ee < a Third Year Civil 2014 - 2015 Soil Mechanics 2 (9) Bearing capacity of soilTHOME ad Sl Law US 38) Gay Line oT uaa yl lass 3 ug’! Gayae ase =) “Us 4 Shear failure Gail -Alesty of Super structure Laud Gibe Yt bya Cys ue -1 Geet (BxL) 1- Shallow foundations:. cl acl) Gaye Glual 28 OF Newall Gee au Y Gat OLLI wr =f - For shallow foundations:- (555) 2- Contact stress (q): eed Uncdll claw aie All GI) Sse ga iid Ghlgayl Ga wth ol alah tej. lol Lasts, Foundation depth (D) (eu Gantt pais Gia Gal Te Ge Mall ML) Ga - -Foundation level (F.L.) ©4 Ultimate bearing capacity (4yy):= Aas Gail shgil oaie Gass .s3ll Contact stress Gc! steal ya - 5- Allowable bearing ea, pacity (y alld Gat of cee sill Gl Contact stress Atal algal a = shear failure Gail jest Cay gf jys Sue ll Cant - Where:- Factor of safety (F.S.)= 2.5 (For D.L. + L.L.) =2.0 (For D.L. + L.L. + wind) =18 (ForD.L. + L.L. + wind +Earthquake) 5 Gross ultimate bearing capacity (qun,):= | 4) ard ol Se steal Gail - Us Guay caiey sreldl Gil au Y Wi Yj ee Gee sles! Nha ety Gail slat Dy pela aie Zyl le agai Ula sell) by + ayeall Lea) Gaunt GW 38 SM oiy 6- Net ultimate bearing capacit inet) = Ahead Ol Sey (Lid opel! cig Ge gall bes Yl) Gila lea! Gaal gs soaill shel Gay of op sacl cas Ayal Futener= ung ~ 4 Where:- 9 = 1-Dy= pet) pate se ya ge Jl! stay)= Modes of bs y trite: ot glal ise ages factall L General shea Saag cus stiff clay Jy dense sand J} Beal Gel Ue GG ca - + Sell Je Ql hl tesa bs 2+ Local shear failure:- —~-] EF — Say cus soft clay diy loose sand J) tas Abell Gal Wa 3 Gay - “ell Iya Sayll chad 6 U5! Cass Yy Saclall bua 3: Punching shear failure: ae organic soil Jy very soft clay J) ia lap Miscall Gy aI G3 aay — Bx Wl Jya Aaya baad 6) Caasy Yy Ayal sae tal GBS Cus <)1- Shear parameters (c, p):- ~ As the shear parameters (c, ) inerease the Bearing Capacity of soil increase. 2. Foundation depth (D,):- ~ As the foundation depth (Dj) increase the Bearing Capacity of soil increase. 3- Shape and dimensions of footing:~ ~ As the breadth of footing (B) increase the Bearing Capacity of soil increase. 4- Ground water level variation:- ~ As the G.W.T rises the Bearing Capacity of soil decrease. 5- Load inclination (in case of Horizontal load) tan 8 = bo |= - As the load inclination increase (horizontal load increase) the Bearing Capacity of soil decrease. 6- Eccentricity of vertical load (Bending moment):- - As the load eccentricity increase (Bending moment increase) the Bearing Capacity of soil decrease. 7- Ground surface inclination. 8- Foundation inclination. 9 Soil stratification. 10- Type of load (Static load or Dynamic load).Bearing Capacity calculations 1- For shallow foundations under vertical load only:- sled) (e ally quing Aes 41S esl 3 ~General be: aring capacity equation (According to ECP): lg, =ON.