CHAPTER 53
SEISMIC AND WIND RESTRAINT DESIGN
SEISMIC RESTRAINT DESIGN .............................................
............................................................................
Tciwinolog~~
Ctiloiltrrion.~............................................................................
Applying S!crtic Anci1~wi.sUsing I994 UBC .............................
Anclror B o l t s ...........................................................................
W d d Gl/"iciric.s ...........!...........................................
A LMOST all inhabited areas of the world are susceptible to tlie
tla~nngingeffects of either eaitliquakes or wind. Restraints that
are designed to resist one may not be adequate to resist the other.
Consequently. when exposure to either earthquake or wind loading
is a possibility. strength of equipnient and attachments should be
evaluated for both conditions.
Earthquake tlamage to inatlequately restrained HVAC&R equip-
iiieiit can be extensive. Mechanical equipiiieiit that is blown off tlie
support structure can become a projectile. tlveatening life and prop-
erty. The cost of properly restraining the equipment is small com-
Ixiretl to the high costs of replacing or repairing daniagetl
equipment, or compared to tlie cost of building down-rim clue to
Design n u l installation of seismic antl wind restraints has the fol-
lowing primary objectives:
* Life safety to reduce the tlveat to life
Reduce long-term costs due to equipment tlamage antl the resulr-
ant down time
This chapter covers tlie design of restraints to limit the niove-
ineiii of equipnient and to keep tlie equipment captive tluring an
eanhquake or [luring extreme wind loading. Seisinic restraints and
seismic isolators do not reduce the forces transmitted to tlie equip-
nieiit to be restrained. Ingteatl, properly designed and installed seis-
inic restraints antl seismic isolators have tlie necessary strength to
withstand tlie iiiiposetl forces. However, equipment that is to be
restrained niust also have the necessary strength to remain attached
to the restraint. Ec~uipnieiitiiianufacturers slioultl review structural
aspects of tlie design i n tlie areas of atrachinent to ensure the equip-
ment will remain attached to the restraint.
For ineclianical systems. analysis of seisiiiic and wind loading
conditions is typically a static analysis, and conservative safety fac-
rors Lire applied to reduce the complexity of earthquake antl wind
loading response anal rid evnluatioii. T h e e aspects are consitl-
eretl i n ;I properly designed restraint system.
1 . Arr(icliiiwnr of cqiiipti~t~nt
ro re,srrtririt. The equipiiieiit must be
positively attached to the restraint, and must have sufficient
strength to withstand tlie imposed forces, and to transfer tlie
forces to the restraint.
3. R m r r i i n r tksign. Strength of
the restraint must also be sufficient
to withstand tlie imposed forces. This should be tleterinioed by
the ni:inufacturer by tests a n t h analyses.
3 . Att(ic1iiiwnt of rcsrrciinr to .siihstrir(:fnrt,.Attachment inay be by
n i e m of bolts, welds or concrete anchors. The sub structure
wust be capable of surviving tlie iniposetl forces.
The prepnl-nrion of rhis chnprer is nssignetl 10 TC 2.7. Seismic Restraint
Design.
53. I Seisrnic Snu
53.2 E.rtrriiples ..................................
53.2 Instullotiort
53.3 WIND RESTRAINT DESIGN ...
53.8 Terminology ................................................ 53.13
__ 53.8 Calcfhrion
SEISMIC RESTRAINT DESIGN
Most seismic requirements adopted by local jurisdictions in
North America are based on model codes developed by the Interna-
tional Conference of Building Officials (ICBO). Building Officials
and Code Administrators International (BOCA), the Southern
Building Code Conference, Inc. (SBCCI). and the National Build-
ing Code of Canada (NBCC); or on the requirements of the National
Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). The model
code bodies are working through the International Code Council
(ICC) to unify their model codes into the International Building
Code (IBC) by the year 2000. Local building officials must be con-
tacted for specific requirements that inay be more stringent than
those presented in this chapter and to determine if the unified spec-
ification has been invoAetl.
Other sources of seismic restraint information include
Seisviie Restrciint Mnnuul: Guidelinesfor Mechanical Sysrerns,
published by SMACNA (1998). includes seismic restraht infor-
mation for mechanical equipment subjected to seismic forces of
up to 4.7 m/s2 (0.48~).
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed
staotlartls on restraint design for f i e protection systems.
US.Department of Energy DOE f~430.1Aand ASME AG-1
cover restraint design for nuclear facilities.
Terlinicol Mwucil TM 5-809-10, published by the United States
Army. Navy, and Air Force (1992). also provides guidance for
seismic restraint design.
In seisinicallv active areas where -governmental agencies
- regu-
-
late tlie earthquake-resistive design of buildings (e.g., California),
the HVAC engineer usually does not prepare the code-required seis-
mic restraint calculations. The HVAC engineer selects all the heat-
ing and cooling equipiiient and, with the assistance of the acoustical
engineer (if tlie project has one), selects the required vibration iso-
lation devices. The HVAC engineer specifies these devices and calls
for shop drawing submittals from the contractors, but the manufac-
turer employs a registered engineer to design and detail the iostal-
lation. The HVAC engineer reviews the shop design and details the
installation, reviews the shop drawings and calculations, and
obtains tlie approval of the architect and structural engineer before
issuance to tlie contractors for installation.
Anchors for tanks, brackets. and other equipment supports that
do not require vibration isolation are designed by the building's
structural engineer, or by the supplier of the seismic restraints,
based on layout drawings prepared by the HVAC engineer. The
building officials maintain the code-required quality control over
the tlesigii by requiring that all building design professionals are
registered (licensed) engineers. Upon completion of installation, the
supplier of the seismic restraints. or a qualified representative,
should inspect the installation antl verify that all restraints are
installed properly and in compliance with specifications.
53.2 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI)

