Cell Structure

& Function

Cell Theory
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.

 Cells are small so they can exchange

materials with their surroundings.

Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.

Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Two Types of Cells

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

Living cells classified into 2 different

types based on internal structure
Prokaryotic cells little defined internal
structure. Lack a clearly defined structure
to house their DNA. Organisms made up
of prokaryotic cells are called Prokaryotes
(all bacteria, all archaeans)
Eukaryotic cells more complex structure.
Contain many different kinds of
membrane-bound structures called
organelles suspended in cytosol.

Types of Cells

REVIEW
What are the main differences between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
List one key point from the cell theory
What is the definition of a cell?
Why does a small cell have more surface
area to volume?

Prokaryotic
Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
Few internal
structures
One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria

Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells include the bacteria and
archaea.

Bacterial cells have these constant features:

Outer Boundary: Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm:
Ribosomes
Thylakoids (Cyanobacteria)
Many enzymes
Nucleoid:
Chromosome (DNA only)

Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that
controls the workings of the cell.
All cells are surrounded by a plasma
membrane made of phospholipids
and proteins.

Eukaryotic
Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms
Plant

Animal

 The plasma membrane regulates what

enters and exits the cell.
Inside the plasma membrane, the nucleus
is surrounded by cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid medium.

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to

the plasma membrane.

Primary cell walls are made from cellulose. The secondary cell wall,
which forms inside the primary wall, is formed from lignin. Its
purpose is to give strength to the cell.

REVIEW
List one main difference between plant
and animal cells
Do plant and animal cells have
organelles?
What is the function of organelles?

Animal cell anatomy

Typical Animal Cell

Plant cell anatomy

Typical Plant Cell

REVIEW
What are the main similarities and
differences between plant and animal
cells?

Cell Parts
Organelles

 Animal and plant cells have organelles.

Organelles compartmentalize functions
within the cell.
The organelles of animal and plant cells are
similar to each other except that centrioles
are present only in animal cells, and
chloroplasts are present only in plant cells.

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell
Double layer

Cell Wall
Most commonly found
in plant cells &
bacteria
Supports & protects
cells

REVIEW
Which structure surrounds a cell?
Briefly outline the cell theory

Inside the Cell

Nucleus
Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear Membrane
Surrounds nucleus
Made of two layers
Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus

Chromosomes
In nucleus
Made of DNA
Contain instructions
for traits &
characteristics

Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Contains RNA to build
proteins

Cytoplasm
Gel-like mixture
Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Moves materials around
in cell
Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface

Ribosomes
Each cell contains
thousands
Make proteins
Found on rough
endoplasmic
reticulum & floating
throughout the cell

Mitochondria
Produces energy through
chemical reactions
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

Golgi Bodies
Protein 'packaging
plant'
Move materials within
the cell
Move materials out of
the cell

Cilia and flagella

Cilia and flagella - 9 + 2 pattern of
microtubules
Involved in movement (cell, eggs,
debris)
Each cilium and flagellum has a basal
body at its base.

Structure of a flagellum or cilium

Lysosome
Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

Vacuoles
Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
Contains water
solution
Help plants maintain
shape

Chloroplast
Usually found in plant
cells
Contains green
chlorophyll
Where
photosynthesis takes
place

REVIEW

List 5 structures within a cell

What do golgi do?
What does the mitochondria do?
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
What is the function of the nucleus?
What does the nuclear membrane allow to happen?
What is the function of the nucleolus?
What is the function of the lysosome?
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Why dont animal cells contain chloroplasts?