-A+q-N “A, +7, BN, “A, eA. tq:Ny-h, +72 °B-N, “A, - Where:- ¢ = soil cohesion P = 11 Dp= Gua Gye sic Ay! gle Sled aba Vl - Y= cant) ayaa Gs Aas BS ae ae Det Dp= Gael Gye q (BxL) Y= (B) Ge ois Gal) Gye cans Ay) dats B h B= (sell! Gaye) sacl oY) al Ney Nay Ny = Bearing capacity factors Uslas lgly p gle acied COLL dey Dey Ay = Shape factors ei tal le vais CDLales = Notes:= 1- Bearing capacity equation assumed general shear failure under the eflect of vertical load only. 2. Bearing capacity equation can be used for local shear failure under the effect of vertical load only with modified values flor Ne, Ne, NyeHcl OL Ay, hg Ae LM 6S (F817 dy Jase dy Ae sq NI YS 1.0 1.0 ae 1-03 BL 140.3 BL doce 07 13 alse Tradl ol Ny,Ng Ne Lal ead (G81) 65) dye WY Aol Mba ol Mie Ny | Na | No | eg Ny | Ng | Ne | +o ve fice fre. | re -[ 4 ee |e \ we fre [re -| vel rede vee forse Pv. | re ef] rel aed wee fr. fa. | re ee fae [ve ree fae fos. | ve ven fr are face five fe re] ae fowe | mre are Pane fae | ene te fre fre | ve + by dutne: Shall all 98 hea oo dung Al US Jaa 56 Glan aay = ~?4)sbul!THe Go Sy qay yg Mysill I ASI Yard 58 Gea a 4 - Where:- a= nDr Goi lyin 5 Gl yl aay satel AY th Say ay pie Ul G9) Gy) GE etal iy aly sel i seball Gok Wako oi coil A gay Solel iy Y chs Gd ay sas agny UL iy dy Gd, cle peel oy allynije Nia ph pert — By apes dea Glas Go lhaally sacl shal, I, (F.S.) GUY! dale plat -) High LS ats D4, FONG A +q-Ny 2, +Y, -B-N,-2, 2) ages = Su, = Gan, 4) Poy =a, x(BxL) #83 (FS.) UY! Lalas Glas Gglbally 520th sbesly apeall Jen asleall -1 mth LS wil Oa, = Nok #Q-Ny-Ay +7, BON, -h, 2) Gag = du, ~ : P I BL ar, 4) FS, =e ns 9S Bale) 5221) bef Glan Gyllaaly agenll Jan (F.S.) GLY) Jalen pyle! -7 mie LS alld shy (dayye S2elll Daa, He-Ne RAN, Ay HY, BN, 2, =F(B) 2) aye, = Ian, 4 = FB) — else FS. 3) du,., = =f B) 94,, = Brady, = BAYExample 1:- Find out the allowable bearing capacity of a clayey soil supporting a square footing 2.2 meters wide. The footing is founded at a depth 2.0 meters below the ground level. The bulk unit weight of the soil is 20.0 kN/m’, An undisturbed sample of the clay was tested and the unconfined compressive strength was found to be 80.0 kN/m’. ~Answer:- rrr WITT 2.0 -For p= 0 (use table):- (2.2x2.2) N,=5 N,=1 N,=0 re 1403.3 21403x22=13 B 7 22 2.2 = 80 KNim? =1-0.3x—=1-0.3x—==0.7 ie L 2.2 q=2x20=40 KN/m? Gan, =0-N,-A, +q-N,-A, +7) °B-N, -2, => uy, =40%5%1.3+ 4011.30 =312 kNim? Gang = Van, "= 312-40 = 272 KN? ong _ 272 2 = —ts == =108.8 kN/m Qa ais “FS.-Effect of the level of Yl ad Gigs - iad ay URS LS atic, specie ake Cs THR US lay Aaya aha) Capea le fy Gesell Gye Given:- ~ Unit weight above G.W.T. = 7, - Unit weight below G.W.T. = y,, Case (1): G.W.T is at ground surface:- I= Yau “Dy Le = Yaw c: ID = Yo Zh + You * 2 Yo = Yeu V2 = Youcase (4): G.W.T is below found: ation level with distance < B:- la=¥,"D, a Veh Yun “2 B Yo is below foundation level ee Die cera atte t ie = Ye any : ral sl Oupda apy WL GG -) HGL. B38 cle & (WL. & L.W.L) VA adil cll Capea plac yt ans LGU. CS old apace ‘ il -more critical «Y (H.W.L.) VAN ch Guys apy UL Ga -¥ HW. VV dest yf Glee oy (GL. & L.G.L.) Uaididl Ga) Gpaie plac al) -more critical 4Y (H.G.L.) LWL. GD- Example A square footing 2.5 m wide carries a pressure of 400 kN/m? at a depth of 1.5 m in a sand deposit. The saturated unit weight of sand is 20 kN/m? and the unit w ight above the water table is 17 kN/m’, The shear strength parameters of sand are C' = 0.0 and g'= 35°. Determine the factor of safety with respect to shear failure for the following cases: a. The water table is 5.0 m below ground level b. The water table is 3.0 m below ground level ¢. The water table is 1.0 m below ground level. 4. The water table is at ground level. ~Answer:- ~For p= 35 (use table):- N,= 46 N,= 33 N,= 23 1403x2213 B -03x3-07 B ‘he water table is 5.0 m below ground level q=1.5x17=25,5 kN/m? — Pee Guy, =O°No oh. q°Ny-2, + YQ BN, “2, is = 400 kN/m? 0+25.5x33x1.3417x2,5x23%0.7 any aay 1778.2. kNim? «| Sand i pe Gui = Gen, -9=1778.2-25.5=1752.7 Nm? *] FS FS.= the17x 1.5+10x1 2 Y ere =14.2 kN/m?* q=1.5x17=25.5 kN/m? un, = 25-5%33x1.3 414.2 «2.5% 230.7 = qu, = 1665.5 kN/m? Fata = an, 4 = 1665.5 = 1640 kN/m? psx Sua _ 19527 Qa 400 The water table 0 m below ground level q=1.0%17+0.5x10=22 kNim? Oy, = 22x33K1.341002.5%23%07 Sum) PO = Guy, = 1346.3 kN/m? SS a= soon FS ey Gan., = Gun, ~ 4 = 1346.3 22 = 1324.3 KN/m? Laeesses " 4 Sand FS.= Aoitue _ 1324.3 5 oct 400 31 Case (d): The w ible is at ground K q=1.5*10=15 kN/m? uy, = 15%33%1.3+10%2.5% 23x 0.7 = Guy, = 1046 KN/m? = 400 kN/n? aise = Gun, ~ 4 = 1046-15 = 1031 kim? (5x23) a Sand pg. Me 10315 5g Be age 2s x 400 Yar™ 20 KNim?A column earrying a load of 1800,0 kN is supported by a square ¢ is 1.5 meters below the ground level. The soil stratum beneath the footing consists o| of internal friction § = 33°, condition. Submerged density of sand may be taken as 11.0 KNim?. It is required to find out the size of the footing so as to achieve a F.O.S. not less than three against shear failure, footing whose bas f sand having an angle The footing is subjected to flooding = Answer + For p= 33 (use table):- 1800 KN N.= 388 N,= 265 N, = 166 4,24, =1403x3 =13 B 4,=1-03x3 207 GxB) 7 Sand $= 33° Yas HE KN/m? Q=1.5x11=16.5 kN/m? Gan, = O° Ne she #4°N oy +42 °B-N, “2, > day, = 0416.5 26.51.3411 Bx16,.6%0.7 = Guy, = 568.425 +127.82 B kN/m? Gat = Ian, ~ 1 = 568.425 + 127.82 B-16.5 > uy, = 551-925 + 127.82 B kN/m? 551,925 +127.82 3 = 183.975 + 42.607 B kN/m? P, 1800 Gua = —S4=> 183.975 + 42.607 B a => 42.607 B? + 183.975 B?-1800=0 => B=2.49mple 4: Estimate the minimum breadth of the shown square footing to be safe against bearing capacity failure (F.0.S. =3.0), and considering that the allowable settlement equals 50 mm. {20000 KN Sand 4.0m 4=30" Yay = 18.0 Kim? You 21.33 KNim? NL. Clay Gun= 40.0 kNim? = 1.4 3.0m 20.35, Gs= ore ~Answer:- Medium sand 41: Assume failure in sand layer:~ ae we - For g= 30 (use table):- N= 30 N,=18 N,=10 B A HAH 1403x5213 B 4, =1-0.3x—=0.7 aa NLL. clay = iti GZ 4OKNim? e= 14 - Use D, =1.5 m (more critical) ee03s G27 - Use H.W.L. (more critical) q=1.5x18= 27 KN/m? Medium sand2: - Assume failure in clay layer:- [ae Ga, ON. +g Nah, ty BEN, 32, Gu, = OF 27% 1851.3 411.33 xB 100.7 =a, = 631.84 79.31 B kNim? age = Ian, — 1 = 631.8 479.31 B- 27 = un, = 604.8 + 79.31 B kN/m? Gong _ 604.8 + 79,31 B = sa le Fs. 3 = 201.6 + 26.44 B kN/m? Gay, P., Gua = “= 201.6 426.44 B= a => 201.6 B’+26.44 Sse | =>B,=211m G,te Yea = “Vw Ite 741 1+14 102171 Nim? -2- 20 KN/m? -For g= i (use table):~ (B+2\B+2) N.=5 N,=1 N,=0 NLL. clay 4.740 KNim? e=14 3.0 2035 G=27 q=1.5x18+2x11,33 = 49,66 KN/m? Medium sand Qu, =O°Ne 2. +q°Ng 2, +4, -B-N, «2, = us, =20%5%1.3+49,66x1%1.340 => uy, = 194.56 kN/m?ures = Van, ~ 4 = 194.56 = 49.66 = 144.9 kN/in? Gung — 144.9 a = te 2 I ag. 2 Qa, = Eg 5 7483 N/m P Ga = C= 48, 2000 A (B+2) =>B,=4.43m 3- Assume max. settlement in clay layer:- ows. ©, =1.5x18+2%11.33415%7.1 / Cy i / > 0, = 60.31 kN/m? ip \ M \ Ag = —2000 : aay \, Bae / NLL. clay \ / go, +o ; 4 =. a a aa ae AH H-log——— (B+ 3.5(B+3.5) fs q=40kNim? e= 14 6. = 0.35 G,"2.7 ' Medium sand 60.31 ae. +3. is 3xk =0.05 m oe oa 0.31 => B,=7.0m - From B,, B,, B, => Choose B,,, = 7.0 mbk 22 tell dial Gbstayl gy (BM. Desa depdl LLY da 3 - Mtg US Ugdln (Say Aelita M wish US P and BM. J days sxe Jiu Aysill Bearing Capacity JI Gua say — ~t2us vertical load only J duayee dyblis 52018 abel Gua -) D=2 &~) 2 => D=L-2e —(B' x L’) sya) sse1tll Bearing Capacity 3} Gua -¥ Where:- B' = min. of B and D L = max. of B and DSA lagi olsy (B XL) 491 sacl check stresses dass asi “7 | th US Pand BM. yt ess (BXL) 4169) P) 6e, Lg le (must be less than q,,) > P f, -2( -) (must be more than zero)3. Bearing Capacity for footing under vertical load and double B.M.:- “Sua vertical load only J iaayes sts Bact abel uns -1 {™ el gy D,=L-2e, al a -+- D, =B-2e, g t => B'=min. of D, and D,. I & L'=max. of D, and D,. —(B' x L}) sane seta Bearing Capacity J) ua -Y Gan, FONG Ae +4°NQ Ry +7) BON, 2, Ga, a FS. ale! plasiuh wild, (BX L) GLoYl saci check stresses des as “1 wtb US Pand BM. 486 ens (BXL) GLY! 6e, + =] (must be less than q,,) be, a 7 eae mi Ye me ul ze eee just be more than zero) M, & gate_ Example 5:= Find out the factor of safety against shear failure for the shown footing and load condition. P=2000.0 KN & My = 150.0 kNm ® sang Pm g=35° $.0x5.0m ae Yay= 17.5 kNim? You = 21.0kKNim? ~Answer:- = = 0.075 m P 2000 D=5-2x0.075=4.85 m B'=4.85m L=5.0m -For g= 35 (use table): N, = 46 N, = 33 N, = 23 1.291 -03 Ae = 0.709 2.0m 3.0m WL.