sources to meet the planned requirements.”
Staffing “Is a systematic approch to the problem of selecting , training , motivating and retaining
professional and non professional personnel in the organization ” Basavanthappa B.T
The selection of suitable candidates on the basis of their skill-set and requirements of the job is
known as manpower staffing.(Buzzle.com)
2. to see that the nursing component at the operational level is properly organized
3. to ensure optimum utilization of nursing services by avoiding non nursing duties to nursing
personnel
4. to provide a conducive environment for the professional development of the nursing personnel
Even though there are many benefits and uses of manpower planning , there are certain inherent
limitations of forecasting itself which makes manpower forecasting a tricky exercise. Thus manpower plans
suffer from inaccuracy as it is difficult to prepare long range forecasts accurately. Changes in economic
conditions , technology , marketing conditions and labor force conditions tend to make long range forecasts
unreliable. However, there is a greater danger in not for casting at all.
It is possible to a certain extent to predict with a reasonable degree of accuracy based on experience
the future vacancies resulting from retirements, deaths and resignations. However it is more difficult to
anticipate which particular member of the personnel will be required to be so replaced. It is also risky to take
action on general estimates of personnel requirements which are not specific enough. At times, lack of top
management’s support frustrates those in charge of man power planning.
Again , inaccuracies are caused when forecasts from several operating divisions are merely totaled
together without a critical scrutiny. Thus, the limitations arise both from the uncertainty of forecasting itself,
as well as at times from the methods used in manpower planning. However, with experience gained through
manpower planning over a period of years, it is possible to become more accurate, although manpower
management cannot yet lay claim to being a science.
1. Finding and selecting the right caliber and number of people required to perform the operations of the
organization involved
8. Management
organizational
planning and
development
Personnel
Staffing and
research and
training
review
Ingredients of
sound
Management/ manpower career
staff relations planning;- development
Fair, sound
and effective
Morale and terms of
motivation employment
Personnel
records
Manpower planning can be of two type: short term and long term
1) The step one is to identify the weak and strong incumbents. Weak incumbents are those whose skills
fall short of their job requirements. Similarly strong incumbents are those whose skills far exceed
their job requirements
2) The second step is to set the above anomalies right. In the case of weak incumbents this can be done
by:
3) the final step is to think of persons who can be additional charge of posts falling unexpectedly vacant
due to sudden death , resignation or transfer of the original incumbent
This planning is done to find a proper match between the future jobs and their future incumbents. The
steps involved are as follows:
1) The first step is to determine the requirements of man power for a particular period. this is done by
making forecasts. Forecasts of future manpower requirements can be made for a period of 2 to 5
years
2) The second step is to ascertain the existing number of rank and file workers in each section,
department and unit and to compare it with the requirement number. In case the required number is
more than the number required, the next step would be to consider how to get rid of the excess hands,
ie, whether through premature requirement or discharge or lay – off etc. In case of managerial
personnel, their existing number should be worked out for each of the following four categories:
• promotable
• not promotable
• about to retire
3) The final step is to determine the need for and the kind of training which must be given to the existing
and new employees.
1. Normative method:
Is the common detecting the manpower or support services . This is based on the norms
developed by the government or professional bodies which are to be used as guidelines in
determining the manpower requirement – qualitative and quantitative for an institution
This is based on the present and projected disease condition. Keeping in view the nature of
disease in the Community and the changes in disease pattern in future , the institution may plan the
health care services.
It is based on the financial and other resources available in the institution or programme. these
could be the change in the financial resources , physical resources , transport , equipment and other
related resources.
This method is based on the factor of Qualitative and Quantitative health care available in the
community . If there is large number of private practitioner available in another hospital of the
community , the nature of the service to be provided by the institution would be affected and there
by the quality and quantity of manpower required.
5. Population growth
It is based on the fact that to meet the growing demand of either through growth of
population or through the awareness of better health needs by the population , there is an increased
demand for health service.
It is based on the objectives and the commitment of institutions which would affect the
qualitative and quantitative aspect of manpower required.
