1853

2016

 GRAMMAR

TRANSLATION

METHOD
DIRECT METHOD
AUDIO-LINGUAL METHOD

The concept of method has

not been replaced by the
concept of postmethod but
rather by an era of textbookdefined practice. What the
majority of teachers teach and
how they teach ... are now
determined by textbooks.

1918
Find your point of contact in the daily
experience of the foreigner, and lead
him as speedily as possible into touch
with the language of daily life
Roberts, P. 1918.

1956
Language is not a sterile subject to
be confined to the classroom. One of
two things must be done: either life
must be brought to the classroom or
the class must be taken to life.
Strevens, P.

1961
The teacher must really be himself
and give himself, talking to real
people about real things and then
training his pupils to talk to one
another about real things.
Billows, L. 1961.

1961
The language must not be
allowed to stay imprisoned
between the pages of a book.
Billows, L. 1961.

1969
They should feel that each lesson is
their lesson, not the teachers. In
an English class which is well run,
the teacher is only a guide.
French, F. 1949.

.these changes have

represented different
configurations of the same
basic options...
(1989). The concept of method, interested knowledge, and the politics of
language teaching

The language must not be allowed to stay

imprisoned between the pages of a book
What should the pupils feel about all our
English lessons, generally? First, they
should feel that each lesson is their lesson,
not the teachers. In an English class
which is well run, the teacher is only a
guide.

STRUCTURALIST
VIEW OF
LANGUAGE

Pragmatic version of audio-lingualism =

Structural-situational Method
PRESENTATION

PRACTICE
PRODUCTION

Language point presented in

routines
Controlled practice
Semi-controlled practice

Free practice
MOST IMPORTANT SKILLS
Listening
Speaking
TECHNIQUES

Mimes
Pictures
sounds

1970s 1980s
Earl Stevick

movement
based

on
assumptions

Silent Way

Traditional
Teaching

Personalization

Affective
factors

Humanistic
approach
(affective
factors)

CLL
Suggestopedia

TPR

COMMUNICATIVE
LANGUAGE
TEACHING
ACCURACY
WORK

FLUENCY
WORK

Concentrated on learning
new bits of language
(grammar, vocabulary)

Was for getting students

to speak freely
( discussions)

TTT was an inventive variation of PP

TEST PHASE - Ss are given a task
(role play)

TEACH PHASE - Teacher teaches the

biggest errors

TEST PHASE Ss practice exercises

Are given
communicative
tasks

Are given what

language they
need by the teacher
as they need

LEARNER
CENTERED
INSTRUCTION
Techniques enhance
students sense of
competence and selfworth

Techniques allow
student creativity and
innovation

Techniques focus on
learners needs,
styles and goals

Techniques give
some control to the
student (group work)

Learnercentered

Promotes
intrinsic
motivation

COOOPERATIVE
LEARNING

Group
work

Pair work

 Interlocutors
communicate
Genuine
communication

Communication
Competence

Pair work and

Group work
Receives authentic
language input
Performs
classroom taks

Practices oral
communciation
Writes to and for
real audiences

Importance of
output and input

COOPERATIVE LEARNING
PARTICIPATORY LEARNING
STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING

FOCUS ON THE COMMUNITY OF LEARNERS

FOCUS ON THE SOCIAL NATURE OF
LANGUAGE
USE OF AUTHENTIC, NATURAL LANGUAGE
INTEGRATION OF THE FOUR SKILLS
Listening and Speaking

Reading and Writing

Nine Groups
PRESENTATIONS

FEB. 29

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Linguistic
Logical-Mathematical
Musical
Bodily Kinesthetic
Spatial
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic