Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Presented to:
Miss Sarwat Jabeen
Presented by:
Ammara Abbas 678
Amna Javaid
684
Saman Arif 694
(G.L)
Maryam Shahzadi
697
Qurtaba Sadia
699
Topic:
DG Khan Cement Industry
Subject:
Operation & production
management
1
Hailey College of Commerce
University of the Punjab
Acknowledgment
Success in life depends upon many factors and one is “success” itself. As, first
success paves way for many others. During the completion of this assignment,
way to success seemed familiar but not easy, now we have to win success.
So we would like to talk the occasion to express our heartiest thanks to our MISS
SARWAT JABEEN who is very helpful, co-operative. She is encouraging and
supportive and offered constructive suggestions to complete our assignment. We
could hardly find words that are enough to thank her.
Our Special thanks to also due to Mr. Naveed Rao at D.G khan cement industry
from Head office, for all the help and encouragement he has given that has been
very invaluable for the project.
We also owe a deep of gratitude to our well-wishers who prayed for us to
accomplish our work.
2
Table of content
Executive Summary--------------------------------------------------- 4
Overview of DG Khan------------------------------------------------ 6-12
Location ---------------------------------------------------------------- 13-29
• DG Khan location------------------------------------------------
30-35
3
Product design----------------------------------------------------------- 154-170
• DG Khan’s product design---------------------------------------- 170-
179
Standardization
• DG Khan’s standardization--------------------------------------
Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------- 222
Executive Summary
D.G. Khan Cement Company Limited (DGKCC), a unit of Nishat group, is the
largest cement-manufacturing unit in Pakistan with a production capacity of 7000
tons clinker per day. It has a countrywide distribution network and its products are
preferred on projects of national repute both locally and internationally due to the
unparallel and consistent quality. It is list on all the Stock Exchanges of Pakistan.
Nishat Group acquired DGKCC in 1992 under the privatization initiative of the
government. Starting from the privatization, the focus of the management has
been on increasing capacity as well as utilization level of the plant. Its head office
is located in Lahore. They are having plants in D.G khan & Khair-Pur plant is in
process for construction. They are following in product layout. They are following
flexible purchase policy. They hire their senior management employees through
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advertisement. They provide on job training as well as special training to their
employees. Every department having their own foreman with different
responsibilities which varies from department to department. They product is
designed according to the design of the customer. They are following simplification
in the design, size, price to achieve large sales, and satisfaction of the customer. It
follows the ISO standards 9001:2000 and 9001:2008. For the purpose of providing
best quality to their customers, they are having separate quality control
departments in each plant due to the increasing demand of cement they are
planning for the new plant in Khairpur which is in process. Right now their
production is 7000 ton per day which is not sufficient to full fill the demand.
5
D.G. Khan Cement Company Ltd.
NISHAT GROUP
Nishat Group is one of the leading and most diversified business groups in South
East Asia. With assets over PRs.300 billion, it ranks amongst the top five
business houses of Pakistan. The group has strong presence in three most
important business sectors of the region namely Textiles, Cement and Financial
Services. In addition, the Group has also interest in Insurance, Power Generation,
Paper products and Aviation. It also has the distinction of being one of the largest
players in each sector. The Group is considered at par with multinationals
operating locally in terms of its quality of products & services and management
skills.
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The chairman of Nishat Group continues the spirit of entrepreneurship and has
led the Group successfully to make it the premier business group of the region.
The group has become a multidimensional corporation and has played an
important role in the industrial development of the country. In recognition of his
unparallel contribution, the Government of Pakistan has also conferred him with
“Sitara-e-Imtiaz”, one of the most prestigious civil awards of the country.
D.G. Khan Cement Company Limited (DGKCC), a unit of Nishat group, is the
largest cement-manufacturing unit in Pakistan with a production capacity of 7000
tons clinker per day. It has a countrywide distribution network and its products are
preferred on projects of national repute both locally and internationally due to the
unparallel and consistent quality. It is list on all the Stock Exchanges of Pakistan.
Nishat Group acquired DGKCC in 1992 under the privatization initiative of the
government. Starting from the privatization, the focus of the management has
been on increasing capacity as well as utilization level of the plant. The company
undertook the optimization by raising the capacity immediately after the
privatization by 200tpd to 2200tpd in 1993.
Capacity Addition
7
To meet the increasing demand and to capitalize on its geographic location, the
management further expanded the capacity by adding another production line with
a capacity of 3,300 tons per day in year 1998. Design of the new plant is based on
latest dry process technology, energy efficient and environmental protection from
particulate pollution according to the international standards. The plant and
machinery was supplied by M/s F.L. Smidth of Denmark. As a result, DGKCC
emerged as the largest cement production plant in Pakistan with annual
production capacity of 1,650,000 M tons of clinker (1,732,000 M.Tons Cement)
constituting about 10% share of the total cement production capacity of the
country. The optimization plan is still underway to increase the total capacity of the
two units to 6700 TPD by mid of 2005 from 5500 TPD at present.
Furthermore, the Group is also setting up a new cement production line of 6,700
TPD clinker near Kalar Kahar, Distt. Chakwal, the single largest production line in
the country. First of its kind in cement industry of Pakistan, the new plant will have
two strings of pre-heater towers, the advantage of twin strings lies in the
operational flexibility whereby production may be adjusted according to market
conditions. The project will be equipped with two vertical cement grinding mills.
The cement grinding mills are first vertical Mills in Pakistan. The new plant would
not only increase the capacity but would also provide proximity to the untapped
market of Northern Punjab and NWFP besides making it more convenient to
export to Afghanistan from northern borders.
Power Generation
For continuous and smooth operations of the plant uninterrupted power supply is
very crucial. The company has its own power generation plant along with WAPDA
supply. The installed generation capacity is 23.84 MW.
8
Environmental Management
DG Khan Cement Co. Ltd., production processes are environment friendly and
comply with the World Bank’s environmental standards. It has been certified for
“Environment Management System” ISO 14001 by Quality Assurance Services,
Australia. The company was also certified for ISO-9002 (Quality Management
System) in 1998. By achieving this landmark, DG Khan Cement became the first
and only cement factory in Pakistan certified for both ISO 9002 & ISO 14001...
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Ticker: DGKC
Exchanges: KAR
9
2008 Sales: 12,715,000,000
Country: PAKISTAN
Employees: 665
10
Updates
DG Khan Cement and Lucky Cement may acquire Dewan Cement Company
Tuesday, 07 April 2009 21:45
Pakistan’s two major cement manufacturers have shown their interest to acquire
the controlling shares of Dewan Cement Limited which is presently running in
loss.
Sources said the consortium of Pakistan banks, which was financing the Dewan
Cement, has now approached the Lucky Cement Company and the DG Khan
Cement Company with a view to convince them to strike a deal either to acquire
the controlling shares of Dewan Cement or at least make a partnership with the
said company.
Sources said the consortium is doing so to avoid the losses, which may increase
in near future. The company registered a net loss of Rs499 million in fiscal 2008
as compared to a net profit of Rs207 million in fiscal 2007, they added.
In June 2008 shareholders’ approval was sought for the possible sale of strategic
assets. The management anticipated continued difficult economic conditions
giving rise to liquidity shortage in the financial sector, they added.
The shareholders of the company in an extraordinary general meeting of the
company had passed a special resolution and authorized the Board of Directors
of the Company to sell or alienate the company’s North Cement manufacturing
unit.
When the Dewan Cement Company was unable to obtain financial support from
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the financial institutions for commissioning of Line II in South region, it had to
divert existing working capital towards completing the project. This further
aggravated the cash flow situation forcing the management to call an Extra
Ordinary General Meeting to seek permission for the Sale of North Plant.
In order to improve liquidity and profitability of the company, the management
tried to take certain steps such as increasing sales through export of cement to
neighboring countries and curtailing financial cost by means of rescheduling of
loans with financial institutions.
During the year 2008 the company did not get any support from the financial
institutions for commissioning of the company’s Line II in South region. The
company was forced to divert its existing working capital towards completion of
the Line II project. This further aggravated the cash flow situation forcing the
management to seek permission from the stakeholders for the sale of North
Plant.
It is worth mentioning that Dewan Cement Limited (DCL) was incorporated in
Pakistan as a public limited company in March, 1980. Its shares are quoted on
the Karachi and Lahore Stock Exchanges since June, 1989.
Dewan Group has made its move to the new business arena by acquiring the
management of both Dewan Cement Limited and Dewan Hattar Cement limited.
Both the companies were operating under the same management.
12
13
Location
It is a process whereby the best suitable site is selected for the establishment of
business, factory, generally for manufacturing concerns.
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The nature of location decisions
Location decisions for many types of businesses are made infrequently, but they
tend to have a significant impact on the organization. In this section we look at
the importance of location decisions, the usual objectives managers have when
making location choices, and some of the options that are available to them.
15
As a general rule, profit-oriented organizations base their decisions on profit
potential, whereas nonprofit organizations strive to achieve a balance between
cost and the level of customer service they provide. It would seem to hollow that
all organization attempt to identify the “best” location available. However, this is
not necessarily the case.
In many instances, no single location may be significantly better than the others.
There may be numerous acceptable locations from which to choose, as shown by
the wide variety of locations where successful organizations can be found.
Furthermore, the number of possible location that would have to be examined to
find the best location may be too large to make an exhaustive search practical.
Consequently, most organizations do not set out with the intention of identifying
the one best location; rather, they hope to find a number of acceptable locations
from which to choose.
Location criteria can depend on where a business is in the supply chain. For
instance, at the retail end of chain, site selection tends to focus more on
accessibility, consumer demo graphics (population density, age distribution, and
average buyer income), traffic patterns, and local customs. Businesses at the
beginning of a supply chain, if they are involved in supplying raw materials, are
often located near the source of the raw materials. Businesses in the middle of
the chain may locate near suppliers of near their markets, depending on a variety
of circumstances. For example, businesses involved in storing and disturbing
goods often choose a central location to minimize distribution costs.
Web-based retail businesses are much less dependent on location decisions;
they can exist just about anywhere.
Location options
16
features that are not readily available elsewhere. Expansion costs are often less
than those of other alternatives.
Another option is to add new locations while retaining existing ones, as is done in
many retail operations. In such cases, it is essential to take into account what the
impact will be on the total system. Opening a new store in a shopping mall may
simply draw customers who already patronize an existing store in the same chain,
rather than expand the market. On the other hand, adding location can be
defensive strategy designed to maintain a market share or to prevent competitors
from entering a market.
A third option is to shut down at one location and move to another. An
organization must weigh the costs of a move and the resulting benefits against
the costs and benefits of remaining in an existing location. A shift in markets,
exhaustion of raw materials, and the cost of operations often cause firms to
consider this option seriously.
Finally, organizations have the option of doing nothing. If a detailed analysis of
potential locations falls to uncover benefits that make one of the previous three
alternatives attractive a firm may decide to maintain the status quo, at least for
the time being.
The way an organization approaches location decisions often depends on its size
and the nature or scope of its operations. New or small organizations tend to
adopt a rather informal approach to location decisions. New firms typically locate
in a certain area simply because the owner lives there. Similarly, managers of
small firms often want to keep operations in their backyard, so they tend to focus
almost exclusively on local alternatives. Large established companies, particularly
those that already operate in more than one location, tend to take a more formal
approach. Moreover, they usually consider a wider range of geographic locations.
The discussion here pertains mainly to a formal approach to location decisions.
17
The general procedure for making location decisions usually consists of the
following steps:
Many factors influence location decisions. However, is often happens that one or
a few factors are so important that they dominate the decision. For example, in
manufacturing, the potentially dominating factors usually include availability of an
abundant energy and water supply and proximity to raw materials. Thus, nuclear
reactors require large amount of water for cooling, heavy industries such as steel
aluminum production need large amounts of electricity, and so on. Transportation
costs can be a major factor. In service organization, possible dominating factors
are market related and include frame patterns, convenience and competitors’
locations, as well as proximity to the market. For example, car rental agencies
locate near airports and mid city, where their customers are,
Once an organization has determined the most important factors, it will try to
narrow the search for suitable alternatives to one geographic region. Then a
small number of community site alternatives are identified and subjected to
detailed analysis. Human factors can be very important, as the following news clip
reveals. These might include the “culture shock” that is often experienced when
employees are transferred to an environment that differs significantly from the
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current location -- for instance, a move from the current location – for instance, a
move from a large city to a rural area, or from a rural area to a large city, or a
move to an area that has a dramatically different climate.
Regional factors
The primary regional factors involve raw material, markets, and labor
considerations.
Firms locate near of t the source of raw materials for three primary reasons:
necessity, perishability and transportation costs. Mining operations, farming,
foresting, and fishing fall under necessity. Obviously, such operations must locate
close to the raw materials. Firms involved in canning or freezing of fresh fruit and
vegetables, processing of dairy products, baking, and so on, must consider
perishability. When considering location. Transportation costs are important in
industries where processing eliminates much of the bulk connected with a raw
material, making it much less expensive to transport the product or material after
processing. Examples include aluminum reduction, cheese making, and paper
production. Where inputs come from different locations, some firms choose to
locate near the geographic center of the sources. For instance, steel producers
use large quantities of both coal and iron ore, and many are located somewhere
between the Appalachian coal fields and iron ore mines. Transportation costs are
often the reason that vendors locate near their major customers. Moreover,
regional warehouses are used by supermarkets and other retail operations to
supply multiple outlets. Often the choice of new locations and additional
warehouses reflects the location of existing warehouses or retail outlets.
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Location of Markets
Profit-oriented firms frequently locate near the markets they intend to serve as
part of their competitive strategy, whereas nonprofit organizations choose
location relative to the needs of the users of their services. Other factors include
distribution costs or the perishability of a finished product.
