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9
e¯‘i Dci Zv‡ci cÖ
f ve ✍
GK bR‡i cÖkœvewj
Abykxjbxi msw¶ß DËi v‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j Zv †d‡U hvq
†Kb?
cÖ‡kœvËi cÖkœ : 19| Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY I AvcvZ
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc wK? cÖmviY ej‡Z wK eyS? (iv. †ev.
(iv.†ev. P.†ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev. 2002; Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. 2003)
wm.†ev. 2001) A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z
cÖkœ : 2| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK? cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY + cv‡Îi
cÖkœ : 3| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi GKK D‡jL Ki| cÖmviY (Kz.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev.
(P.†ev. 2003) 2002)
cÖkœ : 4| Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³ †Kb? cÖkœ : 20| Zi‡ji AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi
cÖkœ : 5| `ywU e¯‘i Zvc mgvb n‡j G‡`i m¤•K© wK?
ZvcgvÎv c„_K n‡Z cv‡i wK? (wm.†ev. 2005; Xv. †ev. Õ99 ; iv.
cÖkœ : 6| †Kvb e¯‘‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
†ev. 2000; Kz.†ev. 2004; 2001;
mvaviYZ GwU cÖmvwiZ nq, Gi
P.†ev. 2003; h.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005)
e¨wZµg Av‡Q wK?
cÖkœ : 7| Zvc I ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci h‡š ミ i cÖkœ : 21| cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 18
× 10−5 k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS?
bvg wK?
cÖkœ : 8| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY ej‡Z wK cÖkœ : 22| cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY wK?
†evS? (wm.†ev. 2005) (P.†ev. 2006; wm.†ev. 2001 ; h. †ev.
cÖkœ : 9| ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv 2005; 2001; Xv.†ev, ewi.†ev.
`vI| 2002;2005; h.†ev. iv.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 10| KwVb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY- A_ev, cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY ej‡Z wK
mnM I AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM wK? eyS? kxZ cÖavb †`‡k RjR Rxe‡`i
(wm.†ev. 2005) Dci Gi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki| (iv.†v.
cÖkœ : 11| KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ 2003)
cÖmviY wK wK wel‡qi Dci cÖkœ : 23| 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡
wbf©i K‡i? me‡P‡q †ewk Gi A_© wK?
cÖkœ : 12| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM (wm.†ev. 2005; h. †ev. Õ99;
0.000017 k−1 e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv.†ev. Õ99) Kz.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 13| wcZ‡ji AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM 56.7 A_ev, 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q
× 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK †evS? †ekx nq †Kb? (Xv.†ev. 2003;
cÖkœ : 14| AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM I †¶Î wm.†ev. 2005)
cÖmviY-mn‡Mi mv‡_ ˆ`N©¨ cÖkœ : 24| evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci
cÖmviY-mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK? Dci wbf©ikxj †Kb? (Xv.†ev. 2004)
cÖkœ : 15| †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji cÖkœ : 25| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
ms‡hvM¯’‡j duvKv _v‡K †Kb? (Xv. cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv `vI|
†ev. Õ99Õ e.†ev. 2002) (ewi.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2004; m.†ev.
cÖkœ : 16| †evZ‡ji wQwc Lyj‡Z G‡K Mig Õ98 ; h.†ev. P.†ev. 2001)
Kiv nq †Kb? A_ev, M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv
cÖkœ : 17| †nwi‡K‡bi Mig wPgwbi Dci I GKK D‡jL Ki| (h.†ev. 2006)
VvÊv cvwb co‡j Zv †d‡U hvq †Kb? cÖkœ : 26| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
cÖkœ : 18| cvZjv Kuv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS?
Xvj‡j Zv dv‡U bv wKš‘ cyi“ Kv‡Pi M-
(Xv.†ev. 2004)
196 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
cÖkœ : 27| w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖkœ : 1| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi msÁv `vI| G‡`i
cÖmviY-mnM Kv‡K e‡j? (h.†ev. g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? †Kjwfb †¯‹j wK?
2001; P.†ev. 2001; m.†ev. Õ98) (P.†ev. iv †ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2003)
cÖkœ : 28| w¯’i AvqZ‡b M¨v‡mi Pvc A_ev, ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z wK eyS? Zvc I
cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS? ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK? (ewi.†ev.
cÖkœ : 29| cig k チ b¨ ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z wK 2004; wm.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2002)
eyS? (P.†ev. 2005; iv.†ev. 2004; cÖkœ : 2| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY KZ cÖKvi
Õ99, 2000 ; Xv.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. I wK wK? KwVb c`v‡_©i wfbœ
wfbœ wZb cÖKvi cÖmviY mn‡Mi
2005) msÁv `vI|
cÖkœ : 30| cybt wkjxfeb wK? A_ev, KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY
(Xv.†ev. h.†ev. 2006; P.†ev. 2004; mnM, †¶Î cÖmviY mnM Ges AvqZb
2001; m.†ev. Õ98 ; Xv.†ev. wm.†ev. cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv I e¨vL¨v `vI|
2001; e.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev. 2003) cÖkœ : 3| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb
cÖkœ : 31| Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b ej‡Z wK eyS? c`v_© cÖmvwiZ nq Ges Zvc
c`v‡_©i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b NUv‡Z AcmviY Ki‡j KwVb c`v_©
myßZv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kb? msKzwPZ nq Zvi GKwU cix¶v
cÖkœ : 32| eid Mj‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 3.36 × eY©bv Ki|
105 J kg−1 ej‡Z wK eyS? (e.†ev. 2005 cÖkœ : 4| mKj cÖKvi KwVb c`v‡_©i
cªmviY mgvb nq bv Zv †`Lvi
h.†ev. 2004; Kz.†ev. iv.†ev. 2003) GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 33| ev®•xfeb Kv‡K e‡j? cÖkœ : 5| KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi
cÖkœ : 34| ¯^Zt ev®•xfeb I ùzUb ej‡Z K‡qKwU D`vniY eY©bv Ki|
wK eyS? (P.†ev. 2006; h.†ev. cÖkœ : 6| mgvb ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ mKj Zij
2006; 2005; 2000; Kz.†ev. 2004; c`v_© mgvb cÖmvwiZ nq bv−GwU
iv.†ev. 2000 ; 2001) †`Lvevi Rb¨ GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 35| ùzUbv‡¼i msÁv `vI| ùzUbv‡¼i cÖkœ : 7| Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z I AvcvZ
mv‡_ Pv‡ci m¤•K© wK? (P.†ev. cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤•©K ¯’vcb Ki|
2006; P.†ev. e.†ev. 2001 ; iv.†ev. (P.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. Õ99 ; P.†ev.
2000; e.†ev. 2005) 2001; Kz.†ev. 2001; h.†ev. Xv.†ev.
2003; ewi.†ev. h.†ev. wm.†ev.
cÖkœ : 36| KwVbxfe‡bi d‡j AvqZb †e‡o 2005)
hvq Ggb cuvPwU c`v‡_©i bvg A_ev, †`LvI †h, vr = va + vg †mLv‡b
wjL| ms‡KZ¸‡jv cÖPwjZ A_© enb K‡i|
cÖkœ : 37| kx‡Zi †`‡k cvwbi cvBc †d‡U cÖkœ : 8| evqexq c`v‡_©i †ejvq AvcvZ I
hvq †Kb? cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb
cÖkœ : 38| DuPz cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv †Kb?
AmyweavRbK †Kb? cÖkœ : 9| evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmviY mnM
(P. †ev. 2000 ; m.†ev. Õ98; Xv.†ev. 2003; wbY©‡qi mgq mKj †¶‡ÎB cÖv_wgK
iv.†ev. 2005) AvqZb ev Pvc 273 k ZvcgvÎvi wb‡Z nq
cÖkœ : 39| ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K †Kb?
cÖkœ : 10| evqexq c`v‡_©i w¯’i Pv‡c
myßZv‡ci msÁv `vI| (Kz.†ev. AvqZb cÖmviY mnM Ges w¯’i
2005; Xv.†ev. 2004) AvqZ‡b Pvc cÖmviY mn‡Mi e¨vL¨v
cÖkœ : 40| cvwbi ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K Ki|
myßZvc 2268000 J kg−1 ej‡Z wK eyS? cÖkœ : 11| KwVb c`v‡_©i Mjbv¼ Kv‡K
cÖkœ : 41| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb e‡j? Mjbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve
c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq †Kb? Av‡jvPbv Ki| (ewi.†ev. 2006;
cÖkœ : 42| Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z cÖmviY h.†ev. Õ99)
mn‡Mi mv‡_ AvcvZ cÖmviY cÖkœ : 12| cybt wkjxfeb ej‡Z wK eyS?
mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK? (P.†ev. 2006) eUgwji cix¶v wPÎmn eY©bv Ki|
cÖkœ : 43| `yB UzK‡iv eid GK mv‡_ †P‡c (h.†ev. 2004)
A_ev, cybt wkjxfeb msÁvmn e¨vL¨v Ki|
ai‡j †Rvov †j‡M hvq †Kb? cÖkœ : 13| ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci cÖfve wK?
(wm.†ev. 2006; ewi.†ev. 2003) GB cÖfve cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
Abykxjbxi iPbvg チ jK cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
(iv.†ev. 2006; P. †ev. 2004; Õ99;
kã 197
ewi. †ev. 2002) D`v : 7| KuvPcv‡Î ivLv cvi‡`i AvcvZ
cÖkœ : 14| Ggb GKwU cÖvK…wZK NUbv cÖmviY-mnM 14.66 × 10−5 k−1 Ges
eY©bv Ki, ùzUbv‡¼i Dci Pv‡ci Kuv‡Pi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM 0.00001 k
cÖfve Øviv hv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| −1
n‡j cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM
cÖkœ : 15| †cÖmvi KzKv‡i Aí mg‡q ivbœv KZ? (P.†ev. Õ99)
Kiv m¤¢e nq wKfv‡e? D`v : 8| O0C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb
A_ev, †cÖmvi KzKv‡ii MVb I 500 cm3 n‡j 1000c ZvcgvÎvq Gi AvqZb
Kvh©cÖYvwj eY©bv Ki| KZ n‡e?
AwZwi³ cÖ‡kœvËi Abykxjbxi MvwYwZK mgm¨v
cÖkœ : 1| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 11.6 × mgm¨v : 1| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU wcZ‡ji
10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK eySvq? [Kz.†ev. `‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ 2 m | 1000C ZvcgvÎvq Gi
2005] ˆ`N©¨ 200.38cm n‡j wcZ‡ji ˆ`N©¨
cÖkœ : 2| Zi‡ji cÖK…Z Ges AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM KZ?
cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| mgm¨v : 2| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 100cm j¤^v GKwU
cÖkœ : 3| KwVb ev evqexq c`v‡_©i †¶‡Î G¨vjywgwbqv‡gi cv‡Zi ZvcgvÎv
AvcvZ cÖmviY †bB †Kb? 2000C G DbœxZ Kiv nj| hw`
cÖkœ : 4| Mjbvs‡Ki msÁv `vI| G¨vjywgwbqv‡gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-
cÖkœ : 5| myßZvc ej‡Z wK eyS?
(P.†ev. 2004) mnM 23.8 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e cv‡Zi
cÖkœ : 6| Mj‡bi myßZvc Kv‡K e‡j? ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev.
cÖkœ : 7| eid Mj‡bi myßZvc ewj‡Z wK 2003)
eyS? mgm¨v : 3| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GK LÊ Zvgvi
cÖkœ : 8| ev®•xfeb I ùzU‡bi g‡a¨ cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ 50m Ges cÖ¯’ 40m| 300C
cv_©K¨ wjL| ZvcgvÎvq GB cv‡Zi †¶Îdj nq 2002m2 |
cÖkœ : 9| wK wK Kvi‡Y ùzUb cÖfvweZ Zvgvi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q
nq? (h.†ev. 2005) Ki| (Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev.
cÖkœ : 10| †UwjMÖvd, †Uwj‡dvb I we`y¨r 2004; iv.†ev. 2000; ewi.†ev. 2002)
jvB‡bi Zvi¸wj wXjv _v‡K †Kb? mgm¨v : 4| 400C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
cÖkœ : 11| cvwbi ˆÎawe›`y Kv‡K e‡j?
100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi
(wm.†ev. 2004; Xv.†ev. 2003)
ˆ`N©¨ KZUzKz e„w× cv‡e?
MvwYwZK D`vniYmg チ n †jvnvi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 34.8 ×
D`v : 1| 200 C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU B¯•v‡Zi Zv‡ii 10−6k−1 | (h.†ev. 2006; 2000;
ˆ`N©¨ 100 m| 500 C ZvcgvÎvq Gi wm.†ev. 2006; iv.†ev. 2000;
ˆ`N©¨ 100.033 m n‡j B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ wm.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. e.†ev.
cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki| 2005)
D`v : 2| 300 C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU B¯•v‡Zi mgm¨v : 5| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi
ex‡gi ˆ`h©¨ 20 m n‡j 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq ¸wji AvqZb 2.5 × 10−6m3| 980C
Gi ˆ`N©¨ KZ n‡e? B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ ZvcgvÎvq Gi AvqZb
cÖmviY-mnM 11 × 10−6 k−1. 0.021 × 10−6m3 e„w× cvq| mxmvi
D`v : 3| 250C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi cv‡Zi AvqZb, †¶Î I ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM
†¶Îdj 4m2| G‡K 1750C ch©š マ DËß Ki‡j wbY©q Ki|
†¶Îdj nq 4.033 m2| mxmvi †¶Î cÖmviY- (ewi.†ev. iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev.
mnM KZ? h.†ev. 2000; m.†ev. Õ98)
D`v : 4| O0C ZvcgvÎvq 1000 cm3 AvqZ‡bi GK LÊ mgm¨v : 6| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi ¸wji
B¯•vZ‡K 1000C ZvcgvÎv ch©š マ DËß AvqZb 25cm3 | 1000c ZvcgvÎvq Gi
Ki‡j Gi AvqZb 1003.3 cm3 nq| B¯•v‡Zi AvqZb KZ n‡e? mxmvi ˆ`N©¨
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM KZ? cÖmviY mnM 27.6 × 10−6k−1 | (P. †ev.
