Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Table of content
Energy and sources of energy
Energy is the power to change things or in other words we can say that
it is the ability to do work. It gives us light it runs our machines it keeps
us warm and many other things. In other words we can say that it is
impossible to survive without energy in the present time. Moreover
energy also plays a great role in the economic development of a
country. a country utilizing all its sources of energy has a better
chance to grow economically as compared to a country where the
sources of energy are less or not utilized properly. This is because
energy has a direct impact on the standard of living of people and
industrial side of the country and both of these are a good measure of
economic development of a country. If people of a country are having
a high standard of living and their industrial side is progressing well
(means the exports are greater than the imports) than it is a clear sign
that the country is making full use of its resources its growth rate is
high.
A) Conventional sources :
Conventional energy sources are typically fully developed,
nonrenewable resources
It includes ;
1) Thermal energy
2) Hydel energy
Page |3
3)nuclear energy
1) Wind energy
2) Solar energy
A) Conventional sources
1. THERMAL ENERGY
Thermal energy refers to the type of energy in which heat is used to
produce energy .
Thermal Energy is the oldest type of energy. With all known history
available, Wood was always used for heating and cooking. In 2nd world
war fossil fuels entered in the form of coal to get the energy, until
liquid fuels were discovered and because of their convenience of
transportation they took over as major contributors of the energy
source.
Once the steam engines were invented then the coal or liquid
fuel was burnt in the boilers and the heat produces steam which is
used to drive electrical generators, or any other mechanical device.
Page |4
2.Oil
Oil is one of the most important sources of energy through out the
world and its importance is increasing day by day. many wars are
being fought just tov get the reserves of the oil..the government of
Pakistan is making sincere efforts to find out new oil fields in the
country .the policy is to attain self sufficiency in oil because oil as a
source of energy is expensive if it is imported from other countries and
it greatly increases the import bills of the country.at present the
generation capacity of electricity through oil is 12340MW
3.Natural gas:
Natural gas is also a precious gift of Allah to our country. huge deposits
of natural gas has been discovered in many parts of Baluchistan and
sindh.natural gas is a cheap sources of energy in comparison to oil
and it can also play a great role in the industrial sector because it is
used as a raw material in many industries like fertilizers cement and
plastics etc.
2. HYDEL ENERGY
Page |5
Water flowing in the rivers has kinetic energy. Once they are used to
drive the turbine and produce electricity the power generated as Hydel
Energy.
Power produced by the turbines depends on quantity of water
flowing/minute and the head of water available.
Mostly river flows by melting glaciers on high mountains. Once
the water start flowing in the valleys it changes its head very rapidly.
This energy can be converted into electrical energy.
Two method are normally used:-
1. Dams
2. Run of River projects.
In case of Dams the water flow is restricted by making a huge
storage device and the head of water is increased, the water then is
allowed to flow by means of gates and pass through the turbines, the
head of reservoir level is maintained to provide uniform power, and the
water stored in peak season additionally is used for irrigation purposes
in dry seasons.
In run of river projects the water is diverted through the tunnels
and once it gains the head allowed to fall and pass through the
turbines and back to river. the water in these projects is continuously
flowing and not being stored.
Geographical situation is paramount importance in choosing a
suitable site for the hydro project and it evolves a very serious time
and money consuming study.
Once a site is located further detailed feasibility study is required
before proceeding any serious effort to start the work.
The feasibility study should include following field work.
1. Detailed Mapping of the area
3. Nuclear energy
The importance of nuclear energy as a source of electricity generation
is increasing very rapidly throughout the world as many developed as
well as developing countries are making use of nuclear enery to
generate electricity. the main fuel which is required to run the nuclear
reactor is called uranium.with the grace of all mighty uranium is found
in excess in Pakistan. at present there are two nuclear electric power
generation plants in Pakistan namely Karachi nuclear power plant and
chasma nuclear power plant
1. Wind energy
Wind energy is a very cheap source of generating power.in windy
areas,the windmills can be used for supplying electricity on a small
scale the windmill can be used for pumping water for crops,grinding
corn,crushing sugar cane,thrashing,cutting of wood etc etc.at present
there are four mechanical wind pumpers and one wind power
generation system has been set up
2. Solar energy
Page |7
3. Biogas
It is produced from animal and plant wastes although it is a very cheap
source of energy but it can not be used on the large scale like the solar
and wind energy. However it can be utilized very well in the rural
areas.as 72% of our population live in villages they make the best use
of this source of energy .
There are the following main roles of energy sources in the economic
development :
1. Productivity increases :
Energy sources greatly increase the productive capacity of the
country. For example we can take the example of china. China has
dominated the world economy because of its cheap sources of energy.
3. Geographical specialization :
Effective sources of energy leads to geographical
specialization. for example if a region has natural gas in excess than
we can install those industries there in which natural gas is used like
fertilizers
4. Variety of products :
Due to the well developed sources of energy people get more
variety in terms of goods and services.
9. Export increases :
Due to the increased level of production, the supply of goods
exceeds the demand due to which goods are exported to other
countries. As a result of this the the foreign exchange increases
this time amounted to 20-22 hours a day in most small cities and even
cities like Karachi were seeing 18+ hours of load shedding.
Employment decreased:
By the energy crises in Pakistan from last few years, they
impacts on the employment rate of Pakistan is that the number of
people that are employed are decreased. The dependability of the
income is increased, now in one home there are more people to
consume than those who earn money
GDP is decreased:
The gross domestic product (G.D.P) of Pakistan is also decreased
because that production is decreased and result to that the earnings of
the country are getting lower and lower.
Poverty increased:
The crises also enhances the level of poverty in the country , as
we can see in Pakistan the energy crises made it very hard for those
people that living in the country below the poverty line .
P a g e | 12
Production decreased:
The production sector is very much harmed because of the
increase in the crises level of the country , if we look for Pakistan so it
is recognized that the industrial sector is effected by the energy
crises ,as they are not fulfilling the needs and demands of the public ,
that further increases the cost on production as well .
that can burn any kind of coal. Therefore all possible measures should
be adopted to utilize existing resources.
The smaller size power plants near the coal mines which can get direct
feed and connect to National Grid will be an ideal configuration.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion which we have made from this assignment is that our
country is facing a lot of problems regarding to the energy resources,
but yet there are ways by which these resources can be utilized.