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T&HE:LESSON25MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:BUCKETORBARRELCALORIMETERANDSEPARATINGCALORIMETERA
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LESSON25MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:BUCKETORBARREL
CALORIMETERANDSEPARATINGCALORIMETERANDTHEIRNUMERICALPROBLEMS

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LESSON20
GENERATION
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25.1MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION
There are four methods of determining the dryness fraction of steam
experimentally.Theyareasfollows:
(A)Bucketorbarrelcalorimeter
(B)Separatingcalorimeter
(C)Throttlingcalorimeter
(D)Combinedseparatingandthrottlingcalorimeter.

25.1.1.BucketorBarrelCalorimeter
Material:ReferFig.25.1.TheBucket/BarrelCalorimeterconsistsofacoppervessel
whichcontainscoldwater.Thecoppervesselisinsulatedfromthesurroundingsoas
topreventanyheattransferfromortothesystem.Thetopofthevesselisalsocovered
bysomedetachableinsulatingmedium.Athermometerisinsertedinthewaterto
recordthetemperatureofit.

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LESSON21
USEOFSTEAM
TABLESAND
MOLLIER
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LESSON22
HEATINGAND
EXPANSIONOF
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PROBLEMSON
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EXPA...
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LESSON24
NUMERICAL
PROBLEMSON
HEATINGAND
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QUIZ24
LESSON25
MEASUREMENT
OFDRYNESS

Fig.25.1.BucketCalorimeter
Procedure:
Beforesteamsampling:Notedownthefollowingobservations
Massofemptycoppervessel=m1(say)
Massofcoldwaterofvessel=m2(say)
Temperatureofcoldwaterandcoppervessel=t1(say)
Specificheatofcoppervessel=Cp,copper(say)

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T&HE:LESSON25MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:BUCKETORBARRELCALORIMETERANDSEPARATINGCALORIMETERA
FRACTION:
BUCKE...
QUIZ25
LESSON26
MEASUREMENT
OFDRYNESS
FRACTION:
THROT...
QUIZ26
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Specificheatofwater=Cp,water(say)
During steam sampling: Open the valve in sampling tube and allow steam sample
frommainsteampipeofboilertodischargeintocoldwaterofvesselthroughfineexit
holes. The steamcoming in contact with water gets condensed, giving out its entire
latentheatandpartofitssensibleheat.Thisheattransferresultsinanincreaseinthe
temperatureofwater.Themassofwaterinthecalorimeterincreasesbytheamountof
steamcondensed.Asaprecautionarymeasure,sufficientquantityofsteamshouldbe
passed into the calorimeter so that there is a marked rise in the temperature so as to
minimizingtheerrorintheexperiment.Now,thesupplyofsteamisclosed.
Duringsampling,pressureofsteaminsteampiperecorderwithpressure
gauge=p(say)

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FromSteamTableagainstpressurepnotedownthesaturationtemperature
ofsteamandlatentheatofvaporization=tsatandhfg(say),respectively.
Aftersteamsampling:Notedownthefollowingobservations
Massofwarmwaterinvessel=m3(say)
Temperatureofwarmwaterandcoppervesselaftermixingofsteamsamplein
coldwater=t2(say)
Calculationstofinddrynessfraction,x:
Massofwetsteamsamplecondensedincoldwater=m3m2=m(say)
Massofdrysteaminwetsteamsample=xm
Ifthereisnoheatlostthenaccordingtoconservationofenergy,
Heat lost by mass of wet steam sample = Heat gain by copper vessel and cold
water...(25.1)
Where,
Heatlostbymassofwetsteamsample=Latentheatlostbymassofdrysteamin
wetsteamsample+Sensibleheatlostmassofwetsteamsample
=

..
(25.2)
Heatgainbycoppervesselandcoldwater=Sensibleheatgainbymassofcopper
vessel+Sensibleheatgainbymassofcoldwater

....(25.3)
Byusingequations(25.2)and(25.3)inequation(25.1),wehave

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T&HE:LESSON25MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:BUCKETORBARRELCALORIMETERANDSEPARATINGCALORIMETERA

