(enya Cimcon oe Mca Compe Chapter 9 WA Because the skaters are initially at rest, P, = 0. The final momentum, then, must also equal zero by conservation of ‘momentum. P= O= Pe O= Peet Pre Pas Pre rer" — Mita Solving for Tara's final velocity: yg = a _ (57.4 kg)(1.4 m/s) 433kg =-17 m/s ac rAt= Ly- Ly = 4.7 kg-m?Js — 8.4 kg- m/s = -3.7 kg-m?/s 3B FAL= pp p =P inter __ ye — mu ar _ mop 9) ‘ar = (0.068 kg)(0.0 m/s ~ 22.1 m/s) 0365 =-4.2N ‘The force needed to stop the ball is 4.2.N directed toward the ball, Physics: Principles and Problems 4 PAt=pp— my = m(v¢— vi) = (945 kg)(36 km/h ~ as tmt( 8) sanes) = =1.6 x 104 N's 5B Use conservation of momentum in the direction of east: Mydgi = MMs SIM Oye + May ST By ¢ Because the masses of the balls are the same, this becomes: Uggs = Yt SIN Oye + Vp eSin By ¢ = (0.80 m/s)sin 60.0° + (0.60 m/s)sin 48.2° =1Lim/s BA By conservation of momentum: Matas + MyYi = (mg + mg)uy Solving for the final velocity gives: yp = Matai * mors) tg Fm) = (2100 keg)(25 m/s) + (1650 kg)(21 m/s) - (2100 kg + 1650 kg) = 23 m/s RA ‘The momenta of the skaters after the shove are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Skater Z's motion is an example of recoil. Answer Key A-9aD aC By conservation of momentum, the final From the previous problem, W = 68 J. The ‘momentum in each direction equals the power is then: corresponding initial momentum in each w © direction. Thus, the total momentum is: ee 1¢= V Pig)? + Cry)? = S8L = Vieisl? + iy)? _ a = Virgin)? + (mati)? ae = V{(160 g)(16.3 m/s) + [(1229 kg) (20.7 mys)? WweaKe = 3.17104 kg-m/s : ; 9D = mu? — yeu? 1 = pmo? 0) = 4153.0 kg)[(1.27 m/s)? — (3.84 m/s}"] 348) BA IMA = IMAfondMApack (i laal Ea e ( pedal radius _\/ rear gear radius « Front gear radius /\” wheel radius : (1229 kg)(20.7 m/s) ) _ (18.0 cm)(4.0 cm) i (1160 kg)(16.3 m/s) (9.0 cm)(33.0 cm) . i 6 Cc aq ‘The power required to lift the books is: I 8 W = Facoso z = (8.0.N)(7.2 m)cos 15.0" i = 56) z 2B | ‘The work done can be found by calculating. : the area under the force-displacement graph, which in this case is a triangle: w= 4 (ase) (height) vie (3.0 m)(45.0 N) 81 €zc The efficiency of the pulley system MA = Tyan * 100 where the mechanical advantage is: mg, IMA Combining these gives: med, Fa. @. OS 100 2)(12.4 m) (97 N)(28.5 m) %100 The hip acts as a fulcrum. 9B A taller person must apply greater force to move the longer levers that are their leg bones 10. B To find the mass, use the equation for the efficiency of the ramp: ‘The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the forces: FE, omg MA= Ft = FOF. The ideal mechanical advantage is the ratio of the displacements: IMA where displacement of the effort force is found by the Pythagorean theorem: V (1.0 m)? + (4.0m)? = V7 m Physics: Principles and Problems ‘The efficiency of the ramp, then, is: MA ia *100 med, Fale x10 Solve this equation to find the mass: T00}gd, = _(78)(58 NCV17 m) (100)(9.80 m/s?)(1.0 m) = 19 kg Chapter 11 we PE = mgh (0.15 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(42 m) = 625 28 Find the velocity from the kinetic energy equation: 1 KE = Sm? Because energy is conserved, the kinetic energy of the rock when it strikes the ground equals the potential energy at the higher cliff. The velocity then can be written as: V(2)(9.80 m/s)(138 m 34 m/s 73m) Answer Key A-1L3B Momentum is always conserved during a collision. During an inelastic collision, Kinetic energy is lost to the environment. 48 At the peak height of the vault, all the elastic potential energy of the pole has been converted to kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy, and the pole vaulter's, gravitational potential energy is at its highest level. Graphs 1, 3, and 4 cannot represent the situation because EF is not zero in these three graphs. Graph 2 might represent the situation because it shows the correct relationship among the three types of energy. 5B ‘The mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy. At the top of (1.15 g)(0.13 m/s)? + 1 £1.25 bgy(o.as mis?) - (fa 15 kg)(1.05 m/s)? + $(1.25 kgy(0.0 mjs)2) the hill, the energy is only potential energy. ae By conservation of energy, then, the mechanical energy anywhere on the hill Chapter 12 must equal the potential energy at the top. LB E= PE op In the diagram, x represents the thermal = mgh energy from the hot reservoir, y represents 52 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(245 m) the part of x that is converted to work, and z eas represents the part of x that is waste heat. a Because of the first law of thermodynamics, 6&C xayts No other hill on the roller coaster trackean —-,C be higher than the first hill because the ‘According to the second law of energy required to climb such a hill would be greater than the total mechanical energy of the system, 78 Height of ramp determines the amount of potential energy that can be converted to kinetic energy. 3 A-2 Answer Key thermodynamics, heat flows spontaneously from a hot object (the spoon) to a cold object (the water). Because heat leaves the spoon, the entropy of the spoon’s molecules decreases. Because heat is added to the water, the entropy of the water molecules increases. A ‘The heat required to melt a solid is: Q= mH; Solve this for the heat of fusion of the solid: lo H= 2 G14X105 J 9.75 kg. 6.30% 104 J/kg According to the table, the metal is gold. Physics: Principles and Problemsopygh® Cece sos of The craw Conpunnc 4D Q= mH, = (2.0 kg)(8.78%108 J/g) = 1.8x108) 5D Q=me(r;- 1) = (0.38 kg)(450 J/kg: *C)(22.0°C — 100.0°C) = =13x104] ‘The block of iron transferred 1.3%108 J of heat to its surroundings. 6D Because both objects have the same mass and temperature change, object C must have a higher specific heat than object D. Object Cis made of silver. Of the materials given as choices, only lead has a lower specific heat than silver. zc The increase in thermal energy of the water equals the decrease in thermal energy of the water MeColT — Tc) + myCy(T; ~ Ty) = 0 Solving for T; gives: = MLcTo + myCyTy mL + myCy (0.0370 kg)(385 J/kg*C)(19.0°C). (0.0370 kg)(385 J/ke?C). + (0.0750 kg)(4180 J/kg°C)(97.0°C) =F (0.0750 kg)(4180 T/kg"C) = 93.6°C 8. 8B Entropy can be considered as a measure of the unavailability of useful energy. Chapter 13 WA as tax il Tw = —_360N (730:m)(0.20m) = 6.0x10? Pa 2B Y=20L y= 1004 P;= 100.0 kPa) = 160.0 kPa Ty=22K y= 226K LAAL De pears Solving for, gives: PNT, PV; (160.0 kra)(10.0 1)(282 K) (100.0 kPa)(20.0 1) = 226K 3. 8B Dewdrops on a leaf are nearly spherical because of surface tension, which is the tendency of the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible area Surface tension is a result of the cohesive forces between the particles of a liquid. 4a B = phg 1.00X103 kg/m)(50.0 m)(9.80 m/s2) = 490x105 PaB The particles of an ideal gas are assumed to take up no space, experience no inter- molecular attractive forces, and undergo elastic collisions with each other. The model is accurate over a wide range of conditions. c D Fouoyant = PwaterY8 = (1.00% 10° kg/m3) (0.86% 10-3 m°)(9.80 m/s?) =84N c Adhesive forces are attractive forces that act between particles of different substances. Adhesion of water to the walls of the tube will cause an upward force on the liquid at the edges. The water will continue to rise until the weight of the water that is lifted balances the total adhesive forces between the water and tube particles. A The thermal expansion of a solid is propor- tional to the temperature change and the original length and depends on the material When a solid is heated, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and they vibrate rapidly and move farther apart, weakening the attractive forces between particles. When the particles vibrate more violently with increased temperature, their average separation increases and the solid expands. A-M4 Answer Key 10. B a= Ak Tar ___1.001 m = 1.000 m (1.000 1m)(70.0°C = 0.0°C) = 14x10-*C? Chapter 14 wc “The equation for Hooke's law is: Fa —ke Solving for k gives: we =(-28.N) |, 100 cm Ton “1m = 2.0x102 N/m 2D ‘The period of a pendulum is Solving for I gives: 1-25 ar (1.2)2(9.80 m/s?) = ant d= (Aye At T (0.50 m)(45 5) “0.205 = 11x10? m Physics: Principles and Problems