TERMINOLOGY Dynamic Analysis I

Base plate thickness. Thickness of the equipment bracket fas-
tened to the floor.
Effective shear force (Ve& Maximum shear force of one seis-
mic restraint or tie-down bolt.
Effective tension force (T,II). Maximum tension force or pullout
force on one seismic restraint or tie-down bolt.
Equipment. Any HVAC&R component that must be restrained
from movement during an earthquake.
Fragility level. Maximum lateral acceleration force that the
equipment is able to withstand. This data may be available from the
equipment manufacturer and is generally on the order of four times
the acceleration of gravity ( 4 ~ for
) mechanical equipment.
Resilient support. An active seismic device (such as a spring
with a bumper) to prevent equipment from moving more than :I
specified amount.
Response spectra. Relationship between the acceleration
response of the ground and the peak acceleration of the earthquake
in a damped single degree of freedom at various frequencies. The
ground motion response spectrum varies with soil conditions.
Rigid support. Passive seismic device used to restrict any move-
ment.
Shear force (V). Force generated at the plane of the seismic
restraints, acting to cut the restraint at the base.
Seismic restraint. Device designed to withstand an earthquake.
Seismic zones. The geographical location of a facility tleter-
mines its seismic zone, as given in the Uniform Building Code or
International Building Code.
Snubber. Device made of steel-housed resilient bushings
ananged to prevent equipment from moving beyond an established
gap.
Tension force (0.Force generated by overturning moments at
the plane of the seismic restraints, acting to pull out the bolt.
CALCULATIONS
The calculations presented here assume that the equipment sup-
port is an integrated resilient support and restraint device. When the
two functions of resilient support and motion restraint are separate
or act separately, additional spring loads may need to be added to the
anchor load calculation for the restraint device. Internal loads
within integrated devices are not addressed in this chapter. Such
devices must be designed to withstand the full anchorage loads plus
any internal spring loads.
Both static and dynamic analyses reduce the force generated by
an earthquake to an equivalent static force, which acts in a horizon-
tal direction at the component's center of mass. The resulting over-
turning moment is resisted by shear and tension (pullout) forces on
the tie-down bolts. Static analysis is used for both rigid-mounted
and resilient-mounted equipment.
Table 1 Coefficients for Mechanical Components
A dynamic analysis is based on site-specific ground motions
developed by a geotechnical or soils engineer. A coiniiio~iapproach
assumes an elastic response spectrum. The results of the tlynainic
analysis are then scaled up or down :IS a percentage of the total lat-
eral force obtained from the static analysis performed on the builtl-
ing. The scaling coefficient is established by the UBC or by the
governing building official. The scaled acceleration calculntetl by
the structural engineer at any level in the structure c:in be tleter-
mined and compared to the force calculated in Equation ( I ) . The
greater of the two should be used in the anchor design. The horizon-
tal force factor CIJshould be iiiultiplietl by a factor of two in either
case, as shown in Table 5 .
Static Analysis as Defined in the
International Building Code
The final tlrafi of the International Building Code (ICC 19YB)
specifies a design lateral force Fl) for iioiistructur:iI coniponents ;IS
iIj
but FI, need not be greater than F], = l.6SD,yfI,WI, ( 2)
nor less than FI' = 0.3SS,,sII,W, i3j
A vertical force is specified as
Fpv = ".2SDSwp (4)
where
.
up = component amplification f i 'Lt or i n accordance with Table I
SD,s = design spectral response acceleration at short periods as deter-
mined by SD,s = 2FUS,,/3.S,$is the mapped spectral acceleratiuiis
from Fignre I and 0 . X C F , 5 2 . 5 . F,, is a fiinction of the site soil
characteristics and tiiiisl be determined i n consultntion wirh either
the project geotechnical (soils) or strnctiirnl engineer. Valnes for
F, are given i n Table 2.
K = component response motlilication factor in accordance wirh
Table I . Nore: If expansive anchors, chemical aiichon. ur s h a l l u ~
eiiihedtled cast-in-place anchors are used. then K,,= 1.25.
'I = component importance factor in accordance with Table 3.
I + 22Jh = height amplification factor where :is the height of attachment in
the structnre and h is the average height of the roof ahove grade.
The value of: should not be taken as less than 0.
W = mass of eqnipmeiit. which incliides all items attached or con-
' tained in the equipment
Table 2 Values of Site Coefficient F, as Function of Site Class
and Mapped Spectral Response Acceleration at 1 s Period (S,)
Mapped Spectral Response
Acceleration At Short Periods"
Site Soil Profie
Class Name S,yC 0.25 S, = 0.50 S, = 0.75 S,<= 1.1111 S , 2 1.15

Mechanical and Electrical Component or Element a, R, A Hardrock 0,s 0.8 0.4 (1.8 0.8

General Mechanical B Rock I .(I I.(I I .o I .o I.(I

Boilers and furnaces 1.0 2.5 c Very dense soil 1.2 1.2 1 1.1 1.0 1.0
Piping nnd soft rock
High deformability elements and attachments 1.0 3.5 D Stiff soil profile 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
Limited deformability elements and attachments I.(I 2.5 E Soft soil profile 2.5 1.7 I.2 0.9 n
Low deformability elements or attachments I.o I .25
F See IBC Table I 6 15. I.I and Note b
HVAC Equipment
Vibration isolated 2.5 2.5
Non-vibration isolated 1.0 2.5
Mounted in line with ductwork 1.0 2.5
Seisiiiic and Wind Restraint Design 53.3

Table 3 Seisniic Group and Occupancy Iniportance Factor

Occupancy
Seismic Importance
Group Factor Nature of Occupancy
I I.o All occnpancies excepr rhose listed helow
II 1.25 I.Assemhly Group A i n which 300 or more people congregate in one area
2. E~lircarionnlGroup E with an occupant load greater than 250
3. Day care centers i n Educational Group E with a capacity greater than 150
4 , Insrinirioiial Group 1-2 (medical. etc.) with an occiipanr load greater than 50, no1 olherwise designated
a Seismic Group 111 structure
5 . Instinitional Group 1-3 inhahired hy more [hail live persons who are under resrraint or security
6 . Any other occupnncy with an occripanl load greater than 5000
7. Power generating stations and orher puhlic utility lac es nor inclutlerl in Seismic Group 111
and required for continued operation
8. Water treatment facilities reqniretl for primary trearment antl disinfecrion for potable water
9. Was~ewater ~reatiiientfaciliries required for primary treatment.
111 1.5 I.Fire, rescue. and police starioiis
2. Insriniiional Group I-? facilities that are hospitals
3. Designated lnsrirrrrional Group 1-2 faciliries having surgery or emergency rrenrmeiif facilities
3. Iksignared emergency preparedness ceiirers
5 . Desigiiared emergency operation centers
h. Designared emergency shelters
7. Power generating stations or other utilities required as emergency hackup facilities for seismic group 111 fnc
8. Emergency vehicle garages antl emergency aircraft hangars
9. Designated commiinicatiuii cenrers
10. Avialion control lowers and air rraflic conrrol centers
II . Slriictiires containing highly toxic materials
I?. Water treatmenr facilities required 10 niainraiti warer pressure for fire suppression

Table 4 Seisniic Zone Factor 2 The importance factor from the UBC (ICBO 1994) ranges
Zone z from 1 to 1.5. depentling on the building occupancy and hazard
level. For equipinent. f I , should be conservatively set at 1.5.
I 0.075
The horizontal force factor C, is determined from Table 5 based
2A 0 .I 5 011 tlie type of equipment, the tie-down configuration, and the type
28 0.20 of base.
3 0.30 The weight WI, of the equipment should include all the items
4 0.40 attached or coiitaiiied in the equipment.

Table 5 Horizontal Force Factor Cp APPLYING STATIC ANALYSIS USING 1994 UBC
Eqiiipnienr or Nonsrriicniral Components I The forces acting on tlie equipment are the lateral and vertical
Mechaiiical equipment. phimhing. alld electrical equipmenr alld 0.75 forces resulting froill the earthquake. the force of gravity. and the
assucinred piping rigidly moiiiited forces of the restraint holding tlie equipment in place. The analysis
All eqiiipiiient resilienlly moiinred (maximiim 2.0) 2 assumes the equipment does not move during an earthquake, thus,
the sum of the forces and iiioii~eiitsmust be zero. When calculating
h6m: S1:iok:. :lid t:inkr rllollld he c\~ahl;rIrdfol cul1lp~i:llicewith Ihr :ipplic;lbk c d r ? , the ovenurlling lllolllellt,the vertical colnponentF ~the , ~ ~ ~
hy :I q i ~ i l i t i e dellgilleel:
mass is given as
Static Aiialysis as Defined in
1994 Uniform Building Code
The forces of the restraint holding the equipment in position
The total design lateral seistiiic force is given as
include shear and tension forces. It is important to determine the
number of bolts that are affected by the earthquake forces. The
direction of the lateral force should be evaluated in both horizontal
directions as shown in Figure 3. All bolts or as few as a single bolt
Idfl~ro may be affected.
F,, = total desigil laieral seismic force Figure 3 shows a typical rigid floor mount installation of a piece
z =seismic
.' . zone facror of equipment. To calculate tlie shear force, the sum of the forces in
f,, = importance factor (set eqiial 10 I.5 for equipment) the horizontal plane is
C,, = horizontal force factor
W,, = weight of equipment i n newruns = maxs i n kilognms times stan- 0 = F,,- v (7)
dard acceleration of gravity (9.8(17 lids')
Figure 2 and Table 6 may be used to tleterniine the seismic zone. The effective shear force V , i s
The seisniic zone factor 2 can then be tletermined from Table 4.
"cf = Fp"/J,,/r (8)
r l ~ , s Navy. and Air Force 1997) can
Scisirric n c . . \ . i g r r ~ ~ r . B i ~ i / t l i(Army,
also be used tu tleterniine the seisniic zone. where N!,,,,, = the number of bolts in shear.
53.4 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI)