- Use D, = 2.0 m (more critical) 17.5x3411x1.85 : Y= HST ANI q=2x17.5=35 kNim? Gun, = Neh HqNy oA, HY, -BeN, “2, un, = 35% 33% 1.291 + 11x 4.85 x 23% 0.709 = qu, = 2361.1 KN/m? Gate, = Von, ~ 1 = 2361-135 = 2326.1 KN/m? ~ Check actual stresses:- s=2( +e) AVL =f, = 2000 pee 87.2 KN/m? 5x5 5 .075 5-2 1- 82x) _ 2000 (20 ’) AU UL } 5x5 5 =>f,=72.8kN/m? >zero OK. FS.=Guy, =O No Ati, tQ°Ny +A, ci, +4) "BN, -2, “i, ~Where:- i,, iq, i, are load inclination factors where:- 1-Forc#0, 0 i, = 0.5+ 2 & i=l Where:- H, = Ulimate horizontal bearing capacity = F-.S. x H A= Area of footing ¢ = Soil cohesion 2-Fore#0, oF i, = 1-07 —_ _ V, tA-c-cot@ }, -|1-——&__] - Vi +A-c-cotyWhere:- H, = Ulimate horizontal bearing capacity = F.S. x H V, = Ulimate vertical bearing capacity = x P A = Area of footing ¢= Soil cohesion = Angle of internal friction of soil 3-Fore=0, 9 #0: +i, =[1-0.7tan o] =[1- tans} Where:- H tand=— and =>The attached figure shows the footing of a space frame hinged at base, the reactions were as follows: P,=200.0 kN, Py=150.0 KN, and P,=2000.0 kN. Find out the factor of safety against shear failure for the shown footing and load condition. P,= 2000 KN Steel column Column head ™ + tom + 2.0m a Sand 2.0x 2.4m mt o=39 ‘Ypsa = 18.0 kN/m? You = 20.0 KNim? > Answer:- M. 100 M, =3x200=600kN.m => ¢, 03m _ P = 2000 M, =3x150=450kN.m => ©. = Ma. 450 _ 9.295 m * P2000 D,=2.4-2x03=18m D, = 2.0-2%0.225=1.55 m =>B=155m & D=18m - For g = 35 (use table):- N,= 46 N,=33 N,=23 7 Andy =1403x4 =1 258 1.55 = 0.742 1.8 4, =1-0.3%q=2x18=36 kN/in? H= ¥(200° +150") = 250 kN H_ 250 tand = —=——=0,12 P2000 se For c=0, g#0:- i, =[1-0.7x0.125f = 0.76 i, =[1-0.125f = 0.67 Gang =ONe Resi #G-Ny Agcy +Y2°B-N, -A, “i, = uy, = 0+36%33 x1.258x 0,76 + 10%1.55x 23% 0.742 x 0.67 = 1313.1 kN/m? > 44, Quy, = 1313.1-36 = 1277.1 kN/m? - Check actual stresses:~ be, fee ese 2s: AU LB (-Se 6%0-225) _ 1010.4 kNim? + 24 = (- kN/m’ _1277.1 1010. Quy, =50x5%1.27 «| 0.5405x fl-e ]4 3411-271 es 900 sy, = 201.934 158.75 x = " 900 P = 201: 158.75 x ,[l-—— - 34 Gang, = 201.93+ x50 P 2 dy, =167.934158.75% fl s P. f 58.75 x ,/1-—— 167.93 + 158.75 x 300 H tan d = — and => # 2 =4 2 2 s > du, = 55.98 + 52.92% I-50 we 7 s - Actual stresses:~ P 6x 0.3 1+ 3x3.3 33 0.156 P Gate => 0.156 P = 55,98 + 52.92 i 900 => P = 646.3 kN f= P (1-22) 3x33 3.3 0.046P >zero safeCheek settleme AH=m, -Ao-H Ao = Faq (neglecting the effect of BM.) => AH = 0.003 x 6=0.025 6x63 => P, =52.5 KN - From P,, P, => Choose P,,, = 52.5 KN