Project Ease-Bse Deped Module in Agriculture

PROJECT EASE
Effective and Affordable Secondary Education
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

Agriculture and Fishery Arts
MODULE 1
BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Department of Education
DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue
Pasig City
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Plant Production
First Year
Module 1
Starting a Garden in a Smarter Way
What this module is about

Good day! Are you ready to start your day in a more productive way? If yes, good! If
not, think twice. I am sure you would like to contribute something good to your family. You
may be thinking how? Well, you could grow vegetables in your backyard. This way, you
can contribute to the food needs of your family in your own little way.
Vegetable gardening is not an easy task. It needs proper care to produce good yield.
Have you ever thought why some farmers produce good quality vegetables in their farm?
Were you able to see healthy growing pechay, mustard, kangkong, upo, patola, and
cucumber in your local market? What have you noticed in their physical appearance
compared to your own harvest in school? You want to find out their secrets? Prepare
yourself because this module will help you find out the secrets of producing good quality
vegetables.
What to learn from this module

This module will teach you how to start producing your own vegetable garden.
Specifically, this will enable you to:
1. explain the value of using good seeds;
2. discuss the proper selection of seeds;
3. describe how seeds are stored for future use;
4. differentiate the methods of testing seeds;
5. compute percentage of germination of seeds.
How to learn from this module

1. Read the title first. Do you have in mind what the title means to you? Are you excited to
scan the pages of this module and start learning?
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2. After reading the introduction, go through the expected skills you are to learn from this
module. Always refer to these objectives as you read and perform tasks in the different
learning activities in this module. This way, you can check if you’re following the right
tract to attain the objectives of this module.
3. Next, work on the Pretest. Do your best to accomplish what is asked of you. Do not
worry about getting a low score. Just go on and do your best.
4. After working on the Pretest, accomplish all the activities in this module to check how
well you fared.
5. Finally, answer the posttest to check if you really comprehend what you read. Check if
your answers are correct in the answer key provided at the end of this module.
Certainly, you are expected to score higher than the pretest.
PRETEST
Write the letter of the correct answer in your notebook.
1. Why is the use of immature fruits not advisable as seed material?
a. Immature seeds are weak.
b. Its embryo rots easily.
c. Its embryo has not fully developed.
d. Seeds are infected with diseases.
2. The following are good reasons in using good seeds when planting crops, except
one.
a. Higher yield
b. Resistance to diseases
c. High percentage germination
d. Aromatic when ripe or about to be harvested
3. When seeds are sown in the seedbox and it germinates, it is described as

a. Maturity
b. True to type
c. Damage-free
d. Viability
4. The following are reliable suppliers of seeds, except

a. Bureau of Plant Industry
b. Department of Agriculture
c. Ambulant vendors
d. Commercial seed distributors
5. Which of the following materials is not a good desiccant for seed storing?
a. Dry ash
b. Dry charcoal
c. Toasted white rice
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d. River sand
6. It is not advisable to allow the seeds to come in contact with the soil when drying
because
a. contamination will be high
b. germination rate will be affected
c. moisture content will rise
d. embryo will die
7. A method of seed testing wherein a moist tissue paper and a plate is used.
a. plate
b. dish
c. ragdoll
d. seedbox
8. The ragdoll method is done through the use of

a. a filter paper and a dish
b. a cheesecloth and a stick
c. soil and a seedbox
d. a tin can and water
9. Alex sow 75 seeds of okra on a seedbox. After two days, 70 seeds have
sprouted. What is the percentage germination of the seeds sown?
a. 91%
b. 92%
c. 93%
d. 94%
10. Which of the following seeds is advisable to store after testing?

a. Seeds which were tested once and got an above 50 % seed
germination.
b. Seeds which were tested twice and resulted a seed germination rate of
above average 50%.
c. Seeds which were tested once and got a seed germination rate below
50%.
d. Seeds which were tested twice and resulted a germination rate of below
50 %.
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Lesson 1
The Value of Using Good Seeds
You learned in your elementary agriculture that plants can reproduce through seeds.
Seed is a baby plant or embryo inside a protective covering called testa or seed coat. The
embryo is usually the product of the fertilization of the egg cell by one of the two male nuclei
from a pollen tube. The seed coat originates from the mother plant.
The young plant inside the seed is very delicate. If we are going to compare healthy
plants to healthy babies, usually healthy babies become healthy children and adults and
become productive. Likewise, healthy seeds grow healthy, produce quality yield and benefit
growers. If you use seeds which are not of good quality, you will only be creating problems
because these seeds are sometimes immature, contaminated, and worse, the embryo is
dead.
Activity 1
Analyze the situation below, then answer the questions that follow.
Kenneth is a first year student. He has a project in vegetable production. He bought a
pack of pechay seeds from an ambulant vendor who sells ornamental plants and fertilizers.
When he sowed the pechay seeds in a seedbox, he was surprised that only few of the
seeds germinated.
Questions:
1. What do you think are the reasons why only few seeds germinated?
2. If you’re in that situation, are you going to buy seeds from anyone who approached
you? Why?
3. Could you still plant the seeds that germinated. Justify your answer.
You might be wondering why it is not advisable to buy seeds from an unreliable source.
Seeds that are sold by ambulant vendors are not registered and certified. These seeds are
prone to contamination and adverse environmental condition that can kill the embryo inside
the seed. To assure you of good quality seed materials, you must look for a reliable source.
Here are some tips when finding good seeds.
1. Buy seeds from a reliable source. There are government agencies specializing in
seed certification and distribution. These are the Department of Agriculture, Bureau
of Plant Industry, and Agricultural Colleges and Universities as well as commercial
seed distributors importing hybrid seeds from other countries.
2. Look carefully on the physical appearance of the seeds. Find if there are blemishes
or stains in the seed coat, molds and holes caused by insects or egg of insects.
These seeds might introduce a new pest or disease and are, therefore, unfit for
planting. Clean the seeds and remove diseased or infected one.
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3. Determine the vigor of the seeds. Observe its speed and uniformity of germination.
You can soak the seeds in water. Those that float are weak. Weak seeds do not
survive when used as planting materials.
4. Make sure that seeds are the right one. Read the label as stated. This can help you
in determining the characteristics of the seed.
5. Select those without contaminants such as dirt, stones, and leaves. These foreign
materials can lower seed quality.
6. Do not use seeds with foul odor, watery and shiny. These are dead, contaminated or
low in percentage of germination
Self-check:
Check (✔), if the statement explains the value of using good seeds and (✘), if it is not.
_____1. Money spent in buying seed materials are wasted.

_____2. Buy seeds anywhere.
_____3. Seed materials used must be free from weed seeds.
_____4. Less problem in maintenance since quality seeds start healthy.
_____5. Determine the physical appearance of seeds.
Lesson 2
Proper Selection of Seeds
Now that you have already learned the value of using good seeds it is best to know
how to properly select good seed materials for planting or storing purposes. This is a difficult
task especially if your farm or project area is far from available supply of good seeds.
Activity 2
Read the situations below and find out how proper selection of seeds is done.
A. Eager Robert
Robert is new in vegetable production. He is eager

to start his new project since he has an area to use
and he has available imported seeds given by his
uncle.
• Do you think he will succeed in his project? Why?
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B. Saver Rosa
Rosa wants to start a vegetable garden. She
wanted to save money in buying seed materials.
She thought that the money saved from buying
seeds will be used for fertilizers instead. To save
more money every planting season, she planned of
growing some vegetables on her farm for seed
purposes.
• Do you think it is a sound idea?
Can you cite some of its
advantages?
C. Wiser Alex
Alex wants to start his farm project but instead
of buying seed materials from those who sells
quality one, he plans to buy seeds from the local
market where seeds are intended for food
preparation. He plans to buy one kilogram of bean
seeds which costs less than those in the Bureau of
Plant Industry.
• Is the source of his seed materials good or not?
• What will happen to the seeds that he bought if planted on his farm?
Note that in the three situations, you do not have to be in a hurry to start a project
without considering the most important factor. That is finding good seed materials.
To guide you in finding quality seeds, here are some factors to consider:
1. Viability - This is the capability of the seeds to germinate when sown in seedbed or
seedbox. Seedlings should appear to be strong and healthy.
2. Maturity - Matured seeds taken from matured fruits will assure you that embryo in
seeds are fully developed. Over matured seeds are not advisable because it might be
infected with pests and diseases. On the other hand, seeds that are immature will
not produce good seedlings and usually do not germinate.
3. Seed storage - There are seeds whose viability and rate of germination decrease
after storing for a long time. This is due to some factors such as seed type, quality
and storage conditions and length of time.
4. True to type - Seeds acquired or bought should be free from other type of seed
plants.
5. Free from seed-borne diseases- Check if the seeds have blemishes or stains where
insect eggs, fungus or bacteria thrives.
6. Damage free -Seeds that are cracked and deformed should not be used.
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7. Free from foreign materials or weed seeds - Seeds to be used must be clean or free
any type of contaminants such as dirt, stones, leaves, weed seeds and others. These
are low quality seeds.
If you wish to grow vegetables for seed purposes, you may do so. This will help you
save money at the same time choose the type of vegetable to plant. If you are not yet
accustomed to identifying maturity in plants, here are some tips to determine if seeds are
mature.
a. The fruit of squash, watermelon, and melon has a hollow sound when knocked.
b. The color of tomatoes and pepper changes from green to red; from violet to yellow in
eggplant.
b. Shattering of pods in legumes.
c. Fruit is disconnected from the branch as in squash, watermelon and melon.
d. Number of days of plant growth depending upon your familiarity of the type of plants
grown.
There are also seeds which you can buy from commercial seed distributors which are
called hybrid. Hybrid seeds are product of cross and pollinating plants with outstanding
characteristics. Characteristics such as resistant to pests and diseases, quality of fruits and
others. These are more expensive considering its type and source, than the seeds
distributed by different government agencies.
Self-check:
Match the factors to consider in finding quality seeds in Column A to their descriptions
in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer in your notebook.
A B
1. Maturity a. The capacity of the seeds to germinate.
2. Damage free b. Matured seeds taken from matures fruits lead
to fully developed embryo.
3. Seed storage c. Seeds acquired or brought should be free from
other type of seed plants.
4. Viability d. Seeds that are cracked should not be used.
5. True type e. Seeds viability decrease after soaking for a long
time.
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Lesson 3
Storing Seeds for Future Use
Cost of seed materials is one of the areas of expense in plant production. To save
money intended for seed materials, you should learn to grow plants with outstanding
characteristics and have the seeds as your planting materials for the next cropping season.
In this manner, you will be able to increase your income due to your savings. Moreover, if
the quality of the seeds taken from your garden is good and outstanding, you can store it for
future use.
Seed Extraction and Cleaning

If you are interested in gathering matured seeds from your vegetable farm, it is
important to know the condition of the fruit and seeds that will be harvested. This way, you
will be able to collect seeds from the garden to be used as planting materials for your next
cropping season or store it for future use.
1. Seeds coming from wet and fleshy fruit. The seeds are attached firmly to the flesh.
You can use a knife or hand to extract them, then they are subject to fermentation or
soaked in water for two days. Seeds that float are thrown and those that are sunken
are washed and dried. Example: Melon and Papaya.
2. Dry seeds. These are obtained or extracted from dried fruit or pod. Put the seeds
inside a sack or net bag and pound them. Pounding inside a sack or a net bag will
prevent the seeds from shattering or scattering outside. Do not harvest these seeds if
it is raining or early morning when there is still dew. Example: Pechay and Cabbage.
3. Dry seeds from fleshy fruit. You can dry the fruit first before extracting the seeds.
Example: Hot pepper.
Activity 3
Classify the seeds of the vegetable plants below using the given table. Do this activity
in your notebook.
eggplant hot pepper okra pole sitao
cabbage peas cucumber mungo
tomato cowpea squash hyacinth bean
pigeon pea onion ampalaya
Wet seeds from Dry seeds Dried seeds from

Flesh fruit flesh fruits
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Here are pointers to remember when drying seeds:
1. Do not allow the seeds to come in contact with the soil when drying. Microorganisms
present in the soil will lower the quality of the seeds.
2. Use sack, winnowing basket or mat when drying. These materials allow air to pass
through, giving fast and even drying of seeds.
3. Do not dry seeds rapidly under the heat of the sun. Air dry the seeds first in a shady
area for one to two days before sun-drying. Dry only the seeds under the sun before
11:00 am and after 2:00 pm when the heat of the sun is not so intense because this
condition can kill the embryo inside the seed.
4. Spread the seeds thinly and turn them occasionally at least four to five times a day to
make drying fast and even.
5. Cover the seeds when it rains or before the night sets in and take them indoors to
prevent their moisture content from increasing.
Storing Seeds
After extracting and drying the seeds, you may plant some of your seeds or you may
store them for future use. In storing seeds for the next cropping season, you may choose
any of the following procedures.
A. Storing Using Desiccants
Here are the steps in storing seeds using desiccants:
1. Prepare a container (bottle, tin can) with a tight cover.
2. Place a desiccant (dry charcoal, dry ash toasted white rice or lime) at the bottom of
the container.
3. Place a cardboard after the desiccant material. Remember to punch holes on it.
4. Place the seed on top of the cardboard or put them inside a paper envelop and label
them.
5. Replace the desiccant each time you open it.
B. Temperature Storing
1. Place seeds inside a bottle or a sealed jar.
2. Place the jar or bottle in a low or cold temperature (not freezing) of your refrigerator.
If refrigerator or air-conditioning equipment is absent, you may choose a cold place
(near the river, under trees, underground, inside a clay jar).
3. Be sure seeds will not get wet.
Remember that life of seeds doubles when the moisture content is lowered by 1% or
when the storage temperature is lowered by 5%.
Example:
If the storage life of a seed with 14% moisture content is two years, its storage life can
be prolonged to four years if the moisture content of the seed is lowered to 13%.
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If the expected life of the seed is three years in a storage room with a temperature of
15ºC, its life can be prolonged to six years if the storage , temperature is lowered to 10ºC.
If both the moisture content of the seed and storage temperature are lowered, the
increase in the life of the seed is greater.
Now, try to work on the activity below. Check if you fully understand what you just
read.
Activity 4
Choose the right materials to use in storing seeds. Place a check on the blank space
before each material if you think it is needed. Use your notebook.
_____ Bottle _____Dye _____Chalk
_____Kettle _____Seeds _____Tissue
_____ Sand _____Cardboard _____Cotton
_____ Metal Cover _____Paper _____Label
_____ Charcoal
Self-check:
A. Place a ✔ if the statement is referring to the ways of storing seeds for future use and
✘, if it is not.
_______ 1. Do not allow the seeds to come in contact with soil when drying.
_______ 2. Use a kitchen fork to extract seeds that are attached firmly to the flesh.
_______ 3. Dry seedbox before storing.
_______ 4. Use sack or mat when drying.
_______ 5. Cover the seeds when it rains or before the night sets in.
B. Arrange the steps below in storing seeds. Write 1 in the box of the procedure that
should go first, 2 for the second, and so on.
1. Replace desiccant each time the container is opened.
2. Place a cardboard with holes after the charcoal.
3. Label the seeds with its name, date of harvest, date stored, date of
germination and the percentage of germination.
4. Get a bottle with tightly metal closed cover.
5. Place a dry charcoal at the bottom of the bottle.
6. Place the seeds inside a sachet and put it inside then seal it.
Did you get all the answers correct? Very good! You may now move on to the next
lesson.
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Lesson 4
Methods of Testing Seeds
Now, that you already know how to store seeds, it is important that you should also
learn to test the viability of the seeds before storing it. In this way, you will have the idea
that seeds acquired are of good quality.
Perform the activities below to know the different methods of testing seeds.
Activity 5
Dish Method
a. Prepare 50 bean seeds and a seedbox.
b. Sow the seeds in a shallow furrow of the seedbox. Water them.
c. Bring the seedbox to an area in the school nursery.
d. Visit the seedbox the following day.
Answer the following questions based on your observations:

1. What happened to the seeds in the seedbox?
2. How many seeds have sprouted?
3. How many did not ?
Activity 6
Plate Method
a. Collect 30 mungo seeds.
b. Prepare a plate and a tissue paper.
c. Moisten the tissue on the plate and arrange the seed on it. Cover it with another
moist tissue.
d. Observe what will happen to the seeds the next day.
Answer these questions:

1. What happened to the seeds on the plate ?
2. Do you think the method used is applicable to seed testing? Why?
Activity 7
Ragdoll Method
a. Prepare a cheesecloth, stick and 100 seeds of radish.
b. Arrange the seeds on a damp cheesecloth.
c. Roll the cheesecloth on a stick and water it.
d. Place it in the nursery where sunlight is not present. Water it everyday but do not
flood it.
e. Open it after two days.
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Questions:
1. What happened to the radish seeds?
2. How many seeds germinated?
3. How many did not?
Self-check:
Differentiate ragdoll method from plate method.
Lesson 5
Percentage of Germination
Now, that you have germinated seeds using the methods discussed from the previous
lesson, you may now compute the percentage of germination.
In obtaining percentage of germination, you will be able to determine whether the
seeds acquired or bought are of good quality or not. Percentage of germination is
computed using the given formula:
number of normal seedlings
% germination =_______________________________ × 100
total number of seeds sown/germinated
To understand this better, perform the activity below.
Activity 8
The class of Mr. Danilo Baino harvested matured eggplant fruits to be used as seed
materials for the next cropping season. The seeds were tested first before storing. Using
the ragdoll method, the class sow 150 seeds. After three days, 122 seeds germinated.
1. What is the percentage germination of the seeds sown?
2. Considering the number of seeds that germinated, are the seeds good for storing?
3. Why?
The more seeds tested for percentage germination, the more accurate the percentage
germination will be. If possible, replicate testing and use 50 or more seeds. Do not store or
plant seeds if their percentage germination is lower than 50%. These seeds will usually
produce weak seedlings and will deteriorate rapidly, if stored.
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Self-check:
Analyze the situation below then compute the percentage of germination of seeds
used.
Mang Elias germinated 190 seeds of radish using the ragdoll method. After three
days, he saw 150 seeds germinated. What is the percentage germination of the seeds?
LET’S SUMMARIZE
The value of using good seeds produce quality yield and benefit growers.
Factors to consider in selecting good seeds are as follows: viability, maturity, seed
storage, true type, free from seed-borne-disease, damage free, free from foreign
materials or weed seeds.
Seeds with high moisture content are more susceptible to physical damage during
processing.
Percentage of germination is computed using this formula:
number of normal seedlings

% germination =_______________________________ × 100
total number of seeds sown / germinated
POSTTEST
Choose the correct answer by encircling the letter.
1. Embryo or young plant inside the seed are not fully developed in
a. evergreen fruits
b. immature fruits
c. mature fruits
d. over matured fruits
2. It is highly recommended to use good seeds when planting crop in order to produce
a. lower yield
b. unsatisfactory yield
c. satisfactory yield
d. higher yield
3. Viability means the ability of the seeds to

a. germinate
b. make food
c. absorb water
d. respond to light
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4. It is best to buy seeds from government agencies because they are
a. good promoter
b. business oriented
c. reliable source
d. financed by big time suppliers
5. Dry ash and charcoal are good desiccant materials for seed storing because they can
a. promote growth
b. absorb moisture
c. eliminate diseases
d. repel insects
6. Contamination is high when seeds dried come in contact with

a. cloth
b. soil
c. dew
d. heat
7. Dish method of testing seed viability is done through the use of

a. soil and a seedbox
b. cheesecloth and a stick
c. plate and a tissue paper
d. soil and recycled materials
8. Using cheesecloth, stick and water is a method of seed testing called

a. plate
b. dish
c. ragdoll
d. seedbox
9. Danilo sowed 150 seeds of radish in a seedbed. After three days he saw 120 seeds
germinated. What is the percentage germination of the radish seeds?
a. 60%
b. 70%
c. 80%
d. 90%
10. What is the percentage germination rate of seeds good for storing?
a. Those that were tested twice with 40% germination rate.
b. Those that were tested once with 60% germination rate.
c. Those that were tested twice with 60% germination rate.
d. Those that were tested once with 70% germination rate.
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ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. c
2. d
3. d
4. c
5. d
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. c
10. b
Lesson 1: Activity 1
1. Seeds bought came from an unreliable source.
2. No, because money spent in buying seeds will be wasted.
3. No, plants will not grow healthy.
Lesson 1: Self-check
1. ✘
2. ✘
3. ✔
4. ✔
5. ✔
A. 1. No
2. Because the seeds might not fit with the climatic condition of the country.
B. 1. Yes
2. She can save money intended for buying seeds.
C. 1. No
2. There is a great possibility that seeds will not germinate because it was exposed
to severe environmental condition.
1. b
2. d
3. e
4. a
5. c
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Wet seeds from Dry seeds Dried seeds from

fleshy fruit fleshy fruits
eggplant cabbage hot pepper

cucumber peas okra
tomato cow pea
ampalaya hyacinth bean
squash pole sitao
pigeon pea
mungo
onion
1. charcoal
2. seeds
3. cardboard
4. label
5. metal cover
6. bottle
Lesson 3: Self -check

A. 1. ✔
2. ✘
3. ✘
4. ✔
5. ✔
B. 1. 6
2. 3
3. 5
4. 1
5. 2
6. 4
Lesson 4: Self check:
In ragdoll method, seeds are placed on a moist rag rolled over a stick. It is submerged
to a pail of water and allowed to sprout in a cool place. Plate method, on the other hand, a
moist tissue is placed on a plate and seeds are allowed to sprout on it.
1. 81%
2. Yes
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3. Because the percentage of germination reached the above 50% requirement.
Lesson 5: Self -check:

1. 78.94% or 79%
Posttest
1. b 6. b
2. d 7. a
3. a 8. c
4. c 9. c
5. b 10. c
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PROJECT EASE

MODULE 2
Pasig City
1
Plant Production
First Year
Module 2
Happy, Joyful, Growing Soil

Hello, dear student! Did you enjoy reading module 1? Do you want to find out what is
the next important step in crop production? Of course, you should know how soil is
thoroughly prepared so plants will grow abundantly.
Like the human body, soil needs proper nourishment so planted crops will grow fast,
healthy, and productive. Now, look at your backyard. Do you have vacant spaces for
planting vegetables? Is your soil healthy or unhealthy? Are there weeds or trees growing?
Is it really an ideal place for plants to grow?
Soil has minerals and nutrients for plants to absorb. Hence, it should be free from
weeds to grow healthy. These soil nutrients are only available to plants if the soil is porous
enough and plant roots could deeply reach it. Now, are you ready to prepare your soil for
your favorite crops to grow? So, what are you waiting for? Continue reading this module.