Personnel strength
Recruitment
Manpower inventory
This involves taking an inventory of the existing personnel to compare what exists in stock
with what can be expected in stock at future dates
The expected loss situation can be evaluated in terms of retirement , transfer and other
causes such as death and disability
In good organization their own expected loss rates are estimated on the basis of their own
past experiences
In this way , the future vacancies or manpower needs of the organization can be
anticipated
The manpower forecast is thus concerned with anticipating the number of replacements
required by reasons of:
Resignations
Retirements
Deaths
Dismissal
Transfers and
Promotions
The four methods generally used to determine the requirements of personnel are:
Personnel strength
Hospital staff can be categorized as
☻ Medical
☻ Nursing
☻ Administration
☻ Paramedical
☻ Engineering
☻ Unskilled
The total number of staff can vary from 2-5 per bed, depending on the degree of care,
facilities provided and type of hospital such as maternity/ orthopedic/ infectious disease /
general hospital etc
☻ Listing each activity under specific heads such as pharmacy, laboratory, radiology, nursing,
administration etc
☻ Listing out job requirements to meet each activity. This will help in identifying the nature
of qualification / experience required
Recruitment
Once manpower requirement has been identified, the recruitment process can begin
According to Indian Medical Council , doctor – bed ratio is 1:5, but this is applicable
only to hospitals which are attached to the Medical colleges and where doctors are
required to participate in teaching programmes of Medical College
It is recommended that the doctor bed ratio should be 1:10 in general hospital
The ratio should be 1:3 according to the Indian Medical Council. Thus for every 100
beds and to cover a 24 –hour period , there should be 4 ward sisters and 30 staff – nurses;
and for fractions of 100 beds , the staff should increase in the proportion of 1 ward –
sister to 25 beds and 1 staff – nurse to 3 beds.
Medical 1 3
Surgical 1 3
Casualty 1 1
ICU 1 1
CCU 1 1
OBG 1 3
Labour room 1 3
Orthopedic 1 3
Special nursery 1 1
Keeping in view the quality of care required , one X- ray technician can do 5 IVP, or
2 myelographies or 3 hysterosalpingographies or 10 barium meal investigations or 2
carotid angiographies or 30 one – view X- rays, or 20 USG investigations or 5 CT scan
◊ 45 hematology or
◊ 50 urine analysis or
◊ 50 parasitology tests or
◊ 20 histopathology tests
v. Pharmacy :-
• One pharmacist can dispense medicine to 150 patients / day, which excludes placing
order with supplier, explaining the schedule of medicine to the patients.
vi. Laundry
• one laundry orderly can assist in washing the linen of 50- 60 beds
• The staff strength depends upon the number of medicated diets required , the
education programme, research work , and the type of requirement used in the
department
• However , one dietary staff member is required for approximately 15- 20 patients
• How ever , for a nursing unit , one sweeper for 10 beds is recommended
ix. Security :-
• The norm is that one security guard for every 20- 25 bed of a hospital
Associate professor 1 2
Lecturer 5 10
Total 22 28
Associate professor 1 3
Lecturer 5 7
Total 8 12
Annual intake
Lecturer 6
Total 28
Annual intake
Associate professor 5
Lecturer 7
Total 32
teacher student ratio: Basic and Post basic BSc nsg 1:10
1. Microbiology
2. Bio chemistry
3. Psychology
4. Nutrition
5. English
6. Computer
7. Hindi/ Any other language
b. Sources of recruitment:-
◊ News papers
◊ Other hospitals
◊ Unsolicited applications
◊ By word of mouth
◊ Professional journals
◊ Teaching institutions
◊ Internal circulation
d . Types of employment
◊ Temporary
◊ Apprenticeship
◊ Contract
◊ Probation
◊ Permanent
◊ Labour turn over as the words imply means the rate of change in the number of employees
◊ A high turn over is warning to the hospital authorities. Turnover may be due to the wrong
situation, low salary, poor working conditions etc.
◊ Some of the important factors which result in employees quitting their jobs are:
→ Low salary
→ Better prospects in other hospital
→ Transport problems
→ Housing problems
→ Marriage( female)
→ Further studies
→ Maltreatment of superiors
Manpower planning consist of studying job requirements and preparing job descriptions. The
requirement of each and every job must be thoroughly studied through job analysis.
Job analysis is the process of examining a job to identify its component parts and the circumstances in
which it is performed. This helps to obtain relevant information about the job.