D`v : 5| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 100 cm3 wMmvwi‡bi 2001)
ZvcgvÎv 200C evov‡j Gi cÖmviY nq mgm¨v : 7| wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z cÖmviY-
1.06 cm3| wMmvwi‡bi cÖK…Z mnM 53 × 10−5 K−1| O0C ZvcgvÎvi 200 cm3
cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki| wMmvwi‡bi ZvcgvÎv 300C evov‡j
D`v : 6| 298 K ZvcgvÎvi 200 cm3 Zvwc©b
†Z‡ji ZvcgvÎv 313 k-G DbœxZ Ki‡j Gi Gi cÖmviY KZ n‡e?
AvqZb KZ n‡e? Zvwc©b †Z‡ji mgm¨v : 8| †Kvb KuvP cv‡Î ivLv cvi‡`i
cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 94 × 10−5 k−1 | AvcvZ cÖmviY mnM 14.66 × 10−5k−1 |
198 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
GB cv‡Î ivLv O0C ZvcgvÎvi 250cm3 mgm¨v : 1| 00C ZvcgvÎvi 100m `xN© †jvnvi
cvi‡`i ZvcgvÎv 300c-G DbœxZ Ki‡j †ij jvB‡bi ZvcgvÎvq 400C G DbœZ
AvcvZ cÖmviY KZ n‡e? (P.†ev. Kiv nj| hw` †jvnvi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM
Õ99) 23.2 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi
mgm¨v : 9| ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? [wm.†ev.
Pvc w¯’i †i‡L O0C ZvcgvÎvi 500cm3 2006]
M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv 100c e„w× Ki‡j Gi mgm¨v : 2| 100C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
AvqZb 518.3cm3 nq| M¨v‡mi AvqZb 100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi
cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki| (iv. †ev. ˆ`N©¨ wK cwigvY e„w× cv‡e?
2001) (†jvnvi AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 34.8 ×
mgm¨v : 10| 10−6K−1)| (ewi.†ev. 2005;
O0C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi Pvc 76 iv.†ev. 2003)
cm cvi` Pvc n‡j KZ ZvcgvÎvq Gi Abyiƒc cÖkœ : 20°C ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
Pvc 89.91cm cvi` Pvc n‡e? w¯’i 200 m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨
Pv‡c M¨v‡mi Pvc cÖmvivsK KZUzKz e„w× cv‡e? †jvnvi AvqZb
0.00366k−1 | (h.†ev. P.†ev. 2004; cÖmiY mnM 34.8 × 10−6K−1| (iv.†ev.
Kz.†ev. 2001) 2004)
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK mgm¨v
Abykxjbxi
msw¶ßÑDËi
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc wK? (iv.†ev. P.†ev. Õ99; ewi.†ev. 2002; wm.†ev. 2001)
DËi : Zvc (Heat) :
c チ‡e© ˆeÁvwbK‡`i aviYv wQj †h, Zvc nj ÔK¨vjwiKÕ bvgK GK ai‡bi A`„k¨
IRbnxb c`v_©| 1798 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx KvDÛ ivg‡dvW© GB K¨vjwiK
gZev` LÊb K‡i cÖgvY K‡ib †h, Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³|
AvaywbK MwZZË¡ Abymv‡i, AYyi PvÂj¨B Zvc I DòZvi KviY| A_©vr †h mKj
AYyi mgev‡q †Kvb e¯‘ MwVZ Zv‡`i MwZkw³B e¯‘i Zv‡ci g チ j KviY| DËß
†nvK ev kxZj †nvK cÖwZwU c`v‡_©i AYyiB wKQy cwigvY MwZkw³ Av‡Q|
A_©vr cÖwZwU c`v‡_©iB wKQy cwigvY Zvc Av‡Q|
msÁv : †h evwn¨K Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e †Kvb VvÊv e¯‘ Mig nq ev
Mig e¯‘ VvÊv nq Zv‡K Zvc e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡e- Zvc c`v‡_©i AvYweK MwZi mv‡_ m¤•wK©Z GK cÖKvi kw³ hv
VvÊv ev Mi‡gi Abyf‚wZ Rb¥vq|
GKK : Zv‡ci GKK ÔRyjÕ|
cÖkœ : 2| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK?
DËi : Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ :
Zvc ZvcgvÎv
1. Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³ hv 1. ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v hv Ab¨
VvÊv ev Mi‡gi e¯‘i Zvcxq ms¯•‡k© Avb‡j Zvc MÖnY
Abyf‚wZ Rb¥vq| Ki‡e bv eR©b Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
2. Zv‡ci cÖevn Zv‡ci 2. Zv‡ci cÖevn ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i
K‡i bv|
3. Zvc cwigv‡ci GKK Ryj| 3. ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci GKK †Kjwfb|
kã 199
AYy¸‡jv †QvUvQywU K‡i| ZLb GKB kw³ wb‡q Aby¸‡jv wfZi w`‡K hZUv
m‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i, evB‡ii w`‡K Zvi †P‡q †ewk m‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K
AYyi Mo mvg¨ve¯’vb evB‡ii w`‡K m‡i hvq Ges KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨, †¶Î
I AvqZ‡b e„w× cvq| G‡KB KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY e‡j|
cÖkœ : 9| ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv `vI|
DËi : ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM :
msÁv : 1m ˆ`‡N©¨i †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i GKwU `‡Êi ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j H
`‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K H `‡Êi Dcv`v‡bi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM
e‡j| G‡K α (Avjdv) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cwigvc : aiv hvK, GKwU avZe `‡Êi Avw` ˆ`N¨© lo| ZvcgvÎv ∆θ e„w×i
Rb¨ Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY ∆l n‡jÑ
∆l α lo∆θ lo
(†h‡nZz `‡Êi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY Gi
0oc
Avw` ˆ`N©¨ I ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
mgvbycvwZK)
θo
c
ev, ∆l = α lo ∆θ lθ
ev, α = → ∆l←
e„w× cvq Zv‡K H e¯‘i Dcv`v‡bi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM e‡j| G‡K γ (Mvgv)
Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cwigvc : ∆θ ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j Vo AvqZ‡bi †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i ∆V cwigvY
AvqZb cÖmvwiZ n‡j−
∆ V ∝ VO ∆θ
ev, ∆V = γVO∆θ
ev, γ = lo
lθ
GLv‡b, γ GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| Gi lo
gvb e¯‘wUi Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| G‡K lθ lo
KwVb c`v‡_©i AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM
ejv nq| vo
GKK : AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi GKK cÖwZ vθ
†Kjwfb (k−1).
cÖkœ : 11| KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY wK wK wel‡qi Dci
wbf©i K‡i?
DËi : KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY wbæwjwLZ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci
wbf©i K‡i| h_v−
1. Avw` ˆ`N©¨
2. ZvcgvÎv e„w× I
3. c`v‡_©i Dcv`vb Z_v ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM (α).
m¤•K© :
∆= ∝ 0 ∆θ n‡Z,
KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY (∆) ∝ Avw` ˆ`N©¨ (0)
∝ ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b (∆θ)
∝ ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM (∝)
cÖkœ : 12| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM 0.000017 k−1 e¨vL¨v Ki| (Xv.†ev.
Õ99)
DËi : †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 0.000017 k−1 ej‡Z eySvq 1m ˆ`‡N©¨i †jvnvi
†Kvb `‡Êi ZvcgvÎv 1k e„w× Ki‡j Gi ˆ`N©¨ 0.000017 m e„w× cvq|
cÖkœ : 13| wcZ‡ji AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM 56.7 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK †evS?
DËi : wcZ‡ji AvqZb cÖmviY mnM 56.7 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z eySvq 1 m3 AvqZb
wewkó wcZ‡ji †Kvb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb 56.7 × 10−6 m3 e„w×
cvq|
cÖkœ : 14| AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM I †¶Î cÖmviY-mn‡Mi mv‡_ ˆ`N©¨
cÖmviY-mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK?
DËi : m¤•K© :
†Kvb c`v‡_©i †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM (β), ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM (α) Gi wظY Ges
†Kvb c`v‡_©i AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM (γ), ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM (α) Gi wZb¸Y|
A_©vr β =2α ............................(i)
202 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
γ = 3α ...........................(ii)
GK‡Î 3β = 2∝ ..........................(iii)
mgxt (i) mgxt (ii) I mgxt (iii)B wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 15| †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j duvKv _v‡K †Kb? (Xv.
†ev. Õ99Õ e.†ev. 2002)
DËi : †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j duvKv _v‡K :
KviY : m チ ‡ h©i Zvc wKsev hLb †Uªb P‡j ZLb PvKvi Nl©‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ
Zv‡c †ijjvBb cÖmvwiZ nq| †ijjvB‡bi `ywU †i‡ji ms‡hvM¯’‡j ZvB duvKv
ivLv nq, hv‡Z †ijjvBb cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó RvqMv cvq| Giƒc duvK bv ivL‡j
GB cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j †ijjvBb †eu‡K wM‡q gvivÍK `yN©Ubv NUvi m¤¢vebv
_v‡K|
cÖkœ : 16| †evZ‡ji wQwc Lyj‡Z G‡K Mig Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi : †evZ‡ji wQwc Lyj‡Z G‡K Mig Kiv nq :
KviY : A‡bK mgq †evZ‡ji gy‡L Kuv‡Pi wQwc AvU‡K hvq| wKš‘ †evZ‡ji
gyL LvwbKUv Mig Ki‡j †evZ‡ji gy‡Li e¨vm e„w× cvq Ges wQwc wXjv nq|
KvP Zvc Kzcwievnx e‡j G‡Z wQwci e¨v‡mi †Kvb ZviZg¨ N‡U bv| d‡j H
wQwc †U‡b †Lvjv hvq|
cÖkœ : 17| †nwi‡K‡bi Mig wPgwbi Dci VvÊv cvwb co‡j Zv †d‡U
hvq †Kb?
DËi : †nwi‡K‡bi Mig wPgwbi Dci VvÊv cvwb co‡j Zv †d‡U hvq :
KviY : VvÊv cvwb covi Rb¨ wPgwbi wKQy As‡k AvKw¯§K ms‡KvPb N‡U|
d‡j wPgwb †d‡U hvq| KuvP Zv‡ci DËg cwievnK bq e‡j ms‡KvPb
¯’vbxqfv‡e N‡U|
cÖkœ : 18| cvZjv Kuv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j Zv dv‡U bv wKš‘
cyi“ Kv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j Zv †d‡U hvq †Kb?
DËi : cyi“ Kuv‡Pi Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvj‡j A‡bK mgq MvmwU †d‡U
hvq :
KviY : Mv‡m Mig cvwb Xvjvi d‡j H Mv‡mi wfZ‡ii Ask Mig cvwbi
ms¯•‡k© cÖmvwiZ nq wKš‘ KuvP Zv‡ci KzcwievnK e‡j H Zvc evB‡ii As‡k
mÂvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wfZ‡ii Ask cÖmvwiZ n‡jI evB‡ii Ask cÖmvwiZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j cÖmviY e‡ji Rb¨ KuvP †d‡U hvq| wKš‘ KuvP cvZjv n‡j
wfZ‡ii Zvc `ª“Z evB‡i †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Kuv‡Pi cÖmviY me RvqMvq mgvb
nq, d‡j KuvP dv‡U bv|
cÖkœ : 19| Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY I AvcvZ cÖmviY ej‡Z wK eyS? (iv.
†ev. Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2003; P.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY +
cv‡Îi cÖmviY (Kz.†ev. 2001; iv.†ev. 2002)
DËi : Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY :
kã 203
Zij c`v_©‡K cv‡Î bv †i‡L DËß Kiv m¤¢e n‡j Zi‡ji cÖK…Z †h cÖmviY cvIqv
†hZ Zv‡K Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY e‡j| Zij c`v_© cv‡Î †i‡L DËß Kiv nq e‡j
cv‡Îi cÖmviY we‡ePbv K‡i Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY cvIqv hvq ZvB cÖK…Z
cÖmviY|
cÖK…Z cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY + cv‡Îi cÖmviY
Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY :
cv‡Îi cÖmviY we‡ePbv bv K‡i Zi‡ji AvcvZfv‡e †h cÖmviY †`Lv hvq A_©vr
cv‡Îi mv‡c‡¶ Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY nq Zv‡K Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY e‡j|
AvcvZ cÖmviY = cÖK…Z cÖmviY − cv‡Îi cÖmviY|
cÖkœ : 20| Zi‡ji AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi m¤•K© wK?
(wm.†ev. 2005; Xv. †ev. Õ99 ; iv. †ev. 2000; Kz.†ev. 2004; 2001; P.†ev. 2003;
h.†ev. wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : Zi‡ji AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi m¤•K© :
aiv hvK, Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY = Vr
Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY = Va
GK cv‡Îi cÖmviY = Vg
GgZve¯’vq Zi‡ji cÖK…Z I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi m¤•K©wU n‡e−
Vr = Va + Vg
A_©vr, cÖK…Z cÖmviY = AvcvZ cÖmviY + AvqZ‡bi cÖmviY|
cÖkœ : 21| cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 18 × 10−5 k−1 ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM 18 × 10−5 k−1 ej‡Z †evSvq 1m3 AvqZ‡bi
cvi‡`i ZvcgvÎv 1 k e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb cÖK…Z c‡¶ 18 × 10−5 m3 e„w× cvq|
cÖkœ : 22| cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY wK? (P.†ev. 2006; wm.†ev.
2001 ; h. †ev. 2005; 2001; Xv.†ev, ewi.†ev. 2002;2005; h.†ev. iv.†ev.
2003)
A_ev, cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY ej‡Z wK eyS? kxZ cÖavb †`‡k RjR
Rxe‡`i Dci Gi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki| (iv.†v. 2003)
DËi : cvwbi e¨wZµgx cÖmviY :
¯^vfvweK wbqgvbymv‡i Avgiv Rvwb Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M Zij cÖmvwiZ nq Ges
Zvc Acmvi‡Y msKzwPZ nq| wKš‘ O0C n‡Z 40C ZvcgvÎvi cvwbi †¶‡Î GB
wbq‡gi e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| †hgb−
1. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M O0C n‡Z 40C ch©š マ cvwbi AvqZb ms‡KvPb N‡U|
2. 40C ZvcgvÎvq wbw`©ó f‡ii cvwbi AvqZb me©v‡c¶v Kg Ges NbZ¡
me©v‡c¶v †ewk|
3. 40C ZvcgvÎvi KvQvKvwQ cvwbi cÖmviY me©v‡c¶v Kg|
G Kvi‡Y ejv hvq,
O0C n‡Z 40C ch©š マ cvwbi cÖmviY Zij c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi mvaviY wbqg
†g‡b P‡j bv| G Kvi‡Y O0C n‡Z 40C ch©š マ cvwbi AvqZb cwieZ©‡bi GB
e¨wZµg‡K Gi e¨wZµg cÖmviY e‡j|
`„óvš マ : 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb me©v‡c¶v fvix Ges cvwbi e¨wZµg
204 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
cÖmvi‡Yi `i“b kxZcÖavb †`‡k cyKzi b`x ev mgy‡`ªi cvwb R‡g eid n‡q
†M‡jI wb‡Pi cvwb 40C ZvcgvÎvq Dò _v‡K (KviY 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwb me‡P‡q
fvix Ges eid nvjKv|)
G Kvi‡Y RjPi cÖvwYi Rxebavi‡Y †Kvb weNœ m„wó nq bv|
cÖkœ : 23| 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk Gi A_© wK?
(wm.†ev. 2005; h. †ev. Õ99; Kz.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, 4 C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡
0
me‡P‡q †ekx nq †Kb? (Xv.†ev. 2003;
wm.†ev. 2005)
DËi : 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk :
Avgiv Rvwb, e¯‘i NbZ¡ AvqZ‡bi e¨¯ マ vbycvwZK A_©vr AvqZb K‡g †M‡j
NbZ¡ ev‡o| 40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi AvqZb me‡P‡q Kg nq| KviY- 40C Gi cvwb
Zvc cÖ‡qvM ev Zvc AcmviY hvB †nvK bv †Kb cvwbi cÖmviY N‡U| AZGe,
40C ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi AvqZb me‡P‡q Kg e‡j GB ZvcgvÎvq NbZ¡ me‡P‡q
†ewk|
cÖkœ : 24| evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj †Kb? (Xv.†ev.
2004)
DËi : evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj :
evqexq ev M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯•wiK AvKl©Y ej _v‡K bv| d‡j
evqexq c`v_©‡K †h cv‡Îi g‡a¨ ivLv nq, †mB cv‡Îi AvKvi I AvqZb jvf K‡i|
†Kvb evqexq c`v_© Ave× cv‡Î ivL‡j M¨vmxq AYy¸‡jv cv‡Îi g‡a¨
weivgnxb I m¤• チ Y© G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e Qy‡UvQywU K‡i| M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi
MwZi Dci Pvc wbf©i K‡i|
w¯’i DòZvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb Kgv‡j AYy¸‡jvi AwZµvš マ c_ †QvU n‡q
hvq| wKš‘ GB Ae¯’v‡ZI M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi MwZ †gv‡UB K‡g bv| d‡j cv‡Îi
†`qv‡j M¨v‡mi AYy¸‡jvi av°vi msL¨v evwo‡q †`q| d‡j Ave× cv‡Î M¨v‡mi
Pvc ev‡o|
wecixZµ‡g Pvc evov‡j ev Kgv‡j w¯’i DòZvq AvqZb h_vµ‡g K‡g ev ev‡o|
Kv‡RB w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq (T) wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb (v) Pv‡ci (p)
e¨¯マ vbycv‡Z cwiewZ©Z nq|
∴ V ∝ hLb T w¯’i _v‡K|
cÖkœ : 25| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mn‡Mi msÁv `vI|
(ewi.†ev. Xv.†ev. 2004; m.†ev. Õ98 ; h.†ev. P.†ev. 2001)
A_ev, M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY mn‡Mi msÁv I GKK D‡jL Ki| (h.†ev.
2006)
DËi : w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM :
O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii Mv‡mi AvqZb V0 Ges Pvc w¯’i †i‡L Gi ZvcgvÎv ∆
θ e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb cÖmviY ∆V n‡j,
∆V ∝ Vo ∆θ
(†h‡nZz w¯’i Pv‡c wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi ZvcgvÎv e„w× Ki‡j Gi AvqZb
cÖmviY H M¨v‡mi O0C ZvcgvÎvi Avw` AvqZb Ges ZvcgvÎv e„w×i
kã 205
mgvbycvwZK|)
ev, ∆V = γpVo ∆θ
GLv‡b, γp GKwU mgvbycvwZK aª“eK| G‡K w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb
cÖmviY-mnM e‡j|
mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq,
γp = =
GB mgxKi‡Y V0 = 1m3 Ges ∆θ = 1k n‡j γp = ∆V nq| Gi †_‡K w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi
AvqZb cÖmviY-mn‡Mi wb‡æv³ msÁv †`qv hvq|
msÁv : w¯’i Pv‡c O0C ZvcgvÎvi wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi 1 m3 AvqZ‡bi ZvcgvÎv
1k e„w× Ki‡j H M¨v‡mi AvqZb hZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM e‡j|
GKK : Gi GKK ÔcÖwZ †KjwfbÕ (k−1)|
cÖkœ : 26| w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM k−1 ej‡Z wK
eyS? (Xv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : w¯’i Pv‡c M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM k ej‡Z †evSvq− Pvc w¯’i
−1
1. eid 4. A¨vwÈgwb
2. wcZj 5. XvjvB †jvnv|
3. wem&gv_
cÖkœ : 37| kx‡Zi †`‡k cvwbi cvBc †d‡U hvq †Kb?
