B. Transactional Analysis, to assess what is going on ‘oneen two people, C. Racket and Game Analysis, to assess specific Interactions that have negative payoffs D. Script Analysis, to assess individual life plans. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS AND COMMUNICATION "Transactional Analysis is based on games people play to act out life scripts. A game is a set of behaviors and attitudes exhibited by a person interacting with another person. Berne asserted that everyone has three functional parts called ego states, Ego states depict feelings and relate sets of behavioral patterns. | TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS AND COMMUNICATION ‘THE THREE MAJOR EGO STATES ARE KNOWN AS PAC: PARENT: Comprises attitudes and behaviors from parental figures. This ego state is further subdivided into critical, or controlling parent and nurturing parent, ADULT: Comprises rational and logical processes that appraise reality; the main sources are information from internal and external environments. CHILD: Comprises feelings or emotions and impulses that represent the natural or spontaneous part of the person. This is. further subdivided into the “free child”, “adapted child”, or “little professor.” THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION Reusch (1961) described communication as a universal function that occurs everywhere. He enumerated the following major components of therapeutic communication ® Irean occur anywhere '* It can be used to promote independence and improve interactions with others Itis a natural part of human beings It relies on spontaneous expression of feelings and thoughts It enables clients to accept past experiences and integrate them into present-day perceptions NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Refers to body language or transmission of messages without using words. Body Language: Facial expression Physical appearance Eye contact Posture and gait Hand movements and gestures ‘Tone of voice and rate of speech VERBAL COMMUNICATION Transmits feelings such as anger and happiness. This process involves an exchange of words, both spoken and written, between people. Factors that direct communication patterns Attitude Trust Empathy Language Culture Perception and observation Self-concept and self-esteem Anxiety and stress Personal space: coocoa COCO: Personal space . Q Intimate distance: 6 to 18 inches (between people touching) Personal distance: 1 % to 4 feet (arm's length} Social distance: 4 to 12 feet (mast frequently used in business activities) G Public distance: 12 to 25 feet (entertainer, public speaker) ™ TOUCH It is a powerful communication tool. It can elicit both negative and positive reactions, depending on the people involved and the circumstances of the interaction. It is a very basic and primitive form of communication, and the appropriateness ofits use is culturally determined, TYPES OF TOUCH FUNCTIONAL-PROFESSIONAL This type of touch is impersonal and businesslike, It is used to accomplish a task, = TYPES OF TOUCH SOCIAL-POLITE This type of touch is still rather impersonal, but it conveys an affirmation or acceptance of the other person. ™ TYPES OF TOUCH FRIENDSHIP-WARMTH Touch at this level indicates a strong liking for the other person, 2 feeling that he or she is a friend, «TYPES OF TOUCH LOVE-INTIMACY This type of touch conveys an emotional attachment or attraction for another person, TYPES OF TOUCH SEXUAL AROUSAL, Touch at this level is an expression of physical attraction only. (CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL COMMUNICATION = FEEDBACK APPROPRIATENESS ™ EFFICIENCY = FLEXIBILITY ACTIVE LISTENING It literally means using all the senses to assess verbal and nonverbal messages, = ACTIVE USTENING Ceccio and Ceccio (1982) described qualities of a good listener as the following: "Maintains eye contact "Gives the client full attention, both mentally and physically, that is, makes @ conscious effort to inhibit sounds and screen distractions Minimizes or eliminates barriers Avoids interruptions and interpretations Responds to the content and feeling components of the message % Ustens for ideas, an essential aspect of interaction Provides the client with evidence that one is listening (that is, reviews and restates in own words and reflects or play back the message) "Responds only to the content of the client’s verbal message ACTIVE LISTENING Barriers to Active Listening: