220 to132KV GSS (Training Report)

ABHISHEK DAVE (Electrical Engineer), CTAE UDAIPUR
AB (aloneabhi_21@yahoo.com)
2.
2.2. Brief descriptions of the instruments in the line diagram are-
1. Lightening arrestors
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent
the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments
used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening
arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some
lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the
main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening
arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening
arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a cone.
2. C V T
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down

extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply
frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across
the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
10. Isolators
The use of this isolator is to protect the transformer and the other instrument in the line. The
isolator isolates the extra voltage to the ground and thus any extra voltage cannot enter the line.
Thus an isolator is used after the bus also for protection.
21. Capacitor bank attached to the bus.

The capacitor banks are used across the bus so that the voltage does not gets down till the require
place.
3. The line diagram of the substation:
The Sarusajai 220kv/ 132kv substation, Guwahati, has two stations in it. Firstly the 220kV and
next the 132kV/ 33kV substation.
The 220kV substation has the capacity of 220kv and can step down to 132kv using three input
lines through the incoming feeders. The input feeders are namely:
AGIA- i; AGIA-ii; LONGPI- i; LONGPI- ii; SAMUGURI-i; SAMUGURI- ii.
All these feeders come into the substation with 220kv.
The purpose of the 132kV/ 33kV substation was to step down the 132kv to direct distribution to
the 33kv/11kv substations in six different areas of the state.

The substation of 132kv/33kv has six outgoing feeders, namely:
JWAHAR NAGAR, GARBHANGA, MIRZA, PALTAN BAZAR, and Kahilipara STATION.
These out going feeders are of 33kv line.

The complete line diagram of the station are shown in the figure below
Fig: Line diagram of the Sarusajai substation, Guwahati, Assam.

4. Instruments used in the Sarusajai, 220kV grid substation are:
Landscape suited for purpose of explanation:
(1) Represents Lord Kelvin's "reduced" area of the region, (2) Surface
concentric with the Earth such that the quantities stored over it and under it are equal; (3) Building on a
site of excessive electrostatic charge density; (4) Building on a site of low electrostatic charge density.
1
In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to electronic
instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them. Lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are
devices that are connected between
each electrical conductor in a power and communications systems and the Earth. These provide a
short circuit to the ground that is interrupted by a non-conductor, over which lightning jumps. Its
purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by
lightning.
The non-conducting material may consist of a semi-conducting material such as silicon carbide
or zinc oxide, or a spark gap. Primitive varieties of such spark gaps are simply open to the air,
but more modern varieties are filled with dry gas and have a small amount of radioactive
material to encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap reaches a specified level.
Other designs of lightning arresters use a glow-discharge tube (essentially like a neon glow
lamp) connected between the protected conductor and ground, or myriad voltage-activated solid-
state switches called varistors or MOVs. Lightning arresters built for substation use are
impressive devices, consisting of a porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in
diameter, filled with disks of zinc oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents the
occasional internal explosion without shattering the porcelain cylinder.
Electric power system lightning protection
High-tension power lines carry a lighter conductor (sometimes called a 'pilot' or 'shield') wire
over the main power conductors. This conductor is grounded at various points along the link, or
insulated from the tower structures by small insulators that are easily jumped by lightning
voltages. The latter allows the pilot wire to be used for communications purposes, or to carry
current for aircraft clearance lights. Electrical substations may have a web of grounded wires
covering the whole plant.
Lightning protection system design
Considerable material is used to make up lightning protection systems, so it is prudent to

consider carefully where a rod structure will have the greatest effect. Historical understanding of
lightning, from statements made by Ben Franklin, assumed that each device protected a cone of
45 degrees. This has been found to be unsatisfactory for protecting taller structures, as it is
possible for lightning to strike the side of a building. A better technique to determine the effect of
a new arrester is called the "rolling sphere technique" and was developed by Dr Tibor Horváth.
To understand this requires knowledge of how lightning 'moves'. As the step leader of a lightning
bolt jumps toward the ground, it steps toward the grounded objects nearest its path. The
maximum distance that each step may travel is called the critical distance and is proportional to
the electrical current. Objects are likely to be struck if they are nearer to the leader than this
critical distance. It is standard practice to approximate the sphere's radius as 46 m near the
ground.
Electricity travels mostly along the path of least resistance, so an object outside the critical
distance is unlikely to be struck by the leader if there is a grounded object solidly OR within the
critical distance. Noting this, locations that are safe from lightning can be determined by
imagining a leader's potential paths as a sphere that travels from the cloud to the ground. For
lightning protection, it suffices to consider all possible spheres as they touch potential strike
points. To determine strike points, consider a sphere rolling over the terrain. At each point, we
are simulating a potential leader position. Lightning is most likely to strike where the sphere
touches the ground. Points that the sphere cannot roll across and touch are safest from lightning.
Lightning protectors should be placed where they will prevent the sphere from touching a
structure. A weak point in most lightning diversion systems is in transporting the captured
discharge from the lightning rod to the ground, though. Lightning rods are typically installed
around the perimeter of flat roofs, or along the peaks of sloped roofs at intervals of 6.1 m or 7.6
m, depending on the height of the rod. When a flat roof has dimensions greater than 15 m by 15
m, additional air terminals will be installed in the middle of the roof at intervals of 15 m or less
in a rectangular grid pattern.
Evaluations and analysis
A controversy over the assortment of operation theories dates back to the 1700s, when Franklin
himself stated that his lightning protectors protected buildings by dissipating electric charge. He
later retracted the statement, stating that the device's exact mode of operation was something of a
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mystery at that point. Diversion is a misnomer; no modern systems are claimed to divert
anything, but rather to intercept the charge that terminates on a structure and carry it to the
ground. The energy in a lightning strike is measured in Joules. The reason that lightning does
damage is that this energy is released in a matter of microseconds (typically 30 to 50
microseconds). If the same energy could be released slowly over a period of many seconds or
minutes, the current flow would be in milliamperes or a few amperes at most. This is the intent
of charge dissipation.
The dissipation theory states that a lightning strike to a structure can be prevented by altering the
electrical potential between the structure and the thundercloud. This is done by transferring
electric charge (such as from the nearby Earth to the sky or vice versa). Transferring electric
charge from the Earth to the sky is done by erecting some sort of tower equipped with one or
more sharply pointed protectors upon the structure. It is noted that sharply pointed objects will
indeed transfer charge to the surrounding atmosphere and that a considerable electric current
through the tower can be measured when thunderclouds are overhead.
Lightning strikes to a metallic structure can vary from leaving no evidence excepting perhaps a
small pit in the metal to the complete destruction of the structure. When there is no evidence,
analyzing the strikes is difficult. This means that a strike on an uninstrumented structure must be
visually confirmed, and the random behavior of lightning renders such observations difficult.
The research situation is improving somewhat, however. There are also inventors working on this
problem, such as through a lightning rocket. While controlled experiments may be off in the
future, very good data is being obtained through techniques which use radio receivers that watch
for the characteristic electrical 'signature' of lightning strikes using fixed directional antennas.
Through accurate timing and triangulation techniques, lightning strikes can be located with great
precision, so strikes on specific objects often can be confirmed with confidence.
The introduction of lightning protection systems into standards allowed various manufactures to
develop protector systems to a multitude of specifications and there are various lightning rod
standards. The NFPA's independent third party panel found that "the [Early Streamer Emission]
lightning protection technology appears to be technically sound" and that there was an "adequate
theoretical basis for the [Early Streamer Emission] air terminal concept and design from a
physical viewpoint". (Bryan, 1999) The same panel also concluded that "the recommended
[NFPA 780 standard] lightning protection system has never been scientifically or technically
validated and the Franklin rod air terminals have not been validated in field tests under
thunderstorm conditions." In response, the American Geophysical Union concluded that "[t]he
Bryan Panel reviewed essentially none of the studies and literature on the effectiveness and
scientific basis of traditional lightning protection systems and was erroneous in its conclusion
that there was no basis for the Standard." AGU did not attempt to assess the effectiveness of any
proposed modifications to traditional systems in its report.
No major standards body, such as the NFPA or UL, has currently endorsed a device that can
prevent or reduce lightning strikes. The NFPA Standards Council, following a request for a
project to address Dissipation Array Systems and Charge Transfer Systems, denied the request to
begin forming standards on such technology (though the Council did not foreclose on future
standards development after reliable sources demonstrating the validity of the basic technology
and science were submitted). Members of the Scientific Committee of the International
Conference on Lightning Protection has issued a joint statement stating their opposition to
dissipater technology.
Various investigators believe the natural downward lightning strokes to be unpreventable. Since
most lightning protectors' ground potentials are elevated, the path distance from the source to the
elevated ground point will be shorter, creating a stronger field (measured in volts per unit
distance) and that structure will be more prone to ionization and breakdown. Scientists from the
National Lightning Safety Institute claim that these dissipation devices are nothing more than
expensive lightning protectors and that they, unlike traditional methods, are not based on
"scientifically proven and indisputable technical arguments". William Rison states that in his
opinion the underlying theory of dissipation is "scientific nonsense". According to these sources,
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there is no proof that the dissipation arrangement is at all effective. According to opponents of
the dissipation technology, the various designs of dissipaters indirectly "eliminate" lightning via
the alteration of a building's shape and only have a small effect (either intended or not) because
there is no significant reduction to the susceptibility of a structure to the generation of upward
lightning strokes. Some field investigations of dissipaters show that their performance is
comparable to conventional terminals and possess no great enhancement of protection.
According to these field studies, these devices have not shown that they totally eliminated
lightning strikes.
CVT :
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down

extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a
protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply
frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of
secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the
use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often
replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across
the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop
across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.
CVT 220 kV rating

Type: WP-245 V
Operating voltage: 220/ 3 kV

Voltage factor: 1.5 V for 30 sec.
Test voltage: 460 kV
Test impedance 1050 kv peak
Ellec cap: 4400±10% PF of 50 Hz
± 5%
Nominal intermediate voltage 20/ 3 kv
Spark over voltage: 36 kv
Voltage divider ratio 220000/ 3 /20000/ 3
Total thermal burden: 1000 VA
Temperature categ: 10 to 55°C
Total weight: 900 Kg.
Wave tape:
A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave.
A device used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave.
Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps
the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to
the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments here in the substation.
Current transformer:
4
The instrument current transformer (CT) steps down the current of a circuit to a lower value and
is used in the same types of equipment as a potential transformer. This is done by constructing
the secondary coil consisting of many turns of wire, around the primary coil, which contains only
a few turns of wire. In this manner, measurements of high values of current can be obtained. A
current transformer should always be short-circuited when not connected to an external load.
Because the magnetic
circuit of a current
transformer is designed
for low magnetizing
current
when under load, this

large increase in
magnetizing current will
build up a large flux in the
magnetic circuit and
cause the transformer to
act as a step-up
transformer, inducing an
excessively high voltage in
the secondary when under
no load.
These transformers are basically used to get the incoming current on the incoming feeders. It
steps down the incoming 800 amps to 1 amps.
Rating factor:
Rating factor is a factor by which the nominal full load current of a CT can be multiplied to determine
its absolute maximum measurable primary current. Conversely, the minimum primary current a CT can
accurately measure is "light load," or 10% of the nominal current (there are, however, special CTs
designed to measure accurately currents as small as 2% of the nominal current). The rating factor of a
CT is largely dependent upon ambient temperature. Most CTs have rating factors for 35 degrees Celsius
and 55 degrees Celsius. It is important to be mindful of ambient temperatures and resultant rating factors
when CTs are installed inside pad-mounted transformers or poorly ventilated mechanical rooms.
Recently, manufacturers have been moving towards lower nominal primary currents with greater rating
factors. This is made possible by the development of more efficient ferrites and their corresponding
hysteresis curves. This is a distinct advantage over previous CTs because it increases their range of
accuracy, since the CTs are most accurate between their rated current and rating factor
Current transformer
Type 132 kV CT
Core 1
core 2
core 3
Ratio (A/A) 800/1 400/1
800/1 400/1
800/1
400/1
Sec. Conn:
1S1-1S2
2S1-2S3
3S1-3S3
Accuracy class:
0.2
5P 10
PS
Burden (VA):
30
5
15
NA
Highest system
Voltage:
145 kV
insulation burn
275 kV/ 65014 Vp
Isolator with earth switch (ES):
Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is designed for low magnetizing current
when under load, this large increase in magnetizing current will build up a large flux in the magnetic
circuit and cause the transformer to act as a step-up transformer, inducing an excessively high voltage in
the secondary when under no load.
The main use of using the earth switch (E/S) is to ground the extra voltage which may b
dangerous for any of the instrument in the substation.

Isolator ratings
Voltage rating: 145 kV
Basic insulation level: 650 kVp
Current rating: 1250 Amp.
Circuit breaker: using SF6 gas:
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc extinguishing
properties. The dielectric

strength of the gas increases
with pressure and is more
than of
dielectric strength of oil at 3
kg/cm2. SF6 is now being
widely used in electrical
equipment like
high voltage metal enclosed
cables; high voltage metal
clad switchgear, capacitors,
circuit
breakers, current transformers, bushings, etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature,
liquefaction temperature increases with pressure.
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine gas,
in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of sulphur.
The steel box is made gas tight. The gas thus obtained contains other fluorides such as S2F10,
SF4 and must be purified further SF6 gas generally supplier by chemical firms. The cost of gas is
low if manufactured in large scale.
During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas removes the heat from
the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result, the arc diameter reduces during the
decreasing mode of the current wave. The diameter becomes small during the current zero and
the arc is extinguished. Due to its electronegativity, and low arc time constant, the SF6 gas
6
regains its dielectric strength rapidly after

the current zero, the rate of rise of dielectric
strength is
very high and the time constant is very
small.
Fig: SF6 circuit breaker.
Gas circuit breaker: high voltage side

Type 220-SFM-20B
Voltage rating: 220kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 1050 kVp
Rated short circuit breaker current: 40 kV
Rated operating pressure: 16.5 kg/ cm2g
First pole to clear factor 1.3
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Rated duration of short circuit current is 40 kA for 30 sec.

Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 125 Amp
Rated voltage 245 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 1600 Amp
Rated closing voltage: 220 V dc
Rated opening voltage 220 V dc
Main parts:
(a) Power circuit

(b) Control circuit
Gas circuit breaker: low voltage side

Type 120-SFM-32A
Voltage rating: 220kv
Rated lightening impulse withstand voltage: 650 kVp
Rated short circuit breaker current: 31.5 kV
Rated operating pressure: 15.5 kg/ cm2g
First pole to clear factor 1.5
Rated duration of short circuit current is 31.5 kA for 30 sec.
Rated ling charging breaker breaking current 50 Amp
Rated voltage 245 kV
Rated frequency 50 Hz
Rated normal current 1250 Amp Rated closing voltage: 220 V dc Rated opening voltage 200 V dc Main
parts:
(a) Power circuit

(b) Control circuit
220kv BUS:
It is a incoming 220kv feeder BUS from which the line is taken to the transformer for further
step down.
Double main bus & transfer bus system

Merits 1. Most flexible in operation 2. Highly reliable 3. Breaker failure on bus side breaker
removes only one ckt. From service 4. All switching done with breakers 5. Simple operation, no
isolator switching required 6. Either main bus can be taken out of service at any time for
maintenance. 7. Bus fault does not remove any feeder from the service Demerits 1. High cost due
to three buses Remarks 1. Preferred by some utilities for 400kV and 220kV important
substations.
Mesh (Ring) busbar system

Merits 1. Busbars gave some operational flexibility Demerits 1. If fault occurs during bus
maintenance, ring gets separated into two sections. 2.Auto-reclosing and protection complex. 3.
Requires VT’s on all circuits because there is no definite voltage reference point. These VT’s
may be required in all cases for synchronizing live line or voltage indication 4. Breaker failure
during fault on one circuit causes loss of additional circuit because of breaker failure. Remarks 1.
Most widely used for very large power stations having large no. of incoming and outgoing lines
and high power transfer.
Potential transformers: with BUS isolator
The instrument potential transformer (PT) steps down voltage of a circuit to a low value that can be
effectively and safely used for operation of instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, and
relays used for various protective purposes.
8
There are two potential transformers used in the bus connected both side of the bus. The
potential transformer uses a bus isolator to protect itself. The main use of this transformer is to
measure the voltage through the bus. This is done so as to get the detail information of the
voltage passing through the bus to the instrument. There are two main parts in it (a)
measurement; (b) protection.
Potential transformer ratings:
High voltage side: 245 V

Rated insulation voltage: 395/ 900
Voltage rating: 220/ 3 kV/ 110/ 3 V
BUS Isolator:
These isolators are used to isolate the incoming high voltage or the high incoming current from the
incoming feeder which enters the bus. The isolator prevents damage to the instruments by just isolating
the line current or the voltage.
Because the magnetic circuit of a current transformer is designed for low magnetizing current
when under load, this large increase in magnetizing current will build up a large flux in the magnetic
circuit and cause the transformer to act as a step-up transformer, inducing an excessively high voltage in
the secondary when under no load.
Circuit breaker using SF6 gas:
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc extinguishing
properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure and is more than of
dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely used in electrical equipment like
high voltage metal enclosed cables; high voltage metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit
breakers, current transformers, bushings, etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature,
liquefaction temperature increases with pressure.
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in the fluorine gas,
in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each bearing about 4 kg of sulphur.
The steel box is made gas tight. The gas thus obtained contains other fluorides such as S2F10,
SF4 and must be purified further SF6 gas generally supplier by chemical firms. The cost of gas is
low if manufactured in large scale.
During the arcing period SF6 gas is blown axially along the arc. The gas removes the heat from
the arc by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result, the arc diameter reduces during the
decreasing mode of the current wave. The diameter becomes small during the current zero and
the arc is extinguished. Due to its electronegativity, and low arc time constant, the SF6 gas
regains its dielectric strength rapidly after the current zero, the rate of rise of dielectric strength is
very high and the time constant is very small.
Lightening arrestor:
These lightening arrestors are used to prevent the lightening from damaging the instruments in
the substation.
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This
high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening
arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening
and ground it to the earth. In any substation the main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening
arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making
a cone.
9
Auto transformer:
Transformer is static equipment which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another.
As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction,
Installation, Operation and Maintenance also become more and more critical.
If proper care is exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the
transformer, it can give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of equipment
which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with
the installation, operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions
provided by the manufacture.
It is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively
coupled conductors — the transformer's coils. Except for air-core transformers, the conductors
are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically-
coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic
field in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding
and electrical energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an
ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the
primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to the
number of turns in the primary as follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
(AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by makingNS greater thanNP, or "stepped down" by makingNS
less thanNP.
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized

coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used to interconnect portions
of national power grids. All operate with the same basic
principles, although the range of designs
is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for
transformers in some electronic
circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic
devices designed for household
("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage
power transmission, which makes
long distance transmission economically practical.
Pole-mounted single-phase transformer with center-tapped

secondary. Note use of the grounded
conductor as one leg of the primary feeder.
An auto transformer 220kv/132kv, in Sub Station, AEGCL,
Sarusaji, Guwahati
Basic principles
The transformer is based on two

principles: firstly, that an electric current
can produce a
magnetic field (electromagnetism) and
10
secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of

wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the
current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic
flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
An ideal transformer.
An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through the primary coil
creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very
high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both
primary and secondary coils.
Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of
induction, which states that:
whereVS is the instantaneous voltage,NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil andΦ
equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented
perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strengthB
and the areaA through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area
of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation
The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a
magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of
wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the
current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic
flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
An ideal transformer.
An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through the primary coil
creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very
high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both
primary and secondary coils.
Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of
induction, which states that:
whereVS is the instantaneous voltage,NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil andΦ
equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented
perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strengthB
and the areaA through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area
of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation
attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an
impedance of
. This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedanceZP of the
primary circuit appears to the secondary to be
.
Detailed operation
11
The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in particular the primary
current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the field due to
current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two
windings of zero resistance. When a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current
flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux
is termed the magnetizing current; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero
reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic
field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since
the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltages
VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs.
The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the
"back EMF".This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be
such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.
Transformer rating
Type of cooling:
capacity:
OFAF
ONAF
ONAN
100mV
80mV
60mV
No load voltage: 220kv/ 132kv
Line current: HV 262.43 Amp.
209.94 Amp.
157.46 Amp.
LV
437.38 Amps
349.91 Amp.
262.43 Amp.
Impedence voltage: 12.5V
1u
2u
3u
3w
2w
2v
1v
1w
3v
Vector symbol: YNad1
Lightening arrestors:
Lightening arrestors are the instrument that are used in the incoming feeders so that to prevent
the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments
used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any damage lightening
arrestors are used. The lightening arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some
lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the
main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening
arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground. The lightening
arrestor works with an angle of 30° to 45° making a cone
Current transformers
12
Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this
transformer is (a) distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.
Current transformer LV side

Type 132 kV CT
Core 1
core 2
core 3
Ratio (A/A) 800/1 400/1
800/1 400/1
800/1
400/1
Sec. Conn:
1S1-1S2
2S1-2S3
3S1-3S3
Accuracy class:
0.2
5P 10
PS
Burden (VA):
30
15
NA
Highest system
Voltage:
145 kV
insulation burn
275 kV/ 65014 Vp
Isolator:
The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the bus.
This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage and
rest is earthed by itself.
Circuit breaker:
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.
These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. For
any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done
automatically by the circuit breaker.
132kv BUS:
This bus is to carry the output stepped down voltage to the required place.
Potential transformer: 2 with bus isolator
Two PT are always connected across the bus so that the voltage across the bus could be
measured
Current transformers are basically used to take the readings of the currents entering the
substation. This transformer steps down the current from 800 amps to 1 amp. This is done
because we have no instrument for measuring of such a large current. The main use of this
transformer is (a) distance protection; (b) backup protection; (c) measurement.
Current transformer LV side

Type 132 kV CT
Core 1
core 2
13
core 3
Ratio (A/A) 800/1 400/1
800/1 400/1
800/1
400/1
Sec. Conn:
1S1-1S2
2S1-2S3
3S1-3S3
Accuracy class:
0.2
5P 10
PS
Burden (VA):
30
15
NA
Highest system
Voltage:
145 kV
insulation burn
275 kV/ 65014 Vp
Isolator:
The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the bus.
This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only needed voltage and
rest is earthed by itself.
Circuit breaker:
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.
These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. For
any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done
automatically by the circuit breaker.
132kv BUS:
This bus is to carry the output stepped down voltage to the required place.
Potential transformer: 2 with bus isolator
Two PT are always connected across the bus so that the voltage across the bus could be
measured
This bus is used for the 33kV line. This bus carries 33kV voltage.
Potential transformer on the bus:
The potential transformer is used in the bus only. This is because to measure the voltage in the
bus. The use of the potential transformer is to measure and to protect the instruments.
BUS isolator:
The bus isolator is used to isolate the extra high voltage through the bus.
The use of the CT here is to protect the instrument and for measurement purpose.
Circuit breaker:
The circuit breaker breaks the circuit whenever there is any fault in the line.
Line isolator with earth switch (E/S):
An isolator with switch is part of an electrical circuit and is often found in industrial applications,
however they are commonly fitted to domestic extractor fans when used in bathrooms in the UK.
Isolator switches may be fitted with the ability for the switch to padlock such that inadvertent
operation is not possible . In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth
the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to
circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be
isolated. Major difference between isolator and circuit breaker is that isolator is an off-load
device, whereas circuit breaker is an on-load device.
Lightening arrestors:
14
Lightening arrestors are used to protect the instruments from lightening.

Capacitor bank:
A capacitor bank is used in the outgoing bus so that it can maintain the voltage level same in the
outgoing feeder.
Capacitor Control
is usually done to achieve as many as possible of the following goals: Reduce losses due to
reactive load current, reduce kVA demand, decrease customer energy consumption, improve
voltage profile, and increase revenue. Indirectly capacitor control also results in longer
equipment lifetimes because of reduced equipment stresses. Experience shows that switched
feeder capacitors produce some of the fastest returns on equipment investment.
Sources of Energy Loss
Energy losses in transmission lines and transformers are of two kinds: resistive and reactive. The former
are caused by resistive component of the load and cannot be avoided. The latter, coming from reactive
component of the load, can be avoided (Fig. 1). Reactive losses come from circuit
apacitance (negative), and circuit inductance (positive). When a heavy inductive load is connected to the power grid, a large
positive reactive power component is added, thereby increasing observed power load (Fig. 1). This increases losses due to
reactive load current, increases kVA demand, increases customer energy consumption, usually degrades voltage profiles,
and reduces revenue.
Reactive Compensation
When capacitors of appropriate size are added to the grid at appropriate locations, the above
mentioned losses can be minimized by reducing the reactive power component in Fig. 1, thereby
reducing the observed power demand. There are many aspects to this compensation and its
effects, depending on where capacitors get to be located, their sizes, and details of the
distribution circuit. Some are discussed below.
Energy Loss Reduction
More than one half of system energy loss is caused by the resistance of the feeders. To minimize
energy losses it is, therefore, important to locate feeder capacitors as close to the loads as
possible. Substation capacitors cannot do the job - the reactive load current has already heated
feeder conductors downstream from the substation. Reducing reactive current at the substation
can not recover energy losses in the feeders. Another way to minimize energy losses is to use
capacitor banks that are not too large. This makes it possible to put the banks on-line early in the
load cycle. Since energy saved is the product of power reduction and the time the banks are on-
line, the overall energy reduction is usually greater than when using large banks which are turned
on for shorter amounts of time (Fig. 2).
Demand Reduction
When capacitors are on-line reactive current and, therefore, total line current is reduced. During
heavy load periods this has several advantages: The peak load is increased when it is most
15
needed (essentially releasing demand), the effective line current capacity is increased, and the
operating line and transformer temperatures are reduced – prolonging equipment lifetimes. The
latter makes it possible to upgrade lines and transformers less frequently. All of these contribute
to reduced costs and higher revenues.
Voltage Profile
Distribution feeder demand capacity is usually limited by voltage drop along the line. The
customer service entrance voltage must be stable, usually ±5% to ±10%. The feeder voltage
profile can be ‘flattened’ by connecting large capacity banks to the grid. Several benefits become
available: The kVA demand can be increased to arrive at the original voltage drop (this is
equivalent to releasing feeder demand), the substation voltage can be lowered to reduce peak
demand and save energy, or the service entrance voltage can be allowed to increase thereby
increasing revenue (at the expense of less than optimum kVA demand).
System Considerations
Obviously properly switched capacitors located at appropriate locations along distribution
feeders provide great financial benefits to the utility.
If there is to be only one capacitor bank on a uniformly loaded feeder, the usual two-thirds, two-
thirds rule gives optimum loss and demand reduction. This means that the bank kVAr size should
be two-thirds of the heavy load kVAr as measured at the substation, and the bank should be
located two-thirds the length of the feeder from the substation. If the objective is voltage control
the bank should be farther from the substation.
With several banks on a uniformly loaded feeder, the total capacitor kVAr can more closely
match the total load kVAr. Depending on the type of the switching control used, multiple banks
on a feeder can lead to ‘pumping’ as the controls affect the operating points of each other.
Usually no more than three or four banks are used per feeder.
In the case of concentrated industrial loads,

there should be a bank, sized to almost equal
the
reactive load current, located as close to each
load as possible (Fig. 3).
Types of Control
VAr control is the natural means to control

capacitors because the latter adds a fixed
amount of
leading VArs to the line regardless of other
conditions, and loss reduction depends only
on
reactive current. Since reactive current at any
point along a feeder is affected by downstream
capacitor banks, this kind of control is susceptible to interaction with downstream banks.
Consequently, in multiple capacitor feeders, the furthest downstream banks should go on-line
first, and off-line last. VAr controls require current sensors.
Current control is not as efficient as VAr control because it responds to total line current, and
assumptions must be made about the load power factor. Current controls require current sensors.
Voltage control is used to regulate voltage profiles, however it may actually increase losses and
cause instability from highly leading currents. Voltage control requires no current sensors.
Temperature control is based on assumptions about load characteristics. Control effectiveness

depends on how well load characteristics are know. Not useful in cases where those
characteristics change often. Temperature control does not require any current sensors.
Time control is based on assumptions about load characteristics. Control effectiveness depends
on how well load characteristics are know. Not useful in cases where those characteristics change
often. Time control does not require any current sensors.
16
Power factor control is not the best way to control capacitor banks because power factor by itself
is not a measure of reactive current. Current sensors are needed.
Combination control using various above methods is usually the best choice. If enough current,
and/or other sensors are available, a centrally managed computerized capacitor control system
taking into account the variety of available input parameters can be most effective, though
expensive to implement.
BUS isolator
The bus isolators are used to isolate high voltage entering the bus or entering the substation.
Line Current transformer:
The current transformer used in the line is known as the line current transformer. The main use of
this current transformer is to measure and to protect the instruments.
Line circuit breaker:
The circuit breaker used in the line is known as the line circuit breaker. The use of the circuit
breaker in the outgoing feeder is to break the circuit when the any fault occurs in the line i.e, any
fault on the outgoing feeder.
Line isolators with earth switch:
The line isolator with earth switch is to isolate the extra high voltage through the feeders going
out of the station. The isolator used in the line is known as the line isolator.
To output feeder:
The outgoing feeders are used to give the step down voltage to the required area. This feeders
supply the voltage to the required place for further step down or its use in the place.
The Sarusajai substation has six output feeders it six different places namely:
JWAHAR NAGAR, GARBHANGA, MIRZA, PALTAN BAZAR, and Kahilipara STATION
17

220 to132KV GSS (Training Report)

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ABHISHEK DAVE (Electrical Engineer), CTAE UDAIPUR

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down

21. Capacitor bank attached to the bus.

the 33kv/11kv substations in six different areas of the state.

These out going feeders are of 33kv line.

Fig: Line diagram of the Sarusajai substation, Guwahati, Assam.

Electric power system lightning protection

Lightning protection system design

Considerable material is used to make up lightning protection systems, so it is prudent to

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down

CVT 220 kV rating

Operating voltage: 220/ 3 kV

when under load, this

dangerous for any of the instrument in the substation.

properties. The dielectric

regains its dielectric strength rapidly after

Fig: SF6 circuit breaker.

Gas circuit breaker: high voltage side

Rated duration of short circuit current is 40 kA for 30 sec.

(a) Power circuit

Gas circuit breaker: low voltage side

(a) Power circuit

Double main bus & transfer bus system

Mesh (Ring) busbar system

Potential transformer ratings:

High voltage side: 245 V

Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized

Pole-mounted single-phase transformer with center-tapped

The transformer is based on two

secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of

Current transformer LV side

Current transformer LV side

Lightening arrestors are used to protect the instruments from lightening.

Sources of Energy Loss

Energy Loss Reduction

In the case of concentrated industrial loads,

VAr control is the natural means to control

Temperature control is based on assumptions about load characteristics. Control effectiveness

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