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TERMODINAMIKA
AGUS HARYANTO
FEBRUARI 2010
THERMO vs. HEAT TRANSFER
• Thermodynamics stems from the Greek words
therme (heat) and dynamis (power or motion),
which is most descriptive of the early efforts to
convert heat into power. Today thermodynamics
is broadly interpreted to include all aspects of
energy and energy transformations, including
power generation, refrigeration, and
relationships among the properties of matter.
• Heat transfers the science that deals with the
determination of the rates of such energy
transfer.
THERMO vs. HEAT TRANSFER
(cont)
• Thermodynamics membicarakan sistem keseimbangan
(equilibrium), bisa digunakan untuk menaksir besarnya
energi yang diperlukan untuk mengubah suatu sistem
keseimbangan, tetapi tidak dapat dipakai untuk
menaksir seberapa cepat (laju) perubahan itu terjadi
karena selama proses sistem tidak berada dalam
keseimbangan.
• Heat Transfer tidak hanya menerangkan bagaimana
energi itu dihantarkan, tetapi juga menaksir laju
penghantaran energi. Inilah yang membedakan Heat
Transfer dengan thermodinamika.
APLIKASI
• Tubuh manusia
• Meniup kopi panas
• Perkakas elektronik (sirip, heat sink)
• Refrigerator (AC, Kulkas)
• Mobil (siklus engine, sirip, radiator)
• Pembangkit listrik (turbin, boiler)
• Industri (penyulingan, pendinginan,
pengeringan, dll).
DIMENSI dan SATUAN
• Dimensi (M,L,T,θ) homogen
• Satuan : SI Units (m, s, kg, K)
• Kesalahan umum:
1. Tidak paham
2. Usaha minimal, kurang
latihan
3. Tidak terampil melakukan
konversi satuan
• Trik: perhitungan harus
menyertakan satuan
SECONDARY UNITS
• Secondary units can be formed by
combinations of primary units. Example:
m
• F = m.a N kg 2
s
N kg.m / s 2
• P = F/A Pa 2 Pa
m m 2
kg
Pa 2
m.s
SISTEM vs. LINGKUNGAN
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or
a region in space chosen for study.
• The mass or region outside the system is
called the surroundings.
• The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from
its surroundings is called the
boundary
OPEN vs. CLOSSED SYSTEMS
• Closed system (= control
mass): Mass can’t cross the
boundary, but energy can.
• Volume of a closed system
may change.
• Special case, if no energy
cross the boundary, that
system is called an isolated
system.
CLOSSED SYSTEM
A closed system
with a moving
boundary.
OPEN vs. CLOSSED SYSTEMS
• Open system (= control volume) is a properly
selected region in space. It usually encloses a
device that involves mass flow such as a
compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary
of a control volume.
• The boundaries of a control volume are called
a control surface, and they can be real or
imaginary.
OPEN SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM
Criterion to differentiate
intensive and extensive
properties.
SIFAT-SIFAT SISTEM PENTING
• Densitas atau massa jenis:
masa per satuan volume
MANOMETER
BAROMETER
PRESSURE GAGE
PRINSIP MANOMETER
Perhatikan gambar:
• Seimbang F = 0
• P1 = P2
• A P1 = A Patm + W
di mana W = m g =
Vg=Ahg
• P1 = Patm + h g
• P = P1 - Patm = h g = Tekanan ukur di dalam tangki
EXAMPLE : Manometer
A manometer is used to
measure the pressure in a
tank. The fluid used has a
specific gravity of 0.85, and
the manometer column
height is 55 cm, as shown in
Figure. If the local
atmospheric pressure is 96
kPa, determine the absolute
pressure within the tank.
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION
EXAMPLE: MULTIFLUID MANOMETER
Water in a tank is pressurized by
air, and the pressure is measured
by a multifluid manometer (see
Figure). The tank is located on a
mountain at an altitude of 1400 m
where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air
pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m,
h2 = 0.2 m, and h3 = 0.35 m. Take
the densities of water, oil, and
mercury to be 1000 kg/m3, 850
kg/m3, and 13,600 kg/m3,
respectively.
SOLUTION
APLIKASI MANOMETER
Measuring the
pressure drop across
a flow section or a
flow device by a
differential
manometer:
Patm = g h
EXAMPLE3: BAROMETER
• Determine the atmospheric pressure at a
location where the barometric reading is 740
mm Hg and the gravitational acceleration is g
9.81 m/s2. Assume the temperature of
mercury to be 10oC, at which its density is
13,570 kg/m3.
EXAMPLE3: SOLUTION
TEKANAN ATMOSFER
ELEVASI TEKANAN TEKANAN
(m) (kPa) (mmHg)
0 (sea level) 101.325 760.00
1000 89.88 674.15
2000 79.50 596.30
5000 54.05 405.41
10,000 26.5 198.77
20,000 5.53 41.48
Konversi: CAUTION:
T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15 T(K) = T(oC)
T(R) = T(oF) + 456.67 T(R) = T(oF)
T(oC) = 1.8T(oC) + 32
T(R) = 1.8 T(K)
EXAMPLE4: TEMPERATURE
• During a heating process, the temperature of
a system rises by 10°C. Express this rise in
temperature in K, °F, and R.
PR:
• Soal No: 1-6C, 1-7C, 1-15C, 1-16C, 1-17C, 1-
20C, 1-21C, 1-22C, 1-23C, 1-24C, 1-29, 1-31, 1-
34C, 1-35C, 1-36C, 1-39C, 1-40, 1-42, 1-43,
1-44, 1-45, 1-48, 1-51, 1-53, 1-55, 1-57, 1-59,
1-61, 1-62, 1-63, 1-65, 1-66, 1-73, 1-85, 1-88,
1-101, 1-103, 1-105, 1-106, 1-108, 1-120,
1-121, 1-122, 1-123, 1-125.
• Kelompok THERMO
• Kelompok DYNAMICS