Retail sales and service are usually found near the center of the markets they
serve. Examples include fast-food restaurants, service stations, dry cleaners, and
supermarkets. Quite often their products and those of their competitors are so
similar that they rely on convenience to attract customers. Hence, these
businesses seek location with high population densities or high traffic. The
completion/ convenience factor is also important in locating banks, hotels and
motels, auto repair shops, drugstores, newspaper kiosks, and shopping centers.
Similarly, doctors, dentists, lawyers, barbers, and beauticians typically serve
clients who reside within a limited area.
Competitive pressures for retail operation can be extremely vital factors. In some
cases, a market served by a particular location may be too small to justify two or
more competitors (e.g., one hamburger franchise per block), so that a search for
potential locations tends to concentrate on locations without competitors. Large
department stores often locate near each other, and small stores like to locate in
shopping centers that have large department; stores as anchors. The large stores
attract large numbers of shoppers who become potential customers in the smaller
stores or in the other large stores.
Some firms must locate close to their markets because of the perishability of their
products. Examples include bakeries, flowers shops, and fresh seafood stores.
For other types of firms, distribution costs are the main factor in closeness to
market. For example, sand and gravel dealers usually serve a limited area
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because of the high distribution costs associated with their products. Still other
firms require close customer contact, so they too tend to locate within the area
they expect to serve. Typical examples are tailor shops, home remodelers, home
repair services, cabinetmakers, rug cleaners, and lawn and garden services.
Locations of many government services are near the markets they are designed
to serve. Hence, post offices are typically scattered throughout large metropolitan
area. Police and emergency health care location are frequently selected on the
basis of client needs. For instance, police patrols often concentrate on high crime
area, and emergency health care facilities are usually found in central location to
provide ready access from all directions.
Many foreign manufacturing companies have located manufacturing operations in
the United States, because it is a major market for their product. Chief among
them are automobile manufacturers, most notably Japanese, but other nations
are also represented. For example, a geographic information system (GIS) is a
computer-based tool for collecting, storing, retrieving and displaying demographic
data on maps. The data might involve age, incomes, type of employment, type of
housing or other similar data.
The maps can be global, national, regional state or province, county city, or town.
Analysts have the ability to answer a number of questions that are either
impossible to answer, or very time consuming to answer, using more traditional
methods.
Labor Factors
Primary labor considerations are the cost and availability of labor, wage rates in
an area, labor productivity and attitudes toward work, and whether unions are a
serious potential problem.
Labor costs are very important for labor-intensive organizations. The shift of the
textile industry from the New England states to southern states was due partly to
labor costs.
21
Skills of potential employees may be a factor, although some companies prefer to
train new employees rather than rely solely on previous experience. Increasing
specialization in many industries makes this possibility even more likely than in
the past. Although most companies concentrate on the supply of blue-collar
workers, some firms are more interested in scientific and technical people as
potential employees, and they look for areas with high concentrations of those
types of workers.
Workers attitude towards turnover, absenteeism, and similar factors may differ
among potential locations – workers in large urban centers may exhibit different
attitudes than workers in small towns or rural areas. Furthermore, worker
attitudes in different parts of the country or in different countries may be markedly
different.
Some companies offer their current employees jobs if they move to a new
location. However, in many instances, employees are reluctant to move,
especially when it means leaving families and friends. Furthermore, in families
with two wage earners, relocation would require that one wage earner give up a
job and then attempt to find another job in the new location.
Climate and taxes sometimes play a role in location decisions. For example, a
string of unusually severe winters in northern states may cause some firms to
seriously consider moving to a milder climate, especially if delayed deliveries and
work disruptions caused by inability of employees to get to work have been
frequent. Similarly, the business and personal income taxes in some states
reduce their attractiveness to companies seeking new location. Many companies
have been attracted to some Sun Belt states by ample supplies of low cost
energy or labor, the climate and tax considerations. Also, tax and monetary
incentives are major factor in attracting or keeping professional sports franchises.
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Community considerations
Many communities activity try to attract new businesses, offering financial and
other incentives, because they are viewed as potential sources of future tax
revenues and new job opportunities. However, communities do not, as a rule,
want firms that will create pollution problems or otherwise lessen the quality of life
in the community. Local groups may actively seek to exclude certain companies
on such grounds, and a company may have to go to great length to convince
local officials that it will be a “responsible citizen”. Furthermore, some
organizations discover that even though overall community attitude is favorable,
there may still be considerable oppositions to specific sites from nearby residents
who object to possible increased levels of noise, traffic, or pollution. Examples of
this include community resistance to airport expansion; change is zoning,
constructions of nuclear facilities, and high way constructions.
From a company standpoint, a number of factors determine the desirability of a
community as a place for its workers and manager to live. They include facilities
for education, shopping, recreation, transportation, religious worship, and
entertainment; the quality of police, fire and medical services; local attitudes
toward the company; and the size of the community. Community size can be
particularly important if a firm will be a major employer in the community; a future
decision to terminate or reduce operations in that location could have a serious
impact on the economy of a small community.
Other community-related factors are the cost and availability of utilities,
environmental regulations, taxes (state and local, direct and indirect), and often a
laundry list of enticements offered by state or local governments that can include
bond issues, tax abetments, low-cost loans, grants, and worker training.
Another trend is just-in-time manufacturing techniques (See Chapter 14), which
encourage suppliers to locate near their customers to reduce supplier lead times.
23
For this reason, some US firms are reconsidering decisions to locate offshore.
Moreover, in light manufacturing (e.g., electronics), low-cost labor is becoming
less important than nearness to markets; users of electronics companies want
suppliers that are close to their manufacturing facilities. One offshoot of this is the
possibility that the future will see a trend toward smaller factories located close to
markets. In some industries, small, automated micro factories with narrow product
focuses will be located near major markets to reduce response time.
It is likely that advances in information technology will enhance the ability of
manufacturing firms to gather, track, and distribute information that links
purchasing, marketing and distribution with design, engineering, and
manufacturing. This will reduce the need for these functions to be located close
together, thereby permitting a strategy of locating production facilities near major
markets.
Site-related factors
The primary considerations related to sites are land, transportation, and zoning or
other restrictions.
Evaluation of potential sites may require consulting with engineers or architects,
especially in the case of heavy manufacturing or the erection of large buildings or
facilities with special requirements. Soil conditions, load factors, and drainage
rates can be critical and often necessitate certain kinds of expertise in evaluation.
Because of the long term commitment usually required, land cost may be
secondary to other site related factors, such as room of future expansions,
current utility and sewer capacity-and any limitations on these that could hinder
future growth-and sufficient parking space for employees and customers. In
addition, for many firms access roads for trucks or rail spurs are important.
Industrial parks may be worthy or alternative for firms involve in light
manufacturing or assembly, warehouse operations, and customer service facility
typically, the land is already developed-power, water, sewer hookups have been
attended to, and zoning restrictions do not require special attention. On the
negative side, industrial parks may place restrictions on the kind of activities that
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accompany can conduct, which can limit options for future development of a
firm’s products and services as well as the processes it may consider. Sometimes
stringent regulations governing the size, shape, and architectural features of
buildings limit managerial choice in these matters. Also, they may not be an
adequate allowance for possible future expansion.
For firms with executives who travel frequently, the size and proximity of the
airport and train station as well as travel connections can be important, although
schedules and connections are subject to change.
With this strategy, entire products or product lines are produced in separate
plants, and each plant usually supplies the entire domestic market. This is
essentially a decentralized approach, with each plant focusing on a narrow set of
requirements that entails specialization of labor, materials, and equipment along
product lines. Specialization often results in economies of scale and, compared
with multipurpose plants, lower operating costs. Plant locations may be widely
scattered or clustered relatively close to one another.
With this strategy, plants are designed to serve a particular geographic segment
of a market. Individual plants produce most if not all of a company’s products and
25
supply a limited geographical area. Although operating cost tend to be higher
than those of product plants, significant savings on shipping cost for comparable
products can be made. This arrangement is particularly desirable when shipping
cost areas are high due to volume, weight, or other factors. Such arrangements
have the added benefits of rapid delivery and response to local needs. This
approach requires centralized coordination of decisions to add or delete plants, or
to expand or downsize current plants due to changing market conditions.
Global Locations
Globalization has opened new markets, and it has meant increasing dispersion of
manufacturing and service operation around the world. In addition, many
companies are outsourcing operations to other companies in foreign locations. In
the past, companies tended to operate from a "home base" that was located in a
single country. Now, companies are finding strategic and tactical reasons to
globalize their operation. As they do, some companies are profiting from their
efforts, while others are finding the going tough, and all must contended with
issues involved in managing global operations.
26
Facilitating Factors
There are number of factors that have made globalization attractive and feasible
for business organizations. Two key factors are trade agreements and
technological advances.
Trade Agreements
Barriers to international trade such as tariffs and quotas have been reduced or
eliminated with trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), the General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT), and
U.S.-China Trade Relation Act. Also, the European Union has dropped many
trade barriers, and the World Trade Organization is helping to facilitate free trade.
Technology
Benefits
Markets
Companies often seek opportunities for expanding markets for their goods and
services, as well as better serving existing customers by being more attuned to
local needs and having a quicker response time when problems occur.
Cost saving
Among areas for potential cost saving are transportation costs, labor costs, raw
27
material cost, and taxes.
Legal and Regulatory
There may be more favorable liability and labor laws, and less-restrictive
environmental and other regulations
Financial
Companies can avoid the impact of currency changes that can occur when goods
are produced in one country and sold in other countries. Also, a variety of
incentives may be offered by national, regional, or local governments to attract
businesses that will create jobs and boost the local economy.
Disadvantages
There are numbers of disadvantages of global operations. These can include the
following:
Transportation costs
High transportation costs can occur due to poor infrastructure or having to ship
over great distances, and the resulting costs can offset saving in labor and
materials costs.
Security costs
Increased security risks and thefts can increase costs .Also, security at
international borders can slow shipments to other countries.
Unskilled labor
Low labor skills may negatively impact quality and productivity, and the work ethic
may differ from that in the home country. Additional employee training may be
required.
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Import restrictions
Criticisms
Critics may argue that cost savings are being generated through unfair practices
such as using sweatshops, and in which employees are paid low wages and
made to work in poor conditions; and operating in countries that have less
stringent environmental requirements.
Risks
Political
Political instability and political unrest can create risks for personnel safety and
the safety of arrests. Moreover, a government might decide to nationalize
facilities, taking them over.
Terrorism
Economic
Legal
Laws and regulation may change, reducing or eliminating what may have been
keen benefits.
29
30
D.G KHAN DIVISION MAP PUNJAB MAP
31
D.G KHAN DIVISION MAP NA/PP-WISE D.G KHAN DIVISION MAP TEHSIL WISE
Regional Sales Offices
These regional sales offices operate in assigned areas and have network of
dealers in each area to achieve maximum sales in their territories. Moreover,
direct sales are also making to institutional Clients for projects.
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REGISTERED OFFICE
LAHORE
Nishat House, 53-A, Lawrence Road,
Lahore, Pakistan
UAN: +92-42-111 11 33 33
Phone: +92-42-5990035
Fax: +92-42-6367414
Email: info@dgcement.com
MULTAN OFFICE
Hassan Arcade, Nusrat Road,
Multan Cantt, Multan, Pakistan
Phone: +92-61-4585177 / 4782199
Fax: +92-61-4540712
Email: rsmmul@mul.paknet.com.pk
33
Email: rsofficedgk@yahoo.com
KARACHI OFFICE
D-247, KDA Scheme # 1,
Karachi, Pakistan
UAN: +92-21-111 11 33 33
Phone: +92-21-4922719
Fax: +92-21-4935362
Email: zdin.khi@dgcement.com
RAWALPINDI OFFICE
Office # 14-17, Third Floor, Rizwan Arcade,
Adamjee Road, Saddar,
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
UAN: +92-51-111 11 33 33
Phone: +92-51-5518834 / 5518835
Fax: +92-51-5518836
Email: sbokhari@dgcement.com
FACTORY SITES
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Phone: +92-64-2474201 / 2474202
Fax: +92-64-2460028
Email: info@dgcement.com
35
Layout
The need for layout planning arises both in the process of designing new facilities
and redesigning existing facilities.
36
• changes in environmental or other legal requirements
• morale problems (e.g lack of face-to-face contact)
the basic objective of layout design is to facilitate a smooth flow of work, material,
and information through the system.
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Types of layout
Product layouts
product layouts are used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large volumes of
goods or customers through a system. This is made possible by highly
standardized goods or services that allow highly standardized, repetitive
processing. The work is deviced into a series of standardized tasks, permitting
specialization of equipment and division of labor. The large volume handaled by
these systems usually make it economical to invest substaintial sums of money in
equipment and job design. Because only one or a very few similar items are
involved, it is feasible to arrange an entire layout to correspond to the
technological processing reqirements of the product or service. For insatnce if a
portion of a manufacturing operation required the sequence of cutting, sanding,
and painting, the appropriate pieces of equipment would be arrange in that same
sequence. And because each item follows the same sequence of operations, it is
often possible to utilize fixed-path material-handling equipment such as
conveyors to transport items between operations.
Product layouts achieve a high degree of labor and equipment utilization, which
tends to offset their high equipment cost. Because items move quickly from
operation to operation, the amount of work-in-process is often minimal.
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Consequently, opertions are so closely tied to each other that the entire system is
highly vulnerable to being shut down because of mechanical failure or high
absenteeism. Maintainenace procedure are geared to this. Pre-ventive
maintenace ----periodic inspection and replacement of worn parts of those with
high failure rates------reduces the probabilty of breakdowns during the operations.
Ofcourse, no amount of preventive activity can completely eliminate failures, so
management must take measures to provide quick repair. These include
maintaining an inventory of spare parts and having personnel available to quickly
restore equipment to normal operation. These procedures are fairly expensive;
because of the specialized nature of equipment, ptoblems become more difficult
to diagnose and resolve, and spare-part inventories can be extensive.
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Disadvantages of product layouts
• The intensive division of labor usually creates dull, repetitive jobs that
provide little opportunity for advancement and may lead to morale
problems and to repetative stress injuries.
• Poorly skilled workers may exhibit little interest in maintaining equipment or
in the quality of output.
• The system is fairly inflexible in response to changes in the volume of
output or changes in product or process design.
• The system is highly susceptible to shutdown caused by equipmrnt
breakdowns or exccesive absenteesim because workstations are highly
interdependent.
• Preventive maintenance, the capacity for quick repairs, nad spare-parts
inventories are necessary expenses.
• Incentive plans tied to individual output are impractical since they would
cause variations among outputs of individual workers, which would
adversely affect the smooth flow of work through the system.
Process layout
Process layouts are designed to process items or provide services that involves a
variety of processing requirements. The variety of jobs that are processed
requires frequent adjustments to equipment. This causes a discontinuous work
flow, which is reffered to as intermittent processing. The layouts feature
departments or other functional grouping in which similar kind of activities are
performed. A manufacturing example of a process layout is the machine shop,
which has separate departments for milling, grinding, drilling, and so on.items that
require those operations are frequently moved in lots or batches to the
departments in a sequence that varies from job to job. Consequently, variable-
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path material-handling equipment (forklift trucks, jeeps, tote boxes) is needed to
handle the variety of routes and items. The use of general-purpose equipment
provides the flexibility necessary to handle a wide range of processing
requirements. Workers who operate the equipment are usually skilled or
semiskilled.
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1. The systems can handle a variety of processing requirements.
2. The systems are not particularly vulnerable to equipment failures.
3. General-purpose equipment is often less costly than the specialized
equipment used in product layouts and is easier and less costly to
maintain.
4. It is possible to use individual incentive systems.
Fixed-position layouts
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not to clog up the work site and to avoid having to relocate materials and
equipment around the work site. Lack of storage space can present significant
problems, e.g. a construction sites in crowded urban locations. Because of the
many diverse activities carried out on large projects and because of the wide
range of skills required, special efforts are needed to coordinate the activities,
and the span of control can be quite narrow. For these reasons, the
administrative burden is often much higher tan it would be under either of the
other layout types. Material handling may or may not be a factor; in many case,
there is non tangible product involved (e.g. designing a computerized inventory
system). When goods and materials are involved, material handling are often
resembles process-type, variable path, general-purpose equipment. Projects
might require use of earth-moving equipment and trucks to haul materials to,
from, and around the work site, for example.
Fixed-position layouts are widely used in farming, firefighting, road building, home
building, remodeling and repair, and drilling for oil. In each case, compelling
reasons bring workers, materials, and equipment to the "product's" location
instead of the other way around.
Combination layouts
The three basic layout types are ideal models, which may be altered to satisfy the
needs of a particular situation.
Cellular layouts
Cellular production is a type of layout in which workstations are grouped into what
is referred to as a cell. Groupings are determined by the operations needed to
perform work for a set of similar items, or part families that require similar
processing. The cells become, in effect, miniature versions of product layouts.
The cells may have no conveyorized movements of part between machines, or
may have a flow line connected by a conveyor (automatic transfer). In the cellular
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layout, machines are arranged to handle all of the operations necessary for a
group of similar parts. Thus, all parts follow the same route although minor
variations (e.g. skipping an operation) are possible.
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It is a system that uses an integrating computer system to link a broad range of
manufacturing activities, including engineering design, flexible manufacturing
systems, purchasing, order processing, and production planning and control. Not
all elements are absolutely necessary. For instance, CIM might be as simple as
linking two or more FMSs by host computer. More encompassing systems can
link scheduling, purchasing, inventory control, shop control, and distribution. In
effect, a CIM system integrates information from other areas of an organization
with manufacturing.
The overall goal of using CIM is to link various parts of an organization to achieve
rapid response to customer orders and/or product changes, to allow rapid
production, and to reduce indirect labor costs.
Service layouts
The design of storage facilities presents a different set of factors than the design
of factory layouts. Frequency of order is an important consideration; items that
are ordered frequently should be placed near the entrance to the facility, and
those ordered infrequently should be placed toward the rear of the facility. Any
correlations between items are also significant (i.e. item A is usually ordered with
item B), suggesting that placing those two items close together would reduce the
cost and time of picking those items. Other considerations include the number
and widths of aisles, the height of storage racks, rail and/or truck loading and
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unloading, and the need to periodically make a physical count of stored items.
Retail layouts
The objectives that guide design of manufacturing layouts often pertain to cost
minimization and product flow. However, with retail layouts such as department
stores, supermarkets, and specialty stores, designers must take into account the
presence of customers and the opportunity to influence sales volume and
customer’s attitude through carefully designed layouts. Traffic patterns and traffic
flow are important factors to consider. Some large retail chains use standard
layouts for all or most of their stores.
• Save time and money by using one layout instead of custom designing one
for each store.
Office layouts
Layout study
46
A plant layout study is an engineering study used to analyze different physical
configurations for an industrial plant.
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DG Khan Production Process
DG Khan Cement Limited is now operating two cement plants one is with dry
process other is with wet process. Dry process plant with one kiln with a rated
capacity of 6,400 Tons of clinker per day, and wet process plant with three kilns
with a rated capacity of 600 Tons of clinker per day each.
Therefore, the overall capacity of the cement plant is 7,000 Tons of clinker per
day.
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49
50
Cement Plant
Two different processes, "dry" and "wet," are used in the manufacture of DG
Khan cement.
When rock is the principal raw material, the first step after quarrying in both
processes is the primary crushing. Mountains of rock are fed through crushers
capable of handling pieces as large as an oil drum. The first crushing reduces the
rock to a maximum size of about 6 inches. The rock then goes to secondary
crushers or hammer mills for reduction to about 3 inches or smaller
In the wet process, the raw materials, properly proportioned, are then ground with
water, thoroughly mixed and fed into the kiln in the form of “slurry" (containing
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enough water to make it fluid). In the dry process, raw materials are ground,
mixed, and fed to the kiln in a dry state. In other respects, the two processes are
essentially alike.
The raw material is heated to about 2,700 degrees F in huge cylindrical steel
rotary kilns lined with special firebrick. Kilns are frequently as much as 12 feet in
diameter large enough to accommodate an automobile and longer in many
instances than the height of a 40-story building. Kilns are mounted with the axis
inclined slightly from the horizontal. The finely ground raw material or the slurry is
fed into the higher end. At the lower end is a roaring blast of flame, produced by
precisely controlled burning of powdered coal, oil or gas under forced draft.
As the material moves through the kiln, certain elements are driven off in the form
of gases. The remaining elements unite to form a new substance with new
physical and chemical characteristics. The new substance, called clinker, is
formed in pieces about the size of marbles.
Clinker is discharged red-hot from the lower end of the kiln and generally is
brought down to handling temperature in various types of coolers. The heated air
from the coolers is returned to the kilns, a process that saves fuel and increases
burning efficiency.
The raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are limestone, shale, sand
and iron ore, typical chemical compositions of which are given in the table below.
Limestone makes up approximately 80% of the raw material requirements,
composes of mainly calcium carbonate with small intrusions of magnesium
carbonate. Quarrying operations are geared to minimizing the intrusions. The
limestone is crushed to less than 25mm in size. MgO in the cement, if present in
sufficient quantities will cause expansion upon hydration thus resulting in
unsoundness in the concrete.
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Due to the variable nature of these components, they are pre-blended prior to
their use. It is crushed and stored in a pre-blending hall, utilizing the chevron pile
stacking method. In this method, stacking takes place at one end of the pile. At
the other end of the pile the material is reclaimed and then stored in a feeding
hopper which is ready for use.
The raw materials are extracted from the hoppers via weigh-feeders. The
materials are conveyed to the grinding mill and are ground to a suitable fineness,
called raw meal at this stage. This is then stored in a blending silo and blended to
ensure homogeneity. The proportions of the 4 components are controlled by the
continuous sampling and testing of this raw meal. The raw meal chemical
composition is determined by the use of an x-ray fluorescence analyzer. This is
linked to the computer which will automatically adjust the weigh-feeders, so that
the resultant raw meal stored in the blending silo meets the preset parameters.
After blending this material is then discharged into the storage silos ready for the
next phase of production. The parameters used in the control of the raw meal are
lime saturation factor, silica modulus and iron modulus. These are actually
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proportions of the various chemical components which are desired in the
resultant clinker.
As coal is used as a fuel the coal ash, a combustion product of the coal, has to be
treated as an individual raw material component and the appropriate corrections
made at the weigh-feeder stage.
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Raw Grinding Systems
When dry grinding is applied, the grinding installation serves the double purpose
of grinding and drying.
The most economical and simple installations are obtained by using the kiln
exhaust gas for the drying process, and carrying out the process in one machine.
The main factors influencing the selection of the most suitable raw grinding
systems are:
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1. Moisture content
2. Capacity of plant
3. Abrasiveness of raw materials.
4. Energy consumption
5. Installation costs.
Vertical mills can be used for moisture contents up to 16-18% as long as the raw
materials are not very abrasive. In case of moisture contents lower than 3-6%
(highest for small-sized plants) roller mills may not bring about any significant
saving in energy and installation costs compared with ball mills.
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Ball mills are suitable for low and medium moisture contents and should always
be used for very abrasive raw materials. The drying capacity can be increased by
installation of a flash drier at the mill inlet or by predrying in a crusher.
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Coal Grinding
58
The table specifies the main types of coal in geological order and the
approximate coal meal finenesses recommended.
There are three factors which are decisive in determining the amount of air to be
drawn through a coal mill:
1) The amount of air at a given temperature must be sufficient to ensure
effective drying of the moist coal.
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than the mill exit air temperature to prevent condensation in the ducts
and the deducting installation after the mill.
3) In air-swept mills, of both the ball and roller types, the air velocity must
be high enough to extract the ground material from the mill.
The relationship between moisture content and dew point as well as the
amount and temperature of the drying air is shown in the above graphs.
As will appear, if the dew point is 15°C below the mill outlet
temperature of 70°C, the dew point thus being 55°C, and the moisture
content 10%, the mill inlet temperature should not exceed approx.
350°C. The figure also shows that if the available drying air has a
temperature in the region of 300°C, and the moisture content in the raw
coal is below 10%, the drying air requirements are less than 1.2 kg air
per kg coal. The amount of air to be extracted from the grinding plant,
including false air and water vapor will in this case be less than 1.5 kg
air per kg coal, corresponding
to approx 17% of the combustion air, based on coal with a calorific
value of 6500 kcal/kg (27,200 kJ/kg).
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collected from a large number of ball mills grinding coal with up to 10%
moisture, all with the temperature of the drying air exceeding 300°C.
On the basis of this data it can be concluded that the amount of air
required to extract the coal meal from the mill is around 1.5 kg air per
kg coal. The corresponding figure for roller mills is approx. 2.0 kg air
per kg coal.
The coal must be sufficiently dry for grinding, storing, and feeding
purposes. Excessive drying should be avoided, due to the accelerating
process of oxidation which occurs as the moisture content is reduced,
with the consequent risk of spontaneous ignition. In practice, drying off
the surface moisture of the coal and a small part of the hygroscopic
moisture will ensure a high degree of safety combined with good
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processing and handling properties.
Cooling
Numerous innovative process and design details derived from extensive studies
provide this future-oriented clinker cooler with outstanding mechanical and
process technological advantages.
Separators
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The higher the demands placed on the quality of the ground material and the
lower the desired energy requirement of the grinding process, the more important
is the efficiency of the separator.
Separators are installed in grinding plants equipped with tube mills, roller mills
and high-pressure grinding rolls. Also for plant conversions and modernization
projects with limited space conditions, the separator has proven an ideal solution.
Crushing
The raw material that is required for the cement production process is quarried in
accordance with the characteristic raw material data by blasting, extraction by
hydraulic excavators or ripping. The pre-reduction plant breaks the extracted
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material to the particle size required by the downstream raw mill.
The raw material to be broken is delivered to the feed hoppers of the crushing
plant by heavy trucks or other transport machines. The discharge device
underneath the feed hopper then conveys the material at a controlled flow rate to
the crusher.
Dust Collecting
To dedust the exhaust gas streams from kilns, clinker coolers, bypass systems,
raw mills, cement mills and dryers; Polysius installs both electrostatic precipitators
and bag filters. They can be combined with an exhaust gas cooling system using
water injection or gas-air heat exchanger.
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The dedusting systems are designed to suit the particular requirements of the
process and the emission limit values.
Among the plant components equipped with high-performance bag filters are silo
installations, crushers, loading facilities and pneumatic and mechanical
conveyors.
The rotary kiln has a statically determined support configuration on only two roller
stations and has a direct drive system. The kiln shell with its splined tyres rotates
on self-aligning rollers, which automatically adjust themselves to the momentary
running conditions. The kiln is directly driven via the rollers of the inlet-end roller
station. This system supersedes the previously conventional girth gear and pinion
mechanism. It is rounded off by pneumatic inlet and outlet seals, hydraulic axial
thrust system and air-cooled inlet trough.
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Packing Paletizing
Preheater Tower
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In the case of the cement industry, today's requirement profile for the
manufacturing process is directed at high production capacities with low
operating and capital expenditure.
For this reason, multistage cyclone preheater with integral calciner and tertiary air
duct are indispensable components of modern kiln lines.
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well as plant conversions, and tailored to the desired production capacity – no
matter whether this is less than 1,000 or more than 10,000 tunes per day.
Storing/Silos
Silo Reclaim:
There is a large range of fluidized extraction systems for silos, combining minimal
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energy requirements with excellent extraction and cleanout characteristics.
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Dome Reclaim:
Domes are very suitable for high throughput terminals facilitated with fully
automatic operation.
The fluidized floor system combines flexibility in design with high reliability.
Fluidized floors can be supplied with multiple point vacuum extraction, bottom or
side discharge.
Moving parts in the cement are eliminated.
All dome shapes and configurations are possible.
Flat Storage
Flat Storage is an effective, low cost method of storing cement. It has proven to
be a storage system with a fast payback and high return on investment. The
concept can be used for small and large storage volumes. Conveying systems
are available for high or low loading and reclaiming capacities. Various
mechanical and pneumatic reclaim systems are possible. For high throughput
terminals, fluidized floor sections provide high capacity reclaim without the need
for trucks loading silos.
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Transport
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Rubber belt conveyors are used for horizontal and inclining transport of loose,
bulk materials. The rubber belt conveyors are normally supplied with EP fabric
rubber belting to DIN 22102 specifications and are equipped with the special
supporting idlers with sealed- for-life ball bearings and grease packed labyrinth
seals.
The loading and transfer points are designed for trouble-free operation of the
conveyors. Dust filters are fitted where required. The supporting structure is
manufactured of tubular framework. This construction facilitates the mounting and
adjustment of the idlers.
The belt conveyors are equipped with effective scrapers for belt and pulleys and
with special self-cleaning idlers for the return side of the belt when transporting
sticky materials.
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PURCHASING:
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The goal of purchasing is to develop and implement purchasing plans for
products and services that support operations strategies. Among the duties of
purchasing are identifying sources of supply, negotiating contracts, maintaining
database of supplies, obtaining goods and services that meet or exceed
operations requirements in a timely and cost-efficient manner, and managing
suppliers. Thus purchasing selects suppliers, negotiates contracts establishes
alliance, and acts as liaison between suppliers and various internal departments.
Purchasing is taking an increased importance as organizations place greater
emphasis on supply chain management, quality improvement, lean production,
and outsourcing. Moreover, business to business buying relationships are
changing. Although traditional relationships currently account for the lion's share
of buying relationships, they are expected to decrease substantially by the middle
of decade, while web-based auctions and managed inventory relationships are
expected to grow. In addition, increasing globalization will continue to have an
impact on purchasing.
OVERVIEW:
Purchasing managers/directors, and procurement managers/directors guide the
organization’s acquisition procedures and standards. Most organizations use a
three-way check as the foundation of their purchasing programs. This involves
three departments in the organization completing separate parts of the acquisition
process. The three departments do not all report to the same senior manager to
prevent unethical practices and lend credibility to the process. These
departments can be purchasing, receiving; and accounts payable or engineering,
purchasing and accounts payable; or a plant manager, purchasing and accounts
payable. Combinations can vary significantly, but a purchasing department and
accounts payable are usually two of the three departments involved.
Historically, the purchasing department issued Purchase Orders for supplies,
services, equipment, and raw materials. Then, in an effort to decrease the
administrative costs associated with the repetitive ordering of basic consumable
items, "Blanket" or "Master" Agreements were put into place. These types of
agreements typically have a longer duration and increased scope to maximize the
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Quantities of Scale concept. When additional supplies are required, a simple
release would be issued to the supplier to provide the goods or services.
Another method of decreasing administrative costs associated with repetitive
contracts for common material is the use of company credit cards, also known as
"Purchasing Cards" or simply "P-Cards". P-card programs vary, but all of them
have internal checks and audits to ensure appropriate use. Purchasing managers
realized once contracts for the low dollar value consumables are in place,
procurement can take a smaller role in the operation and use of the contracts.
There is still oversight in the forms of audits and monthly statement reviews, but
most of their time is now available to negotiate major purchases and setting up of
other long term contracts. These contracts are typically renewable annually.
PURCHASING INTERFACE
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possible discounts. In many firms, data processing is handled by the
accounting department, which keeps inventory records, checks invoices
and monitors vendor performance.
MAIN STEPS:
1. Purchasing receives the requisition: the
requisition includes
• A description of the item or material
desired.
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the purchasing department must identify suppliers who have the capability of
supplying the desired goods. If no suppliers are currently listed in the files, new
one must be sought. Vendor rating may b referred to in choosing among vendors,
or perhaps rating information can be relayed to the vendor with the thought of
upgrading future performance.
3. Purchasing places the order with the vendor: if the order involves,
• Moderate volume items may also have blanket purchase orders or they
may be handled on an individual basis.
Lead time is the period of time between the initiation of any process of
production and the completion of that process.
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PURCHASE POLICY
Different organizations have different purchasing policies.
Purchasing can be centralizes or decentralized. The details
are as follows:
DEFINITION:
"Centralized purchasing means that the purchases are handled by one special
department, and all the orders must be placed by than single authority for all the
departments of the organization."
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• Receives and coordinates purchasing requisitions/purchase orders from
campuses or departments
• Communicates with vendors regarding prices and terms of purchases
• Processes and approves all purchase orders
• Issues purchase orders to vendors
• Receives purchases at central warehouse locations
• Coordinates competitive procurement processes
• Distributes goods based on purchase requirements
DEFINITION:
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These larger departments conduct their own bid process and the financial system
is used to keep track of commitments and purchase orders. The system must be
efficient and meeting the various needs around the city. In decentralized
purchasing, campuses and departments may issue purchase orders,
communicate directly with vendors, and receive goods at other than central
locations. If purchases are made inappropriately, violation of laws, regulations
and school board policies may result.
In this system efforts are made to confine the features of both centralized and
decentralized purchase policies in the following manner:
• Deciding purchase budget for each branch at the beginning of the year.
• Branches are restricted to make purchase within their budget (not above
and not below.
• Suppliers to purchase the goods must me selected by the head office for
the branch.
• Open system of operations must be followed for selection of supplier.
• Branches to follow.
The purchasing function has been disregarded for a long time, but now it is being
scrutinized closely because of its interaction with suppliers and external market.
The chapter has highlighted the importance of the purchasing function and the
impact just-in-time has on achieving product quality through long term contact
and fair prices.
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relationship. In some cases, purchasing managers discriminate in favor of
suppliers who are close to the top management so that they can gain the support
and confidence of the top officials.
Ethics in purchasing
Principles
1. Loyalty to employer
2. Justice to those you deal with
3. Faith in your profession
Standards of purchasing
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3.Refrain from private activity that might conflict with the interests of your
employer.
8.Know and obey the letter and spirit of laws governing purchasing.
11. Enhance the profession by maintaining current knowledge and the highest
ethical standards.
12. Conduct international purchasing in accordance with the laws, customs, and
practices of foreign countries, but consistent with the laws of the United
States, your organization’s polices and these guidelines.
Supplier management
Reliable and trustworthy suppliers are a vital link in an effective supply chain.
Timely deliveries of goods or services and high quality are just two ways that
suppliers can contribute in effective operations.
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Choosing suppliers
In many respects, choosing a vendor involves taking into account many of the
same factors associated with making a major purchase. A company considers
price, quality, the supplier’s reputation, past experience with supplier, and
service after the sale.
Supplier Audits
Supplier Certification
Supplier relations
Purchasing has the ultimate responsibility for establishing and maintaining good
supplier relationships. Short term contracts involve competitive bidding.
Suppliers are kept at arm’s length and relationship is minimal. Medium term
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contracts often involve ongoing relationships. Long term contract are beneficial
for parties.
Supplier Partnerships
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Centralized
Whereby all the requirements of departments and branches procured by the head
office and then supplied to the individual units.
Decentralized
Whereby each branch and department is independent for procurement for its
required things without interference by head office.
They follow the centralize purchase policy for the items which are mentioned in
the contract e.g. raw material, machinery other equipment etc and they also
follow the decentralize purchase policy for office use items.
By following flexible policy departments are restricted to make purchases within
their budgets for the proper quality and better financial control. But still suppliers
are selected by the head office of the branch.
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The employment procedure was the first phase of personnel work to receive the
attention of management and it has increased in importance in recent years.
Under present labor laws and strong union organization a worker who is once
employed soon achieves a claim upon his job which makes its difficult for
management to discharge him. The importance of employment procedure is
increased also by the policy of promotion from within since future executives may
enter the service of the company by way of the employment office.
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source remain with the company, and the success on the job of the workers
recruited from each source.
OUTSIDE SOURCES
88
Many sources of employment are available outside the company. If the company
has the reputation in the community as the good place to work some qualified
applicants may appear at the employment office or make applications through
mails without any effort on the part of the employment department. Employment
agencies may also be used to direct applicants to the company upon request of
the employment manager for workers possessing certain skills.
Methods and devices for selecting workers are not expected in every case to
result in the employment of applicants who will succeed and the rejection of those
who would fail if employed. Employment methods cannot be expected to rank or
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to grade workers in a manner that would be predictive of the degree of success.
While much progress has been made in the development of scientific methods of
selecting employment no method or combination of methods can be relied upon
always to result in the best selection. Employment methods can be considered to
be good if they make possible the classification of applicants into three groups:
Recruiting may bring to mind employment agencies and classification ads, but
current employees are often the best source of candidates.
Filling open position with inside candidates has many benefits. First there is really
no substitute for knowing a candidates strengths and weaknesses. It is often
therefore safer to promote employees from within since you are likely to have a
more accurate view of the person's skills. Inside candidates may also be more
committed to the company. Morale may arise if employees see promotions as
rewards for loyalty and competence. Inside my also require less orientation and
training then outside.
However hiring from within can also backfire. Employees who apply for job and
don’t get them may become discontented; telling unsuccessful applicants why
they were rejected and what remedial actions they might take to be more
successful in the future is crucial. Many employees require manager to post the
job openings and interview all inside candidates. Yet manger often knows ahead
of time exactly whom he or she wants to hire. Requiring a person to interview
stream of unsuspecting inside candidates can be a waste of time for all
concerned. Inbreeding the other potential drawbacks. When all managers come
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up through the ranks they may have the tendency to maintain the status quo
when a new direction is what's required
.
Finding internal candidates
To be effective promotion from within requires using job posting, personal records
and skill banks. Job posting means publicizing the open job to employees and
listing the job attributes like qualifications, supervisors work schedule and pay
rate.
Qualifications personnel inventory tool like those describe earlier are also
important. An examination of personnel records may reveal employees who are
working in job below their educational or skill levels It may also reveal persons
who have potential for further training or who already have the right background
for the open job. Computerized record system can help ensure that you consider
qualified inside candidates for the opening.
Rehiring
Rehiring former employees has its pros and cons. On the plus side former
employees are known quantities and are already familiar with the company's
culture, style, and way of doing things. On the other hand employees who were
let go may return with less than positive attitude. And hiring former employees
who left for greener pastures back into better positions may signal your current
employees that the best way to get ahead is to leave the firm.
In any event there are several ways to reduce the enhance of adverse reactions.
For example after rehired employees have been back on the job for a certain
period, credit them with the years of service they had accumulated before they
left. In addition, inquire about what they did during the layoff and how they feel
about returning to the firm.
Succession planning
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Forecasting the availability of inside executive is particularly important in
succession planning — the ongoing process of systematically identifying,
assessing and developing organizational leadership to enhance performance.
Succession planning entails three steps:
First based on the firm's strategic goals, top management and HR identify what
the company's future key position need will be, and formulate job description and
specification for them. Thus, plans to expand abroad or to diversify the company's
product line may suggest bulking up the management talent in the firm's
international division or hiring a key executive to run a new product division.
After identifying future key positions needs management turns to the job of
creating and assessing candidates for these jobs. Creating means identifying
potential internal and external candidates for future key positions and then
providing them with the development experience they required to be viable
candidates when its time to fill the position. Organizations develop high position
employees through a variety of means. Most use internal training and cross
functional experience; they also use job rotation, external training, and global
assignments. Finally succession planning requires assessing these candidates
and selecting those who will actually fill the key positions.
Firms can’t get all the employees they need from their current staff and
sometimes they just don’t want to.
Advertising
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Everyone is familiar with employment ads and most of us have probably
responded to one or more. While web based recruiting is replacing help wanted
ads to some extent a print ads are still popular. To use help wanted ads
successfully employers have to address two issues:
The media
The selection of the best medium—is it the local paper, TV or the internet—
depends on the positions for which you are recruiting. For example the local
newspaper is usually the best source for blue-collar help, clerical employees and
lower level administration employees. On the other hand if you are recruiting for
workers with special skills.
For specialized employees you can advertise in trade and professional journals.
Help wanted ads in papers can be good source of middle or senior management
personnel.
Technology is enabling companies to be more creative how they advertise for job
applicants. The companies therefore use their marketing programs to help solicit
job applicants.
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create positive impression oh their companies through their job postings, web
sites and other means. Building word of mouth reputation is also important. In
their job search these new graduate engineers relied mostly heavily on
information about the company from other people. As the researchers conclude ,
from a practical standpoint, the result indicate that expanding and capitalizing on
word of mouth endorsements will a highly effective and economical method for
increasing applicants.
Employment agencies
Every state has a public, state run employment service agency. These agencies
are an important source of workers, but some employers have had mixed
experience with them. For one thing applicants for unemployment insurance are
required to register and to make themselves available for job interviews. Some of
these people are not interested in getting back to work, so employers can end up
with tem who have little or no desire for employment. And fairly or not, employers
probably view some of these local agencies are rather in their efforts to fill area
employers jobs.
Yet these agencies usefulness is actually on the rise. Beyond just filling jobs for
instance counselors will visit an employers work site review the employer’s job
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requirements and even assist the employer in writing job descriptions. Most
states have turned their local state employment agencies into “one step” shops.
Other employment agencies are tied to non profit organizations. Most
professional and technical societies. Many public welfare agencies try to place
people who are in special categories such as those who are physically disabled.
Private agencies
Private employment agencies are important sources of clerical, white collar and
managerial personnel. They charge fees for each applicant they place. Market
conditions generally determine whether candidates or employer pays fee. Most
are fee paid jobs, in which the employer pays the fee. Employers correctively
assume that this is the best way to attract qualified currently
employed applicants, who might not be so willing to pursue other jobs if they had
to pay the fees.
Why turn to an agency? Reasons include:
1. Your firm does not have own HR department and is not geared to doing
recruiting and screening.
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2. Your firm has found it difficult in the past to generate a pool of qualified
applicants.
3. You must fill a particular opening quickly.
4. There is a perceived need to attract a greater number of minority or female
applicants.
5. You want to reach currently employed individuals who might feel more
comfortable dealing with agencies than with competing companies.
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Employers often supplement their permanent workforce by hiring contingent or
temporary workers, often through temporary help employment agencies. Also
known as pat time or just in time workers, the contingent workforce is big and
growing. Today’s contingent workforce is not limited to clerical or maintenance
staff.
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countries. Other issues include the likelihood of cultural misunderstandings,
securities and privacy concerns and the need to deal with foreign contract,
liability and legal system issues.
Instituting programs such as these requires careful attention to various other
potential obstacles as well.
Executive Recruiters
They are also called short hunters. They are special employment agencies
retained by employers to seek out top management talent for their client. The
percentage of yours firms position filled by these services might be small.
However these jobs include crucial executives and technical positions. For
executive positions head hunters may be the only source of candidates. The
employers always pay the fees.
There are two types of executive recruiters contingent and retained.
Contingency based recruiters tend to handle junior to middle level
management job searchers in the 50,000 to 150,000 range. Whether retained
or contingent, fees are beginning to drop from the usual 30 percent or more of
the executive first year pay.
Two trends technology and specialization are changing the executive search
business. Most recruiting firms are establishing internet linked computerized
database the aim of which according to one senior recruiter is to create a loge
list by pushing a button
.
Executive recruiters are also becoming more specialized and the large once are
creating new businesses aimed specifically and specialized functions our
industries
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Recruiters can be useful. They have many contacts and are especially adept at
contacting qualified currently employed candidates who are not actively looking to
change jobs. The recruiters can save top management time by advertising for the
positions and screening what could turn our hundreds of applicants. The recruiter
fee might actually turned out to be insignificant compared with cost of the
executive time saved.
But there are pitfalls. As an employer it is essential for you to explain completely
what sort of candidates is required and why? Some recruiters are also more sale
people than professional. Recruiters also claimed at what theirs client say they
wants is often not really what the clients want.
Guide lines
1. Makes sure the firm is capable of conducting a thorough search. Under this
ethics core, a recruiter can not approach the executive talent of a former client for
a vacancy with a new client for a period of two years after completing a search for
the former client.
2. Meet the individual who will actually handle you assignment. If this person has
not the ability to seek out top candidates and sell them on you r firm, it’s unlikely
you will see the best candidates.
3. Ask how much the search firm charges. Search firms fees range from 25- 35
% of the position, often one third is payable as a retailer at the out set one third
at the end of 30 days and one third after 60 days. The out of pocket expense are
extra and could run to 10 % to 20% of the fee itself, and sometimes more. Get the
agreement in writing.
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Many organizations find it attractive to selectively outsource their recruiting
processes as needed for shorter periods of time to fill occasional vacancies,
augment internal driver recruiting efforts, or for special projects such as startups.
On-Demand recruitment process outsourcing is a service in which the critical
recruiting functions such as candidate sourcing and screening are outsourced to
companies on a month-to-month basis until the need is fulfilled.
COLLEGE RECRUITING
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The practice of graduate recruitment involves recruiting those who have recently
graduated from a college or university in the profession that the recruiters are
looking for. Research has shown that recent graduates benefit from this program
substantially, and with ease, as most are done in the college or universities
career counseling service.
The problem in the recruitment field is using the phrase graduate, because it may
give associates a distorted idea of the candidate who applied for the job, because
the use of this word may be considered particularly redundant for those who have
attended universities. Graduates stand as great a chance of being unemployed
as those who are not graduates but are in the same type of field.
INTERNSHIP RECRUITING
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coffee for the office), and also the prospect of interns returning to the company
after completing their education and requiring little or no training.
REFERRAL RECRUITMENT
Such sites have two main features: job boards and a résumé/curriculum vitae
(CV) database. Job boards allow member companies to post job vacancies.
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Alternatively, candidates can upload a résumé to be included in searches by
member companies. Fees are charged for job postings and access to search
resumes. Since the late 1990s, the recruitment website has evolved to
encompass end-to-end recruitment. Websites capture candidate details and then
pool them in client accessed candidate management interfaces (also online). Key
players in this sector provide e-recruitment software and services to organizations
of all sizes and within numerous industry sectors, who want to e-enable entirely or
partly their recruitment process in order to improve business performance.
The online software provided by those who specialize in online recruitment helps
organizations attract, test, recruit, employ and retain quality staff with a minimal
amount of administration. Online recruitment websites can be very helpful to find
candidates that are very actively looking for work and post their resumes online,
but they will not attract the "passive" candidates who might respond favorably to
an opportunity that is presented to them through other means. Also, some
candidates who are actively looking to change jobs are hesitant to put their
resumes on the job boards, for fear that their current companies, co-workers,
customers or others might see their resumes.
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The recruitment and selection process is a series of hurdles aimed at selecting
the best candidate for the job.
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For hiring the lower level management they give ads in the newspaper, online,
banners and etc and for higher level they consulted with their employees and by
attracting the other organization’s upper level management with attractive salary
packages.
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Induction
Purpose of induction
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1. To create a feeling of belonging
It has been proved in one of the survey conducted by the Centre for Creative
Leadership (headquartered in Greensboro, North Carolina, US), that a fresh hire
does not met the expectation of an organization for the first few months. The
issue of productivity of new hires has to be defined individually by every
organization. Fresh hires are able to learn the process as quickly as possible if
the induction efforts are right and they can be very productive if their induction is
been done in an proper manner.
“What will happen if we do not train new recruit in the organization and they stay
on”.
While keeping the above statement in mind, think the importance of induction
program.
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A new entrant should culturally fit in an organization. Interaction at this stage
shapes an individual's disposition and outlook for work and motivation levels. The
importance of induction cannot be underestimated.
Induction program must/should include all the aspects of the organization and
present for the awareness of the new employee. Like emergency procedures,
facilities, safety issues, right’s of the employee, what to be paid, no harassment,
equal opportunity, grievance procedures, employee responsibilities, times,
conduct standards, job function, dress requirements, organizational structure,
what it does, how they fit in, who is their Manager, the functions of different
departments, how the employee will be managed, what the performance
management process will involve, and his/her role in that process, are the few
concern areas.
Induction program
Induction should be conducted on the first day of the new recruit from the gate of
the organization itself. For induction only higher management or Head of HR or
Senior should be addressing the new entrant. It should also involve the
employees of the new entrant department. An effective induction helps a new
employee feel assured and comfortable in the new environment, which is critical
for early uptake in the new role. Induction should always be interactive. It also
provides an opportunity to the new entrant to engrain the original values and
ethics as well as the style of functioning. Escorting a new entrant will be one of
the best and most impact induction steps. It should always be interesting and
must hold the attention of the new employee.
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Involvement in Induction programs ( not be’s ):
First of all Induction program must not/ should not include much of theoretical
part. Bad induction leads to stress and de-motivation. Arriving for a new job a bad
induction can leave a new starter worried, anxious and unable to perform their
duties. More work for longer as the new entrant struggles to become an effective
member. It increases the workload, all the wrong messages given to the new
starter and can damage long-term implications.
Signs of bad Induction program are Too Short – during induction a new entrant
should just not give the mobile numbers or small brief as always remember either
a person should have or should not have knowledge, half knowledge leads to
disaster. Too Hasty – A ten minutes brisk walk and making him familiarizing about
the exit or entry should not be the part of induction. Too Boring – All the
theoretical and long presentation with high figures involved is a bad sign of
induction. Impersonal – Avoid hours of speeches and presentations and
voluminous policy manuals or information packages. Too personal – It should not
be related to the complete life cycle of a new entrant. Neglectful – whosoever
takes the induction should have complete knowledge of the new entrant
participation the induction program, Isolated and embarrassing.
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• Effective induction decreases the chances of attrition v/s bad induction increase
the attrition.
With the above example it becomes very clear about the kind of difference of bad
and good induction can make. As bad induction does not only cost to employee
but to organization as well.
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Bad induction program does not only lead to confusion, stress and de-motivation,
but one of the most disastrous effects will be the attrition. Losing a new entrant of
staff and having to replace them costs about 25% of their salary/wage. Providing
too much, too soon; the inductee must not be overwhelmed by a mass of
information on the first day. Bad Induction program generates unreasonable
expectations by being more interesting and more exciting than the job itself.
Induction programs help in reducing attrition rates, apparently yes. The first
impression is very important when a person comes into a new organization and
how you interact with these new entrants plays an important role on how they
discharge their duties later. It was found that employees who received an
effective induction were more engaged, compared to those who rated the quality
of induction as below average. The thought of leaving the organization creeps in
at early stage in cases where the induction is not done with passion. A good
induction prepares an employee better to compete in fiercely competitive market
place, which has a direct impact on the early success and hence motivation, he
adds. It is true that only good induction does not keep the attrition away but it
plays a big role.
In conclusion, getting the induction process right, sets the scene for the
remainder of the employment experience. This is a critical phase in the
employment process. Induction programs should be implemented in a structured
manner and applied uniformly across the organization. Best practice involves a
very structured approach to the induction process.
Procedure of induction
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1. Introduction
a) lectures
b) tour of company and various departments
c) film
2. issue of temporary pass
3. Assignment of clock numbers
4. introduction with time keeper
5. welcome by personal manager
a) appreciation to join the organization
b) worker rights
c) Different welfare program
6. welcome by personal officer
a) main feature of personal policy
b) future benefits
7. introduction with foreman, supervisor, senior colleague
8. Filing and submission of important documents.
9. Issue of permanent pass.
10. letter at home
11. Follow up by foreman
12. Refresh course if needed
13. Confirmation
a. avoiding any doubt on the part of the new employee, especially in respect of
performance and quality aspects of the role.
b. Giving the new employee a sense of certainty about their job and the whole
working environment
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Induction Check List
g. The time that a business "Buddy" or mentor will be available for assistance.
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h. What training will be provided as part of the new role?
D.G Khan Cement industry followed the same procedure of induction which we
describe above.
Induction
Safety measures
Value of Business
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Employee’s Training
“Training mean adopting a process where by employees start and shown various
skill require to perform their duties and accomplish the assign task.”
Or
“Training includes all the process whereby employees taught and shown the
necessary skills required for a particular job.”
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Objectives of Training
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Purpose of Training
Test of various kinds are used in selecting persons to take training courses and
in dividing them into classes. New employees are chosen through the
employment procedure. Old employees may be selected for special training on
the basis of recommendations of supervisors, merit rating, special tests, or
scores on tests given at the time of their employment.
The value of testing program for selecting person to take training courses
was demonstrate during world war 11 candidates for training as pilots,
navigators and bombardiers were given extensive tests, including the
following type: practical reasoning ability, work knowledge, factual information,
deductive reasoning ability, mechanical comprehension, common sense
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judgment, reasoning in reading syllogistic reasoning, and interest in aviation.
The effectiveness of the qualifying examination was demonstrated by an
experimental group of approximately one their test scores. The results are
shown by the training of candidates for pilot training.
In the experimental group, 88.9 percent of the men who failed the qualifying
examination failed to complete program, and 34.8 % graduated. The results
also indicate that the higher the score on the qualifying examination, the
greater was the chance of success in the training program.
Training
– The process of teaching new employees the basic skills they need
to perform their jobs.
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Needs analysis
– Identify job performance skills needed, assess prospective trainee’s
skills, and develop objectives.
Instructional design
– Produce the training program content, including workbooks,
exercises, and activities.
Validation
– Presenting (trying out) the training to a small representative
audience.
Evaluation
– Assesses the program’s successes or failures.
Types of Training:
Much kind of training programs may be organized according to the nature of the
work done, the need for new employees with special skills, and the qualification of
the people who are available for employment. Some of the types of training
commonly used are vestibule training, apprenticeship program, on the job training
and training for upgrading with the company.
1. Vestibule Training
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The word vestibule means a passage or hall between the outer door and the
interior of the building. Vestibule training means preparation for the job which is
given immediately after the employee has been hired and prior to hid induction.
The name of the programme indicates the time when the training is given rather
than the place where the school is conducted.
Procedure
Features:
1. Prior to induction
2. Time schedule
3. Training in small group
4. More theory and less practical
5. less emphasis on production rate
6. More emphasis on instructions
7. Coordination with production line
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Limitations
1. The vestibule school is a practical plan only for the large company. If a
complete production line is established, balance in the line is not easily maintained.
2. The labor turn over on some jobs is more rapid than others, and more
replacement must be trained for such jobs.
2. Apprenticeship Training:
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4. Ease to difficult job.
5. nominal remuneration (not salary)
6. Usually absorbed after successful completion.
7. Certificate o course completion.
As the name implies, on the job training involves employees training at their place
or work.
- Job rotation - where the trainee is given several jobs in succession, to gain
experience of a wide range of activities (e.g. a graduate management trainee
might spend periods in several different departments)
- Projects - employees join a project team - which gives them exposure to other
parts of the business and allow them to take part in new activities. Most
successful project teams are "multi-disciplinary"
- enlarged training
- Guidance by foreman
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- More emphasis on production result
- Less disruptive to the business - i.e. employees are not away from work
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- Employees may find that they have more confidence if they are supervised and
guided as they feel they are doing the job right
- Employees may feel more at ease being taught or supervised by people they
know rather than complete strangers at an external training course
- On the job training is also productive, as the employee is still working as they
are learning
- As training progresses and the employee begins to feel more confident, this
confidence would allow them to work at a higher standard and ultimately be more
productive
- Training "on-the-job" provides an opportunity to get to know staff they might not
normally talk to
-Teaching or coaching is a specialist skill in itself; unless the trainer has the skills
and knowledge to train, this would mean that the training will not be done to a
sufficient standard.
- The trainer may not be given the time to spend with the employee to teach them
properly, which would mean substandard training has been achieved and
learning has only been half done
- The trainer may posses bad habits and pass these on to the trainee.
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New employees are often given safety instructions. And other workers may
be given refresher safety training. New employees in addition to being given oral
instructions, are frequently given a booklet of safety regulations with a perforated
sheet which they are asked to sign and hand to the foreman as evidence that
they have read the instructions.
The employee is taught the proper way to do a task, which is the safe way. When
safety regulations are made a part of job instructions, the worker is more likely to
receive positive instruction rather than negative warnings. However warning of a
negative sort may be necessary in addition to positive instruction. Employees on
the job are often subjected to a barrage of bulletin board posters, signs displayed
at entrances or danger points, illuminated moving messages, and placards within
or about the shop.
Most of the training for employees is conducted by the foreman. Training for other
persons in the organization is most effective if it is given by the immediate
supervisors of the persons being trained. If instructions are given by someone
else the wrong method might be taught or the learner may suspect that the wrong
methods are being taught. The suspicion of the learner is strengthened if the
principles are not followed by his supervisor, who might in fact be following
methods that could be improved. However, courses in technical subjects, such as
welding or machine design, are best taught by specialist who might be drawn
from outside the company.
Special Training
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Advantages:
– Reduced learning time
– Cost-effectiveness
– Instructional consistency
Types of CBT
– Intelligent Tutoring systems
– Interactive multimedia training
– Virtual reality training
Teletraining:
– A trainer in a central location teaches groups of employees at
remote locations via TV hookups.
Videoconferencing:
– Interactively training employees who are geographically separated
from each other—or from the trainer—via a combination of audio
and visual equipment.
Training via the Internet:
– Using the Internet or proprietary internal intranets to facilitate
computer-based training.
Merits of Training:
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4. decrease in breakage and wastage of tools
5. decrease in accident rate
6. decrease in absentee rate
7. decrease in labor turnover
8. decrease in grievances
9. increase employee morale
10. increase in efficiency of supervisor
D.G Khan Cement industry provides on the job and special training to the
employees.
On the job training means provide training to their employees on the place of
work. If DG Khan Cement Company hires skilled workers they know about the
work but if they hire unskilled workers so they provide only on the job training.
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Identify the need for training
Training
DG Khan Cement Company has the future plans to provide the online training to
their employees and different courses must teach them.
The course content will be suitable for a wide range of personnel within a cement
manufacturing company including junior/middle management, technicians,
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production and control room staff, etc and also for others who wish to gain a
comprehensive understanding of the complete cement manufacturing
process.
Course Content:
A six-week course designed to take students through the complete cycle of raw
material grinding and preparation, clinker grinding, milling and separation
cycles. Ball mills and vertical milling technologies will all be included with
operator training on improved grinding techniques, cost saving strategies,
improved performance.
Course Content:
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• The reasons why grinding and milling are so important in cement
manufacture.
• The measurement and control of fineness and the different
measures applied on cement factories.
• Separation theory.
• The concept of grind ability and the effects of inter-grinding
materials of different grind ability.
• Drying and evaporative cooling.
• The segmentation of grinding and milling systems.
This module will cover the technology of ball mills used for raw and finish grinding
in the cement manufacturing process.
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Module 3 – Vertical mills
This module will cover the technology of vertical mills used for raw and finish
grinding in the cement manufacturing process.
131
• Control concepts.
• Optimization possibilities.
This module will cover the technology of roll presses used for raw and finish
grinding in the cement manufacturing process.
Module 5 – Conclusions
In the final module we will explore some of the latest innovations in grinding and
milling technology.
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News & Events
Inbox provides Oracle License Renewal to D.G. Khan Cement
This would enable the cement manufacturing company to continue running their
current systems and processes smoothly. Being an Oracle Certified Partner,
Inbox is authorized to provide Oracle products and services to customers in
Pakistan.
D.G. Khan Cement Company Limited (DGKCC), a unit of Nishat group, is the
largest cement-manufacturing unit in Pakistan with a production capacity of 7000
tons clinker per day. It has a countrywide distribution network and its products are
preferred on projects of national repute both locally and internationally due to the
unparallel and consistent quality.
133
134
ROLE OF FORMAN
The position of the foreman depends in part upon the type of organization
adopted by the company. In many small businesses which provide few staff
services by specialized departments, the company may be organized on the
principle of the line. In such accompany the foreman holds a position similar to
that of the foreman in the Midvale Steel Company when Taylor began his studies
about the year 1880. In the line and staff organization, the foreman retains the
sole responsibility for the activities of his department but has the assistance and
cooperation of departments performing staff functions. Staff services are
commonly provided in the organization of large companies, and most of the
discussion in this chapter related to the position of the foreman in the line and
staff organization. The work of the foreman will be considered under the following
six heads:
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Cooperation with others
Maintaining channels of communication
Handling worker complaints
The foreman usually must assign men to their jobs for although the planning
department is responsible for the over all scheduling of the work, the foreman
may still be required to assign the tasks to the machine and the workers. If
production is centrally controlled by a planning department, the foreman must see
that production schedules are followed. He must see that machines and tools are
properly used and that safety regulations are observed. He may be required to
requisition the purchase of materials. He is responsible for good housekeeping,
which means seeing that tools are returned to the tool room when they are no
longer needed and that materials and completed work are moved to the next
workplace. The foreman arranges for the disposition of defective or spoiled
materials. In case of emergency, such as fire, accident, or machine breakage, he
must take the necessary action to protect the workers and the interests of the
company. In short the foreman is responsible for the smooth and orderly conduct
of his department and for deeding down the costs of materials, labor, and
expense. Because of the importance of the foreman in directing the work, he has
been called “the key man in production”
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Responsibility for Employee Relationships
The foreman can meet his responsibility for handling employee problems only if
he has the support and commensurate of persons higher up the line. He should
have authority commensurate with his responsibility, and he should know just
what his authority is in various situations. In certain cases, he might have
authority to issue a warning or to give a reprimand. In handling minor problems,
he might be given authority to act without making any report to his superior; and
in other cases, he might be authorized to act but required to make a report of the
137
circumstances. In serious cases, he might have no authority to act but would be
expected to refer the matter to his superior for instructions or recommendations.
Although the act and judgment of the foreman are most essential in dealing with
personnel problems, his task is made somewhat easier if he is given proper
assistance and also recognition by others easier if he is given proper assistance
and also recognition by others in the management. Relatively insignificant
privileges granted to him may help by indicating to employees that he is a part of
management. Special recognition may be given the foreman by provision of a
desk or office, exemption from the requirement for punching a time clock,
payment by check delivered by messenger, listing in the company telephone
directory, a separate mailbox for communications, and various other privileges.
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The foreman should be familiar with the qualifications of the worker and their
fitness for the jobs to which they are assigned. He should know the extent of their
training and experience, and he should see that workers are suited to the work
they are doing. He may determine the adjustment of the worker to the jobs by
observing the trend of his output, which may be declining, stable, or fluctuating in
an erratic manner.
The foreman, as part of management, must carry out its policies, interpret them to
the workers, and execute the orders received. Under democratic leadership, he is
advised of impending changes and is permitted to express an opinion on a
proposal affecting his department before it is adopted. He should keep his
superiors informed of developments in his department, such as shortages of
materials, defects in materials or equipment, imperfect work received form other
departments, personnel problems, and difficulties of workers in meeting
standards. He makes recommendations for changes, such as improvements in
layout, lighting, or air conditioning.
The foreman does not always find it easy to cooperate fully with other line
officers. One difficulty is that since he is primarily concerned with getting the work
done, he does not welcome changes which may interfere with the work
immediately ahead. He is usually very close to the workers, for he has his desk
on the floor of the shop. He spends part of his time at his desk, and much of the
time he spends in supervision and in handling problems as they arise. Changes
not only interfere with the work in hand but may also threaten the security of
some of the workers. Consequently, the foremen may be indifferent to orders
received from above even though he may put them into effect.
In making his reports, the foreman usually would prefer not to inform his
supervisors of difficulties which are due to his own mistakes and limitation. If he is
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having difficulty in meeting a schedule, he may not report the situation unless he
thinks his superiors may learn of it from some other source. He is anxious to
submit favorable reports of quantity production and unit costs. However, if the
reports this month are very good, an equally good report may be expected next
month. Consequently, the foreman may be as interested as the worker in seeing
that current performance sets a standard that can be comfortably met in the
future. A standard that is too tight will not allow for delays or mistakes.
Cooperation is made easier for the foreman if he is made to feel that he is really a
part of management. He should be notified in advance of all changes affecting his
department, and he should never be permitted to hear of them by the “grapevine”.
He should receive proper credit for good performance in such matters as
production, safety, and personnel relations. He should know company rules and
regulations in order that he may know what position to take concerning problems
which arise. All orders affecting his department should be transmitted through his
office.
In order that foreman may be properly informed, some companies hold weekly or
monthly meetings of all members of management. At such meetings, current
developments relating to the company are considered, such as changes in
production plans, scheduling of work, maintenance, and expansion. The
production records of various departments are graphically displayed on
blackboards or bulletin boards, and the reasons for failure to meet schedules are
considered. Mere mention of the cause may be sufficient to correct it. Members of
management, from general manager to foreman, may be permitted to present a
problem in which others may be interested. Meetings of this kind serve not only to
keep all members of management informed but also to build up the self respect
and morale of the foremen.
The staff departments with which the foreman establishes regular contacts
include maintenance, standards and methods, engineering, safety, employment,
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inspection, planning, cost accounting, and stores. He may request the services of
the maintenance department when he believes a machine needs repairs or
adjustment. The standards and methods department sets the standards of
performance for each task. The foreman may call its representative to re-examine
any standard which he believes to be too tight or too loose. If a worker has
difficulty in meeting the quotas set, or if he can meet the quota too easily, the
foreman may ask that another study of the task be made. However, the foreman
may not report that a standard is loose; because of his nearness to the worker,
he may prefer that all standards be such that they are easily met. If the workers
meet the standards, they will not complain. If they cannot meet them, they may
cause trouble for the foreman by making a complaint. Moreover, if the standards
are loose, production may be maintained on days when things do not go just
right. Loose standards may provide the slack to compensate for delays in
production without the necessity for detailed reports of difficulties.
Although the foreman is expected to cooperate with various line and staff people
in carrying out company plans and programs, he may not actively participate in
the formulation of the plans and the development he has too many other duties
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and that his point of view may be too limited. Furthermore, the company
organization may include many foremen, and the authority for company policies
and programs is necessarily of the foreman and explains the name of “marginal
man” which is sometimes given to him.
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specific problems or developments, such as needed changes in working
conditions, investigation of accidents, and assignment to new work. The worker is
expected to communicate to the foreman a report of any difficulty he may have in
maintaining quality standards, meeting production schedules, or understanding
instructions of work to be done. He also reports to the foreman concerning any
absences. The foreman keeps his own superior informed of developments within
the department.
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A complaint is defined as a spoken or written dissatisfaction brought to the
attention of a management or union representative. A grievance is a complaint
which has not been properly handled by the management or possibly by the
union officials. It may have been ignored or dismissed without due consideration.
Complaints and grievances may concern wages, supervision, seniority rights,
promotions, and general working conditions.
The foreman should investigate the facts concerning all complaints which come to
him. If he finds that the complaint is justified, he may be able to correct the
difficulty. He may find it necessary to inquire what the policy of the company is
concerning the question at issue. If he is not informed as to company policy, he
may communicate with the general foreman, who may consult the division chief to
determine the policy; or he may have to ask for a ruling in case no policy has
been established. In some cases the employee may make the complaint to the
union steward. The steward is an employee of the company who has a regular
job but represents the union in dealing with the foreman. Cases which are
referred to the steward are usually settled by a conference between the foreman
and the steward. If an agreement cannot be reached, the foreman may refer the
question to the general foreman. The case may be carried to the division chief
and works manager. The shop steward will also refer the question to his superior
officer in the union organization, who may be the business agent or the chief
steward. Above the chief steward are the executive committee and the president
of the union.
The handling of worker complaints by dealing with the union steward may create
a situation that calls for much tact on the part of the foreman because the person
who holds the position of steward is also a worker. As a worker, he is a
subordinate of the foreman in the ordinary man-boss relationship, and as a
steward he is the equal of the foreman because he represents the union. The
steward may have received much training from the union in the handling of
complaints and grievances, and he may be more familiar with some aspects of
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labor regulations and procedures than the foreman, although the company should
seek to avoid this situation by seeing that the foreman is properly informed. In any
event, the foreman is required to change his method of dealing with a subordinate
so that person changes his role and becomes a spokesman for the union.
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Compensation of Foreman.
Foremen are usually paid a weekly or monthly salary. This method of payment
has a basic appeal provided the salary is sufficiently high to provide a satisfactory
differential above the pay of the people whom he supervises. A difficulty may
arise if workers put in sufficient overtime to enable them to earn as much as the
foreman’s salary, or more. A pay raise for workers frequently requires an increase
in foremen’s salaries to provide a satisfactory margin of difference.
Some companies provide for incentive pay for supervisors in addition to the basic
salary. Some such plans base the extra compensation upon the performance of
workers in the department. The bonus may depend upon the number of workers
who meet production standards or some other measure of their efficiency,
attendance, labor turnover, or safety record. According to another plan, the
foreman’s bonus depends upon his ability to keep down controllable costs, which
are those elements of expenses or costs that he authorizes or controls. Before
such a plan can be effective, the authority of the foreman should be carefully
defined, and the basic salary paid to him should be fair. The amount of the bonus
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should be large enough to build up his interest, and the details of the plan should
not be too complicated.
TRAINING OF FOREMAN
In time of business expansion when new plants are being put into operation or
new shifts are being added, special attention should be given to the problems of
the training of supervisors. At other times, the normal rate of turnover may require
special training programs for the purpose of maintaining loyalty and enthusiasm
and of keeping foremen abreast of developments in company programs,
technology, and other problems.
Training in Management
Some training courses are designed to facilitate the entry of foreman into the
ranks of management. The course for new foremen is given after promotion
rather than before. If the program were given before promotion, the man would
have to return to his job to wait for an opening. In the meantime, he would be
subject to the jealousy and suspicion of the other workers. The man would also
lack motivation because he might never be made a foreman.
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Training in Company Organization
The training program may be designed to foster loyalty to the company and to the
system of private enterprise. One company lists the following objectives of its
foremen’s training. The objectives indicate something of the content of the
course.
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Make supervisors better leaders by increasing their knowledge and
understanding.
Another type of foremen’s training may be oriented towards the worker and
methods of gaining his co-operation. As Gantt said many years ago, the age of
drive has give way to the age of leadership, and the principal leader is the
foreman who is close to the workers and the workplace. A program of leadership
for foremen is designed to develop an understanding of worker motivation. It
concerns the basic desires of people, such as the desire to become a part of the
enterprise, to gain the respect of one’s associates, to receive fair treatment, to
feel secure financially, and to be protected from bodily injury. A program of
training of this kind would also show the foremen what happens if the basic needs
of the worker are met. It would include a discussion of proper use of rewards and
penalties. It is intended to inform the foreman as to the proper methods of
supervision and to induce them to want to gain worker loyalty and co-operation.
Its ultimate objective is the maximum efficiency of the work force.
The methods of training vary somewhat with the purposes. The program may
include conferences and discussions with top management, conferences among
the foremen for the discussion of their problems, and classes with a fixed
program of study. A continuous program may consist of meetings for the
presentation of new bulletins, policy announcements, and achievements or
problems of various departments. Visual aids, such a charts, drawings, diagrams,
and motion pictures or slides, have been found to be helpful. Demonstrations,
such as new work methods or safety devices, are also effective.
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During World War II the unionization of foremen became a pressing problem. Top
management feels that a foremen’s union is consistent with principles of the
organization ad management of private enterprise. A union of foremen means
that management is unionized because the foremen are a part of management.
While practice varies between industries and unions, the general rule in the
mass-production industries has been that foremen and supervisors have not
been permitted to become members of labor unions. In a few industries, unions
have permitted foremen to become members. Such an arrangement exists in the
building trades, parts of the metal trades, and the teamsters’ union. A few long-
established unions confine their membership to foremen. Some of the foremen’s
unions are affiliated with the American Federation of Labor or the Congress of
Industrial Organizations, and some are independent.
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In DG KHAN CEMENT, the foreman holds a significant position. He has the
responsibilities for directing an important unit of the productive activities of the
company. Foreman is part of management; he can speak and act in the name of
company.
The foreman also manages the time of productivity and gives many benefits to
their employees
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In DG khan cement Roles and responsibilities of a supervisor
• Goal-setting skills
• Vision, goals, targets
• Setting SMART goals
• Differentiate the ‘Important’ from the ‘Urgent’
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Procedure of supervising:
Video Exercise
Inspiration and power of positive expectation
Psychometric Test
• Delegating effectively
• Overview of delegation steps
• Common mistakes people make while
Delegating
• Motivation theories
• What motivates your staff
• Communication secrets that inspire and motivate
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Giving honest and effective performance feedback
Interactive Exercise
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• Overcoming barriers to successful team development
Conflict resolution
Team Exercise
Fun activities you can use at work for teambuilding.
Case Study
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• Best practices
• Story-telling
• Job-related role-plays
• Video-based activities
acquiring the personal, interpersonal,
technical, and administrative
competencies required to be a
successful supervisor and a desire to
develop trust and respect of employees
as well as the confidence of
management
PRODUCT DESIGN
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Product design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development,
testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service.
Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible
through products in a more systematic approach. The role of a product designer
encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manager,
industrial designer and design engineer
The term is sometimes confused with industrial design, which defines the field of
a broader spectrum of design activities, such as service design, systems design,
interaction design as well as product design. The role of the product designer
combines art, science and technology to create tangible three-dimensional
goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers
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to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken
greater manpower in the past.
"Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to
a preferred state." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined
and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.
The problem of design may arise in connection with the development of a new
product. Annual products are usually introduced at fairs at showers. In most
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industries continues improvement in the product is necessary if a manufacturer
expects to assume or maintain leadership in the industry.
Industrial design
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Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-
produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of
an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards
problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand
development and sales.
Most authorities now agree that, in many industries, the importance of design
has been grossly underestimated for many years. Good design not only makes
products and services more attractive it makes them better at performing their
task.
• First, it looked better. OK, so an overhead projector is not the ultimate style
icon, but nevertheless it did look better than the old version.
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• Second, it was easier to use. The various features highlighted in the
picture are all concerned with ease of use. Test out the product’s usability.
• Third, it was easier to make than the old product. The manufactured cost
of the product was less than its predecessor.
• Concept generation
• Screening
• Preliminary design
• Evaluation and improvement
• Prototyping and final design.
It is worth remembering however that not every product and service moves
smoothly between these stages. In practice, the stages could be defined in
different ways and the sequence may vary. Most importantly, there will almost
certainly be recycling between the stages. So, for example, after the evaluation
and improvement stage, it may be that the design must go right back to
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reconsider the original concept. In fact, at any stage the design could be recycled
back to a previous stage.
However, do not dismiss these stages of design. Each of them, or something like
them, will generally occur during the design activity. It is important to understand
exactly what the product or service concept is. It is important to screen the
various alternative design concepts using a broad evaluation technique such as
the feasibility, acceptability, vulnerability model. Specifying the components in the
package using the product structures and bill of materials shown in the chapter is
also important. Improvement using techniques such as quality function
deployment, value engineering and Taguchi methods must be understood.
Finally, the impact of computer-aided design and virtual prototyping, etc. has
transformed design in some industries.
Process design
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much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender
Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.
Industrial design also has a focus on technical concepts, products and processes.
In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also
encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market
placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the
emotional attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying
aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different
schools of thought and among practicing designers.
Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user
interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of
industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects,
ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering
and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to
schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of
function and ergonomics of use.
After identification of a priority market and generation of a set of initial ideas, the
next task is to “design” the product. Consider design as the designation of the
key benefits the product is to provide, the psychological positioning of these
benefits versus competitive products, and the fulfillment of the product promises
by physical features.
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consumer response sub process represents a categorization of the steps'
analysts proceed through as they study the market to help managers design new
products.
Design Brief
The design brief is typically a statement of intent. I.e. "We will design and make a
Formula One racing car". Although it states the problem, it isn't enough
information with which to start designing.
This is possibly the most important stage of the design process and yet one
of the least understood stage. It is important that before you produce a 'solution'
there is a true understanding of the actual problem. The PDS is a document
listing the problem in detail. It is important to work with the customer and analyze
the marketplace to produce a list of requirements necessary to produce a
successful product. The designer should constantly refer back to this document to
ensure designs are appropriate.
To produce the PDS it is likely that you will have to research the problem and
analyze competing products and all important points and discoveries should be
included in your PDS.
Concept Design
Using the PDS as the basis, the designer attempts to produce an outline of a
solution. A conceptual design is a usually an outline of key components and their
arrangement with the details of the design left for a later stage. For example, a
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concept design for a car might consist of a sketch showing a car with four wheels
and the engine mounted at the front of the car. The exact details of the
components such as the diameter of the wheels or the size of the engine are
determined at the detail design stage. However, the degree of detail generated at
the conceptual design stage will vary depending on the product being designed.
It is important when designing a product that you not only consider the
product design specification but you also consider the activities downstream of
the design stage. Downstream activities typically are manufacture, sales,
transportation etc. By considering these stages early, you can eliminate problems
that may occur at these stages.
Concept generation
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Concept evaluation
One useful technique for evaluating concepts to decide on which one is the best
is to use a technique called 'matrix evaluation'
Most people who use the matrix technique will assign points, rather than
simple, better, worse, same, so that it is easier to identify which concepts are the
best. It is also likely that some features of the design will be more important than
others so a weighting is used.
Detail design
In this stage of the design process, the chosen concept design is designed in
detailed with all the dimensions and specifications necessary to make the design
specified on a detailed drawing of the design.
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It may be necessary to produce prototypes to test ideas at this stage. The
designer should also work closely with manufacture to ensure that the product
can be made.
Product designers are equipped with the skills needed to bring products from
conception to market. They should have the ability to manage design projects,
and subcontract areas to other sectors of the design industry. Aesthetics is
considered important in Product Design but designers also deal with important
aspects including technology, ergonomics, usability, stress analysis and materials
engineering.
As with most of the design fields the idea for the design of a product arises
from a need and has a use. It follows a certain method and can sometimes be
attributed to more complex factors such as association and Telesis. Also used to
describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the
term Industrial Design Engineer.
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Product Analysis is the process of identifying, looking at or disassembling a
product and identifying its main features. The aim is to understand more about a
product and improve it in the future. Many factors influence the development of a
product, some are listed below:
Service expected
Some products will be used in places where they can be repaired easily, while
other products will be used under conditions that make repairs difficult or costly.
Some products are intended to “last for a lifetime.” While others last for a short
time. Some products are used under circumstances that require quick visual
observations and interpretation.
Appearance
Consumer ideas
Consumer ideas as to quality, style, color, and cost should be considered by the
designer, for consumer ideas may be very different from those of the
manufacturer.
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COST
The cost of the materials and labor required to manufacture the product. The
price potential customers are prepared to pay for the product.
ERGONOMICS
The product may be designed for human use. As result ergonomics (sizes
etc...) will pay a major role
MATERIALS
The availability of materials and the development of new, hi-
technology materials will have an influence on the final design of a product.
CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS:
The customer will have great influence over the way a product is designed and
develops. As a product is designed it is normal for potential customers to be
questioned about the type of product or design that they prefer. For example,
when designing a mobile phone a design team will show potential customers
several designs and make changes according to their likes and dislikes.
COMPANY IDENTITY
The product may have to display the company image. Most companies are
proud of their public image. This may determine the color scheme applied to the
product, the way it looks or even the materials that are used in its manufacture
(i.e. recycled materials).
AESTHETICS
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The shape and form of the product may determine the layout of circuits or
mechanisms etc... Inside it. Products are often designed to look stylish. The style
applied to the outside of a product can quite easily influence the technology
inside it. Aesthetics can also alter the production / manufacturing techniques
through which it is made.
FASHION
The fashion of the time influences the design of products. Usually people want to
buy up to date items not ones based on 'last years look'.
CULTURE
FUNCTIONS
The number of functions a product has to perform will inevitably affect its design.
Exactly what is the product going to do?
ENVIRONMENT
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Development of design
Specification
By specification is meant the standard of quality for a part or for finished goods.
Standards of quality may be set for dimensions. This specification should be
established as a part of the work of design. They determine the nature of the
manufacturing processes, and they are enforced through inspection.
If the product is made in small quantities, specifications are not important but if it
is in huge quantities, however the separate fitting of each part is not feasible.
Although the specifications prescribes the size, a part may actually be larger or
smaller than the prescribe dimension.
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The fact that design is a staff function means that the design engineer is not in a
position to make changes in the product or to the direct the production of a new
model. Decisions of this kind are made after recommendations by the design
engineer and approval by the line officers possible by the head of the major
division
Importance of timing
Marketing
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Business Description
D.G. Khan Cement Company Limited. The Company's principal activities are to
manufacture and distribute ordinary portland and sulphate resistant cement. As of
30-June-2008, it produced 4,142,764 metric tons of clinker and 4,227,767 metric
tons of cement. The Company operates in Pakistan.
Sulphate salts present in these soils combine with moisture and tri-calcium
alumnate (C3A), one of the constituents of cement to form a compound known as
Sulpho. Alumnate off Hydrated Calcium. This compound is highly expansive and
gradually results in the destruction of concrete. However, if a C 3A content is very
low, it is rendered inert and there is thus no reaction at all. British and Pakistani
standards specify that in a Sulphate Resistant Cement, the C3A content must not
exceed 3.5%. D.G Sulphate Resistant Cement has a much lower C 3A content,
making the cement highly effective against Sulphate attacks.
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Heat of hydration is the heat generated on reaction of cement and water. This is
undesirable because it produces a corresponding thermal expansion which
deforms the concrete. Upon cooling down, there is a thermal contraction which
causes the concrete to crack. D.G Sulphate Resistant Cement has a low heat of
hydration making it EXTREMELY SUITABLE for BULK POURING and MASS
CONCRETING.
High Strength
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Exceptional Strength
In order to allow sufficient time for application, cement must have a quick initial
settings time. However once in place, the final settings should not take too long.
At DGKCC ideal initial and final setting times are maintained.
1. Lime stone: This raw material is company owned and is extracted from
the near by mountains Limestone has the highest
composition in the cement product. 75% to 80% of the cement
constitutes of limestone
3. Iron Ore: Iron Ore is the only resource that is bought from contractors.
Iron Ore is added in small quantities and it helps to strengthen the
cement.
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4. Gypsum: Gypsum acts as a retarding agent. It slows down the hardening
process which in turn gives the constructor enough time to use it.
With the increase of furnace oil prices the company adopted coal as a more cost
efficient and environmentally friendly fuel for kiln firing. Today the management
is exploring possibilities of alternative and cheaper fuel such as waste firing.
The process (discussed later) is such that it ensures that excess stock isn’t left
and on the other hand enough stock is present so that the production process
is not hindered.
Manufacturing of cement
Cement is manufactured from 75-80% limestone and 20-25% Clay, or from raw
materials containing the same chemical constituents. The raw materials are
quarried and crushed, after which they are mixed in the correct proportions. The
raw mix is then ground in a raw mill and subsequently burned in a rotary kiln at a
temperature around 1450 °C. The raw materials undergo a number of complex
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chemical reactions in the burning phase and leave the kiln as cement clinker,
consisting of agglomerate of clinker minerals. Finally the clinker ground to a fine
powder cement in a Cement Mill, together with 4-6% gypsum. The gypsum
serves to retard the setting time of the cement, which would otherwise harden,
immediate with the Addition of Water
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Blending and storage
Carefully measured quantities of the various raw materials are fed, via raw mill
feed silos, to mills where steel balls grind the material to a fine powder called raw
meal. Homogenizing silos are used to store the meal where it is mixed thoroughly
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to ensure that the kiln feed is uniform, a prerequisite for the efficient functioning of
the kiln and for good quality clinker.