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain the importance of soil preparation;
2. discuss the proper methods of preparing the soil for planting;
3. relate each method of soil preparation appropriate for a particular crop and season;
and
4. prepare soil for planting using appropriate farm tools and equipment.
PRETEST
Choose only the letter of the correct answer.
1. One of the advantages of land preparation is to
a. test the soil
b. promote good harvest
c. have a fruitful planting
d. promote good soil condition
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2. If the growth of disease causing organisms is not controlled this will
a. provide aeration of the soil
b. help the plants to grow healthy
c. serves as a fertilizer to the plants
d. create a problem to crops most of the time
3. When the water moves downward to the soil, this promotes development of
a. fruits
b. new shoots
c. plants to grow
d. roots in plant deeper
4. When the land is harrowed thoroughly, it could also destroy

a. weeds
b. soil nutrients
c. microorganisms
d. insect pests
5. After putting fertilizer in the soil and levelling it, the next method of preparing the soil
is
a. harrowing
b. watering
c. putting markers
d. measuring seedbed
6. Primary tillage or plowing is done by

a. digging the soil manually
b. using a shovel to dig the soil
c. using a power tiller hitched to cow or carabao
d. using a spading fork to till the soil
7. A tool used for clearing or removing weeds is

a. ax
b. fork
c. knife
d. hoe
8. A tool which is used for tilling thick soil is

a. grab hoe
b. trowel
c. shovel
d. rake
9. A tractor is an example of equipment required in

a. chemical technology
b. mechanical power technology
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c. animal-draft technology
d. manual technology
10. To plant vegetable fruit for a particular season like sweet pepper, one should follow
these steps, except one.
a. Select a well-drained clay wet soil.
b. Plow and harrow the land area.
c. Know the medicinal value of the plant.
d. Water the seedbed thoroughly.
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Lesson 1
Importance of Soil Preparation
Were you able to experience planting root crops such as sweet potato, cassava, ube,
carrots, or radish wherein its storage roots were not fully developed as expected? Have you
seen leafy vegetables such as pechay and mustard whose leaf petioles turn violet and
became stunted? What about the eggplants and pepper whose fruits were too small
compared to those you have seen in your local market? Do you know the causes why it
happened? Surely, it is because of poor soil preparation.
Remember that soil is an important medium in crop production because mineral
elements are deposited into the soil and absorbed by plant roots. These elements are called
soil nutrients. These nutrients are absorbed by the roots and transported to the different
parts of the plant to develop flowers, fresh leaves, new shoots and fruits. It is therefore
advisable to prepare the soil thoroughly, so that plants could maximize its use.
A
Activity 1 B
1. Which of the following plants reached the depth of 3 m beneath the soil surface?
2. Which of the illustrated plants has the ability to penetrate only a shallow part of the
soil?
3. Which plant needs more thorough and deep land preparation? Why?
Why is it important to prepare the land thoroughly before planting?
1. To promote good soil condition. Soil must be tilled to a depth of about 10 to 12

inches if planting vegetable and ornamental plants. Before working the soil, spread
organic materials such as compost or manure one to four inches thick. This will
improve the condition of the soil that is beneficial to plants.
Remember to work on the soil when it is not too wet nor too dry. How do you
do this? Pick up a clump of soil and roll it into a ball. If the ball is sticky, it is too wet
to work. Wait a few days until it dries out a bit more. If the soil is too fine or dry to roll
into a ball, water the area evenly and wait a day or two. If your garden area has
never been worked before, remove all humps, rocks, and weeds either mechanically
or manually.
5
2. To control the growth of weeds. When soil is being tilled, weeds growing in the
area are disturbed. Their roots are exposed to sunlight and may die. If deep tillage is
done, there will be a significant reduction in the growth of weeds.
3. To control the growth of disease causing organisms present in the soil.
Nematodes and other microorganisms present in the soil are exposed to adverse
climatic condition when soil is plowed. These microorganisms create a problem to
crops most of the time if not controlled. By working thoroughly the soil, it will prevent
the attack of disease causing organisms to plants in a natural way
4. To improve the water holding capacity. A well-prepared soil prior to planting has
its great advantage. Aside from the fact that it is easy to work on soil, surface may
be well-drained yet able to retain moisture as it is needed. This becomes very
productive.
5. To promote soil aeration. Plant roots need oxygen underneath. When soil is well-
prepared, this promotes soil aeration. This is very evident when plants are cultivated
in the garden. After the practice, plants respond by forming new shoots, a result of
oxygen passing through the particles of the soil where the roots of the plants are
benefited.
6. To take advantage of the soil nutrients present in the soil. Soil nutrients under
subsurface should be absorbed by the plant roots. This is especially true to those
plants which are deeply rooted, like tomatoes, pepper, okra, trees, shrubs and others.
When soil is not properly tilled, only a particular portion of the soil surface is useful to
plants thereby nutrients present underneath become useless.
7. To allow water to move downward. If soil is loose because of thorough preparation
water could easily pass through it. This promotes the development of roots in plant
deeper, taking advantage of the soil nutrients present.
Self check:
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
l. Soil must be tilled thoroughly before planting in order to
a. block the entrance of oxygen to the soil
b. increase the growth of weeds
c. allow soil to become clayey
d. improve soil condition
2. Nematodes and microorganisms present in the soil are killed when

a. applied with fungicides
b. water is plenty in the garden
c. garden is planted with munggo
d. exposed to adverse soil condition when soil is plowed
3. A well-prepared soil prior to planting has the capacity to

a. retain moisture
b. save more nutrients
6
c. allow soil to become compact
d. help insect pests harbor the area
4. A garden site that is well-prepared will promote soil aeration, meaning

a. cultivation becomes easy
b. potassium becomes abundant
c. oxygen passes through the soil
d. nitrogen evaporates from the soil
5. A well-tilled soil will allow water to easily pass through underneath, this is
advantageous to
a. vegetable plants
b. deeply rooted plants
c. flowering plants
d. climbing plants
7
Lesson 2
Proper Method of Preparing the Soil for Planting
Suppose you are given an area to prepare for crop production, what are the things you
should do to gain a successful project later on. Are you aware of it?
Here are some questions which will guide you in starting the project.
1. What kind of soil do you have? Is it wet or dry?
2. What type of crops do you want to plant?
3. Is it appropriate to the soil condition that you have?
This lesson will help you answer the questions above.
Lowland or low soil needs to be well-prepared. This means that the soil surface is
weed-free, porous, and levelled to make planting easier. Proper soil preparation serves to
level the field for uniform distribution of irrigation water, fertilizer, and pesticides. It also
prevents or minimizes water to overflow from the land area.
Land or soil preparation may be divided into two stages:
1. Primary tillage or plowing - this is the process of breaking up the soil. It can be
accomplished by using a power tiller or moldboard plow hitched to a carabao or in
some areas, they use cow as substitute.
2. Harrowing - the easiest way to harrow a field is leaving just enough water in the field
to expose the high and low spots. But in some areas, it uses a native spike-toothed
wooden harrow commonly drawn by an animal like plowing. This farm implement is
good for bringing clods of soil to the surface and is effective in breaking soil into
smaller bits. It could also destroy weeds at the same time.
However, if you are planning to start a garden in your school or backyard, here are
simple ways to follow on how to prepare the soil before planting.
1. Remove all the unimportant things that can stop the growth of your crops or plants.
This might be tree branches that can hinder sunlight, humps, and rocks.
2. Measure and place 4 markers to have a bed soil for planting.

3. Tie the 4 markers together to encircle the bed or area for planting.
4. Using a grab hoe or a fork tip hoe, dig or till the soil properly. Pulverized it by using a
fork.
8
5. Place fertilizer on top of the soil. If it is compost, incorporate it well through harrowing
or pulverizing.
6. Use a rake in levelling the soil. Water the prepared bed soil.
7. Repeat the same procedure if the area is big enough for other crops to be planted.
Remember that the number of your prepared bed soil depends on the wideness of the
space you have for planting. A one foot distance between beds is enough for you to move
freely and comfortably while working in your area. See to it that there is right water canal
around each bed soil for it helps the plants grow fast and healthy.
Self-check:
Arrange the steps below in preparing the soil for planting in proper order. Use numbers
1-5.
_______ 1. Put 4 markers to form a bed soil.
_______ 2. Level the soil and water it.
_______ 3. Place organic fertilizers on the soil.
_______ 4. Remove unimportant materials in the planting area.
_______ 5. Dig or till the soil properly.
9
Lesson 3
Tools and Equipment Used in Preparing the Soil
Some garden tools were already mentioned in lesson 2. In this lesson other tools and
equipment used in preparing the land will be fully discussed. This will guide you on what
tools are appropriate to use in soil preparation.
Remember that it would be best and convenient to plant if you use the right tool.
Sometimes, farm tools are easily worn out because they have been used inappropriately by
users. If the needed tools are not available, you can use substitutes if you are resourceful by
converting recycled materials for the purpose. For example, an old spoon or ladle can
substitute the hand trowel. Just flatten it with a hammer and presto! It will serve the purpose.
If you are blessed enough with complete tools and equipment in farming, be sure to protect
it so that it will last long.
In developing countries like ours, traditionally, planting is done by using animal-drawn
system wherein a plow or harrow is attached to a carabao in working the area. This is only
ideal to small farmers where labor is cheap. However, as time passes, system of land
technology is improved too. There are modern machines that can be used to produce good
quality products. With the modern farm machines, planting becomes easy however, this
does not replace the manual technique of planting.
Here are some of the common tools and equipment used in preparing the soil.
A. Hand tools - These are different tools used for clearing and tilling the soil.
1. Knives - These are available in different designs, weights and sizes. Heavy knives
are used for clearing, removing or cutting succulent weeds. Curved knives are used
for cutting grasses.
2. Grab hoe - This is used for tilling thick soil.
3. Fork tip hoe - This is used for rocky and hard soil.
4. Spading fork - This is used for a desired deep tilling of the soil.
5. Trowel - This is used for transferring seedlings, loosening the soil and planting trees.
6. Ax - This is used for cutting big branches of trees.
7. Shovel - This is used for digging canal along bed soil and clearing grasses too.
B. Animal - Draft Technology

Here, vegetable planting or farming is done with the use of animals like carabaos,
buffalos, cattle, and horses. Before plowing the soil, see to it that the farm is free from
weeds and debris. You can do this by using a spike tooth harrow which is entirely made
of hardwood but there are those made of metals. The harrow is pulled by the animal
and passed over the field several times until the weeds are removed from the roots.
10
Moreover, in tilling the soil, moldboard plow is used. Here the soil clods are broken.
However, this method is time consuming.
C. Mechanical Power Technology

The tractor is one of the most important equipment required in mechanical power
technology. It is available in different sizes and capabilities. The smallest tractors are
usually two-wheel in design and are commonly used for tilling the soil. If it is steady, the
tractor’s power take off device can be connected to a water pump or a power generator.
When attached to a trailer, the tractor can save the transport needs in the farm.
Which do you think is the best way in putting up your garden?
Self-check:
Identify the farm tool described in each statement.
_______ 1. These tools have different designs, weights, and sizes which are used for
clearing weeds.
_______ 2. It is pulled by the animal and passed over the field several times until the
weeds are removed.
_______ 3. It is used for tilling thick soil.
_______ 4. It is used for making canal along bed soil.
_______ 5. It is used for cutting branches of trees.
11
Lesson 4
Method of Soil Preparation Appropriate for a

Particular Crop and Season
You have already learned how to start a garden, to prepare the soil and its importance
and proper tools in planting. I am sure you are now ready to plant your desired crops or
vegetables.
This lesson will provide you the important ways of soil preparation appropriate in a
particular crop and season.
Let us take for example the sweet pepper. This crop is important to our body because
it contains vitamins A and C. It can be a money-maker for it is in demand at home and in
pizza restaurants where sweet pepper is used as condiments. Do you want to try planting
this in your available planting area? Here are the proper steps to produce good quality
sweet pepper.
1. Select a well-drained sandy dry to clay wet soil.
2. Plow and harrow the land area 2 to 3 times until the soil is well-pulverized.
3. Set furrows at 0.75 cm to 1 metre apart.
4. Start planting the seeds or seedlings.
5. Water the seedbed thoroughly.
Can you now grow sweet pepper and be a top producer of this in famous pizza
restaurants? Do you want another example of vegetable that you can produce in your area?
Aside from sweet pepper, what other vegetable is profitable and is used in several food
establishments. This is most seen as seasoning in soup, lomi, mami, congee or goto. This
spice crop is used in salads and vegetable dishes. It has medicinal value to correct
physiological disorders such as cough, obesity, insomnia, hemorrhoids, constipation, and
menstrual discomfort. Do you have an idea what is this vegetable? Yes, it is the bunching
onion. Here is how to plant it.
1. Prepare the land by plowing and harrowing. It requires 1 to 2 times depending on the
condition of the soil. You may apply animal manure prior to bed preparation.
2. Raise beds up to 50 - 100 cm apart but if the soil is well-drained, these are not
necessary.
3. Trim top portion of the leaves prior to transplanting to reduce transpiration and
increase plant survival.
4. Transplant in seedbeds at a distance of 10 cm × 15 cm. Use markers to provide
proper spacing and to facilitate transplanting. Dibbles may be used to make holes.
Plant deep enough. Care must be taken so as not to damage the basal portion of the
plant.
5. Press the soil lightly around the basal portion. Make sure that the roots are in full
contact with the soil.
6. Irrigate the field before and after transplanting.
12
Another popular vegetable among root crops is radish. It can be grown on silt loam or
sandy loam type of soil that is friable, well-drained and rich in organic matter.
Here is how it is planted.
1. Plow the soil 2-3 times at 30-40 cm deep and harrow to obtain a fine tilth.
2. Construct a seedbed 1 metre wide and 10-15 cm high.
3. Make thin shallow on the bed at about 25 cm apart and 2 cm deep.
4. Plant the seeds either broadcast or drill. When drill method is preferred:
a. Drill the seeds thinly 12.14 cm deep in furrows of 20-25 cm apart.
b. Cover the seeds thinly with fine soil.
c. Thin the seedlings at 10 cm apart as soon as they developed true leaves.
If broadcasting method is used:
a. Broadcast the seed directly into the soil.
b. Cover with thin layer of soil afterwards.
c. As soon as the plants developed true leaves, thin out and transplant them at 1.5
cm deep and 20 × 25 cm planting distances.
Now that you are through with bunching onion, radish and sweet pepper, is it not
exciting to plant other vegetable crops with economic value? There are more to learn while
you are going through other modules.
Self-check:
Check (✔) if the statement is a method of soil preparation and cross (✘), if it is not
included.
_______ 1. In planting sweet pepper, plow and harrow the land 2-3 times.
_______ 2. Start planting the seeds or seedlings.
_______ 3. Put fertilizer, 10-15 grams.
_______ 4. Check the vitamin content of the crop.
_______ 5. Know the medicinal value of the crop.
_______ 6. Construct a seedbed.
_______ 7. Cover the roots with thin layer of soil.
_______ 8. Irrigate the planting area.
_______ 9. Trim top portion of the leaves.
______ 10. Press the soil lightly around the base of the plant.
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Soil preparation promotes good soil condition; prevents the growth of disease causing
organisms; improves the water holding capacity of the soil; and promotes soil aeration.
Following are the proper methods of preparing the soil:
a. Plowing and harrowing
b. Removing less important objects in the planting area.
c. Measuring and marking the soil.
13
d. Digging the hole for planting.
e. Applying fertilizer to the soil.
f. Levelling and watering the soil.
Hand tools are tools used for clearing and tilling the soil such as knife, hoe, fork, trowel,
ax, and shovel.
Animal-draft technology uses animals such as cows and carabaos in farming.
POSTTEST

1. In order to promote good soil condition, the soil must be
a. watered thoroughly
b. tilled thoroughly
c. weed out thoroughly
d. sterilized thoroughly
2. Which of the following creates a problem most of the time when soil is not thoroughly
prepared?
a. caterpillars
b. flood
c. maggots
d. microorganisms
3. When the water moves downward to the soil, this promotes

a. the development of fruits
b. the development of new shoots
c. the development of plants to grow
d. the development of roots in plant deeper
4. When the land is harrowed thoroughly, it could also destroy

a. weeds
b. soil nutrients
c. microorganisms
d. insect pests
5. After putting fertilizers in the soil and levelling it, the next method of preparing the soil
is
a. harrowing
b. watering
c. putting markers
d. measuring the seedbed
6. Primary tillage or plowing is done by

a. digging the soil manually
14
b. using a shovel to dig the soil
c. using a power tiller hitched to cow or carabao
d. using a fork to pulverize the soil
7. A tool used for clearing or removing weeds is

a. ax
b. fork
c. knife
d. hoe
8. A grab hoe is used for

a. digging canal
b. tilling thick soil
c. watering the land area
d. drilling holes for planting
9. Which of the following tools and equipment is an example of a mechanical power

technology?
a. ax
b. hoe
c. shovel
d. tractor
10. To plant vegetable fruit for a particular season like sweet pepper, one should follow
these steps, except one.
a. Select a well-drained clay wet soil.
b. Plow and harrow the land area.
c. Know the medicinal value of the plant.
d. Water the seedbed thoroughly.
15
ANSWER KEY
Pretest Lesson 3: Self-check
1. d 1. knives
2. d 2. harrow
3. d 3. grab hoe
4. a 4. shovel
5. c 5. ax
7. c
8. c
9. a
10. b Lesson 4: Self-check
11. c 1. ✔
2. ✔
Lesson 1: Self-check 3. ✔
4. ✘
1. d
5. ✘
2. d
6. ✔
3. a
7. ✔
4. c
8. ✔
5. b
9. ✘
10. ✔
1. d
Posttest
2. d
1. b
3. a
2. d
4. c
3. d
5. b
4. a
5. b
6. c
1. 2
7. c
2. 5
8. b
3. 4
9. d
4. 1
10. c
5. 3
16
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 3
Pasig City
1
Plant Crop Production
First Year
Module 3
Grow a Glorious Plant!

Congratulations! You are now working on Module 3. Are you still eager to learn more
about plant crop production? Very good! It means you are keeping up with the objectives of
this learning task.
After finding good seeds to sow and learning how to prepare the land for planting, it is
good to know that plant crops grow well on properly prepared land. More so, if the land is
rich in soil nutrients. To be sure that the seeds will grow, apply organic fertilizer before
planting.
However, there are other things that you should know in order to grow plants
successfully. Give life to your plants by starting the task right. How? You will know more if
you read this material thoroughly. In this module, you will know how to prepare and grow
seedlings or young plants before planting.

This module helps you perform these tasks well:
1. compare direct and indirect planting;

2. cite samples of seeds directly or indirectly planted;
3. discuss the advantages of observing proper distance, depth and rate of planting seeds
and seedlings;
4. raise seedlings; and
5. plant vegetables adapted to your locality.
PRETEST
Before working on this module, answer the questions below to find out how much you
already know about the topic. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank before
each number.
2
_______ 1. Direct method of planting is growing plants in
a. a permanent place
b. a seedbox or seedbed
c. a nursery house
d. its natural environment
_______ 2. Growing plants in seedbeds or seedboxes is known as

a. direct planting
b. indirect planting
c. transplanting
d. sowing
_______ 3. Which of the following seeds is indirectly planted?

a. cabbage
b. carrot
c. corn
d. cucumber
_______ 4. The following seeds are directly planted, except one.

a. squash; upo
b. okra; katuray
c. eggplant; pechay
d. beans; sayote
_______ 5. It is the process of transplanting seedlings from one seedbox to another.

a. hardening
b. pricking
c. sterilizing
d. withering
_______ 6. Why should the soil in the seedbox be fertilized?

a. to kill microorganisms
b. to give moisture to the seeds
c. to protect the seeds from wilting
d. to enhance the growth of the seeds
_______ 7. What will happen to small seeds when buried deeper than the required depth
of sowing?
a. They will become dormant.
b. They will sprout slowly.
c. They will dry up.
d. They will germinate underground.
3
_______ 8. Which of the following distances of planting is recommended for cabbage?
a. 8-20 cm
b. 30-50 cm
c. 40-50 cm
d. 60-90 cm
_______ 9. Which of the following tools is used to separate seedlings from the seedbox?
a. dibble
b. trowel
c. crowbar
d. hoe
______ 10. The following fruit vegetables are commonly grown in our country, except
one.
a. tomatoes
b. pechay
c. okra
d. eggplant
4
Lesson 1
Direct and Indirect Planting
Plants are grown in two different ways. Through direct and indirect planting. The
following situation will tell you how direct and indirect planting is done.
Good morning Good morning,

Romeo and Mr. Sahorda. Can
Danica. I am very you help us
glad to help you. differentiate the
methods of
planting vegetable
crops.
Mr. Sahorda: There are two methods of planting seeds, direct and indirect.
Romeo: What is direct planting, Sir?
Mr. Sahorda: In direct planting, the seeds are planted right into the soil in the field
where they will grow, up to the time of harvesting. Like the corn plants
and beans, they are planted directly in the field. Direct planting is
usually done when plants have large seeds.
Danica: What about indirect planting, Sir?
Mr. Sahorda: In the indirect method of planting seeds, seeds are planted first in a
seedbox or seedbed. As soon as the seedlings have grown three or
more leaves, they are ready for transplanting. This is usually done to
plants with tiny seeds such as pechay, mustard and other vegetables.
Romeo: We are very grateful to you, Sir. We shall share with our classmates
what we have learned from you.
Danica: Now, I know the difference between the two methods of planting seeds.
Danica and Romeo left their teacher very much satisfied. They were certain about
the answers to their questions and eager to apply their new knowledge as well as share this
with others.
Let us now see what you have learned from the discussions. Work on the given
activities.
5
Activity 1
Study the illustration below and identify the method of planting used.
Activity 2
Differentiate indirect from direct planting using the comparison alley between them.
M
E
T
H
O
D
S
O
F
P
L
A
N
T
I
N
G
Self-check:
6
In direct planting, seeds are _____________in a designated place where they grow
until ________. Corn and beans are planted directly on the field. Plants with l_______
seeds are grown by direct planting.
In direct planting, seeds are first sown in a _______or _________. As soon as the
seedlings have grown three or more true leaves, they are ready for _________. This is
usually done to plants with _____________like ________and ___________.
7
Lesson 2
Seeds Directly or Indirectly Planted
How well did you understand the previous lesson? Good! After learning the two
methods of planting, the next task is to identify seeds that are directly and indirectly planted.
This is a very important task, because seeds might not germinate if not planted properly.
Usually, seeds that are too small like the pechay and mustard are planted indirectly.
Since you cannot place exactly the right number of seeds in the garden area, they might be
buried underground when it rains hard.
Big seeds such as upo, patola, ampalaya, and beans, can be directly planted on the
furrow. You can count exactly the number of seeds planted per hill or hole.
To know more about how vegetable seeds are planted, examine the table below.
Farm Crops Classified as to Methods of Planting
Direct Planting Indirect Planting
corn; watermelon onion; cabbage

cucumber; melon cauliflower; celery
sayote; bataw spinach; tomato
carrot; upo lettuce; mustard
squash; katuray eggplant; pechay
okra; carrots sweet pepper
patola; winged beans
all peas and beans
Since you have already identified which plants are planted indirectly or directly, let us
see if you can work on the exercise below.
Self-check:
Check ( ✔ ) the vegetable plants that are directly planted and cross ( ✖ ) those that
are indirectly planted.
_____1. pechay _____6. sweet pepper

_____2. corn _____7. tomato
_____3. squash _____8. carrot
_____4. onion _____9. okra
_____5. cabbage _____10.upo
8
Lesson 3
Indirectly Planted Seeds
In Lesson 2, you identified seeds that are directly planted. This lesson focuses on
how indirectly planted seeds are prepared and grown in the seedbox or seedbed before
transplanting.
Observe and find out how seeds are planted indirectly in the following situation:
Rhea and Tina want to raise pechay seedlings for their vegetable project in school.
Let us read their conversation.
We are going to
Tina, what shall we
allow the pechay
do with the pechay
seeds to germinate
seeds we bought?
or sprout.
When a seed
germinates, the embryo
What does or the small plant inside
germinate mean, the seed develops.
Tina?
How do we know
when seeds have The small embryo inside the
already germinated? seed grows bigger and a
small plant or seedling starts
to grow.
We shall follow the

How do we raise procedure which our
pechay seedlings? teacher taught us.
9
Below are the steps in raising seedlings:
1. The seedbox must be prepared for the purpose. The seedbox contain a soil
medium. The soil medium should be free of weeds, fungus, spores, and garden
pests. It should be porous enough to allow delicate rootlets to penetrate and let
in air and moisture. A mixture of equal parts of sand, soil, and compost is
recommended.
2. Sterilize the mixture by pouring boiling water.
3. Sow the seeds when the soil is already cold. Prepare drills along the seedbox.
4. Cover the seeds by sifting the soil medium through a fine sieve held above the
seedbed. Fine seeds are not covered. They are merely pressed gently into the
soil with a flat, level piece of wood. Water gently by misting.
5. The seedlings should be protected from temperature fluctuations. It is best to

bring the seedbox in the open. However, it should be placed in an area where
partial sunlight is available.
6. The seedlings should continue getting protection until the first true leaves grow.
When one or two sets of true leaves have grown, the seedlings are ready for
transplanting.
7. Pricking or thinning is the process of transplanting seedlings from their seedbox

to another seedbox. During this step, the seedlings start developing roots and
leaves. The seedlings should have grown into plants and should be pricked as
soon as they have grown two sets of leaves.
10
Activity 3
Report to your teacher what you have done for practical application of what you have
learned. Prepare the checklist below for checking if you have missed any steps.
Procedure Performed Missed

1. Prepared a seedbox/
seedbed.
2. Mixed sand, compost,
and soil.
3. Sterilized the soil
medium.
4. Sowed seeds.
5. Watered the seedbed/
seedbox.
6. Placed in the plant
nursery.
Visit your project the next day to find out if the seeds have already germinated and to
what extent. Exciting isn’t it?
Self-check:
Arrange the following steps in growing seedlings. Write 1, for the first step, 2 for the
second step, and so on to the last. Write your answers on the blanks provided.
_____1. Prick to the other seedbox.
_____2. Water gently by misting.
_____3. Sterilize the soil.
_____4. Prepare a seedbox.
_____5. Add the soil medium.
_____6. Sow the seeds.
_____7. Press the soil gently.
11
Lesson 4
Distance, Depth, and Rate of Planting Seeds and Seedlings
Have you ever sown seeds on a seedbox? Very Good! Seeds can also be sown in
seedbeds, particularly if it is a large crop production.
When plants are closely planted without considering distance, depth, and rate of
planting, the growth of plants is also affected. Hence, distance, depth, and rate or planting
must be considered to ensure the growth of plants.
Below is the continuation of Danica and Romeo’s conversation with Mr. Sajorda.
Romeo: Sir, we have already sown the seeds in the seedbox. What about the
seeds which are directly planted into the field?
Danica: Do we also consider the distance, depth, and rate of planting seeds
when growing seeds in the field?
Mr. Sahorda: Certainly! Distance, depth and rate of planting should be considered
when planting seeds and seedlings.
12
Below is the table on how to plant seeds and seedlings considering distance, depth
and rate of planting.
Seeding Rate, Depth and Distance of Planting Farm Crops
Crops Rate of Seeding Depth of Sowing Distance of

(gm per hectare) (cm) Planting between
hills (cm)
Cabbage 150 ½ 30-50
Sweet Corn 8,500 ½ 60-90
Eggplant 75 1 40-50
Green Onion 85 ½ 8-20
Lettuce 90 ¼ 25-30
Mongo 26,250 1½ 25-30
Mustard 750 ½ 12-20
Okra 2,870 2.5 30-50
Squash 200 2.5-3 60-120
Pechay 700 ¼ 12-20
Pepper 200 1 20-30
Radish 3,250 ¼ 15-25
Pole Sitao 8,000 2.5-3 30-50
Onion Bulb 2,000 ¼ 8-15
Bush Sitao 40,000 2.5 15-25
Below are the advantages of observing rate, depth and distance in planting.
1. Rate of planting - refers to the thickness of sown seeds in a row or the number of
seeds planted per hill. This depends on whether or not the plants are to be thinned. If
there are more seeds germinated in a hill, some can be transferred to another hill
when germination has failed. In commercial farm crop production, this is not
advisable because of added labor and wastage of seeds.
2. Depth of planting -Three factors determine the appropriate depth of planting seeds,
as follows:
a. Size and structure of seeds - Seedlings of vegetable crops with large seeds
have greater power to push their way to the surface of the soil compared to
the small seeds. Bigger seeds are usually planted deeper than small seeds.
b. Soil - the condition of the soil influences the depth of planting seeds. Plant the
seeds deeper on sandy than in clay soil. This is so because of soil moisture.
c. Season of planting - the seeds may be planted at different depths in different
seasons of the year. If the soil is almost too wet for the germination of seeds,
shallow planting is advisable. On the other hand, during the dry season when
evaporation is rapid and the heat of the son is intense, the conditions of both
moisture and temperature are likely to be more favorable for germination at a
13
considerable depth below the surface. Under these conditions, the seeds
should be planted as deeply as the power of the seedlings will permit.
3. Distance of Planting -The distance at which seeds should be planted is determined

by two factors:
a. Amount of space needed by the plant for normal development during the time
it is expected to occupy the given location and the amount of space needed to
properly care for the plants.
b. Size of the plants at maturity if they are not to be transplanted or the size at
the time of the first shift if they are to be transplanted.
Did you learn something from this lesson. Well, let us see. Work on the activity
below.
Activity 4
Alberto is a plant grower who is planning to plant 4 types of vegetables on his 4
hectares farm. Help him find the right vegetables to plant considering the rate and depth of
planting.
A. Type of vegetables: __________ C. Type of vegetables: __________

Rate of planting: __________ Rate of planting: __________
Depth of planting: __________ Depth of planting: __________
B. Type of vegetables: __________ D. Type of vegetables: __________

Rate of planting: __________ Rate of planting: __________
Depth of planting: __________ Depth of planting: __________
Self-check:
Complete the chart below. Provide the proper distance, depth and rate of planting
seeds and seedlings.
Crops Rate of Seedling Sowing Depth Planting

Between Hills
Sweet corn 8, 500 ½ __________

Eggplant 75 1 __________
Lettuce 90 __________ 25-30
Green onion 85 __________ __________
Okra 2, 870 2.5 __________
14
Lesson 5
Vegetable Plant Adapted to the Locality
Now that you have learned the advantages of rate, depth and distance of planting, it
will be easy for you to apply these when planting vegetables.
Have you checked the seeds you sowed in the seedbox in your previous activity? It is
time for you to transplant these to a permanent growing area.
What kind of vegetable seed did you sow? The most common leafy vegetables grown
in our country are pechay, mustard, green onion, spinach and celery. Fruit vegetables
popularly grown are eggplant, pepper and tomatoes.
Have you experienced planting any of the vegetables mentioned? If you had, good!
Find out if you followed the steps correctly in your previous lesson.
Steps in Transplanting Seedlings
1. Water the seedbox or seedbed before transplanting.

2. Hold the seedling carefully or use a dibble or stick to lift the small plant out from the
germinating area. Do not shake the soil off the roots to prevent exposure to air which
will dry them out.
3. Plant the seedlings one at a time, depending upon the required distance.
4. Press the soil around the roots gently.
5. Water the seedlings on the soil surface with a gentle stream of water to settle the soil
around the roots.
6. Water the plants four times a day to prevent drying up during the first tree days. Reduce
watering if the young plants can withstand their new environment or the roots have
grown and absorbed water from the soil.
Transplanting is done late in the afternoon or early in the morning but watering
technique as suggested above must be followed if plants are exposed directly to sunlight,
particularly in large-scale production. In small-scale production, a shade per plant can be
provided.
Did you follow the same steps? Very good! Happy planting!
15
Activity 5
Analyze each picture and write the task being performed.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Self-check:
Fill in the chart below with the steps in transplanting vegetables.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
16
You have now reached the end of this module. Congratulations! Did you enjoy
studying this module? Very Good!
LET’S SUMMARIZE
In direct planting, seeds are planted directly in the field.

Indirect planting is sowing the seeds first in seedbeds or seedboxes before transplanting
to the field.
Seeds directly planted in the field are usually big such as upo, patola, amaplaya, and
squash. Small seeds are planted indirectly like the mustard, pechay, onion and spinach.
Raising seedlings is usually done by preparing a seedbed or seedbox. Soil medium is
composed of sand, compost and soil is prepared. When sterilized, seeds are sown.
Mist watering is advisable particularly on small seeds.
It is best to observe proper distance, depth and rate of planting seeds and seedlings, for
plants to grow well and attain maximum growth.
Pechay and mustard are the most common leafy vegetables growing in the country,
while tomatoes and eggplants are the most popular fruit vegetables. These plants are
first sown on seedbeds or in seedboxes before transplanted to their designated place.
POSTTEST
Choose the correct answer to each item below. Write the letter of the item of your
choice on the blank before the number.
_____1. Growing plants in a permanent place is

a. direct planting
b. indirect planting
c. pricking
d. thinning
_____2. Indirect planting is planting seeds in

a. a seedbox or seedbed
b. its permanent cite
c. the nursery farm
d. the forest
_____3. The following groups of seeds are indirectly planted, except one
a. cabbage and pechay
b. onion and cauliflower
c. cucumber and corn
d. pepper and celery
_____4. Which of the following seeds is directly planted?

a. tomatoes
b. okra
17
c. pepper
d. eggplant
_____5. Pricking is the process of transplanting seedlings from

a. one seedbox to another
b. seedbox to its permanent place
c. nursery to open field
d. open field to nursery
_____6. Microorganisms are best destroyed through

a. fumigation
b. fertilization
c. sterilization
d. cultivation
_____7. Refers to the thickness of the sown seeds in a row.

a. depth of planting
b. rate of planting
c. season of planting
d. distance of planting
_____8. A distance of 30-50 cm between plants is best for

a. okra
b. squash
c. eggplant
d. pechay
_____9. A dibble is a tool used in

a. sowing seeds
b. transplanting seedlings
c. detecting dormancy
d. germinating seeds
_____10. Which of the following is indirectly planted?

a. celery
b. cucumber
c. katuray
d. melon
18
ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. b
6. d
7. c
8. b
9. a
10. b
In direct planting, seeds are planted directly in a designated place where they grow
until harvested. Corn and beans are planted directly on the field. Plants with large seeds
are grown by direct planting.
In direct planting, seeds are first sown in a seedbox or seedbed. As soon as the
seedlings have grown three or more true leaves, they are ready for transplanting. This is
usually done to plants with tiny seeds like pechay and mustard.
✖ 1. pechay ✖ 6. sweet pepper

✔ 2. corn ✖ 7. tomato
✔ 3. squash ✔ 8. carrot
✖ 4. onion ✔ 9. okra
✖ 5. cabbage ✔ 10. upo
1. 7
2. 6
3. 3
4. 1
5. 2
6. 4
7. 5
19
Crops Rate of Seedling Depth of Seedling Distance of Planting

between Hills
Sweet corn 8,500 ½ 60-90

Eggplant 75 1 40-50
Lettuce 90 ¼ 25-30
Green onion 85 ½ 8-20
Okra 2, 870 2.5 30-50
1. Water the seedbox.

2. Hold the seedling to lift the small plant out from the germinating area.
3. Plant the seedlings one at a time.
4. Press the soil around the roots gently.
5. Water the seedlings on the soil surface.
6. Water the plants four times a day to prevent drying up during the first three days.
Posttest
1. a
2. a
3. c
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. a
9. b
10. a
20
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 4
Pasig City
1
First Year
Module 4
Pure Water Pure Delight

Are you enjoying your lessons? Do you enjoy working on the different activities in each
module? You are truly fortunate to have these challenging learning experiences.
After learning how to grow plants, this time you will be exposed to experiences relating
to healthy plants glowing with life in the morning sunlight. Plants grow healthy when
properly watered. Yes, one of the most vital elements in crop production, is water.
Most plants can adapt to environmental conditions which are not that ideal but without
water, they wither and die.

This module dwells on water without which both man and plants will die. After studying
this module, see how well you can do these:
1. explain the role of water to plant growth; and
2. discuss the different ways of watering plants.
PRETEST
Write only the letter of the correct answer on your paper.
1. Which of the following activities of plants relates to the availability of water?

a. growth of flowers
b. seed development
c. growth of plant leaves
d. all of the above
2. Following are instances when plants need water, except one.

a. after sowing the seed
b. after planting the seed
c. when they bear flowers
2
d. after transplanting
3. Shallow rooted vegetables such as pechay and cabbage need much water because
a. their bodies are composed of water
b. they are deeply rooted compared to other vegetables
c. their leaf respiration is very high
d. they bear fruits more than other plants
4. The supply of water done through small channels or furrows.

a. surface irrigation
b. watering in hose
c. sprinkler irrigation
d. drip irrigation
5. Drip or trickle irrigation refers to the supply of water through small openings
a. emitters
b. nozzle
c. water cans
d. hose
3
Lesson 1
The Role of Water in Plant Growth
You may recall from the module, “Grow a Glorious Plant”, that in order to survive the
heat of the sun, seedlings need water four times a day particularly when newly transplanted.
Do you know why? It is due to much water loss which might wilt the seedlings. The roots of
plants must be capable of absorbing enough water to keep the plants alive.
Imagine yourself as a plant. What do your
flowers, fruits and leaves need in order to survive?
What do you need to keep healthy? Can your roots
absorb nutrients from the soil without water?
One of the most important factors in successful
gardening is water. If watering systems are poor,
plant growth is stunted and plants may wilt or die.
Hence, plants must be watered regularly and
thoroughly.
Now you might ask, when is the right time to water plants? Study the pictures on the
next page to know when to water plants.
Watering is needed...
a. after sowing the seeds.
c. after transferring seedlings from one

b. after planting the seeds.
seedbox to another by pricking.
d. after transplanting. e. everytime the soil dries up.

4
How will you know that the soil is dry? Look at the following illustrations.
Can you analyze what the three pictures are trying to say?
1. Which of the illustrations show that soil needs watering?
2. Why?
Infrequently watered plants like tomatoes and eggplant need thorough watering,
because they are deeply rooted. Shallow rooted plants are frequently watered. Pechay,
mustard, and celery must be watered twice a day, because their roots are near the surface
of the earth. Hence, water evaporates fast. Their bodies are also succulent.
Time should also be considered when watering plants. It is best to water plants in the
morning. Never water plants late in the afternoon when the sun is no longer shining. The
moist environment at night invites plant diseases.
Now, let us check if you really understood what you read. Work on the activities
below.
Activity 1
Observe the pictures below then answer the questions that follow.
A B
1. Which of the plants needs more water?
5
2. Why?
Activity 2
Below are vegetable plants growing in your garden. Identify which vegetables need
frequent watering and which ones do not. Write your answers in the box below.
pechay mustard tomatoes

eggplant okra kangkong
pepper onion malunggay
cabbage celery katuray
Frequently Watered Infrequently Watered
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
Self-Check:
Write the missing words on the blank to complete the sentence.
1. One of the most important factors in growing plants is _____.

2. Watering of vegetables depends on the _____of the plant.
3. The best time to water plants in the _____.
4. It is not advisable to water plants _____in the afternoon.
5. Eggplant is an example of vegetable that is _____watered.
Did you get all the answers right? If you did, excellent! If not, you can go over the
lesson again.
6
zLesson 2
Different Ways of Watering Plants
Now that you already know the role of water in plant growth, let us move on to how
plants can be supplied with water. In this lesson, you will learn the different ways of
watering plants from backyard and school to large-scale plant crop production.
What am I going
to do with my
vegetable plants?
Imagine that you have a vegetable garden and it relies mainly on rain. However, for
a long period of time, still, there’s no rain. What do you think will happen to your vegetable
crops? Surely, your crops will wilt and eventually die if still not watered. Hence, you will find
ways of bringing water to your plants.
How can this be done? It can be done through water irrigation. Irrigation refers to
the supply of water to a farm when rainfall is not sufficient enough.
Water is conducted for long distances through open ditches or irrigation canals until it
reaches the land to be irrigated. Water supply may come from rivers, mountain streams,
natural and artificial lakes and reservoirs of stored water.
Water irrigation is used on vegetable through the following ways or methods:
1. Surface or furrow irrigation
Photo by David Frazier

Encarta 2000
7
This is done by running water through small channels or furrows. Water moves down
or across the slope of the field. It sips into the bottom and sides of the furrows to
provide the desired wetting. This is applicable only for row crops in fields with
uniform slopes.
2. Sprinkler irrigation
Photo by Bill Grange

Encarta 2000
Artificial rain is generated through special devices such as perforated sprinkler lines,
rotating sprinklers, or micro sprinklers. The water source is usually a river, a shallow
well or tap water. This method is labor intensive and the water source must be near
the farm.
However, in non-mechanized farming, this is done by using watering cans. The cans
are attached to a perforated nozzle capable of delivering water fast enough without causing
damage to the plants.
Nozzles are easily attached from the can to remove debris, particularly when water
sources are rivers and canals.
In some mechanized farms, a rotating sprinkler is used. It is popular in orchards and

large nurseries. It consists of a head with one or more nozzle which is rotated by the action
of the water passing through, and which waters the circular portion of the field around the
sprinkler. This method is capable of furnishing water at relatively slow rate, while using
relatively large nozzles.
3. Drip-irrigation
This is also known as trickle irrigation. The technique refers to the thorough
application of water to the soil through small openings or emitters, which are
designed to discharge water at the rate of 1-8 liters per hour. The emitters are close
to the plant, wetting only these areas and leaving the rest of the field dry. Unlike
sprinkle irrigation and flooding which wet the entire field.
4. Sub-irrigation
8
This is the least common method of irrigation because of its high initial cost and the
limited land suitable for its use. This is usually done on peat soil. Water is supplied
by an underground system and reaches the plant by capillary movement. The drip
irrigation system can be installed underground to serve as sub-irrigation system.
After the discussion on the different methods of watering plants, were you able to
identify those applied in your own school or home garden?
Now let us find out how much you have learned from this lesson. Answer the self-
check exercise below.
Self-check:
Identify the following:
_____1. It refers to the supply of water to a farm where there is no sufficient rainfall.
_____2. Water is allowed to flow along plant beds.
_____3. Water is supplied to plants using watering cans.
_____4. Also known as trickle irrigation.
_____5. It is a material attached at the end of a watering can to remove debris.
Congratulations! You have already finished this challenging module. Isn’t it

exciting? I hope this helped you gain a lot of knowledge.
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Plants need watering after sowing the seeds; after planting the seeds; after transferring
the seedlings from the seedbox to another by pricking; and after transplanting.
It is advisable to water plants in the morning.
Irrigation is the supply of water to a farm when rainfall is not sufficient.
Surface irrigation is done by running water through small channels or furrows.
Drip-irrigation is the thorough application of water to the soil through small openings or
emitters.
9
POSTTEST
Choose the correct answer by encircling its letter.
1. Growth development in plants is closely related to

a. air
b. water
c. compost
d. farmer
2. In which plant stage is water much needed?

a. fruit development
b. flowering
c. harvesting
d. transplanting
3. Which of the following groups of vegetables need more water daily?

a. pechay and cabbage
b. tomato and eggplant
c. pepper and ube
d. okra and beans
4. Surface irrigation is done through

a. small channels or furrows
b. the use of water cans
c. a hose
d. sprinkler
5. Use of watering cans with nozzles to water plants.

a. drip irrigation
b. surface irrigation
c. sprinkler irrigation
d. furrow irrigation
10
ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. d
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. a
Activity 2
Frequently Watered Infrequently Watered

1. pechay 1. eggplant
2. cabbage 2. pepper
3. mustard 3. okra
4. celery 4. tomatoes
5. kangkong 5. malungay
6. onion 6. katuray
1. water
2. root
3. morning
4. late
5. infrequently
1. irrigation
2. furrow or surface irrigation
3. sprinkler irrigation
4. drip irrigation
5. nozzle
Posttest
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. c
11
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 5
Pasig City
1
First Year
Module 5
Help! My World is Getting Smaller
Let no stones be left unturned for an eager learner like you whose behavior is sound
and interesting. Welcome to your next module, dear student.
Imagine yourself a plant growing in the garden with the luxuries of morning sunlight,
fresh morning breeze, water and an abundance of soil nutrients. What else can you ask
for?
However, one morning, you were surprised. Almost all the luxuries you were enjoying
are gone because of the weeds the have grown beside you.
Weeds prevent plant growth and development. Weeds grow fast and the easiest way
to remove it is through proper weeding and cultivation.
This module focuses on weeds and how these affect plant growth. It describes
cultivation and its advantages to plant crop production.

Working on this module requires you to be able to:
1. identify types of weeds;
2. explain the advantages of weeding and cultivation;
3. describe the proper ways of weeding and cultivating plants;
4. explain the value of weeding and cultivation to the growth of plants; and
5. identify different garden tools used in weeding and cultivation.
2
PRETEST
Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Weeds that reproduce only through seeds and complete their life span in one season.
a. annual
b. biennial
c. perennial
d. terrestrial
2. Which of the following weeds is biennial?

a. cogon
b. makahiya
c. olasiman
d. mutha
3. Perennial weeds are those that live for

a. one season
b. two seasons
c. 6 months
d. two years or more
4. Following are the advantages of weeding the garden, except one

a. photosynthesis is enhanced
b. breeding places for pests and diseases are destroyed
c. water and soil nutrients are utilized by crops
d. microorganisms in the soil are utilized
5. The following are farm practices that are easy to perform when weeding is done
regularly, except
a: watering
b. fertilizing
c. cultivating
d. harvesting
6. The process of loosening the soil at the base of the plant is known as
a. cultivating
b. fertilizing
c. aerating
d. transplanting
3
7. This tool is used to cut and uproot weeds.
a. bolo
b. cultivator
c. spading fork
d. trowel
8. This is a method of controlling weeds in common in backyard gardening.

a. manual
b. mechanical
c. chemical
d. mulching
9. The mechanical method of controlling weeds is most common in

a. home backyard gardening
b. school gardening
c. big plant crop production
d. small-scale farming
10. Which of the following materials is best for mulching?

a. clear plastic
b. black polyethylene plastic
c. ipil-ipil leaves
d. dry grass or weeds
4
Lesson 1
Types of Weeds
There are unfamiliar plants in the garden which grow anywhere even when not planted
intentionally. They are called weeds. Weeds are unwanted plants that grow out of place and
economically of no use.
To enhance your knowledge of weeds, visit your garden, then locate and identify them.
Weeds are also plants which outgrow the plants in the garden. They are classified
according to life span.
Types of Weeds
1. Annuals - these are weeds that reproduce only through seeds and complete their life
span in one season. Examples are wild mustard, wild spinach, olasiman, pigweed
and crab grass.
Wild spinach Crab grass

Wild mustard
2. Biennials - these weeds live for two seasons to complete their life span. They
produce seeds during the second season of their growth and die. Examples are wild
eggplant, goatsbeard, mutha and wild carrots.
Wild carrot
goatsbeard
3. Perennial- these are weeds that live longer than two years. It takes them two or more
seasons to reproduce seeds, grow roots and underground stems. As the plant
produces seeds, its underground root system spreads, too. Examples are talahib,
cogon, touch me not, quack grass and morning glory.
5
Talahib
Were you able to identify the weeds that grow in the garden through the illustrations
and descriptions given in this module? Find out to what extent.
Activity 1
Classify the weeds in Table 1 as annual, biennial or perennial. Write your answers in
Table II.
Table I
talahib olasiman
mutha wild carrots
cogon goatsbeard
touch me not wild mustard
crab grass pigweed
Table II
Annual Biennial Perennial
a. a. a.
b. b. b.
c. c. c.
d. d. d.
How well did you make it? Good! Review the items you missed, if any.
6
Self-check:
Write True if the statement is true, and False, if the statement is not true.
_____1. Weeds are plants that grow where they are not needed.
_____2. Weeds are plants classified as to life span.
_____3. Annual weeds are those that live for two seasons.
_____4. Cogon and talahib are examples of perennial weeds.
_____5. Mutha and wild carrots are the most common biennial weeds.
7
Lesson 2
Advantages of Weeding and Cultivation
After knowing the types of weeds that are common in gardens and farms, your next
lesson focuses on methods of controlling weeds and why they should be destroyed.
What is weeding? Weeding is removing or eradicating unnecessary plants in the
garden.
Following are the advantages of weeding in crop production.
1. Photosynthesis in plants will not be disturbed. If the weeds grow taller or bigger than
your plant crop, the process of making food in the latter is affected. Growth of the
plants is hampered.
2. Water and nutrients in the soil are used only by the plant crops.
3. Weeding plants regularly destroys the breeding places of insects and pests.
4. It saves time, money and effort.
5. It facilitates garden practices such as fertilizing, cultivating, and harvesting, among
others.
6. It improves the quality of crops, particularly, rice.
Another important task in the care of plants is cultivation. Cultivation is loosening the
soil around the base of the plant. This practice is beneficial to crops because it promotes
soil aeration and stimulates plant growth. It also helps eradicate weeds because of root
disturbance.
To see how much you have learned from the preceding topic, work on the next activity.
Activity 2
Analyze the pictures below then answer questions that follow.
8
A B
Questions:
1. Which of the picture shows that plants grow bigger and healthier? Why?
2. Which picture shows greater possibility of insect infestation? Why?
3. Which picture shows that water and soil nutrients are being utilized by the plant
crops? Why?
Self-check:
Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following processes is directly affected when weeds are taller and leaves
are wider than those of vegetable plants?
a. absorption c. plasmolysis
b. photosynthesis d. transpiration
2. What is in the soil that weeds compete with plants?

a. composts c. microorganisms
b. fertilizers d. nutrients
3. How do the insect pests use the weeds around the plants?
a. as a resting area c. as a metamorphosis area
b. as a feeding area d. as a breeding area
4. Which of the following is saved when the garden is weeded regularly?

a. money c. effort
b. materials d. a and c
5. Below are the advantages of the cultivating plants, except

a. soil aeration c. soil fertilization
b. weed eradication d. root development
9
Lesson 3
Methods of Weeding and Cultivating Plants
After learning the advantages of weeding and cultivation, your next task is to learn the
various ways of weeding and cultivating plants.
Here are some efficient methods of controlling weeds in the garden:
1. Manual Method. Quite common in small farms, weeds are picked or uprooted using
bare hands. Although very effective, it is time consuming.
2. Mechanical Method. Faster than hand pulling, weeds are removed through machines
or tools. This method is used in large-scale planting.
3. Chemical Method. Chemicals known as herbicides are used to destroy weeds, but
do not harm vegetables or farm crops. The method is applicable when labor is
expensive and not readily available.
4. Solarization Method. This is a technique used in controlling weeds when starting a

garden and when weeding is a serious problem. Hence, a newly prepared plot is
covered with clear plastic and is then exposed to the sun for 10-15 days.
5. Mulching. This method uses loose organic materials such as rice straw, banana
leaves, coconut leaves, or black polyethylene plastic to cover the soil around the
plant or between rows to protect or improve the area. This method prevents the
growth of weeds because they do not get direct sunlight needed for photosynthesis.
As previously discussed in the last lesson, cultivation is a practice in crop production

that helps promote the growth and development of roots.
There are two ways of cultivating plants, as follows:
1. Off-barring - cultivates the soil away from the rows of plants.
2. Hilling-up - draws the soil towards the base of the plants.
If these practices are done at the proper time, weeds growing within the rows can be
controlled. To be effective however, this must be done when the soil is not too wet.
Now that you have learned the methods of controlling weeds and cultivation, are you
ready to try these in your own garden?
Let us check on the knowledge you gained from the discussion through the activity
below.
Activity 3
10
Mang Anding and Mang Rufing are two plant growers. They have certain problems
with the plants they grow. Read their conversation below:
Good day to you, Rufing. I

Good morning, Anding. noticed that too. That’s my
Your crops seem to be problem now. The area is
growing healthy, but I saw quite big and there are no
some weeds growing with laborers for hire in our
your plants. place. Everyone is busy
on their own farm.
I also have a problem, Anding.

I thought everything is
My radish farm has weeds
fine on your farm. Let us
growing around the area. I’m
think of ways to solve
afraid it will affect the growth of
our problems.
the plants.

1. What method of weed control is suited for Mang Anding’s farm?
2. Why?
3. What do you advise to Mang Anding?
4. Justify your suggestions.
Self-check:
11
Identify what the following statements are about.
_______ 1. A method of eradicating weeds, using tools or machine.
_______ 2. A method of controlling weeds common in small farms.
_______ 3. Use of herbicides to destroy weeds.
_______ 4. Use of loose organic materials or black polyethylene plastic to control weeds.
_______ 5. A technique of cultivation in which soil is drawn towards the base of the plant.
You must have gained much knowledge in this module. Keep in mind that weeds
grow between plants and compete with crops which adversely affect both the quality and
quantity of the harvest.
Many farmers experience losses due to the problem of weeds, because it does not
only interfere with plant growth, but also clog irrigation and drainage canals.
12
Lesson 4
Garden Tools Used in Weeding and Cultivating
You are now familiar with the methods of weeding and cultivation. Now, let us take time
to learn tools used in gardening. As a guide, use the proper tools for purposes of the
practicum. The following are examples of weeding and cultivating tools:
Trowel Pick-mattock
Spading fork
Rake
Hoe Spade
1. Bolo – this is used to cut and uproot weeds.

2. Warren hoe – this is an ideal tool for weeding and shallow cultivation.
3. Cultivator - designed for breaking up soil crusts and cultivating and uprooting
rootstock.
4. Spading fork - a tool used to weed and cultivate the soil around the base of bigger
plants.
5. Spade – this is used to weed and cultivate plants and to dig trenches. It is easy to
pulverize soil using a spade.
6. Hand fork - a cultivating and weeding tool for backyard and school gardening.
7. Trowel – this is like a hand fork and is used to cultivate and weed small garden
plants.
13
There are other tools and materials used in cultivating and weeding plant crops. Your
creativity will help if the garden tools are not available.
However, ease in gardening depends much on the use of the right tools for garden
work. The right tools make work more productive. Let us now find out if you learned from
this lesson well.
Activity 4
Identify the tools in the picture.
Were you able to make it? Very good, if you did. If not, review the items you missed
and do them all over again.
Self-check:
Match Column B with Column A. Write only the letter of the correct answer on your
paper.
Column A Column B
1. Tools used for cutting and a. trowel
uprooting weeds.
2. Used to break soil crusts, b. pick-mattock
to cultivate and to uproot weeds.
3. Used to weed and cultivate c. bolo
plants and dig trenches.
4. A tool for weeding and cultivating d. spading fork
small gardens.
5. A cultivating tool used at the base e. cultivator
of plants. f. spade
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Annuals, biennials and perennials are the types of weeds.

Weeds are unwanted plants that outgrow plants in the garden.
Weeding is removing or eradicating unnecessary plants in the garden.
Cultivation is loosening the soil around the base of the plant.
Mulching is a method of weeding that uses loose organic materials such rice straw,
banana leaves and coconut leaves.
14
POSTTEST
Directions: Write only the letter of the best answer in your notebook.
1. Annual weeds are those, the life span of which lasts for
a. one season
b. two seasons
c. 8 months
d. 3 years
2. Type of weeds that complete their life span in two seasons.

a. annual
b. biennial
c. perennial
d. terrestrial
3. Following are examples of annual weeds, except

a. wild mustard
b. olasiman
c. cogon
d. crab grass
4. Which of the following statements is an advantage of weeding?

a. Seeds sown germinate fast.
b. The breeding places of insect pests and diseases are destroyed.
c. Growth of the embryo in seeds is hastened.
d. The flowering of vegetables is faster.
5. Regular weeding facilitates farm practices

a. easily
b. comfortably
c. in an attainable way
d. in a difficult situation
6. Plant cultivation is a method of loosening the soil which promotes

a. flower development c. fruit development.
b. root growth d. chlorophyll in leaves
7. A bolo is a tool used to

a. cut and uproot weeds
b. till the soil
c. fertilize plants
15
d. remove humps in the garden
8. The manual method of controlling weeds is usually done in that place.

a. backyard garden
b. large-scale farm
c. big plant crop production
d. rice production
9. Mechanical method of eliminating weeds uses farm tools such as

a. bolo and trowel
b. hoe and tractor
c. rake and spade
d. spading fork and pick-mattock
10. Black polyethylene plastic is a material commonly used in

a. transplanting
b. fertilizing
c. mulching
d. sowing.
ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. a
2. d
3. d
4. d
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. a
9. c
10. b
Activity 1
Annual Biennial Perennial
a. olasiman a. mutha a. talahib
b. wild mustard b. wild carrots b. cogon
c. pigweed c. goatsbeard c. touch me not
d. crab grass
16
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True
1. b
2. d
3. d
4. d
5. c
1. Mechanical
2. Manual
3. Chemical
4. Mulching
5. Hilling-up
Lesson 4: Self-Check
1. c
2. e
3. f
4. a
5. d
Posttest
1. a
2. b
3. c
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. c
17
18
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 6
Pasig City
1
First Year
Module 6
A Little Bit is Good, Enough is Better

Are you enjoying your lessons in plant production? Fine! Your positive attitude will
likely bring you a lot of good in life.
Do you know that all plants get a great number of mineral nutrients from the soil? This
is why the soil should be enriched with nutrients. Do you know what makes the soil deficient
in mineral elements? This is due to the continuing use of the land which uses up and
depletes the nutrients in the soil. To restore the fertility of the soil, some things have to be
done.
Have you heard the saying, “a little bit is good, enough is better?” This is very true
when it comes to applying fertilizers. Fertilizers enrich the soil to help in the growth and
development of plants. Hence, to maintain the nutrients in the soil, fertilizing is needed.

In this module, you will learn much about fertilizers. After going through the module,
you should be able to:
1. explain the value of fertilizers;
2. differentiate organic from inorganic fertilizers;
3. give examples of organic and inorganic fertilizers;
4. identify elements found in the fertilizers; and
5. discuss the functions of the three major fertilizer elements.
2
PRETEST
I. Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of your answer in your notebook
for checking.
1. Any material mixed with the a. Inorganic fertilizers

soil to promote plant growth.
2. Fertilizers from animal b. Compost
and plant waste residues.
3. Chemically manufactured fertilizers. c. Compost pit
4. Animal excreta used
as fertilizers. d. Complete
5. Use of plants as source of
organic matter. e. Organic fertilizers
6. A product of decomposed plant
parts, kitchen and garden refuse. f. Liquid
7. Composting process that rots
the underground materials. g. Fertilizers
8. Inorganic fertilizers which contain
three major elements. h. Manure
9. A popular type of fertilizer which
gets results fast. i. Green manure
10. Very common and widely used
commercial fertilizer. j. Granular form
k. Basket composting
II. Give the three major elements which plants need.
3
Lesson 1
Types, Examples, and Value of Fertilizers

In the last module, you learned that weeds are consumers of soil nutrients. Hence, if a
garden or farm has plenty of weeds, fertilizers should be applied to the soil before planting.
When plants are already growing, fertilizers may be applied as supplement.
What are fertilizers

Fertilizers are substances applied to the soil to enhance the growth of plants.
A plant grower like you, who wants to grow plants of good quality as well as high yield
should know the value of plant nutrition.
If your site used to be a forested area, and it has been turned into a vegetable farm,
fertilizers are not necessary. Soil nutrients are still in place. However, if the area has been
frequently used for several planting seasons, fertilizer application is necessary.
What is the value of fertilizer to plants? The following statements will tell you:
1. It increases the yield of crops;
2. It improves soil condition. Clayey soil turns porous when mixed with organic
fertilizers;
3. It balances the acidity extent of the soil. Bone meal, pulverized eggshell, clamshells,
oyster shells or any form of agricultural lime can help neutralize the soil;
4. It helps plants produce flowers, fruits and shoots.
5. It helps develop storage roots in root crops.
You can add more benefits which fertilizers give to plants when you visit your garden.
You will be eager to apply your knowledge of fertilizer use.
There are two types of fertilizers. These are organic and inorganic fertilizers.
a. Organic fertilizers which are derived from decaying plant and animal products such
as blood meal, bone meal, manure, plant parts and leftovers.
b. Inorganic fertilizers which are chemically manufactured, using raw materials such as
natural gas and phosphate rock, which are more concentrated compared to organic
fertilizers.
Now, let us see if you can tell the difference between inorganic and organic fertilizers.
Activity 1
Differentiate inorganic fertilizer from organic fertilizer through the raw materials they
contain.
ORGANIC INORGANIC
a. a.
b. b.
c. c.
d. d.
4
How well did you get it? Good! If not, go over the missed item and try again.
After knowing the two types of fertilizers, you will now identify examples of each type.
A. Organic Fertilizers
1. Animal Manure - These refer to the waste matter of animals such as chicken
dung, horse manure, cow manure, carabao manure, hog manure, and bat
manure or guano. These manures are dried or decomposed before they are
used as fertilizers. This type of fertilizers contains less nutrients and is slow in
reaction but it improves the texture of the soil.
2. Green manure - Plants are sources of organic matter. When plants are in the
flowering stage, they are plowed under to mix them with the soil for purpose of
decomposition before used in planting crops. Examples of plants used as green
manure are monggo, peanut , and soybean.
3. Compost - This is a product made up of decomposed plant parts and kitchen

and garden refuse piled or buried in a pit and left to decay for a period of time.
Following are the methods of composting:
a. Compost pit - composting by digging a pit for keeping compost materials
underground.
b. Compost heap - a compost pile.
c. Basket composting - composting home garbage and garden and farm
wastes in baskets half buried in garden plots.
B. Inorganic Fertilizers
This type of fertilizers consists of the following:
1. Complete fertilizers - commercial fertilizers which contain the major elements

needed by plants. These elements are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
2. Incomplete fertilizers - inorganic fertilizers which lack one or two major
elements.
Some inorganic fertilizers release nutrients fast, others slowly over a period of time.
Hence, these two types of fertilizers are known as slow-release and fast-release fertilizers.
Inorganic fertilizers are available in different forms.
a. Liquid - This type of fertilizer is popular because of ease application and fast
response.
b. Soluble powder - These are fertilizers in powder form which can be dissolved easily
in water and applied as liquid fertilizers.
c. Granular form - It is the most common and widely used fertilizer. The nutrients are
compressed into beads. Slow release fertilizers are in this form.
5
After knowing the types of fertilizers, let us now find out how much you have learned.
Activity 2
Write examples of organic and inorganic fertilizers.
A. Organic fertilizers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Inorganic fertilizers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Self-check:
Identify what each of the following statements is describing.
__________1. Materials which when added to the soil, promote plant growth.
__________2. Fertilizers derived from animal manure.
__________3. Chemically manufactured fertilizers.
__________4. A product of decomposition from the garden, plants and kitchen refuse.
__________5. Composting method that is done by digging a pit and allowing materials to
rot in it.
__________6. The method of decomposition by forming a pile of compost materials and
allowing them to rot for a certain period of time.
__________7. Composting home garbage in baskets half-buried in the garden plots.
__________8. Commercial fertilizers containing the three major elements.
__________9. Inorganic fertilizers that contain one or two major elements.
__________10.An inorganic fertilizer, that is popular because of ease of application and
quick response or result.
6
Lesson 2
Elements of Fertilizers and their Functions
After knowing the different types of fertilizers and their examples, your next lesson
focuses on elements found in these fertilizers.
Since plant nutrients are mineral elements mostly found in soil, it is important to know
what these elements are and how they relate to plant growth.
Plants need sixteen (16) nutrient elements. Thirteen of which come direct from the soil
as mineral elements. These elements are not all needed by all plants, but are found to be
essential. These essential elements may be required in small quantities or amounts.
Mineral elements needed by plants in large amounts are called macroelements. These
are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) sulfur, calcium and magnesium.
Microelements are boron, copper, chlorine, manganese, molybdenum, zinc and iron.
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are obtained from carbon dioxide and water. They are
not mineral nutrients. .
Macroelements and their effects on Plants
1. Nitrogen - plants grow vigorously. They are deep green, particularly the shoots and
leaves. However, excessive use prolongs the growth period and delays crop
maturity.
2. Phosphorus - this element enhances flowering, fruiting, root development and
disease resistance.
3. Potassium - it is needed in starch formation, the movement of sugar in the plant, the
formation of chlorophyll, the growth of flower and fruit coloring.
You may wonder why commercial fertilizers are labeled with three groups of numbers
separated by hyphens. These standard numbers refer to the percentage of a particular
nutrient in the fertilizer. Example is 15-10-20.
The first number always refers to the percentage of nitrogen (N); the second, to the
percentage of phosphorus (P) in chemical form called phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5); and the
third number refers to the percentage of potassium (K) in chemical form called potash (K2O).
This fertilizer sample label shows the representation of macro-elements in fertilizers.
Now, work on the activity below to check your comprehension of the lesson presented.
Activity 3
Collect a sample label of fertilizer from magazines and newspapers. Then, identify
the macroelements found on the labels of fertilizers.
Self-check:
7
Enumerate the following:
1. The first three macro or major elements
2. At least 7 microelements
8
Lesson 3
Methods of Fertilizer Application
After learning the mineral elements in fertilizers, I am pretty sure you gained a lot of
knowledge on mineral elements as nutrients needed for plant growth and development.
Your next lesson focuses on how fertilizers are to be applied in plants.
Remember, as human beings, you need to see a physician to know what medicine
your body needs before taking it. Taking medicine without any prescription is not advisable.
The same is true with plants. You need to know what mineral elements are needed,
considering their physical appearance before applying fertilizers. The pechay plant for
example, is stunted in growth and its leaf petiole is violet in color. This shows that it needs
nitrogenous fertilizer.
Have you ever experienced applying fertilizer? Read further and find out how it is
done.
Fertilizer Application
There are many ways of applying inorganic fertilizer on your plants, as follows:
Side dressing
Foliar Spray
Broadcast Application
1. Top dressing - The fertilizer is applied on growing crops. It should reach the roots
through rainfall or irrigation.
9
2. Side dressing - This is surface fertilizer application used on rows of plants such as
corn or vegetable crops. The fertilizer is applied along one side or on both sides of
the row over the root area of the plants. The fertilizer should be at a distance from the
base of the plant because it can cause burning by contact. Application should be
done before cultivation in order to cover the fertilizer with soil.
3. Broadcasting - the fertilizer is scattered uniformly and mixed with the soil before
planting. This is done manually or through mechanical spreaders.
4. Foliar spray - the fertilizer is diluted in water and sprayed over the foilage/leaves of
the growing plants. Plants absorb nutrients in small quantities through the leaves
and stem.
5. Drill method- another effective technique of applying fertilizers which is done by

drilling holes in the root zone of a tree. The holes are then filled with the granular
fertilizer, following the recommended rate, and then covered with soil.
You have just learned how to apply fertilizers in various ways. Let us now see how
much you have learned in this lesson.
Self-check:
Match Column B with Column A. Write only the letter of the correct answer on your
notebook.
Column A Column B
1. A method of fertilizer application a. Side dressing
which applies fertilizers over growing
plants. b. Broadcasting
2. Surface application of fertilizers on
rows of plants.
3. Applying fertilizer by diluting it with c. Drill method
water and spraying over growing
plants. d. Perforated hose
4. A hole is formed and then filled with
granular fertilizer based on the
recommended rate. e. Top dressing
5. Throwing the fertilizer uniformly or
incorporating this with soil before f. Foliar
planting.
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Importance of fertilizers
10
1. It helps increase the yield of farm crops.
2. It improves soil condition.
3. It balances the acidity value of the soil.
4. It helps plants produce flowers, fruits and shoots.
5. It helps develop storage roots in root crops.
There are two types of fertilizers. These are the organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Organic fertilizer are derived from decaying plant and animal products such as bone
meal, blood meal, manure, plant parts leftovers.
Inorganic fertilizer are chemically manufactured using raw materials such as natural gas,
phosphate rock, which are more concentrated compared to organic fertilizers.
Macroelements found in fertilizers are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium,
and magnesium.
Microelements found in fertilizers are boron, copper, chlorine, manganese, molybdenum,
zinc and iron.
Methods of applying fertilizers are as follows:
1. Top dressing
2. Side dressing
3. Broadcasting
4. Foliar spray
5. Drill hole
11
POSTTEST
I. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. A material that is added to the soil to promote plant growth.

a. chemical
b. composting
c. fertilizer
d. inorganic
2. Fertilizers derived from animals and plants.

a. liquid
b. organic
c. manure
d. compost
3. Chemically produced fertilizers.

a. inorganic
b. organic
c. natural
d. compost
4. Animal excreta used as fertilizers.

a. liquid
b. green manure
c. manure
d. granules
5. The practice of fertilizing in which legumes are used.

a. foliar
b. drill hole
c. green manure
d. basket composting
6. A material not needed in composting.

a. manure
b. weeds
c. kitchen refuse
d. Styrofoam
7. The process of composting underground where materials rot.

a. pit
b. heap
c. basket
d. biological
12
8. It is not a macroelement.
a. Nitrogen
b. Phosphorus
c. Potassium
d. Manganese
9. Which of these fertilizers is popular due to ease of its application and quick
response?
a. granules
b. liquid
c. powder
d. slow release
10. The most common and popularly used commercial fertilizer?

a. fast release
b. compost
c. organic
d. granules
II. Enumerate the three major elements in fertilizers needed by plants.
1.
2.
3.
13
ANSWER KEY
Pretest
I.
1. g
2. e
3. a
4. h
5. i
6. b
7. c
8. d
9. f
10. j
II.
1. nitrogen
2. phosphorus
3. potassium
Activity 1
Organic Inorganic Inorganic
a. Manure a. chemicals
b. bone meal b. concentrated
c. plant parts c. natural gas
d. blood meal d. phosphate rock
e. kitchen waste
Activity 2
A. Organic B. Inorganic
1. Manure 1. Complete
2. Compost 2. Incomplete
3. Green Manure 3. Liquid
4. Basket Compost 4. Granular
5. Guano 5. Powder
1. Fertilizer
2. Manure
3. Inorganic
14
4. Compost
5. Compost pit
6. Compost heap
7. Basket composting
8. Complete
9. Incomplete
10. Liquid
I.
1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorous
3. Potassium
II.
1. Boron
2. Zinc
3. Manganese
4. Molybdenum
5. Copper
6. Chlorine
7. Iron
1. e
2. a
3. f
4. c
5. b
Posttest
I.
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. c
6. d
7. a
8. d
9. b
10. d
15
II.
1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
16
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 7
Pasig City
1
First Year
Module 7
Watch Out for Little Creatures!

Congratulations, dear student! This is your last module in plant production. Did you
enjoy learning your modules in this unit? Were you able to learn a lot? I’m counting on you
to do your best always!
This module focuses on the little creatures that infest plants. Loss in crop production
is not only due to the problem of weeds but to the presence of insect pests, too. Growth of
plants can be affected if attacked by insect pests. Wide infestation is a problem to most
plant grower. This is why this module dwells on crop protection.
Insect pests are carriers of plant diseases. If they are not controlled, crop yield will
diminish. Hence, observe insect pests in your garden and control them before it’s too late.

In this module, you will know the different insect pests and the diseases common in
plant production and how these are controlled. This module enables you to:
1. identify common plant pests and diseases;

2. explain how pests and diseases are classified;
3. discuss pest infestation;
4. identify and describe signs and symptoms of common plant diseases; and
5. explain how common plant pests and diseases are controlled.
2
PRETEST
1. It is an insect pest that metamorphoses from nymph to a winged adult.

a. aphid
b. caterpillar
c. scale insect
d. borer
2. Which of the following insect pests is a larva of moths or butterflies?

a. bugs
b. hoppers
c. cutworms
d. beetles
3. It is a disease sometimes called seed rot.

a. spot
b. mildew
c. mosaic
d. damping-off
4. This is a disease caused by molds or tiny plants that do not control chlorophyll.
a. bacteria
b. fungus
c. nematodes
d. virus
5. This disease usually attacks pepper and turns its leaves dark brown with lesions.
a. anthracnose
b. bacterial spot
c. mosaic
d. scab
6. It is a disease that curls the leaves of the plants and turns it in yellowish color.
a. mosaic
b. scab
c. spot
d. wilt
7. These are chewing insects, except one.

a. borer
b. cutworm
c. flies
d. potato weevil
3
8. Which of the following insects is not a sucking pest?
a. aphid
b. hopper
c. squash bug
d. scale insect
9. Bacteria are single-celled organisms not capable of manufacturing their own

a. food
b. carbohydrates
c. chlorophyll
d. elements
10. The use of living organisms such as spiders and praying mantis in controlling insect
pests is known as
a. mechanical method
b. biological method
c. chemical method
d. cultural method
4
Lesson 1
Common Plant Pests and Diseases
Hello, dear student! In the previous module, you learned that weeds are breeding
places of insect pests, which are carriers of plant diseases. Let us now find out how insect
pests relate to diseases.
Common Plant Pest
Aphids can change its body color to match the plant parts and
turn from nymph to adult. It develops wings and fly to another
plant host in the same plant family. Aphids mature in 12 days.
Cutworm is a larva of moths and butterflies. It hatches in the

underside of leaves of plants. It is also called caterpillar.
Borers eat, grow, and hatch inside plant parts as caterpillar.

When plant tops wilt suddenly, this shows that borers are
around. Borer is a cousin of the cutworm.
Bugs lay in white cottony masses. When young, bugs crawl like
a scale insect. They excrete large amounts of honeydew that is
why they are being followed by ants and mold fungus.
Fly
Beetle
Beetle eats all the leaves of its host plants. Fly lives on the underside of leaves.
It is the cousin of the white fly.
Potato weevil Squash bug Hopper
5
• Hopper is also called Katydid. It is always in the garden particularly in the dry season. It
defoliates plants and also strips the bark of young trees and shrubs.
• Scale insect can move from one host to another. When adult, scale insects do not move
and stay with the host plant.
• Potato weevil is the most destructive insect pest that attacks sweet potato crops. It is ¼
inch (.635 cm) long. It has long-legged and slim body that looks like a large ant.
• Squash bug is brownish black in color and 1.69 cm long. The nymphs are white, black-
legged creature. it has two small oval spots on the undersurface that emits a foul odor.
Slugs and snails

Mexican bean beetle
• Slugs live in slimy trails. In the daytime, you can find it under rocks and leaves. Slugs
are busy looking for food at night.
• Mexican bean beetle has 16 black spots and has yellow and brown covers. Its larvae
are spindly yellow grubs. It feeds on the leaves of bean plants.
Now, here are the common plant diseases.
Tomato mosaic
Antracnose
Bacterial spot
Fungal disease
Damping-off
Scab
6
• Damping-off is sometimes called seed-rot which rots seeds easily when attacked.
• Anthracnose usually attack tomatoes. Fruits developed a water-soaked, sunken circular
spots, usually with concentric rings. As a fruit rot, anthracnose attack ripe fruits.
• Bacterial spot usually attack pepper. Pepper leaves turn dark brown with lesions that
turn yellow and fall. It is rough, blister-like spots that develop on the fruit.
• Scab develops distinct, round or elongated lesions with raised edges, giving a scabby
appearance to petioles and stems.
• Tomato Mosaic causes the yellowing and curling of the leaves of tomato plants.
• Fungal disease usually looks like molds on the leaves of plants. Squash plant is often
attacked by fungus.
Activity 1
Label each illustration correctly.
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
Self-check:
Write on the blank the answer to each statement.
_____1. An insect pest that changes body color to match plant parts.
_____2. An insect that eats the leaves of plants of its plant host.
_____3. It has 16 black spots and yellow to brown cover.
_____4. A disease that rots seeds or seedlings.
_____5. A disease of the pepper plant that turns its leaves dark brown with raised lesions.
7
Lesson 2
Classifying Insect Pests and Diseases
After identifying the plant pests and diseases, let us now classify them. Below is the
classification of plant pests and diseases.
Grouping of Insects and Pests
Insect Groups Insect Pests Infestation
1. Chewing Insects Cutworm, borer, Have developed mouth

beetles, hoppers, slugs, parts. Eat up the foliage
potato weevil, Mexican and other plant parts.
bean beetle
2. Sucking Insects Aphids, bugs, flies, Has a tube-like sucking

scale insects, squash mouth which is inserted
bugs into the leaves and stems
of plants to suck their
juice.
8
Remember, in plant crop
production, diseases are as
harmful as insect pests. Plants
show signs of abnormalities due
to the presence of destructive
activities of microorganisms or
pathogens.
Plant diseases are caused by various microscopic organisms as indicated in the

following table:
Organisms Descriptions Plant Diseases
Virus These are sub-microscopic Tomato mosaic, cassava

organisms transmitted through the mosaic, potato yellow
mouth parts of contaminated dwarf, rice stripe
insects.
These are single-celled organisms

Bacteria not capable of manufacturing their Black rot, soft rot,
own food. bacterial spot
Fungus These are also known as molds. Damping-off, seed rot,

These are like plants but do not downy mildew, fungal
control chlorophyll and are not diseases in squash
capable of manufacturing
carbohydrates, their food.
How well did you understand the lesson? Good! Now let us go on.
9
Activity 2
Classify the following insect pests according to their way of infestations.
cutworm bugs flies

aphids squash bug potato weevil
hoppers scale insects slugs
Chewing Insects Sucking Insects
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5.
Activity 3
Classify the following diseases according to the organisms that cause them.
black rot bacterial spot damping-off

cassava mosaic rice stripe soft rot
potato yellow dwarf seed rot tomato mosaic
Viral Diseases Bacterial Diseases Fungal Diseases
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3.
4.
Self-check:
Write C if the statement is correct, and W, if the statement is wrong.
_______ 1. Fungus and bacteria are organisms that cause plant diseases.
_______ 2. Sucking insects have developed mouth parts.
_______ 3. Chewing insects bite off and eat up foliage and other plant parts.
_______ 4. Aphids, bugs, and flies are sucking insects.
_______ 5. Bacteria are single-celled organisms not capable of manufacturing their own
food.
10
Lesson 3
Control of Plant Pests
After knowing the different plant pests and diseases, you must likewise know the
different ways of controlling them. This lesson helps you identify the ways of controlling
plant pests and diseases.
Ways of Pest Control

1. Cultural Method
a. Good soil preparation - Healthy soil grows healthy plants that are more
resistant to pests. Soil rich in humus contains a wide variety of beneficial
microorganisms that trap nematodes and destroy or keep disease organisms
dormant thereby encouraging beneficial insects.
b. Use of indigenous varieties - Traditional varieties of plants are harder and
relatively more resistant to pests.
c. Pruning - Removal of diseased plant parts before these spreads to uninfected
areas is preventive.
d. Intercropping with aromatic herbs - Plants that are odorous are incorporated in
the area to repel insects.
e. Multiple cropping - Planting several varieties of plants on the farm can reduce
host plants where pests attached themselves.
f. Crop rotation - Adopt the practice of planting a pest resistant crop after a
susceptible one.
2. Biological pest control - This refers to the use of pest populations by living organisms
such as predators and parasites. Examples are the dragonfly, praying mantis, birds,
spiders, toads, snakes, and among others.
3. Chemical pest control - This control method uses insecticides such as malathion,
sevin and others.
11
Type of Chemical Insecticides
a. Stomach poison works against insects that eat the plant parts. Caterpillars,
grasshoppers and beetles are destroyed by this type of insecticides.
b. Contact poison kills insects when hit or comes in contact with the poison. Any
kind of insect can be controlled through contact poison, including insects that
suck plants such as aphids and leafhoppers. Malathion is an example of this
type of insecticides.
c. Systemic poisons are chemicals that enter the plant sap and move throughout
the entire plant. They are effective in chewing and sucking insects which are
poisoned when they suck juice from plants treated with chemicals.
d. Fumigants are actually contact poisons in gaseous form. The gases or fumes
kill the insects that destroy plants.
4. Mechanical Method – It is the method of picking and crushing insects with the hand
or catching them using nets and traps.
5. Botanical pest control -Plant parts are pounded, extracted and used to control insect
pests. The santan flower is pounded and spread around stored grain to control corn
weevil. Seeds of the neem tree are used to control rice pests and diamondback
moth.
You can now select and apply any of the methods you have learned. Just always
consider the environmental effects of the method you’ve chosen.
Activity 4
Mang Eusebio is a plant grower. During two seasons of growing pechay, he
experienced insect pests. This bothered him so he plans to stop growing plants.
1. What can you advise Mang to Eusebio?

2. Justify your advice.
Self-check:
Identify what the following statements are describing.
_______ 1. The control of insect pests, using good soil preparation, the use of indigenous
varieties and pruning.
_______ 2. The control of pest population by living organisms.
_______ 3. Use of malathion and sevin in controlling insect pests.
_______ 4. The method of picking and crushing insects by hand or through the use of
nets and traps.
_______ 5. A method using plant extracts in the control of insects.
12
Lesson 4
Common Plant Diseases and Their Control
You learned how to control insect pests in the previous lesson. Now, let us find out
how diseases are controlled in plant crop production. You need this information when you
are managing your own farm or home backyard garden.
Damage caused by microorganisms which is
visible in the physiological appearance of plant parts is
known as symptom.
Damage is visible on the leaves, vascular tissues, roots and flowers of plants. When
the disease organism is identified, a suitable fungicide is applied to the plant to control the
disease.
Here are some ways of controlling plant diseases.
• Canker can be controlled by cutting the infected tissue of the tree. Keep the tree healthy
and well fertilized.
• Gall or abnormal swelling in plants can be destroyed by cutting the infected tissue of the
plant or by spraying with fungicide.
• Leaf blight is a plant disease characterized by general browning, death of foliage and
falling of leaves. This can be controlled by destroying all the falling leaves and spraying
with fungicides every two weeks.
• For mildew, you can destroy all infected parts or you can use sulfur fungicide.
• Rot can be controlled through crop rotation. Fruit rot can be checked through sanitation
and spraying fungicides.
• Rust can be destroyed by removing its intermediate host. Select a rust resistant variety
and spray with fungicide.
• Wilt is a plant disease characterized by loss of turgidity especially in leaf tissues. This
can be prevented by spraying with fungicides. Use resistant varieties and practice crop
rotation.
• Viral diseases can be prevented through rigorous sanitation program. If infestation is
severe, destroy the plant completely.
Note that most of the plant diseases presented are eliminated through the cultural and
chemical methods.
Botanical method can also be employed in controlling plant diseases. Plant part
extracts are used such as cloves of garlic, leaves of Acapulco, onion bulbs and others.
Another practice in the control of plant diseases is sanitation. This is done by
destroying weeds, cleaning the garden, and the surroundings as well as the tools used.
13
Activity 5
Analyze the given situation then answer the questions that follow.
Mang Pedring is a plant grower who specializes in tomato production. One

day, he noticed that the leaves of some tomato plants were drying up even if watering
was thoroughly done. Help Mang Pedring solve his problem before its too late.
Questions:
1. What plant disease has infected Mang Pedring’s tomato plants?

2. Suggest three ways of controlling it.
a.
b.
c.
Self-check:
Identify what each of the following statements is about.
__________1. It is a disease that distorts, deform and curl the plants if infestation
takes place.
__________2. It is a popular chemical that destroys fungal diseases in plants.
__________3. It is a method of controlling disease using plant extracts.
__________4. It is a practice of controlling disease by cleaning the garden area.
__________5. Damage caused by microorganisms is visible in the appearance of plant
parts.
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Common insects pests in plants are as aphids, cutworms, borers, bugs, beetles, flies,
hoppers, scale insects, slugs, sweet potato weevils, among others.
Damping-off, anthracnose, bacterial spot, scab, tomato mosaic, and fungus are some of
the common diseases in plants.
Insect pests in plants are classified into two groups. These are the chewing insects and
the sucking insects.
Plant diseases are classified as to virus, bacteria and fungus.
Control of plant pests can be done through cultural method, biological method, chemical
method, botanical pest control and mechanical method.
Common Plant Diseases and their Control
a. Canker -cultural
b. Gall -fungicide
c. Leaf blight -fungicide
14
d. Mildew -fungicide
e. Rot -cultural; fungicide
f. Rust -fungicide
g. Wilt -crop rotation; fungicide
h. Viral -sanitation
POSTTEST
1. It is an insect pest that metamorphoses from nymph to winged adult.

a. aphid
b. caterpillar
c. scale insect
d. borer
2. Which of the following insect pests is a larva of moths and butterflies?

a. bugs
b. hoppers
c. cutworms
d. beetle
3. It is a disease sometimes known as seed rot.

a. spot
b. mildew
c. mosaic
d. damping-off
4. Which is a disease caused by molds that does not control chlorophyll?

a. bacteria
b. fungus
c. nematodes
d. virus
5. This disease is usually found in pepper, the leaves of which turn dark brown with raised
lesions.
a. anthracnose
b. bacterial spot
c. mosaic
d. scab
6. It is a disease of tomato plants whose leaves turn yellowish and curl.

a. mosaic
b. scab
c. spot
d. wilt
15
7. These are chewing insects, except one.
a. borer
b. cutworm
c. flies
d. potato weevil
8. Which of the following insects is not a sucking pest?

a. aphid
b. hopper
c. squash bug
d. scale insect
9. Bacteria are single-celled organisms not capable of manufacturing their own

a. food
b. carbohydrates
c. chlorophyll
d. elements
10. The use of living organisms such as spiders and praying mantis in controlling insect
pests is known as
a. mechanical method
b. biological method
c. chemical method
d. cultural method
16
ANSWER KEY
Pretest / Posttest
1. a
2. c
3. d
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. c
8. b
9. a
10. b
1. borer
2. aphid
3. tomato mosaic
4. hopper
5. bacterial spot
1. aphid
2. beetle
3. Mexican bean beetle
4. damping-off
5. bacterial spot
Chewing Insects Sucking Insects

cutworm aphids
hoppers bugs
potato weevil squash bug
slugs scale insects
17
flies
Viral Bacterial Fungal
1. Cassava mosaic 1. Black rot 1. Seed rot

2. Potato yellow dwarf 2. Bacterial spot 2. Damping-off
3. Rice stripe 3. Soft rot
4. Tomato mosaic
1. C
2. W
3. C
4. C
5. C
1. He can apply crop rotation.

2. This will eliminate diseases present in plants due to other crops planted.
1. Cultural method
2. Biological method
3. Chemical pest control
4. Mechanical method
5. Botanical pest control
1. Wilt
2. a. Fungicide
b. Planting resistant varieties
c. Crop rotation
1. Viral disease
2. Fungicide
3. Botanical
4. Sanitation
5. Symptom
18
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 8
Pasig City
1
Animal Production
First Year
Module 8
Possibilities of Raising Animals
Protein is equally important as that of vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. It helps

rebuild worn-out tissues and helps develop our bones and muscles. Meat from animals is a
good source of protein.
Thus, most families particularly in the rural areas, raise animals for food. It is because
animal production does not only supply the family with food rich in protein that the body
needs but it adds greatly to the income of the family.
Are you one of those who want to put up a backyard animal project? If undecided yet,
this module will help you make the right decision.

This module wants to achieve the following objectives:
1. determine the possibilities of poultry and livestock raising; and
2. describe an ideal site for poultry and livestock raising.
2
PRETEST
1. Term for four-legged animals.

a. crops
b. livestock
c. poultry
d. fish
2. An animal noted for its meat and skin.

a. rabbit
b. cattle
c. weanling
d. broiler
3. Location of the project should be wide enough to allow _____.

a. water drainage
b. marketing
c. transportation
d. future expansion
4. These are sold for hog fattening and “lechon” purposes.

a. cattle
b. goats
c. broilers
d. weanlings
5. The term for all feathered animals.

a. livestock
b. fish
c. poultry
d. rabbit
6. Reduces marketing and transportation costs.

a. accessibility to school
b. nearness to roads
c. availability of supplies
d. water drainage
7. Project should be agreeable and favorable to the _____.

a. market
b. animals
c. community
d. location
3
8. Good sources of protein.
a. root crops
b. cereals
c. meat from animals
d. vegetables
9. Can be raised and sold within 45 days.

a. layers
b. hogs
c. broilers
d. rabbits
10. Maintains cleanliness and sanitation.

a. transportation
b. water drainage
c. marketing
d. location
4
Lesson 1
Poultry and Livestock Raising
“If you think it can be done and you can feel it, it can be done”.
Animal production consists of the raising of poultry (all feathered animals) as well as
livestock (any four-legged animals) such as swine, cattle, goat, sheep and rabbit for family
consumption or commercial purposes.
Here are the possibilities and benefits of animal production which can help you decide
whether to put up an animal project or not.
Why raise animals?
1. Poultry production provides meat and egg, which are good sources of protein.
Broilers can be sold within 45 days for they grow fast. It is a good source of income
and a good business.
5
2. Hog fattening enterprise returns investment fast, because hogs can be disposed
within 5- 6 months. Weanlings are sold for “lechon” purposes or for hog fattening.
3. Cattle raising provides milk and meat. Cattle are also used in farming. They are
easy to handle and need only a fence, pasture land, water and mineral supply such
as salt and control measures against pests and diseases.
4. Goat raising is a good business for it provides milk and meat. A female goat can give
birth to a number of young goats (kids) during its productive years.
5. Rabbit raising is usually done as a hobby. Only a small space is needed and
improvised equipment may be used. Rabbits are very productive and resistant to
diseases. They are popular for their meat and skin.
6
What else
Animal raising is a truly worthwhile and enjoyable activity. Animal raisers are
compensated not only with the benefits. It fosters love for animals, too.
Are you now convinced with the value of animal production? Do you plan to raise
animals in the future?
Activity 1
Make a survey of the common poultry and livestock animals raised in your community.
Interview the animal raisers and ask the following questions:
1. What animals are you raising?

2. Why did you choose these animals for purposes of raising?
3. What benefits do you get from raising these animals?
Write the result of the activity on a sheet of paper to be submitted to your teacher.
Self-check:
Write T if the statement is true, and F, if the statement is false.
_____1. There is a fast turnover of capital in swine raising.

_____2. Cattle raising is also used in farming.
_____3. The rabbit is an animal noted for its meat and skin.
_____4. Goats provide good meat only.
_____5. Livestock animals grow and mature fast.
Lesson 2
Ideal Site for Poultry and Livestock Project
I have decided to put

up an animal project.
How should I go
about it?
After you have decided to put up an animal project, you now need to choose an ideal
site for the project.
7
Selection of the farm site is an important decision to make because relocation of the
farm once established or constructed is very expensive.
What factors should I

consider in the choice of
an ideal site for my
project?
Following are factors you need to consider in the choice of an ideal site:
1. Accessibility to market - Choose a place where there are prospective buyers of your
product or where there is a high demand for poultry and livestock and meat and eggs.
2. Nearness to roads and markets- This reduces marketing and transportation costs.
3. Availability of materials and other supplies - Select a place where there is supply of
good breed, feed and food supplements as well as drugs and medicine.
4. Water drainage - There should be good water and good sources of water drainage in the
area to ensure cleanliness and sanitation.
5. Population in the community – The project should be agreeable and favorable to the
community.
6. There should be provision for future expansion.
Activity 2
Study and analyze the picture below. What catches your attention? Is it an ideal site
for a poultry and piggery farm? Why do you think so?
Were you able to describe an ideal site for an animal project? Good, you can now start
looking for a good site for your project.
8
Self-check:
Write C if the statement is correct, and W, if the statement is wrong.
_______ 1. Nearness to roads reduces the cost of transporting the products.

_______ 2. Water drainage is needed to keep the area clean.
_______ 3. For economic purposes, space should be limited.
_______ 4. Animal projects should be agreeable to neighborhood.
_______ 5. There should be a market demand for the animal to be raised.
Were you able to answer the self-check correctly? Very good! You’re doing very well.
You may take now the posttest to further assess what you’ve learned in this module.
Good luck!
POSTTEST
Choose and write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Good sources of protein.

a. root crops
b. cereals
c. meat products from animals
d. vegetables
2. Term for all feathered animals.

a. vegetables
b. poultry
c. crops
d. livestock
3. Term for four-legged animals.

a. poultry
b. crops
c. livestock
d. vegetables
4. An animal noted for its meat and skin.

a. goat
b. rabbit
c. cattle
d. swine
5. Can be raised and sold within 45 days.
9
a. broilers
b. layers
c. weanlings
d. rabbits
6. They are sold for hog fattening and “lechon” purposes.

a. broilers
b. layers
c. weanlings
d. rabbits
7. Reduces marketing and transporting costs.

a. nearness to roads
b. availability of supplies
c. accessibility to school
d. water drainage
8. Important to maintain cleanliness and sanitation of the farm animal.

a. roads
b. market
c. water drainage
d. materials
9. The project should be agreeable and favorable to the _____.

a. location
b. transportation
c. community
d. market
10. The site should be wide enough for

a. future expansion
b. transportation
c. marketing
d. water drainage
How’s your posttest? Were you able to answer all the questions correctly? Very Good!
You have finished this module successfully. Congratulations!
10
ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. d
5. c
6. b
7. c
8. c
9. c
10. b
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
1. C
2. C
3. W
4. C
5. C
Posttest
1. c
2. b
3. c .
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. a
8. c
9. c
l0. a
11
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 9
Pasig City
1
Animal Production
First Year
Module 9
Easy to Know, Easy to Grow
(Selecting Animal Breeds)

Module 8 showed you the possibilities of poultry and livestock raising and gave you
an idea on how to choose an ideal site for poultry and livestock projects. However to enable
you to put up an animal project, you need to know the kind and quality of the animals to
raise. Work on this module to help you learn more on the kinds of animals to raise. It will
then be easy for you in the future to take care of your own poultry or livestock to raise.

This module aims to help you achieve the following objectives:
1. identify factors in selecting animals for raising purposes;

2. discuss the common types and breeds of poultry and livestock;
3. identify the characteristics and quality of good breeds; and
4. be able to select animal breeds.
2
PRETEST
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Type of poultry intended for egg and meat purposes.

a. meat type
b. egg type
c. general purpose
d. fancy type
2. Which of the following is not a factor in considering the kind of animal to raise?
a. market demand
b. personal preference
c. carcass quality
d. technical know-how
3. Which is not an egg type breed of poultry?

a. Wyandotte
b. Leghorn
c. Minorca
d. Mikawa
4. Breed of swine that is black with a white band.

a. Duroc Jersey
b. Hampshire
c. Poland China
d. Yorkshire
5. Breed of swine that has large ears that cover much of its face.
a. Hampshire
b. Berk Jala
c. Landrace
d. Yorkshire
6. A cow that is easily identified due to its hump on the shoulder.

a. Santa Gertrudes
b. Nellore
c. American Brahman
d. Philippine Cattle
7. Which is not a characteristic of an ideal broiler chick?

a. rapid growth
b. good fleshing
c. sexual character
d. uniformity
3
8. The result of mating two different breeds.
a. Berkjala
b. Brahman
c. Santa Gertrudes
d. Crossbreeds
9. Which of the following is a fancy type of poultry?

a. Minorca
b. Hubbarol
c. Frizzles
d. Wyandotte
10. Breed of swine that is black, with six white spots on the feet, face and tail tip.
a. Duroc Jersey
b. Hampshire
c. Poland China
d. Chester White
4
Lesson 1
Factors in Selecting Animals to Raise
“Collect and select the best among the rest.” This saying also applies in selecting
animals to raise. For you to select animals you want to raise, you have to consider the
following factors:
1. Personal preference
Identify the animals which you are interested in or prefer to raise given the
opportunity.
2. Market demand
You should have prospective buyers or consumers of the product, or this should be
high on demand at the market to ensure profit.
Is there a
reliable
source where Is the demand
I can buy my for this kind of
stocks? animal high?
Is there an
agricultural supply Do I have the know-
near the area how to raise this
where all the kind of animal?
needed materials
can be bought?
3. Availability of stocks
Animals to be raised should be bought from reliable sources near the area of the
animal project.
5
4. Availability of materials, feeds, vitamins and medicines
There should be available sources or supply near the area.
5. Technical know-how
You should have the technical knowledge of animal care and management.
After identifying the factors, work on the activity below.
Activity 1
Tell whether the reasons of the following individuals are justified in raising the
particular animal.
Beth: I shall raise broilers because Neri is also raising them.

Nora: I will be fattening hogs to be able to dispose them during the
town fiesta.
Which reason is more justifiable? Why?
Let us check on what you have learned from this lesson.
Self-check:
Identify the factors to which the following statements /questions relate.
1. Where can I buy livestock to raise?

2. I am a pilot. Can I raise piglets in our backyard?
3. There are still two months before Christmas so, I am going to raise broilers.
4. Where can I buy these medicines for my cattle?
5. I am fascinated with chickens.
Did you get all the answers right? Good! Now, you can move on to the next lesson.
6
Lesson 2
Types and Breeds of Poultry and Livestock to Raise
What kinds of poultry and livestock do you know? To which poultry or livestock
breeds do they belong? How do you distinguish breeds?
Poultry are classified according to utility and place of origin. Let’s find out how.
1. Leghorn
Egg-type in utility and is raised for its eggs.
2. Peterson
Meat-type in utility and is broiler as to type.
3. Plymouth Rock Leghorn

This belongs to the dual-purpose domestic fowls. It gives both meat and egg.
4. Bantam
A fancy-type of ornamental fowl. Raised for its beautiful plumage and form an
unusual appearance.
Let’s now meet the different swine breeds.
7
Lard or Ham Type
Hi, I’m Duroc Jersey. I am dark

red with shades of golden
yellow. I am a good producer of
milk which makes me a good
mother.
My name is Hampshire. I am
black with a white bond. I have
short legs. My tail is usually
black and my ears are erect.
I’m from Kentucky.
I am Poland China. My color is

black with six white spots on my
feet, face and tail tip. My flesh is
thick and free from wrinkles and
flabbiness. I’m from Ohio.
I’m Chester White from

Pennsylvania. My hair and skin
are white and I weigh 900 pounds
or more when matured.
8
Good day! I’m Hereford. I have a
white head and white ears, feet,
and tail. The rest of my body is
light or dark red. I’m from
Missouri.
Here are some of the bacon type.
Landrace
Berkjala
1. Yorkshire
A native of Northern England. This is mostly raised in Canada, England, Scotland
and Ireland. Its color is white, with small black spots with large ears.
2. Landrace
This is from Denmark. Its hair and skin are white. Its back is usually fat but
sometimes low with large ears that cover much of its face.
3. Berkjala
A crossbreed from the native Jalajala stock of Rizal and the Berkshire stock.
Below are some breeds of cattle.
American Brahman
Charolais
9
Hereford
Santa Gertrudes
1. Batangas breed. This is raised for its meat. This breed is resistant to diseases. It has
different colors such as black, yellow or red. Its head is long and of medium width
between eyes.
2. American Brahman – it has a hump on its shoulder. It is grayish-white in color with a

loose pendulous skin along its dewlap and under its throat and down to its forelegs. Its
horns curve backward and upward. This breed is tolerant to heat and is a good milk
producer.
3. Hereford – This breed is a native of England. Hereford is easily distinguished by its red-
colored body and white face. It is often referred to white-faced cattle. It is well-known
for its vigor and foraging ability.
4. Santa Gertrudes – This breed originated in Texas. It is a large beef animal which is
cherry-red in color. This breed is specially adapted to subtropical climates.
5. Charolais – This breed originated in France. It varies from white to cream to light wheat.
It is a good producer of meat because of its muscular body.
Let’s find out how much you have learned by doing the activity below.
Activity 2
From the list of breeds of poultry and livestock animals below, choose a particular
breed which you can suggest to Mang Nerio, Aling Baby and Mang Peping. Justify why you
are recommending the particular breed. You may go back to the past lesson so you can
give enough information on the breed.
Leghorn Landrace
Broiler Duroc Jersey
Yorkshire Brahman
Philippine Cattle New Hampshire
1. Mang Nerio wants to raise poultry for their meat.

2. Aling Baby wants to start a piggery farm by purchasing a pig for breeding purposes.
3. Mang Peping lives in a remote barangay in Oriental Mindoro. He wants to raise cattle to
help him on his farm.
10
Self-check:
Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the answer that describes
the animal in Column A.
A B
1. American Brahman a. egg type

2. Poland China b. meat type
3. Yorkshire c. general purpose
4. Peterson d. lard type
5. Leghorn e. bacon type
f. hump on the shoulder
How satisfied are you with the result of the test? Quite good. Now, proceed to the
next lesson to know more.
11
Lesson 3
Characteristics of Animal Breeds Good to Raise
In lesson 1, you learned the factors to consider in choosing the kind of animals to
raise. In Lesson 2, you learned the different types and breeds of poultry and livestock
animals. In this lesson, you will learn the characteristics of good animal breeds as well as
the factors to consider in selecting animal breeds to raise.
The breed of animals to raise depends much on the purpose of animal raising. It is
also important to know their characteristics which relate to this purpose. Let us find out in
the following conversation.
Mark: Good morning, Sir. May I disturb you for a while?

Mr. Cruz: Good morning, too Mark. What can I do for you?
Mark: Sir, can I ask you questions on my assignment with Mr. Mendoza in
Technology and Livelihood Education?
Mr. Cruz: Of course you may. What are they?
Mark: Why do we need to know the characteristics of the breed of animals to raise?
Mr. Cruz: To prevent choice of undesirable breeds for raising or breeding
purposes.
Mark: If I want to raise poultry for egg production, what factors should I
consider?
Mr. Cruz: You should consider the following factors:
1. Breed and various characteristics – these are strong breed characteristics.

2. Age – best breeding age for hens is during the second and third years of
egg-laying.
3. Vitality – the ability of hens to produce eggs that will hatch into strong and
vigorous chicks.
12
4. Sexual character – hens must look feminine, and roosters, masculine so
they can protect the hens when needed.
5. Conformation – hens should have broad backs and a relatively long, wide
and flat body.
6. Handling quality – chickens should have loose, pliable skins
7. Feathering – layers should have a well feathered body and a smooth skin.
8. Activity – layers should be active. Early risers tend to roost late at night.
Mark: I see. If I want to raise poultry for meat product, what kind of broilers shall I
choose?
Mr. Cruz: The characteristics of an ideal broiler chicks are as follows:
1. Rapid growth – feed efficiency which ensures gain per unit of feed used.
2. Rapid feathering – quality that can stand cold weather and its relationship
to rapid growth.
3. Good fleshing – should be well-pronounced in the breast and thigh.
4. Uniformity – uniform size to a certain age.
5. Health and vigor – should be lively
6. Good pigmentation of the skin and shanks – bright yellow shanks and skin.
Mark: It’s good to know all those factors. If I want to raise hogs, will I consider the
same factors?
Mr. Cruz: If you want to raise hogs, the following factors may be considered.
1. Growth ability – should grow in size fast

2. Temperament – active, good disposition and easy to handle
3. Carcass quality – more lean cuts and less lard and fat cuts
4. Feed efficiency – capacity to convert feeds to pork
Mark: How about in cattle raising, Sir?

Mr. Cruz: For cattle raising, consider the following factors:
1. Comparable production records which can be obtained from the animal

raiser.
2. Physical characteristics - conformation such as health and freedom from
hereditary defects.
3. Weight and size of the stocks
4. Weaning weight
Mark: By the way sir, is there any best breed?

Mr. Cruz: There is no best breed to raise. Each breed has its own strengths and
weakness. Hence, when selecting the breed to raise, managerial skills are
needed. The characteristics and factors I cited may be used as guidelines in
choosing an ideal breed. However, if these breeds are given nutritious feeds
and managed well, maximum productivity is possible.
Mark: Really? Thank you very much, Sir, for all the information .
13
Mr. Cruz: You’re welcome, Mark!
What have you learned from the conversation above? Good! Now, let’s find out
how much you learned by answering the self-check exercise.
Self-check:
Identify and write whether the given factor or characteristic refers to poultry, swine or
cattle.
1. carcass quality
2. age
3. rapid growth
4. comparable production records
5. uniformity
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Personal preference, market demand, availability of stocks, availability of materials and

technical know-how are factors to consider in selecting the kind of animals to raise.
Poultry breeds are classified according to utility and place of origin.
Swine is classified as lard, bacon and intermediate type.
There is no best breed. Animal raiser only need to choose a good breed and have
managerial skill to succeed in any animal project.
Did this module help you very much? To evaluate how much you’ve learned from this
module, answer the posttest.
14
POSTTEST
1. Type of poultry for meat purposes.

a. Leghorn
b. Peterson
c. Bantams
d. New Hampshire
2. Which of the following factors should be considered in the choice of animals to raise?
a. carcass quality
b. age
c. personal preference
d. feathering
3. Which of the following breeds is an egg type of poultry?

a. Mikawa
b. Plymouth Rock
c. Brahmas
d. Hubbard
4. A swine breed which has large ears that cover much of the face.
a. Berkjala
b. Landrace
c. Hampshire
d. Yorkshire
5. A cow which is easily recognized because of its shoulder hump.

a. Nellore
b. American Brahman
c. Philippine Cattle
d. Santa Gertrudes
6. Which of the following is a characteristic of an ideal broiler chick?

a. age
b. vitality
c. rapid growth
d. sexual character
7. It is a crossbreed of Jalajala and Berkshire.

a. Berkjala
b. Yorkshire
c. Crossbreed
d. Landrace
15
8. Which of the following is not a fancy type of poultry?
a. Frizzles
b. Bantams
c. Wyandotte
d. Silkies
9. It is a swine breed, which has dark shades of golden yellow.

a. Duroc Jersey
b. Chester White
c. Yorkshire
d. Berkjala
10. Which is not a dual-purpose type of poultry?

a. Minorca
b. Plymouth Rock
c. Wyandotte
d. New Hampshire
How was your perfomance? Do you need to go over the items you missed. It will
help you much to fully understand the content of this module. It you rated high, very good. I
hope that you can now choose a good animal breed to raise.
16
ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. c
2. c
3. a
4. b
5. c
6. c
7. c
8. d
9. c
10. c
1. availability of stocks
2. technical know-how
3. market demand
4. availability of supplies and materials
5. personal preference
Lesson 2: Self-check 5. poultry
1. f Posttest
2. d
3. e 1. b
4. b 2. c
5. a 3. a
4. b
Lesson 3: Self-check 5. b
6. c
1. swine 7. a
2. poultry 8. c
3. poultry 9. a
4. cattle 10. a
17
18
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 10
Pasig City
1
Animal Production
First Year
Module 10
Live Freely and Comfortably(Animal Housing)

Good day! You are to start another module after having learned how to select the best
breed to raise. How do you describe the place where you live? Are you satisfied and
comfortable living in it?
Animals, like human beings also need a well-built shelter to live in. They should be
provided with a house which will enable them to move around freely and comfortably. This
module is about the housing of animals.

This module aims to:
1. describe the various poultry and livestock houses, fixtures, and equipment; and
2. maintain the cleanliness and sanitation of housing facilities, fixtures, and equipment.
PRETEST
1. Accessibility of good roads is important to

a. invite educational field trips
b. reach places easily
c. deliver feeds and market animals promptly
d. attract buyers and consumers
2. The most practical and cheapest way of preventing diseases and parasites.
a. vaccination
b. injection
c. immunization
d. sanitation
2
3. Equipment used to prevent the crushing of piglets when furrowing.
a. feeding crate
b. castration rack
c. breeding stall
d. furrowing crate
4. Fixture for collecting bird manure.

a. nests
b. dropping board
c. perches
d. feeding and watering trough
5. Horizontal poles where birds sit and rest.

a. perches
b. feeding and watering trough
c. nests
d. dropping board
6. In constructing a house for animals, these materials are used except

a. nipa
b. cogon
c. galvanized iron
d. wood
7. Which is not part of the four-unit system of a hog house?

a. furrowing unit
b. slaughter unit
c. nursery unit
d. finishing unit
8. A material used to cover the floor and absorb the moisture from poultry manure.
a. kerosene
b. feed bin
c. sawdust
d. charcoal
9. In the choice of foundation stock to raise, select breeds that are

a. good and heavy
b. young and disease free
c. mature
d. lively
10. The place where feeds are stored.

a. feeding crate
b. feeding through
c. feed bin
d. drinking trough
3
Lesson 1
Poultry and Livestock Houses, Fixtures and Equipment
Do you have animals at home? Where do they live? How about the animals raised in
your community? What kind of housing do they have? What fixtures and equipment are
available in the animal house? Join me in visiting animal farms with different housing
fixtures and equipment.
Mang Jun has a poultry farm. He raises native chickens, broilers, and layers. He
provides the following housing facilities for his poultry.
Range Type
Native chickens are placed in a wide land area where they are free to roam around.
Floor or Litter Floor

This is a whole house unit or a house divided into pens where the floor is the ground
or concrete, covered with litter material such as rice hulls and sawdust to absorb the
moisture from the manure.
All-slats
This is an entire house or unit divided, elevated, and slatted into pens. It is made of
bamboo splits, lumber, rattan or wire mess.
Cage System
Some chickens are housed in an individual cage, particularly those intended for
ornamental purposes. Others stay in colony cage system.
For breeding purposes, Mang Jun used any of these houses, using electricity,
kerosene, charcoal or rice hulls as sources of heat. The following fixtures and equipment
are used on his farm.
1. Dropping board - used for collecting manure which is rich in nitrogen and used as
fertilizer.
2. Perches - horizontal poles where birds sit and rest.
3. Nests - place where hens lay their eggs.
4. Feeding trough – improvised material made of bamboo, ready-made in plastic.
5. Drinking trough – made up of bamboo joints or any earthen metal and galvanized open
vessels.
6. Feeding crate – used for transporting feeds.
7. Feeding bin – a container for feed storage.
4
Let’s now move on to Nard’s piggery farm. Animals are housed on his farm in these
various unit systems:
1. One-unit system – only one room is used for furrowing, rearing, growing, and finishing or
marketing. The sow is removed from the pen after weaning.
2. Two-unit system – after weaning, piglets are transferred to a growing-finishing house
until marketing.
3. Three-unit system – after weaning, piglets are transferred to a nursery house, then to a
growing-finishing house, and finally to the slaughterhouse.
4. Four-unit system – this includes the furrowing house, nursery house, growing house and
finishing house prior to marketing.
Fixtures and equipment used on Mang Nard’s farm consists of the following:
1. Feeding and watering troughs – improvised made of concrete or automatic
2. Feeding crate – used to transport feeds.
3. Furrowing crate or stall – for furrowing purposes made of galvanized pipes used to
prevent crushing the piglets when furrowing.
Let us see the backyard cattle farm of Mang Jaime. The type of housing he used is a
small-scale backyard level where native materials are used such as wood and bamboo for
frames and enclosures and nipa and cogon, for rooting. Available equipment and facilities
are fences, corral, and feeding and drinking troughs.
Did you enjoy our farm visit? Note that every farmer sees to it that a well-constructed
and comfortable housing is provided for animals. The well being and health of the animals
are apparently given much concern.
We are now ready for an activity you will surely enjoy.
Activity 1
Collect pictures and clipping of livestock and poultry houses as well as various
fixtures and equipment used on a particular animal farm. Compile these in an album or
folder, properly labeled for submission.
Self-check:
Identify what the following statements are about:
_____1. Horizontal poles where birds sit and rest.

_____2. An elevated poultry house made of bamboo splits, lumber, rattan or wire mess.
_____3. A house for swine where piglets are transferred to the growing-finishing house
until marketing.
_____4. Equipment used to transport or deliver feeds.
_____5. Material used to cover the floor in order to absorb moisture from the manure.
Did you get all five correct? Very well. You may now proceed to the next lesson.
5
Lesson 2
Sanitation and Cleanliness on the Farm
For one to live freely, happily and comfortably, a well-constructed and well-
ventilated house is not enough. Sanitation and cleanliness should be evidently observed.
Because germs thrive well in dirty,

wet, and dark areas which cause
the diseases of animals. This can
lead to illnesses even death of
animals, which could be a great
loss to the animal raiser. Why?
What is best to do?
1. Select stocks that are young and disease free.

2. Clean an old poultry house very well particularly the walls, ceilings and all fixtures and
equipment before housing a new set of animals.
3. Disinfect the whole area including house tools and equipment to destroy parasites and
disease-causing organisms.
4. Confine the animals.
5. Have the animals vaccinated to prevent illness.
6. Provide good water drainage to facilitate the cleaning of the area.
6
Keeping the animal house clean and sanitary minimizes loss due to the death of the
animals. Clean and healthful surroundings should be provided to maintain the good health
of the animals.
Following is an activity to enrich what you have learned from this lesson.
Activity 2
Below are illustrations of hog houses, Hog house A and Hog house B. Compare the
two hog houses, then, answer the questions that follow.
A B
Which of the illustrations shows a fitting and safe place for a newly acquired stocks of
piglets? Justify your answer.
Were you able to choose the right answer? If yes, this shows that you have learned
considerably from this lesson. You may apply these when you have your own animal farm.
Self-check:
Place a ✔ before the statement if true, and an ✖, if false.
_____1. Select stocks from unreliable sources.

_____2. Disinfecting hog houses is done to kill parasites and disease-causing organisms.
_____3. Sanitation provides dirty and unfavorable surroundings.
_____4. Cleanliness and sanitation reduce loss due to animal death.
_____5. Germs and bacteria thrive well in dirty, wet, and dark areas.
How did you find the self-check exercise? Fine! Now, let us summarize what you
have learned.
7
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Houses of animals should be built according to the needs, safety, health and well-being
of the animals.
Fixtures and equipment should be well provided for the convenience of the raiser as well
as the animals.
Cleanliness and sanitation should always be observed and maintained to minimize loss
due to animal diseases.
POSTTEST
1. Accessibility to good roads is important to

a. educational field trips
b. reach the place easily
c. deliver feeds and market animals promptly
d. attract buyers and consumers
2. The most practical and cheapest way of preventing diseases and parasites is
a. vaccination
b. injection
c. immunization
d. sanitation
3. Equipment used to prevent the crushing of piglets during furrowing.

a. feeding crate
b. castration rack
c. breeding stall
d. furrowing crate
4. Fixture used in collecting bird manure.

a. nests
b. dropping board
c. perches
d. feeding and watering trough
5. Horizontal poles where birds sit and rest.

a. perches
b. feeding and watering trough
c. nests
d. dropping board
8
6. In a small backyard animal raising, the following materials are used to construct the
house except
a. nipa
b. cogon
c. galvanized iron
d. wood
7. Which is not part of the four-unit system of a hog house?

a. furrowing unit
b. slaughter unit
c. nursery unit
d. finishing unit
8. The material used to cover the floor and absorb moisture from poultry manure.
a. kerosene
b. feed bin
c. sawdust
d. charcoal
9. In selecting foundation stock to raise, choose breeds that are

a. good and heavy
b. young and disease free
c. mature
d. lively
10. The place where feeds are stored.

a. feeding crate
b. feeding trough
c. feed bin
d. drinking trough
If your rating is below 6, go over and do the test again. If your rating is above 7, very
good, you’ve learned a lot. Take a rest before proceeding to the next module.
9
ANSWER KEY
Pretest / Posttest
1. c
2. d
3. d
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. c
1. perches
2. all-slats
3. two-unit system
4. feeding crate
5. litter materials
1. ✖
2. ✔
3. ✖
4. ✔
5. ✔
10
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 11
Pasig City
1
Animal Production
First Year
Module 11
Feed Rightly, Grow Healthy

Have you ever experienced not eating three successive meals in one day? Have you
tried also eating too much in one meal? How did you feel? Did it give you any good?
Animals, like human beings need food in order to live. Feeds make up the most
expenses in animal production. Feed rightly and grow healthy applies to feeds and feeding
of animals. You need to know the kinds of feeds for animals and the right amount of
nutrients for them to grow healthy.
In module 10, you learned the kinds of poultry and livestock houses, fixtures, and
equipment. After the housing of animals, the next thing to find out is what and how to feed
them.

This module aims to:
1. identify the various ingredients of animal feeds;

2. know the appropriate animal rations for different age levels; and
3. explain the proper feeding of animals.
2
PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Requires the highest percentage of expenses in animal production.

a. shelter
b. equipment
c. feeds
d. medicines
2. Feed given to day-old to 6 weeks chicks.

a. pre-starter mash
b. layer mash
c. chick grower mash
d. pullet developer mash
3. Feed given to broilers 22-28 days old.

a. booster
b. pre-starter
c. finisher
d. starter
4. Nutrients utilized to repair broken tissues and maintain proper growth and development.
a. carbohydrates
b. ash
c. vitamins
d. proteins
5. Nutrients which help regulate body processes.

a. carbohydrates
b. ash
c. vitamins
d. proteins
6. Feeds given to laying hens.

a. pre-starter mash
b. layer mash
c. chick-grower mash
d. pullet-developer mash
7. Feed given to farrowing and lactating sows.

a. ipil-ipil
b. concentrate
c. pre-starter
d. finisher
3
8. Daily feed intake in kilograms of pigs 27 weeks old.
a. 2.8-2.9
b. 2.4-2.5
c. 2.3-2.4
d. 2.7-2.8
9. Feeding system in semi-intensive cattle raising.

a. ranching
b. tethering
c. cut-and-carry
d. grazing
10. Feed given to broilers 8-14 days old.

a. booster
b. starter
c. finisher
d. layer mash
4
Lesson 1
Feeds of Farm Animals
Following is a conversation of Joey and Leah. Let’s find out what it is all about.
Joey : Hello, Leah! Do you know that feeds are very important to animals?
Leah : What does feed mean?
Joey : Feeds refer to the food that animals eat to live. Feeds require the most
expenses in animal production.
Leah : Where do feeds come from?
Joey : Feeds come from various mixed ingredients or the commercially
available feeds. These feeds are considered balanced.
Leah : What do you mean by balanced feeds?
Joey : Balanced feeds contain various nutrients that promote animal growth.
These nutrients include carbohydrates, ash, proteins, vitamins, water
and fats and oils.
• Carbohydrates which give animals heat and energy and helps in
fattening.
• Ash is an organic material which supplies materials for developing
the growth of bones of animals. It also helps manufacture the shells
in poultry.
• Proteins repair the broken tissues of animals and maintain their
growth and development.
• Fats and oils which supply the animals with heat and energy.
• Vitamins which help in the body processes of animals and support
normal growth and reproduction in animals.
5
• Water which is essential in all the body processes of poultry. It helps
in digestion and absorption of feeds and acts as food carrier and
tissue lubricant.
Leah : What are the sources of these feeds?

Joey : Sources of feeds can be from plants, animals and mineral sources.
Leah : What will happen if the feeds that animals take are not balanced?
Joey : If that is the case, animals will not be able to get the essential nutrients
for their growth and development which will make them weak and
sickly.
What did you learn from Joey and Leah?
Activity 1
Collect samples of feed rations available in the community. Place the samples in
small glass jars. Label including the ingredients / nutrients used in formulating the feeds.
Submit this to your teacher.
Self-check:
Enumerate five essential nutrients found in animal feeds and cite their functions in
the growth and development of animals.
6
Lesson 2
Feeding Farm Animals
The feeding of animals contributes much to the success or failure of any poultry and
livestock industry. This is why animal raiser should pay much attention to the right feeding
of animals. On the next page is a sample feed consumption guide for broilers.
Age in days Ration Grams per Bird
1-7 Pre-starter or booster 85

8-14 Pre-starter or booster 125
15-21 Starter 225
22-28 Starter 345
29-35 Starter 429
35-42 Finisher 637
43-49 Finisher 723
50-56 Finisher 890
Here’s another feeding guide for layers:
Age of the Flock Kind of Feed
Day old to 6 weeks Chick starter mash with 20-21% protein

(starter mash)
7 to 14 weeks Grower ration with 16% protein
(chick grower mash)
15-20 weeks Pullet developer with 14% protein
(pullet developer mash)
When pullets start laying eggs Laying mash with 16 to 18% protein
(layer mash)
How about the different kinds of swine or hogs? Following will be your guide in
feeding hogs of different kinds to ensure good nutrition. Read and analyze the table below.
Kinds of Animals Feeding Management Purpose
1. Pre-gestating and Flushing high energy To activate the production

gestating sows rations, low fiber content of a large number of egg
cells for the next breeding
season.
2. Sows and gilts Limited energy feeding To trim the sow during the
gestation period and
reduce embryonic
mortality.
7
Kinds of Animals Feeding Management Purpose
3. Farrowing and Concentrate ration To store added energy

lactating sows and protein for use during
the lactation period.
Plenty of succulent leafy
feeds which should be
replaced by 1/3 of the
weight of the daily feed
allowance of the sow.
Laxative effect which
prevents constipation
during farrowing.
Improves milk secretion

Provide plenty of and prevents constipation
drinking water
4. Early weaned Pre-starter feed should To bolster the growth of

pigs be given immediately. baby pigs.
After 30 days, starter To bolster the growth and
rations should be given. maintenance of baby
pigs.
5. Growing-finishing Growing-finishing ration To avoid too much fat

pigs formulations should be deposits on the back.
given. Quantity should
be limited to 1.5 kg per
pig for every feeding.
8
Here is another table showing the daily feed consumption of growing-finishing pigs.
Age of pigs Live weight Daily feed intake

(weeks) (kg) (kg)
10-12 20-25 up to 1.2

12-13 25-30 1.2-1.4
13-15 30-35 1.4-1.6
16 35-40 1.6-1.8
17 40-45 1.8-1.9
18 45-50 1.9-2.0
19 50-55 2.0-2.1
20 55-60 2.1-2.2
21 60-65 2.2-2.3
22 65-70 2.3-2.4
23 70-75 2.4-2.5
24 75-80 2.5-2.6
25 80-85 2.6-2.7
26 85-90 2.7-2.8
27 90-95 2.8-2.9
28 95-100 2.9-3.0
You may probably ask how cattle are being feed?
When using the small-scale backyard level of cattle raising, the animals are tethered
during the day and kept inside during night. When ranching is applied, animals graze in the
pasture area and are free to roam around, with provisions of shelter in case of heavy rain.
On the other hand, in a semi-intensive and intensive cattle raising, shelter is provided for the
animals in the pasture ranch. There, the animals are fed applying the cut-and-carry method
in which feeds are given to the animals in the corral.
Here is an activity for you to check on how much you have learned.
9
Activity 2
Study the animals in each box. What kind of feeds are you going to give to each
animal? How much feed will you give each? Explain your answer on the space provided.
1. 2.
3.
10
Self-check:
Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer on the
blanks provided.
A B
_____1. Broilers 35 to 42 days of age a. pre-starter feed

_____2. Layers 7 to 14 weeks of age b. cut-and-carry
_____3. Early weaned pigs c. 2.1 to 2.2 kg of feed
_____4. Semi-intensive type of cattle raising d. finisher
_____5. Hog fattening – 20 weeks of age e. 2.3 to 2.4 kg of feed
b. grower ration with 16% protein
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Feeds represent the highest percentage of expenses in animal production.

Right feeding contributes to the success of animal raising enterprise.
Feeding the right kind of feeds in the right amounts and in the proper way, ensures
healthy and vigorous animals.
To find how well you understood what you’ve learned from this module, answer the
posttest.
11
POSTTEST
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Represents the highest percentage of expenses in animal production.

a. shelter
b. equipment
c. feeds
d. medicines
2. Feed given to day-old to 6 weeks old chicks.

a. pre-starter mash
b. layer mash
3. Feed given to broilers 22-28 days of age.

a. booster
b. pre-starter
c. finisher
d. starter
4. Nutrients utilized to repair broken tissues and maintain proper growth and development.
a. carbohydrates
b. ash
c. vitamins
d. proteins
5. Nutrients that regulate body processes.

a. carbohydrates
b. ash
c. vitamins
d. proteins
6. Feeds given to laying hens.

a. pre-starter mash
b. layer mash
7. Feed given to farrowing and lactating sows.

a. ipil-ipil
b. concentrate
c. pre-starter
d. finisher
12
8. Daily feed intake of pigs 27 weeks of age in kilograms.
a. 2.8 - 2.9
b. 2.4 - 2.5
c. 2.3 - 2.4
d. 2.7 - 2.8
9. Feeding system in semi-intensive cattle raising.

a. ranching
b. tethering
c. cut-and-carry
d. grazing
10. Feed given to broilers 8 to 14 days of age.

a. booster
b. starter
c. finisher
d. layer
Were you able to give all the answers correctly? If yes, very good. You’ve done a
good job. Certainly, you will be gaining from what you have learned if you will have the
chance to apply them. See you again in the next module.
CONTRATULATIONS!
13
ANSWER KEY
Pretest/Posttest
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. d
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. c
10. a
1. carbohydrates – supplies heat and energy

2. proteins – repair broken tissues
3. vitamins – regulates body processes
4. ash – used in manufacturing shells in poultry
5. water – aids in digestion and absorption of feeds
1. d
2. f
3. a
4. b
5. c
14
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 12
Pasig City
1
Fish Production
First Year
Module 12
Come and Get Me!

This module shares knowledge of how to catch fish. Knowledge of fishing is of great
help to families specially those living near bodies of water where fish live. Fishing is one of
the oldest means of living of the Filipinos. It provides us not only food to eat but
employment as well. Reading this module equips you on how to capture fish using different
fishing gears.

After working on this module, you are expected to:
1. explain the fundamental concepts, principles and importance of fish capture;
2. classify different fishing gears according to structure and function;
3. explain how each fishing gear is operated; and
4. construct a fishing gear.
Before you start working on this module, it will be good to evaluate yourself how
much you already know about the topic by answering the following pretest.
2
PRETEST
1. Which of the following fishing gears is not a hand instrument?

a. harpoon
b. cover pot
c. simple hand line
d. spear
2. It is an instrument used to catch fish.

a. fish culture
b. fish cultivation
c. fish capture
d. fishing gear
3. It is a fishing gear operated using artificial light like the floodlight.

a. cover pot
b. bag net
c. simple hand line
d. spear
4. It is the most commonly used fishing gear in the Philippines.

a. cover pot
b. simple hand line
c. harpoon
d. spear
5. These are fishing gears with small opening used to cover the fish to be captured.
a. falling gears
b. scooping nets
c. line-fishing
d. wounding gears
6. It is the scientific way of catching fish.

a. fish culture
b. fish cultivation
c. fish capture
d. fishing gear
7. It is a fishing gear similar to an inverted mosquito net.

a. spear
b. hand line
c. bag net
d. cover pot
3
8. This is a fishing gear with single vertical line with a hook at the end of the net.
a. spear
b. multiple hand line
c. simple hand line
d. bag net
9. This is a fishing gear operated in shallow, about knee-deep water.

a. cover pot
b. bag net
c. multiple hand line
d. simple hand line
10. It is a fishing gear used to catch fish by wounding them.
a. cover pot
b. hand line
c. bag net
d. spear
4
Lesson 1
Principles and Concepts of Fish Capture
Do you know how to catch fish? Have you tried fishing with your father or brother?
This lesson will tell you what fish capture is all about.
Fishing is one of the oldest occupations of the Filipinos. It supplies fish, the cheapest
source of protein for people particularly in the rural areas. It is a source of employment and
income to those who live near the water areas of the country, and even to those whose work
relates to fish and fishing.
The technique and science of catching fish through the use of fishing gears is known
as fish capture. Do you know the history of the development of fish capture in the
Philippines? If not, continue reading.
During the early years, catching freshwater fish is done using bare hands, stones and
the bow and arrow. Later, the Malays of Malaysia brought some effective fishing devices
such as fish corrals and fish pens. Then, the Japanese and Chinese introduced improved
means of fishing like the gill net, long line and trawl. Today, fishing methods and fishing
gears introduced in the country are modified by our fishermen to respond to local conditions
in different fishing grounds.
Have you learned something from the foregoing discussion? If your answer is yes,
answer the exercise below.
5
Self-check:
Answer the crossword puzzle below.
1
1
3 2 3
4
Across
1. Fish ________is a technique in catching fish.
2. Brought fishing devices like fish corals and fish pens in the Philippines.
3. Fish is a good source of _____.
4. One of the earliest means of catching fish is through the use of ________.
Down
1. Introduced the gill net and long line.
2. _____provides food and employment.
3. An act of refusal to use dynamite in fishing.
Did you get all the answers to the puzzle right? If so, very good. You can now
proceed to the next lesson.
6
Lesson 2
Classification of Fishing Gear by

Structure and Function
Are you ready for further learning about fish capture? Remember, at the end, a big fish
is waiting for you. You better start learning the different fishing gears.
Fishing gears are instruments used to catch fish. They are classified according to
structure and function. Below are examples of fishing gears.
Harpoon
Simple Hand line
Spear
Cover pot
Classification According to Structure
A. Hand Instrument
1. Spear (Pana) – a fishing instrument with pointed barbed or barbless blades on
the straight tip, which is not detachable from the handle and is thrown by hand
through a bow-like device.
2. Harpoon (panibat) - a pointed instrument with barbed blades detachable from
the handle and either thrown by hand or discharged from a gun.
3. Cover pot (salakab) – an entrapping device used to catch fish through the stiff
opening on its lowermost part to cover the fish.
7
B. Line Instrument
1. Simple handline - a single vertical line with a hook at the end where the bait is
attached.
2. Multiple handline - a single vertical line with a series of barbed hooks attached
by spreaders at regular intervals.
C. Nets
1. Bag net - a conical or cubical bag nets that looks like an inverted mosquito net.
Classifying Fishing Gears According to Function

1. Wounding gears - used to catch visible fish by wounding them from a distance.
2. Line-fishing gear – used to catch fish by means of an artificial bait.
3. Falling gears- gears with a stiff opening used to capture fish by covering them.
4. Scooping nets - gears which catch fish by submerging or hanging and swiftly lifting the
gear to capture or enclose fish.
Self-check:
Classify the fishing gears below according to their use. Write the name of the gear
inside the circle.
1 2
How was the exercise? Did you enjoy it? Good. For your assignment, conduct an
interview on various devices used by fishermen to catch fish. Write on a sheet of paper the
procedure in constructing these. Submit to your teacher.
8
Lesson 3
Operating Fishing Gears
In the previous lesson, you classified fishing gears according to structure and function.
Now, you will learn how each fishing gear is used.
Do you want to hear what fishing gears do fishermen use and how they operate these?
Find out in the conversation below.
Jimmy: Every time I go fishing at the lake, I use a simple hand line because the operation
is simple. I only attach bait like an earthworm or a squid to the hook, drop the line
into the water. Then, raise and lower the line to prevent small and less desirable
fish from robbing the bait. Pull the line whenever a tug or slight tug is felt.
Faddy: If I were you, I would use a multiple hand line to catch more fish. You only need to
put several baited hooks on your simple hand line in uniform distances and tow this
behind a motorboat. The lure looks alive as the boat moves, and bigger and more
fish are attracted to catch the lure, thus, getting hooked. Isn’t that great?
Ric: You’re right, but if you catch fish in shallow waters about knee-deep, you better use
a cover pot. Just watch the appearance of bubbles on the surface of the water to
locate the possible victim, approach the fish and cover it. You already have fish for
lunch.
Orly: That is small time! Only a few fish will be caught. You know what I have in mind?
Come and join me? Let’s use the bag net to catch more. We only hang the bag net
during the dark phase of the moon, with the help of a boat and floodlight. We shall
use the floodlight to observe if there are already enough fish in the bag net, which
tells us to raise the net to gather the fish. That ‘s simple!
Lito: Sorry, I can’t go with you.
Jimmy, Faddy, and Ric: Why not?
Lito: My brother and I will go fishing using a spear and harpoon. He said that spear and
harpoon are simple and easy to use. It is used by just throwing the spear or
harpoon by hand or shooting from a gun or a bow-like device to wound the fish. I
think this is more exciting, so, thanks, anyway.
Now that you learned how to operate some of the fishing gears, solve the problem
situation in Activity 1.
Activity 1
Michael and Fernando went on fishing in the nearby river for fun and leisure. They
brought with them their father’s hand line and cover pots to catch fish. However, they do not
know how to use them. Help Michael and Fernando to operate the hand line and the cover
pot. Write the instructions below.
9
Hand line -
Cover pot -
Do you think Michael and Fernando will be able to use the fishing gear to catch fish? If
you confidently say YES, then you are also ready to have your own catch now.
10
Lesson 4
Preparing a Simple Hand line
The most common fishing gear used in the Philippines is the simple hand line. So, in
this lesson, you will be constructing your own hand line to catch fish.
Let us now start making a simple hand line. Here are the materials needed followed by
the step-by-step procedure.
Materials needed:
1. Bamboo pole - 3 to 5 meters long, 2 inches in diameter and tapered at one end
2. Synthetic line - no. 8, 3 ½ meters long
3. Terminal tackle - a term applied to things like hooks and baits that are attached to the
end of the fishing line
Tools needed:
bolo
spokeshave
hammer
After preparing the needed materials and hooks, follow the procedure below:
1. Thread one end of the line through the hole of the hook and tie into two knots to
secure the hook.
2. Tie the other end of the line twice around the tapered end of the pole, just beside
the internode to keep this from slipping.
3. Tie with a square knot.
4. Place the bait on the hook.
Did you enjoy making your own hand line? Great! You may start using it.
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Fishing is one of the oldest occupations of Filipinos.