DËi : kx‡Zi †`‡k cvwbi cvBc †d‡U hvq :
KviY : Avgiv Rvwb, cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ n‡j Gi AvqZb ev‡o| kx‡Zi †`‡k
AZ¨waK kx‡Z cvwbi cvB‡ci wfZ‡ii cvwb VvÊvq eid n‡q AvqZb †e‡o hvq|
d‡j cvB‡ci Dci †h cÖPÊ Pvc c‡o Zv‡Z cvBc †d‡U hvq|
cÖkœ : 38| DuPz cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv AmyweavRbK †Kb? (P.
†ev. 2000 ; m.†ev. Õ98; Xv.†ev. 2003; iv.†ev. 2005)
DËi : DuPz cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv AmyweavRbK :
Avgiv Rvwb, cvwbi ùzUbv¼ evqyPv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj, Avi evqyPvc f‚-c„ô
†_‡K D”PZvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
cvnv‡oi evqyPvc Kg nIqvq cvwbi ùzUbv¼ K‡g hvq A_©vr, 1000C Gi Kg
ZvcgvÎvq cvwb dzU‡Z ïi“ K‡i| wKš‘ gvQ, gvsm BZ¨vw` mywm× nevi Rb¨
†h Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb, cvwb Kg ZvcgvÎvq ev®•xf‚Z nq e‡j, gvQ, gvsk
ch©vß Zvc cvq bv| d‡j cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Kiv AmyweavRbK|
cÖkœ : 39| ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZv‡ci msÁv `vI| (Kz.†ev. 2005;
Xv.†ev. 2004)
DËi : ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc :
ZvcgvÎv ùzUbv‡¼ w¯’i †i‡L 1 kg f‡ii †Kvb c`v_©‡K ïaygvÎ Zij Ae¯’v †_‡K
evqexq Ae¯’vq iƒcvš マ wiZ Ki‡Z †h Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K ev®•xfe‡bi
Av‡cw¶K myßZvc e‡j| G‡K lv Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cwigvc : ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q m kg f‡ii †Kvb Zij c`v_©‡K evqexq
Ae¯’vq iƒcvš マ wiZ Ki‡Z ∆θ Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n‡j,
lv =
GKK : ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZv‡ci GKK J kg−1 |
cÖkœ : 40| cvwbi ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 2268000 J kg−1 ej‡Z
wK eyS?
DËi : cvwbi ev®•xfe‡bi Av‡cw¶K myßZvc 2268000 J kg−1 ej‡Z †evSvq 1000C
ZvcgvÎvi 1 kg cvwb‡K 1000C ZvcgvÎvi Rjxq ev‡®• cwiYZ Ki‡Z 2268000 J Zv‡ci
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cÖkœ : 41| Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq
†Kb?
DËi : Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j KwVb c`v‡_©i ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq :
kã 209
KviY : KwVb e¯‘‡Z Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Dnv DËß nq| ZLb e¯‘wUi cÖ‡Z¨K
AYyi Zvckw³ Z_v MwZkw³ e„w× cvq| d‡j Avš マ t AvYweK e‡ji wecix‡Z
AYy¸‡jv Av‡iv ewa©Z kw³‡Z ¯•w›`Z n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j AYy¸‡jvi miY †e‡o
hvq| ZvB KwVb c`v‡_© Zvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Dnvi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cvq|
cÖkœ : 42| Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z cÖmviY mn‡Mi mv‡_ AvcvZ
cÖmviY mn‡Mi m¤•K© wK? (P.†ev. 2006)
DËi : Zi‡ji cÖK…Z I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤•K© :
Zij c`v_©‡K †Kvb bv †Kvb cv‡Î †i‡L DËß Ki‡Z nq| d‡j Zij c`v‡_© Zvc
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zi‡ji mv‡_ mv‡_ cvÎI cÖmvwiZ nq| GB cv‡Îi cÖmviY
we‡ePbvi Dci Zi‡ji cÖmvi‡Yi gvb wbf©i K‡i|
cv‡Îi cÖmvi‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i Zi‡j `yB cÖKvi cÖmviY nq| h_v−
1. cÖK…Z cÖmviY I
2. AvcvZ cÖmviY|
†h †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i AvcvZ cÖmviY mn‡Mi mv‡_ cv‡Îi Dcv`v‡bi AvqZb
cÖmviY-mnM †hvM Ki‡j cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM cvIqv hvq|
A_©vr cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM = AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM + cv‡Îi Dcv`v‡bi
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM|
ev, γr = γa + γg
GLv‡b, γg = cv‡Îi Dcv`v‡bi AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM|
cÖkœ : 43| `yB UzK‡iv eid GK mv‡_ †P‡c ai‡j †Rvov †j‡M hvq †Kb?
(wm.†ev. 2006; ewi.†ev. 2003)
DËi : `yB UzK‡iv eid GK mv‡_ †P‡c ai‡j †Rvov †j‡M hvq :
KviY : hLb eid UzK‡iv `ywUi Dci Pvc †`Iqv nq ZLb I‡`i ms‡hvM¯’‡j
Mjbv¼ O0C Gi wb‡P †b‡g Av‡m| wKš‘ ms‡hvM¯’‡ji ZvcgvÎv O0C _vKvq H
RvqMvq eid M‡j hvq| GLb †hB Pvc AcmviY Kiv
nq ZLb Mjbv¼ Avevi O0C P‡j Av‡m, d‡j ms‡hvM¯’‡ji eid Mjv cvwb RgvU
†eu‡a UzK‡iv `ywU‡K
Ry‡o †`q|
Abykxjbxi
iPbvg チ jK
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi msÁv `vI| G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK? †Kjwfb
†¯‹j wK? (P.†ev. iv †ev. Õ99; P.†ev. 2003)
A_ev, ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z wK eyS? Zvc I ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨ wK? (ewi.†ev.
2004; wm.†ev. 2001; P.†ev. 2002)
DËi : Zvc :
msÁv : †h evwn¨K Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e †Kvb VvÊv e¯‘ Mig nq ev
210 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
_v‡K|
cÖkœ : 6| mgvb ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ mKj Zij c`v_© mgvb cÖmvwiZ nq
bv−GwU †`Lvevi Rb¨ GKwU cix¶v eY©bv Ki|
DËi : Avgiv Rvwb, Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M cÖvq e¯‘iB cÖmviY nq Ges Zvc
Acmvi‡Y e¯‘ msKzwPZ nq| KwVb c`v‡_© ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY, †¶Î cÖmviY I
AvqZb cÖmviY GB wZb ai‡bi cÖmviY nq| wKš‘ Zij c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó
AvKvi †bB e‡j Gi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY ev †¶Î cÖmviY †bB| myZivs Zij c`v‡_©
Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j ïay Gi AvqZb cÖmviY nq| wKš‘ ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Rb¨ mg-
AvqZ‡bi wewfbœ Zij c`v‡_©i cÖmviY wewfbœ| wb‡æ Zv cix¶vi
mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nj|
cv‡Îi cÖmviY we‡ePbv K‡i Zi‡ji †h cÖmviY cvIqv hvq ZvB cÖK…Z
cÖmviY|
Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY : cv‡Îi cÖmviY
we‡ePbv bv K‡i Zi‡ji AvcvZfv‡e †h cÖmviY
†`Lv hvq A_©vr, cv‡Îi mv‡c‡¶ Zi‡ji †h
cÖmviY nq Zv‡K Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY e‡j|
wb‡Pi cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ Zij c`v‡_©i cÖK…Z
cÖmviY I AvcvZ cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤•K©
¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
m¤•K© :
cix¶v : GKwU `vMKvUv d¬v¯‹ †bB hvi A
`vM ch©š マ Zij Av‡Q| Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
cÖ_‡g d¬v¯‹wU Zvc MÖnY K‡i Ges
cÖmvwiZ nq| d‡j Dnvi aviKZv e„w× †c‡q
Zij wb‡P B `v‡M †b‡g Av‡m| Gici Zi‡j Zvc
mÂvwiZ nq Ges Zij cÖmvwiZ nq| †h‡nZz
Zi‡ji cÖmviY- KwV‡bi †P‡q †ewk, myZivs
Zij cÖmvwiZ n‡q Dc‡i C `vM ch©š マ
† cuŠ‡Q| AvcvZ `„wó‡Z g‡b nq Zij A `vM
n‡Z C `v‡M †cuŠ‡Q‡Q|
wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zij cÖmvwiZ n‡q B `vM n‡Z C `v‡M †cuŠ‡Q‡Q|
AZGe− wPÎ : cvwb fwZ© d¬v¯‹
BC = ∆Vr = Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY
AC = ∆Va = Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY
BA = ∆Vg = cv‡Îi cÖmviY
wPÎ †_‡K Avgiv cvB,
BC = AC + BA
ev, ∆Vr = ∆Va + ∆Vg
∴ Vr = Va + Vg
A_©vr, Zi‡ji cÖK…Z cÖmviY = Zi‡ji AvcvZ cÖmviY + cv‡Îi cÖmviY|
GwUB wb‡Y©q m¤•K©|
cÖkœ : 8| evqexq c`v‡_©i †ejvq AvcvZ I cÖK…Z cÖmvi‡Yi g‡a¨
†Kvb cv_©K¨ _v‡K bv †Kb?
DËi : evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmvi‡Yi A_©B Gi AvqZ‡bi cÖmviY| KviY−
evqexq c`v‡_©i wbw`©ó †Kvb AvKvi I AvqZb †bB| hLb †h cv‡Î ivLv nq
†mB cv‡Îi AvKvi I AvqZb jvf K‡i| wKš‘ Zv‡Z Pv‡ci cwieZ©b nq| myZivs
evqexq c`v‡_©i AvqZb Pv‡ci Dci wbf©ikxj|
Zi‡ji b¨vq evqexq c`v_©‡K †Kvb bv †Kvb cv‡Î †i‡L Zvc w`‡Z nq| wKš‘
216 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
AwZwi³
cÖ‡kœvËi
cÖkœ : 1| †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 11.6 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z wK eySvq?
[Kz.†ev. 2005]
DËi : †jvnvi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY mnM 11.6 × 10−6 k−1 ej‡Z eySvq 1m ˆ`‡N©¨i
†jvnvi †Kvb `‡Êi ZvcgvÎv 1k e„w× Ki‡j `ÊwUi ˆ`N©¨ 11.6 × 10−6m e„w× cvq|
kã 221
AZGe, myßZvc, L = =
cÖkœ : 6| Mj‡bi myßZvc Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi : Mj‡bi myßZvc :
DòZvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q †Kvb KwVb c`v‡_©i GKK fi‡K Zvi Mjbvs‡K
†i‡L KwVb n‡Z Zi‡j cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i
Mj‡bi myßZvc e‡j|
A_ev, DòZvi cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q †Kvb Zij c`v‡_©i GKK fi Zij n‡Z KwVb
Ae¯’vq cwiYZ nevi Kv‡j †h cwigvY Zvc eR©b K‡i Zv‡K c`v_©wUi Mj‡bi
myßZvc e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : m f‡ii †Kvb KwVb e¯‘ hw` Mjbvs‡K ZvcgvÎv w¯’i †i‡L ïay Zi‡j
cwiYZ n‡Z H Zvc MÖnY K‡i, Zvn‡j Gi Mj‡bi myßZvc,
L =
cÖkœ : 7| eid Mj‡bi myßZvc ewj‡Z wK eyS?
DËi : eid Mj‡bi myßZvc :
O0C ZvcgvÎvi GKK fi‡K O0C ZvcgvÎvi GKK f‡ii cvwb‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h Zv‡ci
cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K eid Mj‡bi myßZvc e‡j|
cÖkœ : 8| ev®•xfeb I ùzU‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL|
DËi : ev®•xfeb I ùzU‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
ev®•xfeb ùzUb
1. ev®•xfe‡b Zij c`v_© ax‡i ax‡i 1. ùzU‡b Zij c`v_© `ª“Z
evਥ cwiYZ nq| evਥ cwiYZ nq|
2. ev®•xqfeb †h †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq 2. ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c ùzUb GKwU
msNwUZ nq, Z‡e wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq
ZvcgvÎv evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ msNwUZ nq| GB ZvcgvÎv‡K
ev®•xfe‡bi nvi e„w× cvq| Zi‡ji ùzUbvsK e‡j|
3. ev®•xfeb c‡iv¶ Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M 3. cÖZ¨¶ Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M N‡U|
N‡U|
4. ev®•xfeb Zi‡ji DcwiZj †_‡K 4. ùzUb Zi‡ji mKj Ask e¨vwcqv
msNwUZ nq| nq|
5. ev®•xfeb ZijZ‡ji †¶Îd‡ji Dci 5. ùzUb Zvc mieiv‡ni Dci
wbf©i K‡i| wbf©i K‡i|
cÖkœ : 9| wK wK Kvi‡Y ùzUb cÖfvweZ nq? (h.†ev. 2005)
DËi : ùzUb cÖfvweZ nIqvi KviY : Zij c`v‡_©i ùzUb mvaviYZ wb‡æv³
kã 223
=
ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (50 − 20)0 C = 30 k
= 11 × 10−6 k−1
Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 100 m
†kl ˆ`N©¨, l2 = 100.033 m
DËi : 11 × 10−6 k−1. ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = (100.033−100)m =
0.033 m
ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM α = ?
D`v : 2| 300 C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU B¯•v‡Zi ex‡gi ˆ`h©¨ 20 m n‡j 1000 C
ZvcgvÎvq Gi ˆ`N©¨ KZ n‡e? B¯•v‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM 11 × 10−6 k−1.
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
l2 = l1 (l + ∝ ∆θ) Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 20 m
= 20 m × (1+11×10−6k−1×70 k) ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b, ∆θ =
= 20.0154 m (100−30) C = 70 k
0
γr = γa + γg = 14.66 × 10−5k−1
= γa + 3∝g cv‡Îi ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM, ∝g
= 14.66 × 10−5 k−1 + 3 × 10−5 k−1 = 0.00001 k−1
= 17.66 × 10−5 k−1 = 10−5 k−1
cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM, γr
= ?
