DOCUMENT RESUME ED 323 763 FL 018 814 AUTHOR ‘Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara ‘TITLE Beginning Pashto: Textbook. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. “SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED), Washington, re. . PUB DATE 90 CONTRACT. -—«-__ POL7A-90055 NOTE 17ep.; For other materials in the set, see FL 918 815-819. - PUB TYPE Guides ~ Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) Guides - Classroom Use ~ Katerials (For Learner) (051) : EDRS' PRICE HFO1/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Folk Culture; *Grammar; Instructional Materials; sLetters (Alphabet); Oral Language; *Pashto; Phrase Structure; Pronunciation; Second Language Instruction; Tenses (Grammar); Uncommonly Taught Languages; Units of Study; Vocabulary ABSTRACT This textbook is a component of “Beginning Pashto," a set of materials (including a student workbook, teacher's manual, Glossary, and tapescripts) that teaches the Pashto language. The language taught is Afghan Pashto, particularly the standard central @istrict dialect spoken in Kabul and in the official media. ‘The text provides 14 units of study; each unit is approximately 10 hours of class work, and therefore, is sufficient for 2 semesters of academic language training. The first unit of study teaches the Pashto writing system and consists of the following sections: (1) Greeting and Goodby Phrases; (2) Pashto Pronunciation; (3) The Pashto Alphabet Letter Shays; and (4) Diversions. The remaining 13 units of study present the language throtgh dialogues and readings on various topics (e.g. food, shopping, weather, family, etc.), with accompanying presentations on grammar and vocabulary, and exercises for oral practice and conve~sation- Each unit also contains a diversion (a proverb, Poem, or story) intended to amuse the student, and to provide him or her with a glimpse of Pashto folk literature. The Gialogues revolve around the activities of a group of Pashtuns and Bnericans at an Anerican university. The readings, for the most part, describe Pashtun life and customs in Afghanistan and are related to the topic in the corresponding dialogue. (GLR) » Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that ~an be made = * * from the original document. *EDS823768 Beginning Pashto oleS is Textbook Center for Applied Linguistics Habibullah Tegey EL OWS SSION TO REPRODUCE THIS ERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Mat RT keeBaginning Pashto lS is~ = Textbook Habibullah Tegey Barbara Robson Center for Applied Linguistics Washington, D.C.Beginning Pashto Textbook iii Table of Contents Introduction .. Unit 1: pele pel 5 Section {* Greetings and Goodbye Phrases. . Section 2: Pashto Pronunciation. Section 3: The Pashto Alphabet ... Section 4: Diversions ...... Unit 2: {ys gout oF Section 1: Diaogue. . Section 2: Sentence Structure Section 3: Reading. . Section 4: Word Structure ... Section 5: The Pashto Alphabet . Section 6: Diversions .. Unit 3: S658 1S a 6 Section 1: Dialogue . . Section 2: The Present Tense .. Section 3: Reading .. Section 4: Word Structure . Section 5: Diversions . Unit 4: gdte 3! Saag Section 1: Dialogue... Section 2: Numbers ... Section 3: Weak Possessive Pronouns . Sectior 4: Reading .. Section 5: Diversions . Unit S: .09 od43 cde Myo Section 1: Dialogue Section 2: Adjective Clas. Section 3: Reading ... Section 4: Asking for Vocabulary Section 5: Diversions .Beginning Pashto Textbook iv Unit 6: SeggS <8 grt Section 1: Dialogue Section 2: Time Words and Phrases. Section 3: Reading .. Section 4: Telling Time . Section 5: Diversions .. Unit 7 -pglabgly oT 4 05 Section !: Dialogue .. Section 2: The Perfective Form of simple Verbs Section 3: Commands .. . Section 4: Future Expressions . Section 5: Reading Section 6: Diversions - Unit 8: 0k 5 db Section 1: Dialogue .. Section 2: Ordinal Numbers . Section 5: Derivative Verbs..... Section 4: Using Derivative Verbs. Section 5: Reading Section 6: Diverstons Unit 9: sate als Section I: Dialogue... Section 2: Doubly Irregular Verbs. Section 3: Future Expressions . Section 4 Reading. Section 5: Diversions... Unit 10: she ge del Section 1: Dialogue... ANS Section 2: Weak Proncuns. ... ANS Section 3: The Order of Floating’ P AT Section 4: Reading... 