Fish capture is the technique and science of catching fish using various fishing gears.
Fishing gears are instruments used to catch fish.
Fishing gears are classified according to structure which include hand instruments, line
instruments and nets. Classification is also according to function such as wounding
gears, line-fishing, falling gears and scooping nets.
11
You are now in the final phase of this module. Let’s find out how much you understood
and learned by answering the posttest.
POSTTEST
1. Which of the following fishing gears is not a hand instrument?

a. harpoon
b. cover pot
c. simple hand line
d. spear
2. It is an instrument used to catch fish.

a. fish culture
b. fish cultivation
c. fish capture
d. fishing gear
3. It is a fishing gear operated with the help of artificial light like the floodlight.
a. cover pot
b. bag net
c. simple hand line
d. multiple hand line
4. It is the most commonly used fishing gear in the Philippines.

a. cover pot
b. simple hand line
c. harpoon
d. spear
5. These are fishing gears with a small opening used to capture fish by covering them.
a. scooping nets
b. line-fishing gears
c. wounding gears
d. falling gears
6. It is a technique and science of catching fish.

a. fish culture
b. fish cultivation
c. fish capture
d. fishing gear
7. A fishing gear which is very similar to an inverted mosquito net.

a. spear
12
b. hand line
c. bag net
d. cover pot
8. This fishing gear has a single vertical line with a hook at the end for the bait.
a. spear
b. multiple hand line
c. simple hand line
d. bag net
9. A fishing gear operated in shallow about knee-deep water.

a. cover pot
b. bag net
c. multiple hand line
d. simple hand line
10. It is a fishing gear used by man to catch fish by wounding them.

a. cover pot
b. hand line
c. bag net
d. spear
13
ANSWER KEY
Pretest / Posttest
1. c
2. d
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. c
8. c
9. a
10. d
Across
1. capture
2. Malays
3. Protein
4. Stones
Down
1. Japanese
2. It
3. No
1. line instrument
2. hand instrument
3. hand instrument
Hand line - Attach the bait to the hook, then drop or throw the baited hook into the water.
Raise and lower the line frequently and pull the fishing line promptly when a
tug or slight tug is felt.
Cover pot - Look for bubbles on the surface of the water to locate fish to be caught.
Approach the fish slowly and cover it, using the cover pot.
14
Congratulations for a job well done! Working on this module honestly and dedicatedly
is truly a rewarding experience. Take a rest so you can join us for the next module. I’m
counting on you.
15
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 13
Pasig City
1
Fish Production
Fist Year
Module 13
Fish on Parade
What this module is all about

Welcome! It’s nice to see you again. Do you still remember what you have done in
the previous module? You learned fish capture and the classification and use of fishing
gears. You were also able to make a fishing gear, the simple hand line. It is a wonderful
accomplishment ,isn’t it?
This time, your learning experiences will familiarize you with fish culture and the
place where fish are being cultured. Are you ready for another learning experience? Join
the fish on parade to the water and learn more on fish culture.

After working on this module, you are expected to do the following:
1. explain the fundamental principles and concepts and the importance of fish culture;
2. explain the phases of fish culture; and
3. differentiate the characteristics of the bodies of water near the place where fish is
cultured.
2
PRETEST
Directions: Place the letter of the correct answer on the blank before the number.
_____1. Which of the following is not a phase of fish culture?

a. fish propagation
b. fish capture
c. fish cultivation
d. fish conservation
_____2. Which is an artificial source of freshwater?

a. swamps
b. rivers
c. deep-well
d. lakes
_____3. This term applies to the release of fry or fingerlings in growing and rearing areas.
a. draining
b. harvesting
c. stocking
d. fertilization
_____4. These are bodies of water along or near the mouth of rivers.
a. marine water
b. freshwater
c. brackish water
d. sea water
_____5. Which of the following is an advantage of fish culture?

a. prevents soil erosion
b. beautifies the surroundings
c. provides employment
d. aggravates poverty
_____6. Which of the following is an activity in fish cultivation?

a. fertilization
b. cleaning the pond
c. breeding
d. harvesting
_____7. The following are activities in fish propagation except one.

a. nursing the larvae
b. spawning breeders
c. stocking
d. hatching
3
_____8. It is the phase of fish culture that includes the draining of the pond.
a. fish capture
b. fish cultivation
c. fish propagation
_____9. It is one of the natural resources of freshwater.

a. dam
b. aquarium
c. lake
d. deep-well
_____10. It is the right time to start a fish project.

a. year around
b. early months of the year
c. any month of the year
d. end of the year
4
Lesson 1
Principles and Concepts and Importance of Fish Culture
“Knowing the right thing is doing the right thing.” Knowing more information about
fish culture leads you to depth of understanding.
Do you know what fish culture is? How important is it? Read the following and find
out.
Fish culture is the rearing of fish and other aquatic products from their early stage of
growth to their marketable or consumable stage. Fish culture is done at the proper time or
early enough for harvest during the month of the year when the prices of fish at the market
are good. This is particularly true with bangus and tilapia.
Why is fish culture important? Of what value is it to our people?
Exportation of fish products

It is done to
contributes considerably to
produce food for
the dollar revenues of the
our people.
government. It provides
employment, too.
Below is the story of Mang Edring. Let’s read it and answer the questions that follow.
Mang Edring has a fish farm. He cultures tilapia and bangus. He also raises
ornamental fish for aquarium purposes. These tasks give him enough income to support his
family needs such as food and education of his children, among others. It also provides
employment for some of his children and neighbors.
5
As to the activities on his fish farm, Mang Edring usually starts operations during the
early months of the year. He does this to harvest the fish during the time when its price is
high.
Today, Mang Edring is starting to export some ornamental fish he bred to Thailand
and other nearby countries. This helps the government earn dollars, too.
Now, answer the following questions:
1. Why is the job important to Mang Edring?

2. Why does Mang Edring start operating his fish farm during the early months of the
year?
Does this make you more interested in the subject of fish culture? Good. You can
now move on to the next lesson.
6
Lesson 2
Phases of Fish Culture
You have just learned basic information on fish culture in the previous lesson. Fish
culture has three major phases, namely: fish propagation, fish cultivation, and fish
conservation.
1. Fish Propagation
Fish propagation is the natural or artificial method of promoting or enhancing the
reproduction and survival of fish and other aquatic products. Fish propagation can be done
in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, seas or oceans or in artificial or man-made areas
like fishponds. It involves the keeping, maintenance, and spawning of breeders in tanks or
ponds; hatching the eggs in hatchery facilities; and nursing the delicate larvae up to a size
suitable for stocking (process of releasing fry or fingerlings) purposes in rearing areas like
fishponds or lakes.
2. Fish Cultivation
This is the rearing of fish from a very young stage like fry and fingerlings up to a marketable
size. Cultivation may be done in fresh, brackish and marine waters in any of the rearing
structures such as fishponds, fish pens or aquariums.
The use of fishponds in fish cultivation includes the selection of a suitable site,
construction of fishpond, cleaning the pond, filling the pond with water up to 15-20
centimetres deep, fertilization to replenish the nutrients at the bottom of the pond, stocking,
controlling the weeds, eradicating the enemies of fish and diseases, and feeding and
harvesting through draining.
3. Fish Conservation
This is the public control and maintenance of the various fisheries or areas where fish
and other fishery products are conserved. This is designed to ensure maximum sustainable
yield of fish. An example is the implementation of Presidential Decree No. 1058, which is an
amendment of Presidential Decree No. 704, which increases the penalties for illegal fishing,
sale of illegally caught fish or fishery/aquatic products for other purposes.
How well did you understand the lesson? Let us now work on the following activity to
find out.
Activity 1
Collect sample pictures of the three phases of fish culture. Label each picture and
provide a written explanation for each. Present your work to your teacher.
7
Self-check:
Write T on the blank before each number if the given statement is true, and F, if false.
_____1. As a student, you can help conserve fish areas in your locality.
_____2. Fish propagation can also be done in salty water.
_____3. Fertilization is done to replenish the nutrients at the bottom of the pond.
_____4. The process of releasing fry and fingerlings in the fishpond or any rearing areas is
known as draining.
_____5. Draining the fishpond to gather the fish is harvesting.
Have you got all the answers correct? If yes, you’re truly a fast learner.
Congratulations!
8
Lesson 3
Bodies of Water where Fish is Cultured
Hello again! After knowing the three phases of fish culture, you’ll now describe the
characteristics of existing bodies of water in the locality where fish is being cultured.
Can you identify what bodies of water are shown in the following pictures? Have you
gone to any of these or seen similar to these? If so, you can easily identify them, can’t you?
Look at the pictures below.
Which of the pictures above shows freshwater? brackish water? marine water?
9
To differentiate the characteristics of each body of water, refer to the table below.
Freshwater Brackish Water Marine Water
• Clean fresh water • Pond-converted • Seawater

from natural sources mangrove areas • Water along
such as lakes, ponds, along or near river coastal areas
rivers, and swamps. mouths.
• Artificial sources such • Salinity of water
as dams or reservoirs, ranges from slightly
irrigation and man- greater than fresh
made ponds. water to lower than
seawater.
The Philippines is endowed with these bodies of water where different kinds of fish
are cultured, applying the appropriate method of fish propagation and cultivation.
Can you now differentiate freshwater from brackish water and marine water? Let me
see.
Self-check:
Write whether the given bodies of water are considered as sources of freshwater,
brackish water or marine water.
_____1. Rice paddies

_____2. Ocean
_____3. Along the river mouths
_____4. Lakes
_____5. Fishponds
Was your score perfect? If perfect, congratulations! This means that you understood
what you read.
LET’S SUMMARIZE
Fish culture is the rearing of fish from an early stage of growth to a marketable or
consumable stage.
Fish culture consists of the three phases namely; fish propagation, fish cultivation, and
fish conservation.
• Fish propagation refers to the method of enhancing the reproduction and survival of
fish.
• Fish cultivation is the rearing of fish from fry to fingerlings up to the marketing size.
10
• Fish conservation is the public control and maintenance of fish sources.
Bodies of water where fish is cultured are freshwater, brackish water, or marine water.
How do you feel now that you’re through with this module? If you think there are
aspects you need to go over, do so. But, if you think you’ve learned enough that remains to
be seen. Answer the posttest to find out.
POSTTEST
Directions: Choose the correct answer.
1. It is the term applied to the rearing of fry and fingerlings until they reach marketable size.
a. fish capture
b. fish conservation
c. fish propagation
d. fish culture
2. Which is an artificial source of freshwater?

a. dam
b. river
c. lake
d. swamp
3. Phase of fish culture which refers to public control and maintenance of fisheries.
a. fish culture
b. fish conservation
c. fish propagation
d. fish cultivation
4. Body of water where salinity ranges from slightly greater than freshwater to lower than
sea water.
a. marine water
b. natural freshwater
c. brackish water
d. artificial water
5. Which of the following is not an advantage of fish culture?

a. it provides food
b. it helps the government through its revenues
c. it provides employment
d. it makes people busy
6. Which of the following activities is not involved in fish propagation?

a. draining
b. spawning
11
c. stocking
d. hatching eggs
7. The following are activities in fish cultivation except

a. selection of site
b. nursing larvae
c. harvesting
d. fertilization
8. When is fish culture started?

a. any month of the year
b. end of the year
c. year round
d. early months of the year
9. Phase of fish culture, which involves the release of fry and fingerlings in the rearing
areas.
a. fish capture
b. fish cultivation
c. fish propagation
10. Which of the following is a source of marine water?

a. lakes
b. rivers
c. sea
d. dam
What is your score? If it is 10, excellent! You’re pace of learning is amazing!

Congratulations! See you again in the next module. Relax and take it easy for the
meanwhile.
12
ANSWER KEY
Pretest
1. b
2. c
3. c
4. c
5. c
6. c
7. c
8. b
9. c
10. b
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
1. freshwater
2. marine water
3. brackish water
4. freshwater
5. freshwater
Posttest
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. c
5. d
6. a
7. b
8. d
9. b
10. c
13
14
PROJECT EASE

MODULE 14
Pasig City
1
Fish Production
First Year
Module 14
Long and Lasting Life

“Fish be with you.” Since you have gained considerable knowledge of fish capture and
fish culture in the previous modules, you are now ready to embark on fish preservation.
Preservation of fish is done to prevent spoilage. Since fish is very perishable, it is

therefore, necessary to preserve fish if not consumed or disposed immediately. Do you
know some ways of preserving fish? Well, be ready, for this module will help you how to
give a long and lasting life to the fish you caught or bought in the market. Enjoy reading.

This module is about fish preservation and it aims to:
1. explain the fundamental concepts/principles and importance of fish preservation;

2. explain the preparatory procedure needed in fish preservation; and
3. discuss the procedure of the different methods of fish preservation.
2
PRETEST
Write only the letter of the best answer.
1. An extremely perishable food.

a. fish culture
b. fish
c. bagoong
d. dried fish
2. The part of the fish which is being removed when drying split fish.
a. kidney
b. gut
c. head
d. scales
3. Fish preparation which removes most bones.

a. gutted
b. boned
c. boneless
d. split
4. Storage period of bagoong before it is used.

a. 4 months
b. 9 months
c. 6 months
d. 5 months
5. A method of preventing spoilage.

a. fish culture
b. fish capture
c. fish preservation
d. fish spoilage
6. Fish preparation which removes all bones including pin bones.

a. gutted
b. split
c. boneless
d. boned
7. Percentage of brine solution used in drying split fish.

a. 30%
b. 25%
c. 20 %
d. 15 %
3
8. Fish preparation when fish is thoroughly washed.
a. gutted
b. dressed
c. fillet
d. split
9. Ratio of salt and fish in bagoong making.

a. 1 part salt: 3 parts fish
b. 2 parts salt: 4 parts fish
c. 3 parts salt: 1 part fish
d. 4 parts salt: 2 parts fish
10. Fish preparation wherein the internal organs are removed.

a. gutted
b. split
c. fillet
d. dressed
4
Lesson 1
Principles/Concepts and
Importance of Fish Preservation
Have you experienced buying fish and forgetting to cook it on that day? Or have you
bought more fish than what you need and got delayed in going home? What happened to
the fish? You’re right, the fish get spoiled. Do you want to know the reasons why? Let me
tell you these.
Spoilage is the result of a series of

changes brought about in the dead
fish mainly due to enzyme and
bacterial action. It starts in the fish
as soon as the fish dies when
caught. In areas where Fish is extremely
temperature is high, fish spoil perishable. It spoils
within 15-20 hours depending on easily.
the specie and the method of
capture.
5
Since bacterial spoilage takes place in
Can you tell us certain conditions, changing these
how to prevent conditions can prevent and reduce
spoilage? spoilage. Heat ,concentration and pH
(acids) can be used for these purposes.
Fish preservation prevents

spoilage. It also makes the
transportation of preserved fish
easier besides the fact that
What else? preserved fish is a good source
of protein.
Thank you! What
an interesting idea.
You’re welcome.
Did you learn something from the conversation above? Let us find out by working on
Activity 1.
Activity 1 I caught so
much today. Let
me think about
it.
6
Help the fisherman solve his problem by answering the questions below:
1. What is the problem of the fisherman?

2. What can you suggest to solve his problem?
Were you able to help the fisherman solve his problem? If you did, I hope that you can
also answer the exercise below.
Self-check:
Write T, if the statement is true and F, if it is not true.
1. Fish preservation is a good source of protein.

2. Fish spoilage starts at the time they are caught.
3. Fish spoils within 15-20 hours in places where the temperature is low.
4. Fish preservation prevents spoilage.
5. Fish is perishable or gets easily spoiled.
7
Lesson 2
Preparatory Procedure in Fish Preservation

Do you know that there are initial preparations before the preservation or processing of
fish? Let’s find out how fish are prepared for the particular purpose.
1. Fillet
The body of the fish is cut into strips of flesh parallel to the line of its backbone.
2. Gutted
The internal organs are removed by cutting along the ventral surface from the vent to
its gill using a knife. Sometimes its head is also removed.
3. Split
The internal organs of the fish are removed and sometimes even the head but not the
bones.
4. Boned
Most of the bones are removed.
5. Boneless
All the bones including the small bones are removed.
6. Dressed
Fish are thoroughly washed and prepared for any purpose.
After any of these preparatory procedures, the fish is now ready for a particular method
of fish preservation.
How do you find the lesson? Is it interesting? Here is the exercise which will give you
the opportunity to test what you’ve learned.
Self-check:
Draw a line to connect Column A with Column B.
A B
1. Gutted a. Guts are removed along the ventral surface

2. Boned b. Washed and cleaned before cooking
3. Dressed c. Cut into strips of flesh
4. Fillet d. Most of the bones are removed
5. Split e. Most of the bones are removed
f. Internal organs and head are removed
What is your score? Is it 5? Excellent! Now, we can move on to the next lesson.
8
Lesson 3
Methods of Fish Preservation
What have you learned in the previous lesson?
I learned different fish

preparations before fish
preservation.
Now you will learn some ways of preserving fish. Are you ready?
There are different methods of fish preservation, among them are drying and salting.
Study the following procedure for each method:
A. Drying Split Fish (daing)
1. The scales are removed, and the fish is split on the dorsal side.
2. The internal organs, gills, false kidney and black membrane are removed.
3. The fish is washed thoroughly and drained.
4. The fish is soaked in 25% brine solution (salt and water) from 30 minutes to
an hour depending on the size of the fish. Smaller fish are soaked for a
shorter time compared to the bigger ones.
5. After salting, the fish are washed to remove the dirt and excess salt on the
surface.
6. Spread out the fish on drying trays and place under the sun until very dry.
Turned them over every 3 hours.
B. Bagoong Making
Following is the procedure in bagoong making:
1. Wash and drain the fresh fish.
2. Mix with salt. One part salt to three parts fish.
3. Pack tightly in jars and store for six months.
9
4. Drain the liquid formed (patis) after storing for six months.
a. Patis is then filtered and bottled for household or commercial use.
5. Set aside the ground and solids.
6. Add saturated brine to the other solid part.
7. After two weeks, you will have second class patis and bagoong as solid ground.
How do you feel after knowing the procedures on how to preserve fish? Can you now
preserve your own fish?
Activity 2
Make your own bagoong using 1 kilo of fish. Bring all your materials in the school next
time you report to school to perform the activity.
Before ending this lesson, let me see how well you understood what you read and
learned. Do the self-check exercise below.
Self-check:
Write C, if the statement is correct and W, if the statement is wrong.
1. Fish is soaked in 25% brine solution for 30 to 60 minutes.

2. The proportion of part salt to fish in making bagoong is 1 is to 3.
3. Liquid drained in bagoong making after 6 months is known as patis.
4. Split fish for drying is washed after salting.
5. Internal organs are not removed in drying split fish.
Did you get five correct answers? Wonderful! You really learned very much from this
lesson. Now, let us see if you learned a lot from the entire module. Answer the given
posttest.
10
POSTTEST
Write only the letter of the best answer.
1. An extremely perishable food.

a. fish culture
b. fish
c. bagoong
d. dried fish
2. The part of the fish which is first removed when drying split fish.
a. kidney
b. gut
c. head
d. scales
3. Fish preparation in which most bones are removed.

a. gutted
b. boned
c. boneless
d. split
4. Storage period of bagoong before use.

a. 4 months
b. 9 months
c. 6 months
d. 5 months
5. A method used to prevent spoilage.

a. fish culture
b. fish capture
c. fish preservation
d. fish spoilage
6. Fish preparation in which all bones including pin bones are removed.
a. gutted
b. split
c. boneless
d. Boned
11
7. Percentage of brine solution used in drying split fish.
a. 30 %
b. 25 %
c. 20 %
d. 15 %
8. Fish preparation in which fish is thoroughly washed.

a. gutted
b. dressed
c. fillet
d. split
9. Ratio of the part of salt to fish in bagoong making.

a. 1:3
b. 2:4
c. 3:1
d. 4:2
10. Fish preparation wherein internal organs are removed.

a. gutted
b. split
c. fillet
d. dressed
How is the result of your posttest? What’s your score? If your score is below 6, go over
and work on the module again. If you got 10, very good. You have done well!
Congratulations for a job well done! You can now proceed to the next module.
12
ANSWER KEY
Pretest 3. b
4. c
1. b 5. f
2. d
3. b Lesson 3: Self-check
4. c
5. c 1. C
6. c 2. C
7. b 3. C
8. b 4. C
9. a 5. W
10. a
Posttest
1. b
1. F 2. d
2. T 3. b
3. F 4. c
4. T 5. c
5. T 6. c
7. b
Lesson 2: Self-check 8. b
9. a
1. a 10. a
2. d
13

Project Ease-Bse Deped Module in Agriculture

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Project Ease-Bse Deped Module in Agriculture

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PROJECT EASE

Effective and Affordable Secondary Education

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

What this module is about

What to learn from this module

How to learn from this module

3. When seeds are sown in the seedbox and it germinates, it is described as

4. The following are reliable suppliers of seeds, except

8. The ragdoll method is done through the use of

10. Which of the following seeds is advisable to store after testing?

The Value of Using Good Seeds

_____1. Money spent in buying seed materials are wasted.

Proper Selection of Seeds

Robert is new in vegetable production. He is eager

Storing Seeds for Future Use

Seed Extraction and Cleaning

Wet seeds from Dry seeds Dried seeds from

Methods of Testing Seeds

Answer the following questions based on your observations:

Answer these questions:

Differentiate ragdoll method from plate method.

number of normal seedlings

3. Viability means the ability of the seeds to

6. Contamination is high when seeds dried come in contact with

7. Dish method of testing seed viability is done through the use of

8. Using cheesecloth, stick and water is a method of seed testing called

Wet seeds from Dry seeds Dried seeds from

eggplant cabbage hot pepper

Lesson 3: Self -check

Lesson 4: Self check:

Lesson 5: Self -check:

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

What this module is about

What to learn from this module

4. When the land is harrowed thoroughly, it could also destroy

6. Primary tillage or plowing is done by

7. A tool used for clearing or removing weeds is

8. A tool which is used for tilling thick soil is

9. A tractor is an example of equipment required in

Importance of Soil Preparation

Why is it important to prepare the land thoroughly before planting?

1. To promote good soil condition. Soil must be tilled to a depth of about 10 to 12

2. Nematodes and microorganisms present in the soil are killed when

3. A well-prepared soil prior to planting has the capacity to

4. A garden site that is well-prepared will promote soil aeration, meaning

Proper Method of Preparing the Soil for Planting

2. Measure and place 4 markers to have a bed soil for planting.

Tools and Equipment Used in Preparing the Soil

B. Animal - Draft Technology

C. Mechanical Power Technology

Which do you think is the best way in putting up your garden?

Method of Soil Preparation Appropriate for a

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

3. When the water moves downward to the soil, this promotes

4. When the land is harrowed thoroughly, it could also destroy

6. Primary tillage or plowing is done by

7. A tool used for clearing or removing weeds is

8. A grab hoe is used for

9. Which of the following tools and equipment is an example of a mechanical power

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

What this module is about

What to learn from this module

1. compare direct and indirect planting;

_1. pechay _6. sweet pepper

A. Type of vegetables: C. Type of vegetables:

B. Type of vegetables: D. Type of vegetables:

In direct planting, seeds are planted directly in the field.