Fig. 1 Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion for the United States
0.2 s spectral response acceleration (‘70g) (S% of critical clamping) Sire Class B
Seismic and Wind Restraint Design 53.5

Fig. 1 Masiniuni Considered Eartkquake Ground Motion for the United States (Corzh'rzued)
0.2 s spectral response nccelerarioii (% s) (S% ofcriIical tlnniping) Site Class B
53.6 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI)

Table 6 International Seismic Zones

~

Seismic Seismic Seismic

Conntrv citv Zone Zone Coiintry City Zime
Albania Tirana 3 Getm:iny (Ginrinired) Duaaeldot I I Oalo 28
Algeria Alrien 4 Fr:inktiiit I
orin 4 Hiiiiibiitg (1
Angola Luanda 0 Municli I
Antigua and Barbuda SI. lohns 3 Sning:tit 2B
Argentina Buenos Aiies 0 Ghana Accr:t 3
Armenia Yerevan 3 Greece Athens 3 P:iit:iina
Australia Brisbane I Theaa;tloniki 4 P:ipii:i New Ciuiiiea
Canberra 1 Gi.rn:id:t St. Geuige’s 3 P:uilgll:ly
Melbourne I Guatemala Gu;item:il:t City 4 Peru
Pellh I Guinm Conakry 0 Philippines
Sydney I Guinea-Biss;iu Biaa:iu 0
Austria Salzburg ZB guy an^ Grorgetown 0
Vienna 2n Haiti Pon-:iii-Prince 3 Pol:lnd
Azerbaijan Baku 3 Hondura Teguci g:ilpn 3
Bahamas Nassau (1 Hung Kong Hung Kong 2B
Bahrain Manama (1 Hungary Biid;ipeat ?n
Bangladesh Dhaka 3 Iceland Reyk;:ivik 4
Barbados Bridgetuwn 3 1ndi:i Boinb:iy 3
Belams Minsk I C:dcun:i 2B
Belgium Antwerp 1 M;idr:is I
Brussels I New Delhi 2B
Belize Belize City I 1ndonesi:i Jak~It1;l 3
Benin Cotonou 0 Med;in 3
Bennuda Hamilton 0 Suiah:ty:i 3
Boliuia La Paz 3 Itaq Bzighd:id 211
Botswana Gaborone 0 Ireland Dublin 0 Rw:inda
Brazil Belo Horizonte 0 Israel Jeiuaalem 3 Siiuili Ai;ihin
BriLdia 0 TeI Aviv I
Pono Alegre 0 Itilly Flot ence 3
Recife 0 Genoa 2B
Rio de Janeiro 0 Milm 2B
si0 Paul0 1 N:iples 2B
Bmnei Bandar Seri Begawm I Palermu 4
Bulgaria Sofia 3 Rome zn
Burkina Fasu Ouagadougou 0 Ivoly Coast AbiiIj:iii 3
Burma Mandalay 3 1:im:iic;i Killguun 3
Rangoon 2B Japan Fukuoka 3
Bumndi B uj umbu t a 3 Kube 3
Camerwn Douala 0 N‘lllil 3
Yaounde (1 0kin:iw:i 3 Spiiiii
Can& Calgary 1 0aak:i 3
Halifax I s:lppoto 3
Montreal 2A Tokyo 4 Sii Liitik:~
Ottawa 2A lorilan Ammm 3 Sutlm
Quebec 3 K:lz;ikhstm Almi-At:) 4 Surin:inte
Toronto I Kenya Nairobi 2B Sw;izil;ind
Vanwuvei 3 Kotea Seoul 2A Swedert
Cape Verde Praia 0 Kuwait Kuwait I Switzer1:ind
Central African Republic Bangui (1 Kyrgyzstan Bislikek 4
Chad Republic N’Diamena 0 Los Vienti:ine I
Chile Santiago 4 Latvia Rig:) I
China Beijing (Peking!) 3 Lebzinun Beiiut 3
Chengdu 3 Lesotho Maseiu 2n
Guanrnhou (Canton) 2B Liberia Mont w i : i I
Shanihai zn Lithuania Vilnius I
Shenyang (Mukden) 4 Luxembourg Luxenibuuig I
Colombia Barranquilla 2B Madagascar Anfaniinaiivu 0
Bogota 3 Malawi Lilungwe 3
Congo Branaville 0 Malaysia Kuel:i Luitipur I Togo
Costa Rica San Jose 3 Mali Republic Barnako 0 Trinidad :ind Tob;igo
Cuba HavaIU 1 Miilta V:lllert:l 213 Tiiniai:,
CypNS Nicosia 3 Martinique M:titiniipe 3 nllkey
Czech Republic Prague 1 M;iuritani;i Nou:ikcliun 0
Denmark Copenhagen I Mauritius Putt Louis 0
Djibouti Djibouti 3 Mexico 2B
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 3 3 TiirLiiienist:iii
EcUdddOr Guay aquil 3 3 Ug:llLd:l
Quito 4 M:it:inioi us (1 Uki:iiiw
Egypt Alexandda ZB Meild:i 0 United Arab Emii:rtea
Cairo 2B Mexico City 3
El Salvador San Salvador 4 Monterrey 0 United Kingdotii
Equatorial Guinea Malabo 0 Nuevo L:~redo 0
Ewnia Tallinn 2A Tijii:iti:i 3
Ethiopia Addis Ababa 3 Moldo\,a Kishinev 2B u1ugu:ty
Asmura 3 Morocco C:isabl;inc:i 2B Uzbekisr;ai
Fiji L\lantL\ Suva 3 R:ibat 2n Vaticm City
Finland Helsinki I Moz;imbique Mtiputu 2B Vellezue1;l
France Bordeaux 2B Nep:il K;rhm;lnlhl 3
Lyon I Netherlands Ainateid:tm (1 Metn:im
Mai>eille 2B The Hague 0 Yeitten Acib Repiibli~
Pails 0 Netherhds Antillea Ctir:ic:io 3
Strasbourg 2B New Zeal:ind Aiickl:tnd 2n Yugual;wi;i
Gabon Libreville 0 Wellinyuii 4
Gambia Banjul 0 Nicaragua M:in:igu:t 4 Zjire
Georgia Tbilisi 3 Niger Republic Ni:iiney 0
Germany Berlin 0 Nigeiia K:idun:i 0 Zimhi:i
Seismic and Wind Restraint Design 53.7

Fig. 1 Seisniic Zone M a p of the United States

(Krpiudiiced from the 1994 edition of the L/it$mii Briildiiig Coik with permission of the puhlisher. rhe Iiileriinlionnl Conference of Building Ofticinls.)