Job information thus becomes the basis of many management activities. For instances, without it ,
recruitment become almost impossible, training would have no goal and no salary basis . It is therefore
necessary to collect important parts of a job which identify it and distinguish it from other job. Job information
help in many ways and more particularly for the following:
• Adequate recruitment
• Adequate training
• Fair appraisal
Job description it is thus necessary to provide good job description. A job description can be defined as
a written record of the duties , responsibilities and conditions of the job. The method which provide the
required data are :
• Observation of the employees while performing their work
The skills required at different job must be analysed in terms of the job description following the job
analysis. The skills required for the successful executives can be divided in to 4 types:
• Leadership skills
• Communication skills
1. To plan operations , delegate duties appropriately to his subordinates , and coordinate their work on a
day to day as well as long range basis to attain the objectives
2. To appreciate the changing conditions and trends affecting the work of his unit and the service it should
render
5. To stimulate , motivate and lead the subordinates with a view to secure their interested and willing
participation
7. To keep his subordinates and superiors informed about the work of his unit
The skills required of an executive can also be classified as technical, human skills and conceptual
skills.
3. Conceptual skills to recognize the interrelationships involved in his situation to enable him to
achieve maximum good for the total organization
Manpower planning at different levels
Nursing is an important element of health care delivery system. According to Sir . Joseph Bhore
Committee Report in 1946 there were 7000 nurses and in the end of five year plan 1979, approximately
1,23,000 trained nurses in India.
Personnel include: Nurse administrators , nurse teachers, staff nurses, auxiliary nursing personnel
(health workers), nursing aids, midwives and auxiliary midwives.
According to WHO Expert committee on education and training of nurse teacher and managers,
recognized the functions and responsibilities of nursing man power at 3 level within the health system
1) peripheral
2) intermediate
3) national level
At peripheral level:
Nursing personnel are often involved in providing direct care to the community , either on an individual
basis or as a member of the team. generally their role includes encouraging the community toward the benefit
of a positive health approach and identifying health related problems and prioritizing the plan of action.
At intermediate level:
Of the system may relate to a health centre with a few inpatients beds of to a district with specialized
and training hospitals. At this level the role of the nurse may include , the planning , development and
management of district programme and guidance to and supervision of local level staff and community level
activities.
Nursing personnel may function within the health Ministry & participate in the managerial process for
national health development.
Plans of utilizing nursing manpower and planning the nursing man power
a) centralized scheduling
2 major advantages of centralized scheduling are fairness to employees through consistant objective
and impartial application of policies. It also relieves head nurses from time consuming duties and engage
in other activities.
b) decentralized scheduling
When managers/ administrators are given authority and assume responsibility they can staff their own
units through decentralized staffing. Personnel think that they get more personalized attention with
decentralized staffing. Staffing is easier and less complicated when done for small area instead of for the
whole agency. Each manager will learn the responsibility and challenges.
Staff Schedule
It is a system that is centralized by the staff nurses. A process by which nurse and other staff
collectively develop , and implement the work schedule , taking policies & variables affecting staffing into
consideration.
Are common for staff nurses. The frequency of rotating through all their shifts varies among
institutions.
Permanent shift
Variable staffing
It is a method that uses patient need to determine the number and mix of staff . Time measure are done
for direct and indirect patient care. A patient classification system is developed and tables are designed to
determine the number of nursing personnel required.
The shift are usually from 7am – 3.30 pm, 3pm- 11.30 pm, 11pm- 7.30pm
Includes 10 hours shift for 7 days a week followed by 7 consecutive days off.
They may be hired to meet the average staffing needs of an institutions. The most common adjustment
of an increased work load is to transfer staff from a less busy area to the overloaded areas. This is
economical to the agency.
Flexible working hours can be on incentive for inactive nurses to start part time employment and can
reduce staffing shortage. Most nurses are women who have to combine their nursing role with many other
such as wife, mother and home maker. A part time job can help to over come the difficulties.
Disadvantages:
1. Educational and administrative expense are higher proportionately for part time than for full time
helps
2. Part time nurse may not receive benefits such as paid sick leaves , vacation days and is not likely to
be considered for promotion
Staffing formula
When determining the number of staffs , one has to consider the hours needing care , vacation,
holidays, absenteeism and staff development time. If nurses work 5 days a week then a coverage is
needed for 7 days,, it takes1.4 nurses to have , one nurse on duty 7 days . This is calculated by multiplying
the number needed on duty by days of the week needing coverage and dividing by the number of days
each employee work/ week to determine the number of personnel needed for coverage.