DËi : cvi‡`i cÖK…Z cÖmviY-mnM = 17.66 × 10−5 k−1.
D`v : 8| O0C ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb 500 cm3 n‡j 1000c ZvcgvÎvq
Gi AvqZb KZ n‡e?
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
Vθ = V0 (1 + γp ∆θ) O0C ZvcgvÎvq AvqZb, V0 =
= 500 cm (1 + k × 100 k)
3 −1 500 cm3
cÖmviY-mnM 23.8 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? (Xv.†ev.
2003)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
α = Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l1 = 1m
Avw` ZvcgvÎv θ1 = O0C
ev, ∆l = αl1∆θ
†kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 2000C
= 23.8 × 10−6k−1 × 1m × 200k ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (200−0)0C = 2000C =
= 0.476cm 200k
DËi : ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = 0.476cm. ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM, α
= 23.8 × 10−6 k−1
ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = ?
mgm¨v : 3| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GK LÊ Zvgvi cv‡Zi ˆ`N©¨ 50m Ges cÖ¯’ 40m|
300C ZvcgvÎvq GB cv‡Zi †¶Îdj nq 2002m2 | Zvgvi †¶Î cÖmviY-mnM
wbY©q Ki| (Xv.†ev. P.†ev. 2006; Kz.†ev. 2004; iv.†ev. 2000; ewi.†ev. 2002)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
β = cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv, θ1 = O0c
= †kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = 300c
33.33 × 10−6 k−1
= ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (30 − 0)0c
DËi : †¶Î cÖmviY mnM, β = 33.33 × = 0
30 c = 30k
10−6 k−1 Avw` †¶Îdj, A0 = 50m × 40m
= 2000m2
†¶Î cÖmviY, ∆A = 2002m2 − 2000m2 = 2m2
†¶Î cÖmviY-mnM, β= ?
ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = ?
mgxKiY (1) I (2) bs n‡Z cvB
=
ev, ∆l = =
228 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb
= 0.0464m
DËi : ˆ`N©¨ e„w×, ∆l = 0.0464m.
mgm¨v : 5| O0C ZvcgvÎvq GKwU mxmvi ¸wji AvqZb 2.5 × 10−6m3| 980C
ZvcgvÎvq Gi AvqZb 0.021 × 10−6m3 e„w× cvq| mxmvi AvqZb,
†¶Î I ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM wbY©q Ki|
(ewi.†ev. iv.†ev. 2006; Xv.†ev. h.†ev. 2000; m.†ev. Õ98)
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM ¸wji Avw` AvqZb, Vo
γ = = 2.5 × 10−6m3
= AvqZb e„w×, ∆V =
= 85.7 × 10−6k−1 0.021 × 10−6m3
ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨, ∆θ
= 98 − 0
= 980c = 98k
α, β, γ = ?
Avevi,
γ = 3α
ev, α =
=
= 28.6 × 10−6k−1
Avevi,
β = 2α
= 2 × 28.6 × 10−6k−1
= 57.2 × 10−6k−1
DËi : AvqZb cÖmviY-mnM = 85.7 × 10−6k−1
†¶Î cÖmviY-mnM = 57.2 × 10−6k−1
ˆ`N©¨ cÖmviY-mnM = 28.6 × 10−6k−1
cÖmviY, ∆v = ?
DËi : cÖmviY ∆v = 3.18 cm . 3
mgm¨v : 8| †Kvb KuvP cv‡Î ivLv cvi‡`i AvcvZ cÖmviY mnM 14.66 ×
10−5k−1 | GB cv‡Î ivLv O0C ZvcgvÎvi 250cm3 cvi‡`i ZvcgvÎv 300c-G DbœxZ
Ki‡j AvcvZ cÖmviY KZ n‡e? (P.†ev. Õ99)
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb, γa = GLv‡b,
ev, ∆va = γa × vo∆θ AvcvZ cÖmviY-mnM, γa =
14.66 × 10−5k−1
= 14.66×10−5k−1×250cm3×30k
= 1.0995cm3 ZvcgvÎv e„w×, ∆θ = (30 − 0)0c =
300c = 30k
Avw` AvqZb, v0 = 250cm3
†kl ZvcgvÎv, θ2 = ?
ev, θ2 − θo = 50.00719k
ev, θ2 = 50.00719k + θ0
ev. θ2 = 50.00719k + OK
∴ θ2 = 50k = 500c
DËi : †kl ZvcgvÎv = 500c.
AwZwi³ MvwYwZK
mgm¨vi mgvavb
mgm¨v : 1| 00C ZvcgvÎvi 100m `xN© †jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi ZvcgvÎvq 400C
G DbœZ Kiv nj| hw` †jvnvi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM 23.2 × 10−6 k−1 nq Z‡e
†jvnvi †ij jvB‡bi ˆ`N©¨ e„w× KZ n‡e? [wm.†ev. 2006]
mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
∆ l = ∝l0∆θ †jvnvi Avw` ˆ`N©¨, l0 = 100m
= 11.6 × 10 × 100 × 40
−6
ZvcgvÎvi cv_©K¨, ∆θ= (40 − 0) C
0
= 0.0464m. = 40k
†jvnvi †¶Î cÖmviY mnM, β = 23.2 × 10−6k−
1
ˆbe©¨w³K
cÖ‡kœvËi
Abykxjbxi eû wbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËi : mwVK DËiwUi cv‡k wUK (√)
wPý `vI|
1. GKB c`v‡_©i ˆZwi ¶z`ª e¯‘ I 2. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M †Kvb ai‡bi
GKwU e„nr e¯‘‡Z mgvb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY me‡P‡q †ewk
cwigvY Zvc mieivn Kiv nj| nq? (wm.†ev. Õ02; Xv.†ev. Õ06,
G‡¶‡Î †Kvb Dw³wU cÖ‡hvR¨? Õ04; 01; P.†ev. Õ99)
(ewi.†ev. 2004) K. Zij ✓ L. evqexq
K. ¶z`ª e¯‘ A‡c¶v e„nr e¯‘‡Z M. KwVb N. KwVb I
ZvcgvÎv †ewk n‡e| evqexq
✓ L. ¶z`ª e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv e„nr e¯‘i 3. K¶ ZvcgvÎvq GKwU †jvnv I
Zzjbvq †ewk n‡e| GKwU wcZ‡ji cvZ‡K †Rvov
M. ¶z`ª I e„nr Dfq e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv w`‡q GKwU †mvRv `Ê ˆZwi Kiv
mgvb n‡e| nj| Zvc cÖ‡qvM Kivq `ÊwU
N. ¶z`ª e¯‘ A‡c¶v e„nr e¯‘‡Z †eu‡K †Mj Ges wcZ‡ji `ÊwU
Zv‡ci cwigvY †ewk n‡e| euv‡Ki evB‡ii w`‡K iBj| G †¶‡Î
232 GUg ✏ gva¨wgK c`v_© weÁvb