Burning
The most critical step in the manufacturing process takes place in the huge rotary
kilns. Raw meal is fed into one end of the kiln, either directly or via a preheater
system, and pulverized coal is burnt at the other end. The raw meal slowly
cascades down the inclined kiln towards the heat and reaches a temperature of
about 1 450 °C in the burning zone where a process called clinkering occurs. The
nodules of clinker drop into coolers and are taken away by conveyors to the
clinker storage silos. The gas leaving the kiln is cleaned by electrostatic
precipitators prior to discharge into the atmosphere.
Cement milling
The cement mills use steel balls of various sizes to grind the clinker, along with a
small quantity of gypsum to a fine powder, which is then called cement. Without
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gypsum, cement would flash set when water is added and gypsum is therefore
required to control setting times. The finished cement is stored in silos where
further blending ensures consistency.
Quality assurance
Extensive sampling and testing during the manufacturing process ensures the
consistency and quality of the end product. Testing takes place at the stages of
the manufacturing process.
Cement despatch
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directly onto trucks or can be palletised. The pallets can be covered by a layer of
plastic to offer further protection from the elements.
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182
Simplification
Standardization
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Explanation
Simplification may precede or follow standardization, or the two programs may be
accomplished simultaneously. In other words the unprofitable lines of the product
may be eliminated by a program of simplification; and standards may be
established for the lines that are to be continued.
Or the various sizes and styles may be standardized, and the reduction in product
line may be accomplished later. However; attention to either problem usually
shows the need for the other and the two programs are preferably conducted at
the same time.
This situation may arise because management did not give sufficient attention to
the product line when new varieties were added or because conditions have
changed since the varieties were first placed upon the market.
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are de jure, meaning formal legal requirements. Formal standards organizations,
such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or the American
National Standards Institute, are independent of the manufacturers of the goods
for which they publish standards.
Usage
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using specific syntaxes. These standards are usually developed in voluntary
consensus standards bodies.
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Standards
Why Standardize?
1. cost certainty
2. Process certainty
3. Schedule certainty
4. performance certainty
5. Deduce sign Standardization
6. Refines & optimizes designs
7. Minimizes change order risk
8. Guaranteed Efficiency & Value
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Benefits of Standardization
For all:
• Protect safety, health and property from hazards due to fire, explosion,
chemicals, radiation,
• electricity
• management systems)
• Contribution to sustainability
For consumers:
• lower costs
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• Source of up-to-date technical information
• competitiveness of producers
For industry:
• Strategic significance
• regulations
Competitive advantage:
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Global markets:
Cost reduction:
• standards
190
facilitates cooperation,
• development
• New procedures and document types (PAS and IWA) have been
developed to enhance responsiveness of standardization system
191
Manufacturing Standardization
Operation Standardization
Sustainability standards
Challenges
192
• The increasing number of Standards and the demands they place on
others in the supply chain are posing big challenges to actors in
developing economies.
• These challenges are associated with: ;
• Understanding the standards that are developed with the intention of
meeting new consumer demands; and
• The decision to comply with any of the standards.
• costs related directly to the implementation of ‘good practices
• Preservation and protection of river reserves:;
• forgone revenue from land areas that are left natural
• maintenance of a special nursery for indigenous trees
• irrigation water and technology/equipment that ensure efficient use of
water and reduced soil erosion – for example, use of spot irrigation instead
of surface irrigation;
• waste disposal,
• maintenance of stores
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International standards
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worldwide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland.[1] While ISO defines itself as a non-governmental
organization, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through
treaties or national standards, makes it more powerful than most non-
governmental organizations[. In practice, ISO acts as a consortium with strong
links to governments
ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 families are among ISO's best known standards
ever.
ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001: 2004 are implemented by over a million
organizations in 175 countries.
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ISO 9000 family
196
This section concisely describes the essential features of the ISO 9000
family.
The ISO 9000 family of standards represents an international consensus
on good quality management practices. It consists of standards and
guidelines relating to quality management systems and related supporting
standards.
The requirements for a quality system have been standardized - but many
organizations like to think of themselves as unique. So how does ISO
9001:2008 allow for the diversity of say, on the one hand, a "Mr. and Mrs."
enterprise, and on the other, to a multinational manufacturing company
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with service components, or a public utility, or a government
administration?
The answer is that ISO 9001:2008 lays down what requirements your
quality system must meet, but does not dictate how they should be met in
any particular organization. This leaves great scope and flexibility for
implementation in different business sectors and business cultures, as well
as in different national cultures.
The standard requires the organization itself to audit its ISO 9001:2008-based
quality system to verify that it is managing its processes effectively - or, to put
it another way, to check that it is fully in control of its activities.
1. In addition, the organization may invite its clients to audit the quality
system in order to give them confidence that the organization is capable of
delivering products or services that will meet their requirements.
2. Lastly, the organization may engage the services of an independent quality
system certification body to obtain an ISO 9001:2008 certificate of
conformity. This last option has proved extremely popular in the market-
place because of the perceived credibility of an independent assessment.
The organization may thus avoid multiple audits by its clients, or reduce
the frequency or duration of client audits. The certificate can also serve as
a business reference between the organization and potential clients,
especially when supplier and client are new to each other, or far removed
geographically, as in an export context.
Benefits
This section explains how ISO management system standards put state-
of-the-art practices within the reach of all organization.
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In a very small organization, there may be no "system", just "our way of
doing things", and "our way" is probably not written down, but all in the
head of the manager or owner.
The larger the organization, and the more people involved, the more the
likelihood that there are written procedures, instructions, forms or records.
These help ensure that everyone is not just "doing his or her own thing",
and that the organization goes about its business in an orderly and
structured way. This means that time, money and other resources are
utilized efficiently.
To be really efficient and effective, the organization can manage its way of
doing things by systemizing it. This ensures that nothing important is left
out and that everyone is clear about who is responsible for doing what,
when, how, why and where.
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14001:2004 provides the requirements for an EMS and ISO 14004:2004
gives general EMS guidelines.
How it works
ISO has many other standards dealing with specific environmental issues.
The intention of ISO 14001:2004 is to provide a framework for a holistic,
strategic approach to the organization's environmental policy, plans and
actions.
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ISO 14001:2004 gives the generic requirements for an environmental
management system. The underlying philosophy is that whatever the
organization's activity, the requirements of an effective EMS are the same.
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government inspectors is a rather weak and reactive approach to business
in today's environment-conscious world.
The ISO 14000 standards are practical tools for the manager who is not
satisfied with mere compliance with legislation – which may be perceived
as a cost of doing business. They are for the proactive manager with the
vision to understand that implementing a strategic approach can bring
return on investment in environment-related measures.
The manager who is "too busy managing the business" to listen to good
sense about environmental management could actually be costing the
business, instead of achieving benefits like those above
A program of Standardization
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• Industrial standards
• Commercial standards
Industrial Standards
Which are of primary concern for consumers who will purchase and use the
product?
An engineering or industrial standard is a precise description or definition of a
product, a part, a raw material, or a manufacturing process which has been
established by one company or by a group of companies in an industry. Some
standards are national in scope, and some are international. The standards are
established by agreement and are made effective by voluntary compliance.
Several types of industrial standards have been adopted. One type includes the
nomenclature or the technical terms that are used in specifications contracts,
catalogues or literature. The nomenclature extends to abbreviations, letter
symbols for chemical composition, graphic symbols, and pictographs used in
drawings or diagrams. The standardization of nomenclature permits a buyer and
a seller to execute a concise contract of purchase and sale with a minimum of
misunderstanding and confusion.
Another type of standard pertains to the dimensions that are necessary to secure
the interchangeability of parts and supplies and the proper functioning of the
product. The agreement as to dimensions and sizes may also make provisions for
the concentration of production upon an optimum number of types, sizes, colors,
or grades of products .The other than those for which standards have been
established. Standards may also designate the properties or qualities of bulk
materials and supplies in order that the purchaser may be assured of the grade of
product he desires.
Other industrial standards provide for the rating of machinery and equipment on
the basis of performance, durability, variances in the product turned out by
machine, power consumption, horsepower or other such quality.
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Safety standard provide for the safety of workers in the use of machines and
equipment. These standards would include guards for grinding wheels, gears,
belts and other moving parts, warning signals by means of lights o other devices,
color schemes for safety purposes, protection against gases and fumes etc
Commercial standards
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They are also following the ISO standards of 4001:2004
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Simplification of product
Improvement of weakness
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Limitation on the simplification
Objectives
As the DG khan is producing only the cement, so they don’t need they don’t
need to simplify their product line, but they are more concerned with the
process of manufacturing. They are having the simplified and specialized
current plant for cement from Denmark. As well as they are more concerned
with the packing of cement. They provide a manageable size which is easy to
handle.
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Quality control and inspection
Quality professionals use the term “standards” to mean many things, such as
metrics, specifications, gages, statements, categories, segments, groupings or
behaviors.
But usually when they talk about standards, they’re talking about quality
management.
A process that evaluates output relative to a standard and takes corrective action
when output doesn’t meet standards.
OR
• Operations have to ensure that they are able to manufacturer the product
or deliver the service to a specification. They have to do this time after
time, i.e. consistently, and in order to do this we need to have some means
of controlling quality (see later). And, that specification should meet
customers expectations, (see quality characteristics later), if it does not
customers will likely be dissatisfied.
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• Although the operation may consistently create the product or service to
that specification, the customer’s perceptions of its quality may be good or
bad. So we also need to try to understand how customers will perceive the
products and services.
Quality Certificates
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Quality Notifications
• The gap model, figure 17.4 provides us with a way of diagnosing quality
problems, i.e. why customers might perceive quality to be different to their
expectations. Such a mismatch could be caused by one of or a
combination of other mismatches or gaps.
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Purpose of quality control:
OBJECTIVES
Inspection Process
Inspections are a formal process used to identify and correct errors in a
completed deliverable, before the deliverable is used as input to a subsequent
deliverable. For example, after inspection, the Requirements Definition is
released for reference by the Functional Design Specification.
The focus of the inspection process is on finding defects, rather than solutions,
which can divert the inspection meeting time.
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Benefits of Inspections
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Development of inspection Program
Who to inspect
Automatic inspection where different parts are combines together to perform the
required work
Machine inspection is used where the maximum and 100% accurate work and
results are required
Test inspection carried out in machine product and time base wage payment.
Complete inspection is done in the manual work and piece rate system.
When to inspect
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Where to inspect
i. Floor inspection
Floor inspection
Merits:
Demerits:
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Centralized inspection
• Inadequate training
• Improper induction.
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DG khan Quality Control and inspection
They are having quality and control department in each plant. They hire
professional inspector for the purpose of quality control and inspection. They are
more indulged in machine inspection. They are 110% current with respect to
technology and they give considerable importance in maintaining their machinery
inspection.
They follow test inspection procedure. They take sample and inspect it. They
usually perform finished goods inspection at the final stage.
For the purpose of maintaining high quality they use to take samples to the lab
and then inspect it. And finally check out the results of the inspection, they
desperately wanted to know where the flaws came.
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Planning and controlling procedure
Routing
It includes plans for the machine or workplace where the work will be done, the
type of manufacturing operations to be performed and the quality that will be
produced. It indicates the method by which the product will be made and
prescribes the operations for meeting each part and each assembling. It includes
all the preliminary planning to the points where the time schedules are made and
established.
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Planning the production order to avoid any discrepancy delay and emergency or
breakdown
• Work out total parts accessories and their specification, standards required
for end product.
• Deciding the need to manufacture or procure from the market.
• Deciding the flowchart(sequence) for the manufacturing and assembling
them
• In case of production decision made for the arrangement of material.
• Enlisting the operations to carried out at various stages and places
• Issue the instruction to concerned departments
• Dividing the order into various batch and lots
Scheduling
Controlling the production process through allocation of time required for starting,
completion and transferring date from one department to another or to assembly
line. It fixes the time when the work will be done, that is date of completion of
delivery to the customer, starting date and the date for transfer from one
department, to another may be decided upon in order that , completion date may
be met.
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• Try to improve the process through experience and coordination
Making available different material required for the production order. It means
execution of plans as established in the work of routing and scheduling i. it
includes the preliminary work of preparation prior to the starting date as well as
issuance of order to the manufacturing department. The before factory begins the
work or the product material may be purchase, machines may be repaired,
workers employed or trained and machines to be manufacture able.
Follow up
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• Taking appropriate measure to over come difficulties arises
• Adjustment made in routing and scheduling
• Review of finished goods on regular basis
• Comparison of order received and stock available.
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Planning & controlling production at D.G khan
We are more concerned about the planning and controlling production. They
always try to avoid discrepancy. Whenever an order comes to them they make a
planning for that purpose in order to fulfill that. They always wanted to meet the
specification and standards for the end product. D. G khan don’t need to procure
the raw material, they own their own material and then they decide about the
manufacturing of cement. They enlist the operations to carry out at each stage.
And finally they complete their orders in batch and bulks.
They plan about each orders starting as well as ending time according to the
demand of cement. They also schedule about the completion time for each order.
They follow the conservative approach for scheduling. Each employee tries to
improver the process through the experience and by the coordination.
DG Khan follow up the process to check that the work is actually done as it was
planned or not. They prepare regular report of various departments for reviewing
their progress. If their any flaws came they take corrective measures to fulfill that
gap. They also make adjustments in routing and scheduling. They keep reviewing
their finished goods on regular basis.
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Conclusion
Cement industry of the country has been performing well from the last couple
of years and the performance is in line with the economic fundamentals of the
country. The trend is expected to continue and even get better in future.
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