Example
1 x 7 ÷ 5 = 1.4
2 x 7 ÷ 5 = 2.8
3 X 7 ÷ 5 = 4.2
This will not allow for vacation, holidays , absenteeism or staff development time. To calculate
vacation coverage, multiply the number of vacation days / year by the number of people at that skill level.
Dividing the total number of vacation days per skill level by the total days worked/ year/ person determine
the number of people needed for vacation coverage.
For example
(number of vacation days/year)х (no of full time people at that skill level)= total vacation days by skill
level
Total vacation ÷ Total day worked/ person/ year = Number of full time people needed for vacation
relief coverage
The number of the general nursing personnel assigned on a weekly basis to any nursing unit
department, is the number of personnel needed to provide services during the 7 days period allowing for a 5½
day, 44 hours / week for both professional and non professional workers. The steps for finding the required
number of nursing personnel on a weekly basis in a nursing unit is as follows:
Step1
• Average patient census per day х Average nursing hours per patient in 24 hours х days in a week
Step2
Find the total number of general nursing has needed in one week which should be given by nursing and
non- nursing personnel
• Number of general nursing hours/ week х % to be given by the non professional nurse
• Eg: 452.2 ( general nursing hours needed per week)х67%(% of nursing hours provided by the
professional personnel)=303.0(general nursing hours to be given by professional personnel )
• 452.2( general nursing hours needed per week) х 33%(% of nursing hours provided by the non
professional personnel)=149.2(general nursing hours to be given by non professional personnel )
Step 3
• Non Professional nursing hours needed/ week÷ hours on duty week / Non Professional
• Eg: 303.0 (professional nursing hour )÷ 44(hours on duty weekly / hour)= 6.9professional personnel
required on weekly basis)
• 149.2( non professional nursing hour)÷44(hours on duty weekly per nursing aids) = 3.4 (non
professional nursing required)
National Level
At the national level we have the planning commission and associated bodies who look into all the
aspect of planning in India as follows:
Planning Commission
The Government of India set up a planning commission which was working through 3 division:
a) Programme advisors
b) General Secretariat
c) Technical division
She is assigned in nursing offices and she is directly responsible for advising the government and
responsible to the Deputy Directorate General. Indian Planning Commission Chairman is the Prime Minister.
A high power Committee on nursing and nursing services and nursing profession was set up by the
Government of India in 1987, which is known as Sarojini Varadappa Committee Report. The finding shows
the existing working conditions of nurses , staffing norms for providing adequate nursing personnel ,
education of nursing person to meet the nursing manpower needs at all levels.
Health Ministry
Secretary Health
↓ ↓ ↓
DDG(N)
↓ ↓ ↓
school of nursing
PHN
LHV
ANM staff
State level:
There is a state planning department directly render the control of the Chief Minister. There are posts of
nurses in all directions of health service to look after nursing services and nursing education.
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓
Asst. DNS
DyAsst.DNS
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓
↓ ↓
↓
PHN supervisor(CHC)
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓
Ward siste r Clinical Instructor LHV
↓ ↓
ii. To assist and advise the operating management to plan and establish objectives
iii. To collect and summarize data in to the organizational terms and to ensure consistency
with long range objectives and other elements of total business and other co- operating plans
Conclusion:
Manpower planning views employees as scares and costly resources , whose contribution must be
developed to the fullest by the management. It is also concerned with the interaction between the organization
and its environment. It also forecasts on the future requirements of human resources so that the right personnel
are available for the right job at the right time in right place.
Securing a Faculty Position: A Practical Guide for Residents, Fellows, Junior Faculty, and Their
Mentors
Applying for a faculty position can appear to be a daunting project for many residents, fellows, and
junior faculty due, in large part, to the lack of readily available information on the process of interviewing and
negotiating for faculty appointment in academic medicine. Although this process may seem mystifying to first-
time applicants, it has a structure. This article discusses the framework of the application process and
recommends an action plan from initial contact to acceptance of an offer. Each step of the process is discussed.
Guidelines are provided to assist applicants and their mentors to successfully manage these important steps.
Bibliography:
MANPOWER
PLANNING
AT
DIFFERENT LEVELS
SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:
Ms. RENJANA REBECCA JOHN Ms. SHESLY
P. JOSE
LECTURER II YEAR MSc (N)
NUINS NUINS