Drawback
It is to be noted that this method for determining the dryness fraction is
approximate.
Theincreaseintemperatureofcoldwateraftersteamsamplingshouldneither
be too low nor too high. If the rise in temperature is large there is always a
chanceforheatlossesduetoradiation.
Problem25.1:Thefollowingdatarefertoatestonbucketcalorimeter.Pressureofsteam
fromsteampipe=6.5bar,waterequivalentofwaterat20C=500kJ/k,Waterequivalent
ofbucketcalorimeter=30kJ/k,Temperatureofwarmwateraftermixingofsteamsample
in cold water = 38C, Mass of wet steam sample = 4 kg, Find the dryness fraction of
steam.
Solution:
Given:Pressureofsteamfromsteampipe,p=6.5bar
Waterequivalentofwaterat20C,=500kJ/k
Waterequivalentofbucketcalorimeter,=30kJ/k
Temperatureofcoldwaterandcoppervessel=t1=20C
Temperatureofwarmwateraftermixingofsteamsampleincoldwater,t2=
38C
Massofwetsteamsample,m=4kg
Determinethedrynessfractionofsteam:
Formula:Thedrynessfractionforbucketcalorimeterisgivenby

Findingunknown,tsatandhfg:
Byusingsteamtable(fordrysaturatedsteam):
Fromsteamtablesfordrysaturatedsteamatp=6.5bar,
wehave
tsat=161.9Candhfg=2077kJ/kg
Answer:Drynessfractionofsteam,

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T&HE:LESSON25MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:BUCKETORBARRELCALORIMETERANDSEPARATINGCALORIMETERA

x=

=0.8989

25.1.2.SeparatingCalorimeter
Principle: The principle of determining the dryness fraction from separating
calorimeteristoseparateoutthemoisturecontentfromthewetsteam.
Material:ReferFig.25.2.ItconsistsofinnerchamberhavingcrosssectionalareaA
in which water separated from wet steam is collected. A gauge glass having a
graduated scale is mounted on the inner chamber of the separating calorimeter to
measuretheamountofwaterseparatedafterandbeforethesampling.Italsoconsistsof
steam condensing chamber so that dry and saturated steam may be condensed and
measuredinit.
Procedure:
Beforesteamsampling:Notedownthefollowingobservations
Levelofwaterintheinnerchamber=L1(say)
Massofwaterinthesteamcondensingchamber=m1(say)
During steam sampling: The wet steam enters the inner chamber of separating
calorimeterthroughasamplingtubecontrolledbyavalve.Whiletestingfordryness
the valve should be fully open avoiding any throttling or wiredrawing. In the inner
chamberofseparatingcalorimeter,separatorsorbafflesplatesarearrangedinsucha
mannerastoseparateoutthemoisturefromthesteam.Hence,whensteamentersthe
separatingcalorimeter,itundergoesasuddenreversalofdirectionofmotionwhenit
strikesthebafflesplates.Thiscausesthewaterparticleswhichhavegreaterinertiato
separatefromthewetsteam.Thewatermovesdownwards(shownbybluedrops)and
collectedatthebottomportionoftheinnerchamberoftheseparatingcalorimeter.The
dry steam moves upwards (shown by firm arrows) and enters the annular space
between the inner and outer surface of the separating calorimeter and goes
downward.Thedryandsaturatedsteamisdischargedfromtheseparatingcalorimeter
and finally condensed in the steam condensing chamber. The condensed steam in
steamcondensingchamberisthenweighed.
Beforesteamsampling:Notedownthefollowingobservations
Levelofwaterintheinnerchamber=L2(say)
Massofwaterinthesteamcondensingchamber=m2(say)
Calculationsofdrynessfraction,x:
Mass of water separated from the wet steam sample and collected at the bottom
portionoftheinnerchamber
=m,kg(say)
Massofdrysteamcondensedinsteamcondensingchamber=(m2m1)=M,
kg(say)
Drynessfractionofwetsteamfrommainsteampipe,
Drawback
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T&HE:LESSON25MEASUREMENTOFDRYNESSFRACTION:BUCKETORBARRELCALORIMETERANDSEPARATINGCALORIMETERA

Thismethodisalsoapproximatebecauseofincompleteseparationofmoistureand
inaccuracyofgauge.

Fig.25.2.SeparatingCalorimeter
Problem 25.2: During a test on separating calorimeter the following observations were
taken.
Massofwaterseparatedfromwetsteamsamplefrommainsteampipe=0.3kg/min,Mass
of dry saturated steam passing through separating calorimeter and condensed in steam
condensingchamber=3kg/min.Calculatethedrynessfraction.
Solution:
Given:Massofwaterseparatedfromwetsteamsample,m=0.3kg/min
Massofdrysaturatedsteamcondensingchamber,M=3kg/min
Determinethedrynessfraction
Formula:Drynessfractionforseparatingcalorimeter,
x=drynessfractionofwetsteam=
Answer:drynessfractionofwetsteam=x=

=0.909=90.9%

Lastmodified:Wednesday,11September2013,9:40AM

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