120 Section 5: Diversions...... ea 122ee Beginning Pashto Textbook v unit tt: Iga 8 ed Section 1: Dialogue..... Section 2: Numbers Beyond Thirty . Section 3: Summary of Strong Pronouns .. Renee eet eels! Section 4: Demonstratives.. Section 5: Reading . ceeee 133 Section 6: Diversions. 135 unit 12: 403 4h 55 yp Le Section 1: Dtatogue . Section 2: Where Does It Hurt? Section 3: The Past Impertective Form of ‘be Section 4: The Past Tense Forms of Verbs. .. Section 5: Reading Section 6: Diversions. . unit 13: $YpS 8 sa gS sb y Section 1: Dialogue... : Section 2: The Pashto Past Perfective Tense Section 3: Using the Past Perfective Tense . Section 4: Reading ...... 149 153 156 Section 5; Time Phrases 158 Section 6: Diversions. 146 Unit 14: Japs S$ ony IS Section 1: Dialogue... a bese 160 Section 2: The Past Imperfect ve Tense . : 162 Section 3: The Pashto Infinitive... .....2......265 veeeeees 164 Section 4: Reading veeeee 165 Section 5: The Afghan Calendar... : Pereeee ++ 187 Section 6: Diversions+ Beginning Pashto Overview Beginning Poshto ('ytiy cg314zl) 18 a set of materials teaching the Pashto language, Each of the fourteen units provides about ten hours of class work, end therefore should be suffictent for two semesters of academic language training (three hours # week in class, with possibly two hours of lab or practice), or about five weeks in an Intensive course (six hours a day in class, five days a week). The materials are designed to bring an English-speaking student to a 1+ or 2 on the ILR proficiency scale, 07 an Intermediate High or Advanced on the ACTFL proficiency scale. ‘The language taught the materials 1s Afghan Pashto, in particular the standard central dialect spoken in Kabul and used in the official media. The materials have been proof-read and field-tested by Kandahari Pashtuns; the words and phrases in them ere familiar to speakers of the Kandahari dialect as well. ‘The Pashto writing system {s taught in the first unit, and is used in the presentation of material from then on. In the first three units, material is also ina romanized transcription. After that, the transcription of a word or phrase ts given only when the word or phrase is introduced, or when the point under discussion is pronunciation. The materials consist of: Textbook (4 wo 9) Student Workbook (treo GES pow 53 1) Teachers’ Manual (ay25¥ (gSyy7 9) Pashto-English Glossary (24J) Textbook Tapescript (ote ors 2 GES (gw 53 2) Workbook Tapescript (ote yaureo 3 PES G52 9) ‘As was mentioned before, the first unit in the Textbook teaches the Pashto writing system. The other thirteen units present the language via dialogues and readings on various topics (e.g. food, shopping, weather, family, etc.) , with accompanying presentations on grammar and vocabulary, and exercises for oral practice and conversation. Each unit contains a Diversion - @ proverb, poem or story - intended to ‘amuse the student, and to provide him or her with a glimpse of Pashto folk literature. ‘The dialogues revolve around the ectivities of a group of Pashtuns and Americans at an American university, so that the American student s provided with language andvocabulary of immediate usefulness. The readings for the most part describe Pashtun life and customs in Afghanistan, and are related to the topic in the corresponding dialogue. to ‘The Workbook provides background information on Pashtun culture, discussion of grammer points, and information on individual vocabulery ‘tems. Each unit in the Workbook contains & number of exercises providing additional listening and writing practice on.the points covered in the Textbook. The listening exercises require the student to listen to @ prompt, then respond in some way; the prompts are not given in the Workbook exercises. ‘The Teachers’ Manual, in Pashto, 1s written for the native speaker of Pashto who fs educated but does not have a background in language teaching or sn extensive background in Pashto grammar. It explains the presentation of grammar points, and gives other information of use to the teacher. At the end of each unit, the prompts for the listening exercises tn the Workbook are given for the teacher's convenience. ‘The Glossary contains, in dictionary form, all the words taught in the materials. In addition to providing information on individual lexical items, it gives the student practice in using a list in Pashto alphabetical order. . The Text Tapescript nnd Workbook Tapescrint have been developed for students of Pashto who do not have regular access to @ native speaker of the language. They provide the means for such students to identify @ Pashto speaker, then make arrangements with him or her to tape the important part of the Textbook and the listening exercises in the Workbook. The tapescripts are not necessary in situations where there 1s @ Pashto speaking teacher. Alt these materials are in the public domain, and copies may be made of them es needed. Each component is listed in the ERIC system with a separate number, and has been designed on the assumption that a single hard copy will be bought from ERIC, then coped and bound. Each component accordingly has @ cover page, which should be copied onto heavy paper (a different color for each component makes it easier to identify). The title page and rest of the component can be copied as usual, then bound with the cover Page end a back cover. We have found that comb-binding (available at most copy centers) 1s best, because {t allows the “book” to Ile flat. ‘To facilitate copy-making, every page of the materials has been numbered and labelled in English, n headers like the following: Beginning Pashto = Unit 12: a2 ob43 ge Teachers’ Manual 82 Each component of the materials has the following number of page: Textbook: 168 Teachers’ Manual: 93 Workbook: 186 Textbook Tapescript: 119 Glossary: 40 Workbook Tapescript: 66 If Jou have any problems or questions about getting the materials, please contact ERIC/CLL, at the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington, D.C. If you have anyquestions about the content of the materials, nlease contact the euthors: Berbera _ Robson at the Center for Applied Linguistics, or Habibullah Tegey in the Pashto Service, Voice of America, in Washington D.C. These materials have bean developed by the Center for Applied Linguistics with funding from Grant No. PO17A 9005S from the International Research and Studies Program of the U. S. Department of Education. The same office has funded CAL to develop an additional fourteen units. These will be deposited in the ERIC collection under the general title Intermediate Pashto , and will be available in eary 1992.Beginning Pashto . Textbook vi Introduction 5 This Textbook is ane of the six components of Beginning Pashto. The other components are: Workbook Textbook Tapescript Pashto-English Glossary Teachers’ Manual Workbook Tapescript Il the components of Beginning Pashto are available in microfiche o. hard copy through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. These materials have been developed by the Center for Applied Ling istics with funding from Grant No, PO17A 9005S from the International Research and Studies Program of the U, S. Department of Education. The same office has funded CAL to develop an additional fourteen units, These will be deposited tn the ERIC collection under the general title Intermediate Pashto , and will be available in eary 1992. We wish to thank John Ratliff and Kenneth Frook of Diplomatic Language Services, Inc. in Arlingtnn, Virginia, for their kindness in allowing the materials to be field-tested there. The comments of the Pashto teachers, Mr. Anwar Ayazt and Mr. Akber Ayazi, have been of invaluable assistance to us. We are also grateful for the ~areful proofreading of the materials on the part of Mr. Mohammad T. Achagzal. We owe our secretary, Irs. Zeba Khadem, special (Afghan, not American) thanks for her sweet temper in the face of lofg hours, multiple drafts, corrections of corrections of correctiuns, and computer programs that did not want to function from right to left. We also thank her for the insights she has provided into the life and concerns of Afghan wamen, which we feel have given the materials unusual depth. 10Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pSoe ptel Textbook 1 Unit 1: Sle Le Section 1: Graating and Goodbye Phrases Greetings - statements and answers: A: Peace be with you. fasalémaldykum] «pS pl B: And with you. [waléykum] . : pocles ‘A: May you not be tired. (to a man) [stray ma se] tt Ge May you not be tired. (to a woman) [stére ma sel 1 Be B: May you not be miserable, (to aman) Ukhwrar ma sel sgh ols May you not be miserable. (toa woman) ——[khwara ma se] sagt te Ogle Greetings - unanswered questions: How are you? [tsénga ye?] $ S Ss Are you healthy? (to a man) (6r ye?) $ opt woe Are you healthy? (to a woman) [j6ra ye?] q wet teat Are you in health? [pa khéyr ye?) . $ e oy Are you really healthy? (to a man) [xa j6r ye?) Are you really healthy? (to a woman) [xa j6ra ye? ] g ge ot Greeting enders: Kindness. (merabanf.] Thank you. (tashaktr.] Goodbye phrases: ‘A: May God save you. [khwday p3man.] sgbl ge Gls B: Goodbye. [pa makha de x4] se 68 AbeBeginning Pashto Unit 1: pSale pL Textbook 2 Section 2: Pashto Pronunciation Vowels al as in English ask, glass: (da) 09, [talaféz] ils [a] as in English awfdl, caught: [18s] _Y, [tése] et lel as in English bed, yellow : (del er mel oo Ue) as in English sit, rift: (trkr8r] ISS, [spxl] uw (as In English beat, feat: (2hil yo, (dll (52 lo] as in English boat, sa: (paxté] 1, [pére] Gort [ul as in English boot, fool: tkuts4] «4 4S, [18sna} 6 gu Y [el as In English put, book: (Vétfan} Lita, (chup] > [al as in English dut, Just : (nal , (jag) Sa Consonants similar to English consonants bl as in English boy, cub; [bal 4, (baba) LL [ch] as in English church, tevaher: (chérel » yx, [chap] > [dz] as in English dads, adze: [dz8n] «Ls, (dzay} lt (¢] as in English fire, if: (totrfl ay _45, [talafée] bits Ig] as in English go, jug: (Jag) Sm, fgwall JS thl as in English hat, behave: inéhal 43, ham] aa [les in English fudge, edge : (Jor » sx, leg] Sa Uk] as in English cor, cake: (kawél ¢5 5, (kor] 5 4S (m] as in English mom, bump : Ime] .5+, (salém] pe [pl as in English pia, apple: [pard4] #3 5», [chap] > [s] as in English se, city: [18s! (oY, [wEniza] ams y [sh] as in English show, push: [shpag] y-, [shéro] & 5 5% [ts] as in English cuts, gutsy: (tsol 54, [tsénga] «<5 [wl as in English waft, kiws: (wSwayal 421 95, (wSzal 05! 5 [yl as in English yes, boy: [yel pee tkendys Gs (2] as in English ag, zero: [zoyl «555, lzmardk] +) y+ 5Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pSale pe! Textbook 3 Consonants somewhat different from Engtish consonants [tk [tashakér] Ss Ikhayridt] oy 2S Idk: [da] 03 Ieyérias] (J L> 0: fas) [ddita] <3 In: Ikarwandé} 043 5 5S Ighaném} a2 Qétran] Labs ftatrfl a2 ldrel «s.53 Idsita] ado [waltkal SS, falté] «cle [tankha] 3 tkunée] 3S [até] ot [khost] cow 9 famdé] |oa Igardéz 5295S la6tas) GJy3 hetménd] sabe [ghaznf] (352 Ina] 6 Consonants very different from English consonants Ighl: [ghaznf] feo Se lafghanrstén] «le Lis! Tf: famét] jam tRararét] = |= kh: [khost] us 9 Ikhanabéd) a7 gle qk Igatét] 33 (bara 32 Ir: Mogér] 4S J lohérel os see IE wal ay Iwébaxal <2 [baghtén} ¢, az faghé] <5 Tfiut] sy (Rabie) Iwakht] =a, Ibikht] (Sar Isandiq) Goto Inaqsh4] 2.23 tara] ol 53 Iwardégl S355 Ipaxt6] prey Drayst 4] zy Ly ry ww {ghagégal » Maghmén}] Lat Tiamié! «los Uayrén] 6! = Ikhwd8y] (sl oe Uknwarl 14 [daqigd] «2,55 ltaraafl 433 [kandahar] jla a: [teshakér]_,S+3 Ipexawér] 5) pny Iwuxyér] sliz 50Bentnning Pashto Unit ts pote pel Textbook 4 The retrofiax consonants [tk ath od [motér] 3 50 (top) se Watobéy) cor eG (tabéri 53 [toll 59 gk [der] 42> Igézel (5.59 Ibéga] ogy lengiwall Jlyz vst Igwad) 955 [gogdy] 45999 Ink (chupedst] Jans > Ikané] «2S Ndgel 53.3) tansy) 55 te8pel ils [mand] 43 {ck Gord y= ikrel ees (ward) oh, Istéray] 5 ye bad y¥ imps} op Practice Pronounce the following words. Mimic your teacher or the tape as closely as you can. [bekh] gee Ikrayrl aS Ikhushéta] Jl 55 kat] GS [déxta] ps tkhor] 5 5 Ikhlas] jo Is Imra] 2 p+ ferewér] 5955 faghé] 520 Ukhwrayayl (52 55> [ghat] = Imaxém] plyL — flaxtéyl gee tknpatwanl gl ples Igagal aS Iseréul csp —wStaral 5.4 IkhobawSrayles yy 5% [800] yy tkunér] 3S tkarkéyl SS sport] Gy 5e0 tel .5# Ighwarul 5,152 kwétal G 4S (mskha] Saree ol 3 Farah is in Afghanistan. [far pa afghanrstén 2 03 oS ghsLal o als ke da] Other cities in Afghanistan: Ikandahar] jla 2S Ikundéz] 5 02S fareiit] ole [maymand] tone (ghaznfl 356 {baghianl «Xe Icharakér] 1S jlo tkabdi] lS Igardé2] 53,8 Ikhost] os 9 Imazaresharif] (jalalabad) ai J¥> ‘Some countries: Pakistan [pakistan] lS America famriké] IS y+! tran (irénl ol 52! France [farans6] 431 _,3 China [chin] Arabia [arabistén] «lon ye USSR [shorawi rtihdd] slo3! (o555% Ikhanabéd) ol7 we Some “ities: Peshawar {pexawérl singe Quetta tkwéta] <7 5S Teheran [tehran] g!