For example. if three bolts were installed on each side, the lateral
force applied as shown i n tlie side view affect six bolts in shear and
a minimum of two i n tension. The lateral force applied as shown on
the front view results in six bolts affected in shear and three in ten-
sion. Also. Dl and D? are different for each axis.
Equatioiis (6).(7). and (X) may be applied to ceiling-mounted
equipment. Equation (9) must be modified to Equation (1 1) because
the mass of the equipment adds to the overturning moment. Sum-
Ji ming the moineiit~determines the effective tension force as
T -+ D1

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

Fig. 3 Ecluipntent with Rigidly Mounted Structural Bases

The restraints shown in Figure 3 have two bolts on each side, so
t11at four bolts are in shear. To c:dculate the tension force, the sum of
the I I I U I I I ~ I for
~ ~ Soverturning are as follows:
Interaction Formula. To evaluate the combined effective ten-
sion ancl shear forces that act simultaiieously on the bolt. the follow-
ing equation applies:

Fl,h,,, - ( Wll - F1,/3)(D 112) - T D I = 0

The allowable forces TIII,,,,,and y,//,,H,

are the generic allowable
capacities given in Table 7 for wedge-type anchor bolts.
For the exainple shown i n Figure 3 . two bolts are i n tension.
The effective tension force Tfl, where overturning affects only one Tahle 7 Typical Allowable Loads for Wedge-Type Anchors
side. is
Diameter, m m Tfl//ow. kN V h w kN
13 2.6 5.3
16 4.0 9.8
The shear and tension forces (Vaiiil T ) should be calculated intle- 19 6.0 13.3
pentlenrly for both axes as shown in the front and side views. The No:e.v:
I . The :illowable tensile IUICA ;W For imiall;ttions without speciill inxpeLrion (torque
worst case governs seismic restraint design; however, the direction lest) nnd inay be doubled i t tlie imt;illation is inxpected.
of seisinic loading that governs the design in not always obvious. 2. Addition;il tension :ind slie:ir v:iIue\ inay be obtained from published ICBO repona.
53.8
ANCHOR BOLTS
Several types of anchor bolts for insertion in concrete are manu-
factured. Wedge and sleeve anchors perform better than self-drilling
or drop-in types. Epoxy-type anchors are stronger than other
anchors, but lose their strength at elevated temperatures (i.e., on
rooftops and in areas damaged by fire).
Wedge-type anchors have a wedge on the end with a small clip
around the wedge. After a hole is drilled, the bolt is inserted aiid the
external nut tightened. The wedge expands the small clip, which
bites into the concrete.
A self-drilling anchor is basically a hollow drill bit. The anchor
is used to drill the hole and is then removed. A wedge is then
inserted on the end of the anchor, and the assembly is drilled back
into place; the drill twists the assembly fully in place. The self-(lrill-
ing anchor is weaker than other types because it forms a rough hole.
Drop-in expansion anchors are hollow cylinders with a tapered
end. After they are inserted in a hole, a small rod is driven through
the hollow portion, expanding the tapered end. These anchors are
only for shallow installations because they have no reserve expaii-
sion capacity.
A sleeve anchor is a bolt covered by a threaded, thin-wall, split
tube. As the bolt is tightened, the thin wall expands. Additional load
tends to further expand the thin wall. The bolt must be properly pre-
loaded or friction force will not develop the required holding force.
Adhesive anchors may be in glass capsules or installed with var-
ious tools. Pure epoxy, polyester, or vinyl ester resin adhesives are
used with a threaded rod supplied by the contractor or the adhesive
manufacturer. Some adhesives have a problem with shrinkage; oth-
ers are degraded by heat. However, some adhesives have been tested
without protection to 590°C before they fail (all mechanical anchors
will fail at this temperature). Where required. or if there is a con-
cern. anchors should be protected with fire retardants similar to
those applied to steel decks in high-rise buildings
The manufacturer’s instructions for installing the anchor bolts
should be followed. Performance test data published by manufac-
turers should include shock, fatigue, antl seismic resistance. IBCO
reports have further information on allowable forces for design.
Add a safety factor of two if the installation has not been inspected
by a qualified firm or individual.
WELD CAPACITIES
Weld capacities may be calculated to determine the size of
welds needed to attach equipment to a steel plate or to evaluate
raised support legs and attachments. A static analysis provides the
effective tension and shear forces. The capacity of a weld is given
per unit length of weld based on the shear strength of the weld
material. For steel welds, the allowable shear strength capacity if
110 MPa on the throat section of the weld. The section length is
0.707 times the specified weld size.
For a 1.5 mm weld. the length of shear in the weld is 0.707 x 1.5 =
1.06 mm. ’Theallowable weld force (FJollmw fur a 1.5 inin weld is
= 1.06 x 110 = 117 N per millimetre of weld
(Fw)ullow
For a 3 mm weld, the capacity is 233 Nhnm.
The effective weld force is the sum of the vectors calculated in
Equations (8) and (10). Because the vectors are perpendicular, they
are added by the method of the square root of the sum of the squares
(SRSS), or:
The length of weld required is given by the following equation:
1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook (Sl)
SEISMIC SNUBBERS
Several types of siiubbers are manufiicturetl or field fabricated.
All siiubber assemblies should iiieet the following minimuin
requirements to avoid imparting excessive accelerations ro rhe
HVACRrR equipment:
Iinpact surface should have ;I high-quality elastuineric surface
that is not cemented i n place
Resilient material should be easy ru inspect fur damage ant1 be
replaceable if necessary
Assembly must provide restraint in :ill directions
Siiubbers should be tested by an intlepentlent test laboratory (antl
analyzed by a registered engineer to ensure the stated load capac-
ity and) to avoid serious design flaws.
Typical snubbers are classified as Types A through J (see Figure
4). Many devices are presently approved with Office of Statewide
Health Planning Development (OSHPD) ratings.
Type A. Snubber built into :I resilient mounting. All-directional,
inoltletl bridge-bearing quality neoprene element is ;I ininiinuin of
3.2 nini thick. Mounting must have :I minimum of two anchor bolt
holes.
Type B. IsolatorRestraint. Stable isolation spring bears on the
base plate of the fixed restraining member. Earthquake motion of
the isolated equipment is restrained close to the base plate, ininimiz-
ing pullout force tu the base plate anchorage.
‘Qpe C. Spring isolator with built-in all directional resrraints.
Restraints have inoldeil neoprene eleinents with a miniinuin thick-
ness of 3.2 min. A neoprene sound pad should be iiisralletl between
the spring antl the base plate. Sountl pads below the base plnte :ire
not recommentletl fur seismic installarions. The base plate shoultl
have a minimum of four anchor bolt holes.
Type D. Integral all directional snubber/restrainetl spring isola-
tor with AASHTO quality rep1 ible neoprene element. The all
weltled housing has a miniinum of two nndhor bolt holes fur attach-
ment to the structure.
Type E. Fully bonded neoprene mount capable of withstanding
seismic loads in a11 directions with nu metal-to-mete1 cuiit:ict. Outer
hosing must be ductile iron and have a minimum of two nnchor bolt
holes.
Type F. All-directional with muliletl, replaceable neoprene ele-
nieiit. Neoprene element of bridge-bearing quality is ii ininiinuin of
4.8 nim. Snubber must have a inininium of two anchor bvlt hvles.
Type G All-directional lateral siiubber. Reinforced AASHTO
quality neoprene element is a minimum of 6.4 i n i n thick. Upper
bracket is weltled to the equipment antl the base plate has :I inini-
mum of two anchor bolt holes.
Type H. Restraint for fluor mounted equipment consisting of
interlocking steel assemblies lined with resilient elastomer. Bolt to
equipment antl anchored to structure through slotted holes tu allow
field adjustment of restraint fur 6.4 i n i n clearance i n the hurizontnl
aiid vertical directions. After final adjustment. weld anchor to floor
bracket antl angle clip tu equipment to assure nu slip caii occur.
Alternately, fill slots with epoxy grout tu prevent slip. The restraint
assembly rating is certified by intlepentlent laboratory test.
Type I. Single axis, single direction lateral snubber, ribbed
AASHTO quality neoprene element is a minimuni of 6.4 inin thick.
Minimum fluor mounting is with two anchor bolts. Must be useil in
sets of 4 or more.
Type J. Prestretcheil aircraft wire rope with galvanized end
connections that avoid bending the wire rope across sharp edges.
This type of snubber is mainly used with suspended pipe duct and
equipment.
Seismic and Wind Restraint Design 53.9

TYPE D

TYPE C
TYPE B

&
TYPE A

TYPE G

TYPE E

TYPE F

TYPE H TYPE I

Fig. 4 Seismic Snubbers

EXAMPLES
The following exainples are provided to assist in the design of
equipineiit :iiiciior:ige to resist seisinic forces. Assume seismic zone
4 Tor all ex;iinples.

Esatnplc 1. Aiichurnge tlesigii I’ur eqiiipmenr rigidly muiinretl I U rhe striic-

r i m (see Figure 5 ) .
Froin Equations ( 5 ) niid ( 6 ) .cnlciilare the lateral seismic force nntl
its vertical cuinputieiir:

F,, = 0.4 x I .5 x 0.75 x 4500 = 2025 N

F,,,, = F , / 3 = 7-015/3 = 675 N
W, 4500 N ANCHOR BOLT
C‘nlciilale ihe overniriiitig iiiuiiietii (OTM):

0 T M = F p h C g = ( 1 0 2 5 X I .U) = 2025 N , 111 (14) Fig. 5 Eqtiipnient Rigidly Mounted to Structure (Example 1)
53.10 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI)

Calculate the resisting moment (RM): Table 8 Allowable Loads for A307 Bolts
RM = (WP+Fp)dmi,/2 Diameter, m m T,,ttnw,.kN v,,rt,>w,. jt b . m m 2
= (4500f675)0.70/2 = 1811 or 1339N . m (15) 13 17.3 8.7 I2h
I6 27. I 13.8 19s
Calculate the tension force T, using RM,”, to determine the maxi-
19 39. I 19.6 2s5
mum tension force:
25 69.8 3.5. I 506
T = (OTM- RMmin)/dmin= (2025 - 1339)/0.70 = 980 N (16)
The interaction formula given in Equation (12) does iiut apply ru
This force is the same as that obtained using Equation (9). steel-to-steel connections. Instead, rhe allowahle tension load intist he
Calculate Te8per bolt from Equation ( 10): modified as i n the following equation:
Tc/, = 980/2 = 490 N/holt ( 7 ; l / t , d,,,,,,, = F, A,
Calculate shear force per bolt from Equarion (8): where
k&, = 2025/4 = SO6 N/holr F, = 116- I.X(V/N,,,,/,ArJ5140(4/3) = 187

Case 1. Equipment ottuched t~ (I riniher .structure
From the National Design Specification f o r W ~ o dCr~nsrrrrction
W S ) (AFPA 1997). Selected fasteners must he secured to solid Ium-
her, not to plywood or other similar material. The following cnlcula-
tions are made to determine whether a 13 mm diameter, I00 mm long
lag screw will hold the required load.
From Table 8.IA in the NDS, which is inch-pound units, for Group
IV (mixed species), G = 0.35, and from Tahle 8.6A the allowable with-
drawal load is 203 Ib/in. X 4.45 N/lh/(2.5.4 iniiilinj = 35.6 N/rnni, and in
the NDS,
= (35.6N/mm x 88 mm penerration)U3 = 2090 N
TOrr,,,,,
where the factor 2/3 accounts for rhe facr that ahout one-third o f rhe
length of a lag screw or bolt has no threads on the shank.
From Table 8.6C in the NDS,
V/Nr,,,/,is i n kiluiiewlons and F, is i n kilopnscals. The 33%; stress
incrense(4/3) is allowed for short-term loads such as witid or earthquakes.
Example 2. Anchorage design for eqiiipment supported hy exlernal spring
mounts (see Figure 6).
A mechanical or acotrslical consultant should choose the type of
isolator or sniihher or cotnhination of the two. Then the product v e n h r
should selecr the acnial spring snuhher.
Assume that the center of mass, which is ahhreviared cg (center u t
gravity) i n this chapter, (cg) of the equipment coincides with the ceiiler
of mass of the isolator group.
If T = maximum tensioti on isolator.
C = mnximiim compression on isolator, and
Fp,, = Fp /3. then

VollOw= 800 N

Other types of wood may he used with appropriate factors from

Table 8 andor other reductions as specified in Part I1 of the NDS.
In timber construction, the interaction formula given i n Equation
(12) does not apply per Section 8.6.8 of the NDS. The ratios of the cal- To find maximum Tor C, set dT/dq = 0:
culated shear and tension values ro the allowable values should each he
less than 1 . 0

T/T = 490/2090 = 0.23 < 1.0,

v/ Vorr”w = 506/XOO = 0.63 < I.o

?herefore, a 13 m m diameter, 100 mni long lag screw can he used at

each corner of the equipment.
Case 2. Equipment artuched tu concrete with p o s r insrulled onchor.~.
It is good design practice to specify a minimum of 13 mm diameter
bolts to attach roof or floor-mounted equipmenr tu the strucnlre. Derer-
mine whether 13 mm wedge anchors withour special inspection provi-
sions will hold the required load.
From Table 7, Tu,,, = 2600 N and l$l,,,v= 5300 N
From Equation ( 12).

I I
Therefore, 13 mm diameter, IOU mm long post drill-in anchors can he
used.
If special inspection of the anchor installation is provided by quali-
fied personnel, TUlbwonly may he increased hy a factor of 2.
Case 3. Equipment attached ~ I Jsteel
For the case where equipment is attached directly to a steel mern-
her, the analysis is the same as that shown i n Case I ahove. The EXTERNAL VIBRATION
allowable values for the attaching holrs are given in the Manrid c!f W, = 4500 N ISOLATOR/SNUBBER
Steel Construction (AISC 1989). Values for A307 bolts are given i n
Table 8. Fig. 6 Equipnient Supported by Esternal Spring Mounts
Seismic and Wind Restraint Design 53.11

f TorC
ANCHOR BOLT
r--+-t--v HOLE (2)
PLAN
Height =

.--

ELEV PLAN
equip.
Fig. 7 Spring Mount Detail (Esaniple 2)

From Eqnations ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) .

F , = 0 . 4 x l . 5 x 2 x U . 7 5 ~ 1 2= 10.8 IrN Wp = 11 kN B = 0.51 m e, = 0.20 m

,, = 1 . 0 m
h L = 0.76 m ey = 0.10 m
F,,>, = F,,/3 = 10.8/3 = 3.6 k N
Fig. 8 Equipnient with Different Center of Mass
From Eqiiations (I8) and (19). than Isolator Group (in Plan View)
T= -2.IO+X.93 = 6.83 kN

c = -3.90- s.93 = - 1 2 . ~ 3ICN

Calciilate the shear force per isolator:

v = F / , / N i > , , = IO.X/J = 2.70 kN (20)

This shear force is applied at the operating height of the isolator.

Uplilt teiisioii Toil the vihration isulatiir is the worst conditioii for !he LI L .
design u l he anchor holts. The cumpressiuii force C niust he evalnxteil T,,, = 5, cos+ + - sin+)
1 I? '
10 check the acleqlracy of h e striicttire to resist the loads (Figure 7).

Vertical reaction h e to eccentricity:

(T,&( perhqlt = T / 2 = h.R3/2 = 3.42 IrN

The valne uf(T2)<.tper bolt h e to overturning on the isolator is

V x Optimum height Vertical reaction tlue to Wt;

(Tr Lff = 0.85dN,,,,,
( ' L ) r n m /min = ( )mux/min '4
where d = distance from edge of isolator hase plate to center of hull
hole.
Tmw = Tm + (T, + ('w)mo,

T,,,i, = T,,+(T.),,,i, +(T,+,),,,in(tensioaiPpositive)

Horizoirtd rccictioiis:
Horizontal reaction due to rotation:
y,fl = 2.70/2 = 1.35 kN

Delermine whether I 6 inni post drill-in anchors with .spi&il

handle this load. From Equation (12) and Tahle 7.
iiis/~crtioiiwill

VJi, = F P / 4

yn0, = v,,;, + V , , ~ : - ~ V ~ , , c, V
0 s~~~) 0, . 5
Therefore. Ih nini post ilrill-ill anchors will carry the load
From Equations ( 5 ) and ( 6 ) ,
Esainple 3. Anchorage design tor eqiiipment with a center of niass differ-
en1 lrom that of the isolator group (see Figure 8). F,, = 0 . 4 ~ 1 . 5 ~ 2 ~ 0 . 7 5 =x9I .I9 k N

~\irr/i,rrI,n,/ierties: I, = 48': I,. = JL' F,," = 9 . 9 / 3 = 3.3 ldrl

I, = 4(0.51)' = 1.04 ni'; I, = 4(0.76)* = 2.31 m2

From Eqnations (21) throiigh (24).

e = 33.~6~5 = 63.430
p = 150.43" 0= 33.R6'
53.12 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI)

From Equation (25), STRUCTURE

ABOVE
(Wn)mar/n,in= 14.3 or 7.7 k N
VIBRATION
ISOLATORS
From Equation (26),

T, = 9.9(0.407 + I).IR3) = 5 3 4 kN HANGERROOS

From Equation (27). SPLAY

BRACE
0.30m
(Tc),rrr,min = 0.1148(Wn) ,nu,/,n in = l.64kNor0.88kN

From Equation (28),

= 3.5X kN or 1.93 kN
(T,.)mar,min

From Equation (29),

T,,, = 5.84 + 1.64 + 3% = II.O6 kN

From Equation (30).

Tmin = 5.84 +0.88 - 1.93 = 4.79 kN (tension)

From Equations (3 I),(32), and (33),

v,,,, = 9.9X0.061 = 0.6OkN

Vdir = 9,9/4 = 2.48 kN

V,”,, = 3.02 kN

The values of Tmin antl V,, nre used to design the anchorage of the
isolators and/or snubbers, and T, is used to verify the adequacy of the
structure to resist the vertical loads.
PLAN
Example 4. Anchorage design for equipment with snpports antl bracing for Note: T h e splay braces are prestretched aircraft cables with
suspended equipment (see Figure 9). Equipment weight W,, = 2200 N. enough slack so that the isolators can fully function vertically.
Because post drill-in anchors may not withstand published allow-
able static loads when subjected to vibratory loads, vibration isolators Fig. Y Supports and Bracing for Suspended Equipment
should be used between the equipment and the strucnire to dampen
vibrations generated by the equipment.
From Equations ( 5 ) and (6), T = 2600 x 0.5 = I 3 0 0 N > T,,,;f = 7 15 N
Fp = 0.4 X 1.5 X 2 X 0.75 x 2200 = 1980 N
Therefore. a 13 mrn rod and post drill-in anchor should he u\ed :iI each
Fpv = 1980/3 = 661) N corner of the unit.
For anchors installed without special inspection.
From Equation (14).
7;,/,,,,“ = I300 x 0.5 = 650 N < TP,;,= 7 I S N
OTM = 1980 x 0.30 = 594 N . m
From Equation (10), Therefore, a lnrger anchor would have to be chosen.

RM = (2200 f 660)0.90/2 = 1287 or 693 N m Design ojspIuy broce nnd corinrcriorr ro srriicrtire
Force i l l the slack cable = 28110 N
Because RM is greater than OTM, overnrrning is not critical
Force in the connection to the strucnire:
Force to the hanger rods:
V,,,,,, = 28OO/fi = 19RON T,, ,,,, = 5, = 19RON
T
.ff = ( Wp + Fp,)/4 = (2200 + 6611)/4 = 7 15 N
Derertiiine whether a 19 mni wedge-type anchor will hold ihe
Force in the splay brace = f i F, = 2800 N at a I:I slope required load. From Table 7:

Due to the force being applied a1 the critical angle, as i n Example 2,
only one splay brace is effective in resisting the lateral load FF If
eccentricities occur, as in Example 3, n similar method of analysis mnst
be done to obtain the design forces.
Design of hanger ro&vihrurion isolutor crnd connecrion ro .striicfiir’
When installing post drill-in anchors in the underside of a concrete
beam or slab, the allowable tension loads on the anchors must be
reduced to account for the cracking of the concrete. A general rule is to
use half the allowable load.
Determine whether a 13 mm wedge anchor with special inspection
provisions will hold the required load.
= 6 0 0 0 / 2 = 3OOll N Vullmv = 13 300 I\’
From Equation (12).
Therefore. i t is permissible to use a 19 mm anchor or mulliple anchors
of a smaller size holred through a clip and to the structure.
Because the cnhle forcer are relatively small. n 9.5 mm aircl.nfl
cable attached to clips with cahle clamps should be used. The clips. ill
turn, may be attached to either the strticnire or the equipment.
Seismic and Wind Restraint Design
INSTALLATION PROBLEMS
T \ following
~ ~ slloultl be collsitlerell wllell installillg seislnic
restraints.
Anchor location affects the required strengths. Concrete anchors
should be located away froin edges. stress joints, or existing frac-
tures. ASTM Sfaiukird E488 should be followed as a guide for
edge distances atid ceiiter-to-center spacing.
Concrete anchors shoultl nut be too close together. Epoxy-type
anchors can be closer together than expansioil-type anchors.
Expansion-type aiichors (self-drilling and drop-in) can crush the
concrete where they expand ant1 impose internal stresses in the
concrete. Spacing of all anchor bolts should be carefully
reviewed. (See nianufacturer's recominendations.)
Suppletnent:iry steel bases and frames, concrete bases. or equip-
ment inotlificarions may void sollie inanuf;icturer's warranties.
Snubbers. for example, should be properly attached to a subbase.
Buiiipers niay be used with springs.
Static :inalysis does not account for the effects of resonant contli-
tions within a piece of equipment or its components. Because all
equipinent has different resonant frequencies during operation
antl nonoperation, the equipiiieiit itself might fail even if the
restraints do not. Equipment niouiitetl inside ii housing should be
seisinically restrained to iiieet tlie same criteria as the exterior
restr:iints.
Snubbers uset1 with spring inuuiits should withstand motion i n a11
ilirectiuiis. Suine snubbers are only tlesignetl for restraint in one
direction; sets of snubbers or snubbers tlesignetl for multitlirec-
rion:il purposes should be used.
Equipinent iiiust be strong enough to withstand the high deceler-
ation forces developed by resilient restraints.
Flexible connections should be provided between equipinent that
is braced and piping a n d tluctwork that need not be braced.
Flexible connections should be provided between isolated equip-
inetit and braced piping antl tluctwork.
Bumpers iiistalletl to liiiiit horizontal iiiotioii should be outfitted
with resilient neoprene pads iu soften the potential inipact loads
of the equipinent.
Anchor installations should be inspected; in inany cases. damage
occurs because bolts were not properly installed. To develop the
rated restraint, bolts should be installed according to maiiufac-
turer 's recoiiiiiientlati;ns.
Brackets in structural steel iittacliiiieiits should be matched to
reduce bending and internal stresses at the joint. Rigid seismic
restraints should not have slotted holes.
WIND RESTRAINT DESIGN
Dainnge done to I-IVACkR equipinent by both sustained antl
gusting wind forces has increased concern about the adequacy of the
eiluipineiit protection that is defined in design tlocuments. The fol-
lowing calculative procedure generates tlie same type of total design
lateral force that is used in the static analysis of the seismic restraint.
This means that the value that is tleterinined for the design wintl
force F,,, can be substituted for the total tlesigti lateral seismic force
F,) when evaluating antl choosing restraint devices.
ASCE S f ~ l i l ( / ( 7-93.
~ ~ d M ~ J I ~ I IDI IOI I. ISI ~LOCIC~S
~ I I for B ~ ~ i k l i ~( tI gI , ~~
Odicr Sirrrcriirrs, includes design guitlelines for wind, snow. rain
antl earthquake loads. The equations. guitlelines. and data presented
here are G.oin an earlier version o f this stantlard and only cover non-
structural coinponents. The cuiyeiit stantlartl includes inore coinpre-
heiisive antl rigorous procedures for evaluating wind forces antl
wind resiraint.
53.13
TERMINOLOGY
Classification. Buildings and other structures are classified for
wind load design according to Table 9.
Basic wind sneed. The fastest metre-oer-second wind w e e d at
~~
10 i n above the g k u n t l of Terrain Expos& C (see Table I0)having
an annual probability of occurrence of 0.02. Data in ASCE Srun-
ckird 7 or regional cliniatic data may be used to determine basic
wind speeds. ASCE data does not include all special wind regions
(such as iiiountainous terrains, gorges, and Ocean promontories)
where records or experience indicate that 'the wind speeds are
higher than what is shown in appropriate wind data tables. For
these circunistances. regional climatic data may be used provided
that both acceptable extreme-value statistical-analysis procedures
were used in reducing the data and due regard was given to the
Table Y Classification of Buildings a n d
O t h e r Structures for Wind Loads
Repiinral with peiiiiisaioii from A X E SIMdard 7-93.
Nature of Occupancy Category
All builtlings ant1 structiires except those listed below I
Builtlings nntl strnctures where the primary occupancy is 11
one in which more thaii 300 people congregate in one mea
Biiiltlings nntl structures tlesignntetl as essential facilities, 111
inclntlii~g.hut not limited to:
- Hospital ant1 other medical facilities having surgery or
emergency trea~mentareas
- Fire or rescue and police stations
- Srriicrirres and equipment in government
- Commtinicnrion centers and other facililies required for
emergency response
-Power stations ant1 other iililities reyuiretl in an emergency
- Structures having critical nationnl defense capabilities
- Designnteil shelters for hnrricnnes
Builtlings and structures that represent a low huard 10 IV
human life i n the event of failore, such as agricultural build-
ings, certain temporary facilities. ant1 minor storage facilities
Table 10 Definition of Exposure Categories
Repiiinal with peiiiiisriuii hum ASCE Standard 7-93.
~ ~~~~
EspGure A. Large city ceniers with at least 50% of the buildings having a
heighl in excess of 2 I in. Use of this exposure category is limited to those
areas for which terrain represenlolive of Exposure A prevails in the upwind
direction for n distance of' at lens1 ROO m or 10 times the height of the build-
ing or structure, whichever is greater.
Possible chnnneling effects or increased velocity pressures due to the build-
ing or striicnire being located in the wake of adjacent buildings needs to be
considered.
Exposure E.Urhnn antl snhurban areas. wooded ueas, or other terrain with
~nimero~~s closely spaced ohstrnctions having the size of single-family
dwellings or larger. Use of this exposure category shall be limited to those
areas for which lerraiii representative of Exposure B prevails in the upwind
direclion f o r a tlislnnce ofnr lens1 450 m or 10 times the height of the huild-
ing or structure, whichever is grenler.
Esposure C. Open terrain with scntteretl obstructions having heights
geiiernlly less than 9 111. This cnlegory includes flat open country and
grasslantls.
Exposure D. Flat. nnohslructed areas exposed to wind flowing over large
bodies of water. This exposlire shall apply only to those buildings and other
slriiclures exposed 10 the wind coming from over the water.
Notes:
I . HVAC conipoiieiitr for biiildiiigr with :I i ~ i e mruuf height of I R m or Itss are
derigned on flie h:irir of Expuriire C.
2. HVAC conipuneiitr UII hiiildings witli ii iiieiin iuuf height grater than I 8 m a i d other
t e ~dr\igiied oil flu b:rsis ufthe exposure categolies defined in this ruble
r ~ r i i c ~ i i :ire
excepl iisrunie Exporum B fir buildiugh and u i t w situdures sited in terrain repre-
reiitiiti\'e of Expitire A.
53.14 1999 ASHKAE Applications Handbook (SI)

Table 11 Importance Factor (Wind Loads) Table 12 Force Coefficients for HVAC components,
Reprinted with permission fioin ASCE S t a d i d 7-93. Tanks, and Siniilar Structures
Importance Factor I, Repriiiteil with pe~inissionfiuin A S G Srnndrritl7-93.

160 km from hurricane ocean Cffur L/DValues ol:

Category line and in other areas At hurricane ocean line Shape Q p c of Surl‘ace 1 7 15
I I.oo I.os Square All 1.3 1.J 2.0
II I.07 1.11 (wind normal to face)
111 I.07 1.11 Square All 1.0 1.1 1.5
IV 0.95 I .oo (wind along tlingonnl)
NOteS: Hexagonal or octagonal All 1.0 1.2 1.4
I . Table 9 lists the building and stmctuie classification ciitegurih.
2. Determine I , by linear interpolation for legions between the hurricane ocean h e CO,& > 2.5)
and 160 km inland.
3. Typical hurricane ocean l i n s are the Atliintic ;ind Gulf of Mexico coastiil ;iieiih. Round (D& > 2.5) Moderarely smooth 0.5 0.6 0.7
Rough ( D / D = 0.02) 0.7 0.8 0.9
length of record, averaging time, anemonleter height, data quality, Very rough ( D I D = 0.08) 0.4 I.(I I.2
and terrain exposure. One final exclusion is that tornadoes have not All 0.7 (1.4 1.2
been considered in developing the basic wind-speed distributions.
Design wind force. Equivalent static force that is assumed to act
on a component in a direction parallel to the wind and not necessar-
ily normal to the surface area of the component. This force varies
with respect to height above ground level.
Importance factor (I,,,).A factor that accounts for the degree of
hazard to human life and damage to HVAC components (see Table
11). For humcanes, the value of the importance factor can be lin-
early interpolated between the ocean line and 160 kin inland
because wind effects are assumed negligible at this distance inland.
Gust response factor (Gz).A factor that accounts for the fluctu- Table 13 Esposure Category Constants
Repriinal with peiiiiiaaioii fioiii ASCE Srn!atrn/ 7-93.
ating nature of wind and the corresponding additional loading
effects on HVAC components. Exposure
Minimum design wind load. The wind load may not be less Categury a ic n,,
than 500 Pa multiplied by the area of the HVAC component pro- A 3.0 450 U.02S
jected on a vertical plane that is normal to the wind direction. B 4.5 360 0.010
C 7.0 270 0.005
CALCULATIONS D 10.0 210 0.003
Two procedures are used to determine the design wind load on
HVAC components. The analytical procedure, which is described
here, is the most common analysis method for standard component
(35j
shapes. The second method, the wind-tunnel procedure, is incor-
porated in the analysis of complex and unusual shaped components
or equipment that are located on sites that produce wind channeling bvhrre
or buffeting due to upwind obstructions. The analytical procedure p = air mass density. At 1S”Cand 101.315 kPa the densiry u t dry air
produces design wind forces that are expected to act on HVAC coin- is I .22 kg/m3.
ponents for durations of 1 to 10 s. The various factors, pressure, and Kz = velocity pressure exposure cueflicienl evnliinted nr heighl ,: nhove
force coefficients incorporated in this procedure are based on a groiind level. The valiie of K: is determined hy the fulluwiiig
mean wind speed that corresponds to the fastest metre-per-second eqrintion that uses tlatn from Tnhle 13.
wind speed.
K; = 2.58(2/?J”U (36)
Analytical Procedure
The design wind force is determined by the following equation: Valoes for K- from 0 5 :5 150 in are given in Tnhle 14. The del-
initions of Expostire A through D calegories x e shown i n Tahle
10.
(34)
I,, = imponance factor. Values are given i n Table I I . Detiniliuns tor
where categories I, II, 111. and IV nre found i n Tahle 9.
F, = design wind force, N V = hasic wind speed tletermined from data in ASCE Sriiiiiliirrl 7 or
Q: = velocity pressure evaluated at height .f above ground level. Pa appropriate regional darn. The hasic &incl speed used shuiild he 31
C: = gust response factor for HVAC components evaluated at height : least 3 I .3 nl/s.
h o v e ground level
Cf= force coefficient (Table 12) Gust response factor. The values of G, are deterinined by the
Af = area of HVAC component projecretl on a plane normal ro wind following equations. Table IS lists values for G, for 0 5 i 5 150 i n .
direction. m2
Certain of the above factors must be calculated from equations
GZ= 0.65 + 3.65T. (37j
that incorporate site-specific conditions that are defined as follows:
Velocity Pressure. The design wind speed must be converted to
a velocity pressure that is acting on an HVAC component at a height where (38)
z above the ground. The equation is
Seismic and Wind Restraint Design