_y> Betjing (piking] SS, Islamabad [slémabéd] alt pil Washington {washingtén] ¢ntSztly Moscow [maskéw] 5S. anee Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pSle pd Textbook 6 Section 3: The Pashto Alphabet Letter Shapes 1. Vowel symbols | falStl, 9 (wawl, (S [ALS Imajndtayel, oa) Letter Value Shape Final Final Medial —_Infttal, medial attached unattached attached —_unaitached toright —toright toright — to right | fal, 8) L | t | 9 (ul, fo}, fw? > 3 3 3 iL Ly! ij My wo GS cy 2 yg es 6 Ff 7 ° (al, fal 4 ° -- - Notes: {al is written as | only in initial position, as © only in final position. [a] is not represented in medial positions. Ia] is written as © only in final position. It is not represented in other positions. | and do not connect with letters to the left. » represents a vowel only in final pasitions. In other positions, it represents (h]. Examples: ‘were’ [wel 6.9 ‘and’ lew! gl ‘one’ yaw 5-3 ‘say’ [wayal 43 | 9 “his' [ye] Se ‘or’ [yal ag ‘one’ [yawé] oo ‘are’ [wil ws Handwriting: et 4 ve st ao al we aly Practice: Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words.Pe Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pple pel Textbook 7 2, ep -like letters: oy bel, : [pe], o> [te], qu tel, ee Isel Letter Value Shape Final, Final, Medial, Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright —toright = toright —to right eo fb) — + The letters a [pe], cs tel, oe [Yel and &s[se] are all shaped Tike <>. <> Is pro~ nounced [p]; < is pronounced [t]; «s 1s pronounced [t]; . ts pronounced [s]. & occurs only in words borrowed from Arabic. All these letters attach to the left. Examples: “thes royal Lay ‘register’ [sabt] ans ‘urn ttawl 9S ‘water’ [wabsl 49 | ‘eight’ tats} 43 | ‘grandrather’ foaba] Ly Ly Handwri! : ei si Ub Ly es 4b Practice: A. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words. B. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the following words in Pashto script. Iwayil ‘he says’ (wéwayal ‘say’ w4yel ‘you say’ —_[wyul ‘we say’ [bot] ‘shoe’ {tep] ‘tape’ (yul ‘we are’Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pSple pel Textbook 8 5 & ~keletters: | Vel, | lehel, 7 trol, Elke, t fteel, Ciszal Letter Yalue Shape Final Final Medial Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached to right to right toright — toright i > > Notes: The shapes of letters [chel, ¢ Mel, ¢ Ikhel, % [tsel, and ¢ [dzel are all the same as ¢- ¢ 1s pronounced [ch]; ¢ 1s pronounced (fl; ¢ 1s pronounced kh]; & 1s pronounced [ts]; and ¢ 1s pronounced [dz] . Mel occurs only in words borrowed from Arabic. All these letters attach to following letters. Examples: “we go'[dzu] gob ‘atort buts] & 92 name (ab{b] ance ‘o'clock’ [bajél ‘whot tena} Lox ‘get ur’ (pétsal 4& LL we : : Handwriting: Practice: ‘A. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. On a separate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script: (kho} ‘but’ [chap] ‘left’ [khay] ‘then’ [ySwdzay] ‘together’ [tsa] ‘what’ [azay) ‘place’ [tse] ‘that’ [pakhaw/] ‘he cooks’ [ékht] ‘buys’ [wakht] ‘time’ [tso] ‘untit’ —[bikhf] ‘espectally’ 18Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pale pel Textbook 9 4 3 -tketetters: 3 (da, > tga, 3 ean ietter Value Shape Final Final Medial Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached to right to right toright — toright 3 {al a 3 a 3 Notes: The shapes of letters > [dal] and 3 [zal] are the same as 3. 9 1s pronounced [dg]; 3 fs pronounced [2]. These letters do not attach to following letters, 3 [zal] occurs only in words borrowed fram Arabic. Examoles: ‘substance’ [28t] 213 ‘assurance’ (gad) 91 ‘sink’ [dub] G9 9 ‘rive bégel CGuhe ‘demon’ [dew] 99 ‘warm’ [tod] 395 Handwriting: pees 3 8 8 als Practice: A. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. On a separate sheet of paper, write the following wards in Pashto script. {ae} “of” [aa] ‘this’ [dwal ‘two" [duy] ‘those’ (ail ‘are’ [de] ‘your’ [abd] ‘fertile’ [khwdy] ‘God’ [tawdél ‘warm’ [bSd] ‘wind’ [wads] ‘married’Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pSple pel Textbook 10 By wilkeletters: _y trey trol, 5 Wel, 5 tehel, y Igel Letter Value Shape Finai Final Medial Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright — toright —toright —toright 2 “ > 2 > J Notes: The shapes of letters 5 {rel 5 (zel, 5 [znel, ane 2 [ge] are all the same as 5. \g'8 pronounced (cl; 5 18 pronounced (zl; , 1s pronounced fzhel; andy 1s pronounces (gel . The major difference between this letter group andthe 3 group is that these letters go below the line, and the 3 group Jetters do not. These letters do not attach to following letters. Examples: Ibértal back’ 43 yas ‘rizal 85 ‘newspaper’ fakhbér] _y L&I name trabyé) Lye l_y ‘nere’ tral I ‘sweet! [khogl 4y 92 Handvertting: Ll sh Saye Practice: ‘A. On a separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. Write the following words in Pashto script. (4wri] hears" [bazér] ‘market’ [bir] ‘beer’ Ipakhégil ‘ripens’ —_[tarfkh] ‘history’ [tawégi] ‘turns’ {tarbér] ‘cousin’ [tra] ‘uncle’ {teraw!l ‘pass’ (or! ‘healthy’ [chére] ‘where’ [khabér] ‘news! (rawrfl brings’ [worégi] “fall” (khartségil ‘is sold {khor] ‘sister’ Ikhwrayéy] ‘nephew’ {dre} ‘three’Beginning Pashto Textbook 11 “unit 1: pele piel 8. (yy “Mike letters: yw [sinl, OM [shin yy Extn hetter Value Shave Final Final Medial —_—initiel, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright —toright —tarright—toright ow uo uo ~ ~ Notes: The shapes of letters | [shin] and .» [xin] are the same as Gy. Gt 18 pronounced [shl; yy 1s pronounced [x]. These letters attach to following letters. Examples: ‘six’ [snpag] Bread ‘tired’ [stéray] orm ‘good’ [xa] uy ‘Pashto’ [paxté] Py ‘now’ [wos] os! ‘man’ (seréul (Gye Handwriting: Practice: A. Practice writing the example: words in Pashto script. B. Write the following words {a Pashto script. [pasé) lamb" [pexawér] Peshawar’ [dars] ‘lesson’ {sabé] ‘tomorrow’ [pexégil ‘happen’ [sel ‘be’ (drust] ‘right’ (xar] ‘city’ [xe] "good" [khost] ‘Khost’ (rixtya] ‘true’ {xédza] ‘woman’Beginning Pashto Unit tr pple pel Textbook 12 7. & ~Wke letters: é Ighainl, —&_{Patnl better Value Shape Final Final Medial —initi,1, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright toright —toright—torright z (ght é a x s The shapes of ¢ [ain] are the same as those of >. @ ‘snot pronounced in ordinary speech, and occurs in the spelling only of words borrowed from Arabic. Both wtters attach to following letters. Examples: ‘orchard’ {bagh] &b ‘taut [ayo] at ear [ghwagl 4) 52 ‘mountain’ [ghar] _y& “Arablaréb] Gye ‘this’ [dégha] 4¢ 3 Handwriting: ese Le Practice: A. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. Ona separate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script. [ghagégal ‘talk’ [ghia] ‘bank’ Ighwarf] ‘want’ [ghat] ‘big* [ghéray] ‘member’ [taghér} ‘carpet’ [ghware] ‘invite’ [ghagégil ‘talks’ — [sh&fr] ‘poet’ n 0DBeginning Fashto Unit ts pSple pel Textbook 13 8, dike tetters: 3 fel end (5 (catl Letter Value Sheoe Final Final Medial —_—Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright toright —toright —toright 3 tf ak 3 2 3 dH ¢ SG & : Motes: The final shapes of 5 differ from the final shapes of 3 (they go below the ine). Both letters attach to following letters to the left. Examples: ‘near’ [qarfbl Gang _y3 ‘electricity tbaral 3 _ye ‘thre’ URarfal ($2 >> ‘Individual’ [tard] 3.53 ‘tear’ tkhawt] 5 9 —[radffl ‘order’ Ry 2 Handwriting: ss Practice: A. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. Ona separate sheet of paper, write the following words In Pashto script. [gédar] ‘honor’ {safér] ‘journey’ nN toBeginning Pashto Unit tr pSple pet 2 9.) - tke tetters: JS txont and S igen Letter Value J id Notes: Shape Final Final attached unattached toright — torright Textbook 14 Medial —_Initial, medtal attached unattached toright — toright Ss Ss The shapes of S gat] are the same as those of J. S ts pronounced [g]. Both letters attach to letters an the left. Examples: ‘nouse' [karl _y 9S 2 ‘tar ya) Se ‘who! (tsok] J gS Paktta’ ipaktyal Lass ‘dance’ [gadégll (5S yo ‘ruin tdakd 9 A. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. On a separate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script. [kégil becomes" [charakér] ‘Charakar’ [darkawf] ‘give’ [kar itiry3] ‘cafeterta® Tkwétal ‘Quetta’ [gweall ‘flower’ [tashakir] ‘thank you" [tskel ‘drink® [axtérl ‘doctor’ [katf] ‘cortee’ Ikorbé} ‘host’ [gril ‘see’ tkabab] ‘kabob’ (taratfk) ‘trattic® (kar) ‘work’ {Slay} “village” [gag] ‘together’Beginning Pashto Unit 1: Spe pel Textbook 15 10. ¢} tm) Lotter Value Shaoe Final Final Medial Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright — torright toright — toright a tl a al i J Notes: J connects to the left. There are some conventions assoclated with combinations of .J and other letters. These will be shown In Unit 2. Examples: “Balktr [balkh} eb ‘other tbétal Ly ‘al ot J ge ‘tem’ tas! ‘tirst téwatl J gl ‘rice’ [chatéw] 3 . wel ol sl ee Practice: A. On a separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words In Pashto script. B. Ona separate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script. [bald] ‘famitiar® [bé10] ‘different’ {pakhléy] ‘cooking’ (pasarléy] ‘spring’ [plar] ‘father’ Ipal4w] ‘rice® [pul] ‘bridge* {pla} "bridge" Mayltyé] ‘dormitory’ [kppall ‘own’ {kh4lak] ‘people’ (aé1tal ‘here’Beginning Pashto 1. re mim] Letter Value fe bm} Note: Unit I: pSale pL Shape Final attached to right e Final attached to right pr connects to the left. Exampies: “America® [amriks] WW ~ i ‘almond’ (badémn] rl ab ‘clothes’ Textbook 16 Final Medial —_—Initfal, medial unattached attached unattached to right toright — toright r ~ * Final Medial —_—tnittal, medial unattached attached unattached toright —toright —toright “stop* [tam] Pe ‘me Imel «a (yamé] wt ‘Friday’ [Jumé] 4race Practice: A. On a separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto stript. y B. On a separate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script. {mal ‘don't? [mand] ‘meaning’ (déma] ‘rest* (ddmra} ‘so’ (rghtam} ‘I came" (rafimét] ‘mercy’ isfma] ‘area’ [ghérmal ‘noon’ (frm) ‘farm’ kam] ‘rare’ [kum] ‘whick tkawém] ‘I do" [mama] ‘uncle’ {mrach] ‘pepper’ [maskéw] ‘Moscow’Beginning Pashto 12, ¢¢y ~ like letters: Letter Value Yo In} Notes: The shapes of g, {nup] are the same as fer Final attached to right og Both letters attach to the left. Examples: Textbook 17 Final Medial —_initfal, medial unattached attached unattached toright — toright —toright oO a 3 ‘apple’ Iménal 4jee ‘I sit" ikenSm] pees ‘sitting Inast] iow LG ‘wheat’ [ghaném] pe dence [atén] rod | catghan’ farghén} Ls5] Practice: A. Grva separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. Gna separate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script. [pakrstén] ‘Pakistan’ [barén] ‘rain’ [pldna] ‘bridges’ [chin] ‘China’ [man8] ‘meaning™ IsandSra} ‘song’ Ipikfng] ‘Beijing’ [khan] “khan* [sin] ‘river’ [faransé] ‘France n Ipaxtdn] ‘Pashtun’ [tséngal "how" [telefGn] ‘telephone’ [duxmén] ‘enemy’ [kundéz] ‘kunduz"Begi--ing Pashto Unit 1: pSple pel Textbook 18 13.0 {hel Letter Value Shane Final Final Medial —_—Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright toright —torright_—torright » 8 th, (1 4 ° 7 a Notes: Initial » is not pronounced in many dialects. Medial » ts pronounced as [hl]. Final » is pronounced as [a] or [a], as described in “1 above. 2 connects with letters to the left. Medial o is frequently written ¢- Examples: “university fpohuntin} (oy 9B gs “that éghal 43a ‘every‘ferl_y ‘famous’ {mashhir] _) gywe ‘morning’ [sahéri he ‘also’ [ham] pe wet le et stig Practice: ‘A. Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. On aseparate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script. [hérkata] ‘always* tho} ‘yes* (haw4] ‘weather thaftél ‘week (w&khtal ‘early’ —_hrrat] ‘Herat’ {hamdé] ‘just’ [héita} ‘there’ [hértsa] ‘everything’ST Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pS pel Textbook 19 14 (yO ~likeletters: yo Iskhwatl, Cy [ghwdatl Letter Value Shape Final Final Medial —_—Infttal, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright to right toright — toright uw [s} oe uw — 2 Notes: The shapes of yo [ghwdst] are the same as for Ge. Ge 1s pronounced [2] ‘These letters attach to the left, and occur only in words barrawed from Arabic. Examples: ‘health’ [s1fiét] owe ‘necessary’ [zartr]_y 9 pac ‘some’ [béze] wa *holiday'[rukhsat{] o> 9 ‘Classroom’ sunt] Rio — ‘crop’ [fésal] eos A. Practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. Write the following words in Pashto script. {khas] ‘special’ [séyrb] ‘sahib’ [28mén] ‘guarantor" [zarbé] ‘strike’ (ty) name (zarér] ‘harm’ (str&t] ‘way’ [ésal] ‘origin’ [bas‘r] name yDBeginning Pashto Unit 1: pSple pel Textbook 20 iso -tveretters: 5 ttknwel, 5 teghwel Letter Value Shape Finel Final Medial _—Initial, medial attached unattached attached unattached toright to right toright — toright bow 4s sb 4b & Notes: ‘The shapes of 5 [zghwel are the same as for , is pronounced (z] These letters attach to the left, and occur only in words borrowed from Arabic. Examples: ame tzanéri yi US tarar'(stde) 3 yb ‘etter’ tkhat] Lads ‘rotation rabt] Lay y stow Ibattl gay instrument tharbét] Ly ys dy gps ny alk Practice: A. On a separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script. B. On a separate sheet of paper, write the following words in Pashto script. [tafrit] ‘extremism’ intrzér] ‘waiting’ [manzaré} ‘view* [rabt] ‘relation’ (tahér] name [zarff] ‘pretty’ [maziGm] ‘oppressed’ (zulém] ‘cruelty’ [zatSml ‘oppressor’ [fatrét] ‘nature’ (tutf] ‘parrot™Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pSle pl ‘Textbook 21 16.(5 ~like letters: “S de tanfs saqitayel, Ss [de tazkir saqila ye] These letters are formed like the vowel symbols .5 and s described in “1. above, Note that they exist in final position only. The choice between them is determined grammatically rather than phonetically. They are both pronounced as lay). Examples (verbs): ‘you are’ tysetoul gan Ly ‘carry twraul C99 ‘be’ kdyl seater’ ‘os _ as ae ‘ catch’ Iwantabyl ‘cmd 9 tie toréul Cg 93 do tkawiyl 2g 9S Examples (nouns): ‘hat’ tkhwatdyl , oJ gS ‘chair’ [tsawkéyl nS 3 ‘window tkarkéyl ss ‘blanket’ Isharsul 4.5 yt read [dogsyl 4g 999 name [spagméyl 4 oe y grow Ona separate sheet of paper, practice writing the example words in Pashto script.Beginning Pashto Unit 1: Sale pel Textbook 22 The Pashto Alphabet (in order) Pashto Name Forms Sound Letter | [ot6tl wl [8], fa] Initiany ~ {bel oH tbl > {pel eae {pl oe {tel os tt ro tel Sa ry & {sel &25 [sl (Arable words) tz (jiml Geers ul & [che] ez {ch} Tc tfel eC ffl (Arabic words) a tkhe] es teh] ia {tsel es {ts} é {aze] od {42} 3 {aan das (a) ° (gal dod id 4 featl a4 {2 (Arable words) w nySareea ES Beginning Pashto Unit 1: pSple pel Textbook 23 The Pashto Alphabet, continued ee Name Forms Sound S La) Js) ud 2 woe us 3 teel 555 tal 3 tzhel 533 (2l (dlalectel variation) 2 (gel Yee [g] (dialectal variation) ou (sin) ow (s] o [shin] oe) Ish] uw [xin] ee [x] (dialectal variation) - [skhwat] ewe [s] (Arabic words) oP Ighwaat) Gees {2} (Arabic words) b Utkhwel bbb {tl (Arabic words) b teghwel Jab bs {21 (Arable words) c fain} ee [7] 1f pronounced at all é& Ighain} ee {gh o {fel had inBeginning Pashto Unit 1: pS pe Textbook 24 The Pashto Alphabet, continued Pashto Name Forms. Sound Letter 3 (aan rex) tal J kat] lss 3) & [gat] SS (1 } (18m) Ju 0 P [mim] ep (ml oO {ound ce tn) 9 (punt oF tol 9 (waw! 99 w1, (ul, (ol o {hel 4 hl, fal finally Ss Imardta yel oe iL Wy) ¢ Imajhdia ye) ee fe] medially, finally 4S Ide tants ss {ay finanty (nouns, adjs) saqila ye] Ss Ide tazkir wo [ay] finally (verbs) sagila yelBeginning Pashto unit t: Textbook 25 Transcription Symbols and Pashto Letter Equivalents Vowel {ranseription (8); [a] initially fa], [a] finally (ol, fal 1) Consonant Aranscription {bl Ich] (dl (d {az} {fl (g) (ghl (hl tf) Ul ikl tkhl au (ml {n} Pashto letter ° 4 CG Pashto Co WEA | om “ EA MN © G> On Vowel Pashto Aranseriotion letter tel ¢ [ay] finatiy (nouns, adjs) 4g [ay] finally (verbs) & {2}, [a], (uj, [a] medially not written Consonant Pashto Aranscription letter fol gy {pl y (al é (rl 3 td 2 isl ue ga Ishi oe tu o, b it Its] c wi 3 tl - oF i) GS tl AS gob