Table 14 Velocity Pi-essure Exposure Coefficient Kz

HI. Ahovc
Ground. in
11-5
Krpriiiled with pemiiraiuii ftuiii ASCE Srnruluril 7-93.

Esposure A
0 13
Esposure U
0 39
4
Esposure C
0 83
Esposure D
I2 2
w
q TOP VIEW
\ FW
DIAGONAL SECTION
53.15

h 0.15 0 42 0.87 1.27

8 0. I 8 0 48 0 94 1.34
I I1 0.20 11.52 1.1)l I .40
12 11.23 11.57 I.06 IA6
15 0.27 0.h3 1.13 I.s2
71) 0.32 0.7 I I.23 1.61
FRONT VIEW I SIDE VIEW
TO GROUND LEVEL
25 0.38 (1.79 1.31 I.h9
30 0.42 (1.86 1.38 I.75 Fig. 10 Equipnient Diniensions and Force Locations
fur Wind Exaniples 5,6,and 7
35 0.47 0.92 1.44 1.80
40 0.5I (1.97 I .so I .85 Example Calculations: Analytical Procedure
SO O.hO I .07 I .59 I .94
The following exaiiiple calculations are for a 1400 kW cooling
60 0.67 I.lh I .hX 2.01
rower with dimensions shown in Figure 10:
711 0.75 1.25 I.75 2.07
SO 0.82 1.32 1.82 2.13 Tower height = / I = 3 111
90 0.88 1.39 1.88 2.18 Tower width = D = 3 in
II)il 0.95 I.46 1.94 2.22 Tower length = I = 6 in
I10 ISI I I .52 2.~10 2.27 Tower operating mass = \Vp = 8650 kg
I20 I.07 1.58 2.05 2.3 I Tower diagonal dimension = (3* + 6*)".' = 6.71 m
130 1.13 I.h4 2.09 2.34 Area normal to wind direclion = A,= 3 X 6.71 = 20. I m2
I4 1 1.18 I.70 2.14 2.38 From Tahle 12; C,= 1.0 tor wind acting along diagonal with hlD =
I50 1.24 I .75 2.18 2.4 I 313 = I.

12sainplc 5 . Snhurhan hospital i n Omaha, Nebraska. The top of the cooling

tuwer is 30 in. ahove ground level.

Table 15 Gust Response Factor Solution:

From appropriate wind data tables. the design wind speed
Kepriiital with peiiiiissiuti fioiii ASCE Slrmnhnl 7-93,
is fo~rntl10 he 40 mls.
Heighl Aliore
Gust Response Factor GL From Tahle 9, use Caregory 111
Ground. in Espusure A Espusurc B Esposure C Esposure D From Tahle l(1, use Exposure B
J-5 2.30 I .63 1.31 1.15 From Table II,I,,,= I.07
h 2.20 I .59 1.29 1.14
From Table 14 or Equation (36), K: = 0.86
8 2.Oh 1.53 1.27 1.13
Siihstitntioii into Equation (35)yields:
Ill 1.96 I.39 1.25 1.11
12 1.88 I.J5 1.23 1.11 QI = 0.61 X 0.86( 1.07 X 40)2 = 961 Pa = 0.961 lcPn
I5 I.79 I.42 1.21 1.10
From Tahle 15 or Equations (37) and (38); G: = 1.31. Substitution
70 I.h9 1.37 1.19 I.08 into Equation (34) yields the design wind force as
25 1.61 1.33 1.17 I.1)7
1.31 I.07
F,,,= 0.96 I x I.3 I x I .I)x 20. I = 25.3 k N
30 1.56 1.16
35 I.5 I I .28 1.1s I.Oh
Esample 6. Ollice huilding in New York City. Top of tower is I80 m
411 I.47 I.27 1.14 I.05 ahove ground level.
50 I .42 1.24 1.12 I.os Solution:
hi1 I .37 1.21 1.11 I.04 From wind data iahles. the design wind speed is 54 m/s.
70 1.33 1.19 1.10 I.03 From Table 9. use Category 1.
80 I.30 1.18 I .09 I.03
From Tahle 10. use Exposure A
90 1.28 1.16 1.09 I.02
From Tahle 1 1 . Iu,= I.05
I00 1.26 1.15 I .os ISI2
Because ,: > IS0 in. use Equations (36), (37), (38). and Tahle I 5 to
I Ill I.24 1.14 I.07 I.02 cletermine KI antl G,.
I20 I2 2 1.13 I .07 I.(I I
From Tahle 13. a = 3.0. zx = 450, antl D,,= 0.025
1311 1.21 1.12 I.Oh I.o I
From Equation (36):
I40 1.19 1.12 I .Oh I.I) I
I50 1.18 1.11 I ,l)6 I.oo KI= 2.58(1801450)U3= 1.40
"WS:
I. Vdiieh ut' Ci, :lie C:IIUIII:I~~~ with Eqii:itiuiis (37):lid(3X) :!id~ : I I : I huln T:iblr 13. From Eqiiaiion (35)
2. Liiieai.iitieipthtioii of r:ible \-:iIuesis :~ccepi:lhlrfur iiiteniirdi:ite wItie\ of Iiriglii .:
3. TIE \s:ilue ut'ille C;; i i n y nut b e less t h i 1.0. Ql = O.61 x I .40( I .05 x S4)* = 2746 Pa = 2.746 kPn
53.16
Determine the gust response factor for I = 180 m using Equations
(37) and (38).
2.35(0.025)”2 = 0,137
T: =
(I80/9)”’
Gz=0.h5+3.h5(0.137)= 1.15
Equation (34) yields the design wind force as
F, = 2.746 x I,I 5 x 1.0 X 20. I = h3.5 kN
Example 7. Church in Key West, Florida. The top of the tower is 15 m
above ground level.
Solution:
From Table 9, use Category II
From Table 10, use Exposure D
FromTable Il,I:= 1 . 1 1
From Table 14, Kz = I.52
From appropriate wind data, the design wind speed is found
to be 67 d s .
From Equation (35):
Q: = 0.61 x 1.52(1.1 I x h7)* = 5128 Pa = 5.128 Wa
From Table 15, Gz = 1.10. Again using Equatioii (34). the design
wind force is
F,=5.128~1.10xI.Ox20.1= 113.4W
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