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Diarrhea
DEFINITION
Diarrheais a disease
characterizedbyincreasedfrequency
ofdefecationmorethan usual(>3
times/day)accompanied bya changein stool
consistency(aliquid),with /without
bloodand/ormucus
diarrheathatcontinues for
2weeksormoretoloseweightornot
gainweightduringthe diarrhea chronic
diarrhea
DIARE
AKUT < 2
MINGGU
TRAVELERS
DIARRHEA
KRONIK > 2
MINGGU
EPIDEMIOLOGY
3 main causes to the health center
InIndonesiais estimated tobe foundwith
Acute Diarrhea
ETIOLOGY
Viral infections
Cause most cases of diarrhea and are typically associated with mild-to-moderate
symptoms with frequent, watery bowel movements, abdominal cramps, and a lowgradefever.
Rotavirus (infants), norovirus (adults & schoolage children), adenovirus (all age groups)
Bacterial infections
Occurs from contaminated food or drinks (food poisoning).
Cause severe symptoms: vomiting,fever, and severe abdominal cramps orabdominal
Parasites
Cause infection of the digestive system by the use of contaminated water.
Common parasitic causes of diarrhea includeGiardia lamblia,Entamoeba histolytica,
andCryptosporidium.
ETIOLOGY
Intestinal disorders/ disease
Inflammatory bowel disease,irritable bowel
syndrome(IBS),diverticulitis,microscopic colitis,
andceliac diseasecan cause diarrhea.
Reaction to certain medications
Common medications include antibiotics,blood
Intolerance to foods
Artificial sweeteners andlactose(the sugar found
in milk) can cause diarrhea.
MIKROORGANISME
SETELAH BERHASIL
LEWATI ASAM
LAMBUNG
SALURAN CERNA
BERKEMBANGBIAK
MEMBENTUK TOKSIN
HIPERPERISTALTIK
SEKRESI CAIRAN
USUS
AKUT < 2
MINGGU
PATHOGENES
Entry of microorganismsinto
thegastrointestinal tract
Proliferation
ofmicroorganismsaftersuccessfullypassingt
he stomachacid
Toxinformationby microorganisms
Thestimulation of theintestinalmucosathat
lead tohyperperistalsisandintestinalfluid
secretionresulting indiarrhea
SYMPTOMS
Watery, liquid stools
Abdominal cramps
Fever
Dehydration
Adults may be very thirsty and have a dry mouth.
The skin of older people may appear to be loose. The
MANIFESTASI
KLINIK
DIARE
Cengeng
Gelisah
T
Nafsu makan atau tidak ada
Muntah
BB
Bayi ubun-ubun besar cekung
Tonus & turgor kulit
Selaput lendir mulut & bibir terlihat kering
DIAGNOSE
Medical history & physical examination
Stool culture
Blood tests
Fasting tests
Sigmoidoscopy / Colonoscopy
X-rays/ CT-scans
DIAGNOSIS
DIARE
Anamnesa
Lamanya sakit diare (sudah berapa jam, hari ?)
Frekuensi (berapa x/hari?)
Banyaknya/volumenya (berapa banyak setiap
defekasi)
Warnanya (biasa, kuning berlendir, berdarah,
seperti air cucian beras, dsb)
Baunya (amis, asam, busuk)
DIAGNOSIS DIARE
Pemeriksaan laboratorium
Pemeriksaan tinja
Makroskopik & mikroskpoik
Biakan kuman
Tes resistensi terhadap berbagai antibiotik
pH & kadar gula ada intoleransi laktosa
Pemeriksaan darah
Darah lengkap
Kadar ureum ggg faal ginjal
Pemeriksaan elektrolit
SELF-CARE
Adults
Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
Avoid greasy or fatty foods.
BRAT (banana, rice, applesauce, and toast) diet
Avoid alcoholic beverages and spicy foods
Children
Pedialyte may be more appealing than water
Stay at home and avoid school and day-care
SYMPTOMATIC
TREATMENT
Antidiarrheal drug
Adsorbent
Stimulans
Antiemetics
Antipiretika
TREATMENT
Antibiotic
Loperamide (Imodium)
Bismuth subsalicylate(Pepto-Bismol,
Kaopectate, etc.)
Pedialyte, Rehydralyte, Naturalyte
Solution.
PENATALAKSANAAN ANTIFUNGAL
PEMBEDA
AMFOTERISIN B
DESKRIPSI Hasil fermentasi Streptomyces
nodosus; terefektif untuk mikosis
sistemik berat
CARA
Berikatan kuat dengan ergosterol
KERJA
(membran sel jamur) bocor
bahan2 intrasel keluar & kerusakan
permanen
INDIKASI
EFEK
SAMPING
&
KONTRAIN
DIKASI
Untuk koksidiodomikosis,
parakoksidioidomikosis,
aspergilosis,
kromoblastomikosis,
kandidiosis, histoplasmosis,
kriptokokosis sistemik,
leismaniasis mukokutan
Efektif pada maduromikosis &
mukormikosis
Obat terpilih blastomikosis
selain hidroksistilbamidin
Tetesan topikal efektif u/
korneal & keratitis mikotik
Endoftalmitis intraorbital
Pasien + amfoterisin B
HARUS dirawat di RS
kulit panas, keringatan, sakit
kepala, demam, mengigil, lesu,
anoreksia, nyeri otot, kejang,
flebitis (terjadi + heparin 1000
unit dalam infus), & fungsi
ginjal INFUS
50% demam & mengigil
awal IV
+ flusitosin efek toksik pada
Hambat sintesis
beta (1,3)-D-glukan
komponen
esensial dinding sel
jamur
Anemia, leukopenia,
trombositopenia pasien
kelainan hematologik yang
sedang dapat pengobatan
radiasi, obat penekan fungsi
sumsum tulang , dan punya
riwayat dengan obat tsb.
Mual, muntah, diare, dan
enterokolotis hebat
Pengaruhi
biosintesis
ergosterol dinsing
sel jamur melalui
hemabtan enzim
skualen
epoksidase
Kandidiasi
Dermatofitos
invasif
is
(kandidemia
(onkomikosis
pasien
)
neutropenia/no
Kandidiasis
n)
kutaneus &
Kandidiasis
tinea
esofagus
versikolor
Kandidiasi
+ imidazol
orofaring
atau triazol
Aspergilosis
invasif yang
sudah
refrakter
terhadap
antijamur lain
Demam,mual,
Gangguan
muntah,
GIT
flushing,
Sakit kepala
pruritus
Hepatotoksis
(lepasnya
itas,
histamin)
netropenai
#
berat,
+siklosporin+t
sindrome
akrolimus
Steven
PEMBEDA
DESKRIPSI
INDIKASI
EFEK
SAMPING &
KONTRAIND
IKASI
Pengaruhi
permeabilitas
membran sel sampai
ubah biosintesis lipid
(sterol, sel jamur)
dengan inhibisi enzim
P450 sitokrom fungi
Hasil memuaskan
: Blastomikosis,
histoplasmosis,
koksidioidomikosi
s, sariawan mulut
& tenggorokan
serta tinea
versikolor
Aspergilosis di
luar SSP
15% mual,
muntah
Kemerahan,
pruritus, lesu,
pusing, edema
kaki, parestesia,
dan kehilang
VORIKONAZOL
Triazol yang sama
dengan flukonazol tapi
punya aktivitas dan
spektrum yang luas
Pengaruhi
Pengaruhi
permeabilitas
permeabilitas
membran sel sampai
membran sel sampai
ubah biosintesis lipid
ubah biosintesis lipid
(sterol, sel jamur)
(sterol, sel jamur)
dengan inhibisi enzim dengan inhibisi enzim
P450 sitokrom fungi
P450 sitokrom fungi
Cegah relaps
Aspergilosis
meningitis akibat
sistemik dan
Cryptococus pada
infeksi jamur
pasien AIDS
berat
setelah
( Scedosporium
pengobatan
apiospermun dan
dengan
Fusarium sp.)
amfoterisin B
Candida sp,
Kandidiasis pada
kriptococus dan
mulut dan
dermatofit
tenggorokan pada
Infeksi kandida
pasien AIDS
yang resisten
flukonazol
Gangguan GIT
Gangguan
terbanyak
penglihatan
Pasien AIDS :
(kabur atau
urtikaria,
fotofobia 30%)
eosinofilia,
Reaksi
KOMPLIKASI DIARE
KOMPLIKASI PALING SERING
1. Dehidrasi
2. Gangguan keseimbangan
asam basa (asidosis
metabolik)
3. Hipoglikemia
4. Gangguan gizi
5. Gangguan sirkulasi
COMPLICATIONS
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Fever
Edema
Acidosis
Hypocalemi
Paralytic ileus
Convulsions
Lactose intolerance
Glucose malabsorption
Vomit
Renal failure
PREVENTION
Pemberian ASI
Memperbaiki makanan sampihan
Menggunakan air bersih
Mencuci tangan
Menggunakan jamban keluarga
Cara membuang tinja yang baik dan benar
Pemberian imunisasi campak
PREVENTION
Washing hand
Food should be cooked to the recommended
temperatures.
Fruits and vegetables consumed raw should be
thoroughly rinsed in clean water.
Unpasteurized (raw) milk may be contaminated
with bacteria and should always be avoided.
Use caution when traveling, especially to
foreign countries. Do not eat foods from street
vendors.
Chronic Diarrhea
ETIOLOGY
In generalcan be groupedinto
4categoriespathogenesis:
Osmotic diarrhea
Causedbyintestinalintraluminalosmolalityis
higherthanin serum
This happens tolactose
intolerance,laxativemedications(lactulose,magnesiu
msulfate),drugs(antacids)
Secretory diarrhea
Occurrence ofexcessiveintestinalsecretionand
reducedabsorption oftheliquidcause diarrhea
Generallycaused byendocrine
tumors,malabsorptionof bilesalts.
Motility disorders
This is due torapidintestinaltransitorthe occurrence
ofstasisthat causesexcessivegrowthof
bacteriaintraluminal.
Cause by IBS
Inflammatory diarrhea
Causedbyinflammatoryfactorssuch asIBD
Malabsorption
Generally causedbysmall
boweldisease,partialbowelresection,lymphatic
obstruction, pancreaticenzymedeficiency,andbacterial
overgrowth
Chronic infection
Such asG.lamblia,E.histolytica,intestinalnematodes,or
immunocompromized
LO 2.
DIAGNOSIS DIARE
Derajat dehidrasi
Ringan : BB 2,5-5 %
Sedang : BB 5-10 %
Berat : BB > 10 %
MTBS
Mild/ moderate dehydration
Severe dehydration
TREATMENT
Rehydration
Breast feeding
Do not use antidiarrheal drugs
antibioticis given onlyincases
ofcholeraanddysenterycausedbyshigella,whereas
metronidazoleis givenincases ofgiardiasisandamebiasis
about:
How to care for a sick child at home
Signsthat can beusedas a guidetobring
DIETETIC TREATMENT
O-ralit
B-reast feeding
E-arly feeding
S-imultaneously with
E-ducation
CARA PEMBERIAN
MAKANAN
Bayi dengan ASI
ASI dilanjutkan bersama-sama dengan oralit, selang-seling. Pada
bayi berumur > 4 bulan dilanjutkan dengan fase readaptasi, sedikit
demi sedikir makanan diberikan kembali seperti sebelum sakit
Bayi dengan susu formula
Diberikan oralit, selang-seling dengan susu formula. Jika bayi telah
PENATALAKSANAAN DIARE
PREVENTION OF
DEHYDRATION
Explain to mothers how to treat diarrhea at home
Give your child more fluids than usual to prevent dehydration
Continue feeding
Bring your child to a healthworker if:
Defecate several times
Very thirsty
Eyes become sunken
Fever
Do not eat
Do not grow well
Bloody stool
prevent diarrhea
TREATMENT OF SEVERE
DEHYDRATION
Mulai dari sini
Apakah anda
dapat
memberikan
cairan intravena?
ya
ya
tidak
Apakah penderita
dapat minum?
tidak
Apakah anda
terlatih memasang
sonde lambung?
ya
tidak
Segera dirujuk
untuk pengobatan
intravena
instructionsintravenousrehydr
ationtreatmentin patients
withseveredehydration
Kelompok
umur
Jenis cairan/
cara
pemberian
Jumlah cairan
per kg BB
Waktu
pemberian
Bayi < 12
bulan
RL intravena
30 ml
1 jam
Dilanjutkan dengan
RL intravena
40 ml
2 jam
berikutnya
Anak lebih
besar
40 ml
3 jam
berikutnya
RL intravena
100 ml
3 jam (pasien
dengan
renjatan
berikan secepat
mungkin
sampai nadi
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Robert M Kliegman, Hal B Jenson, Richard E Behrman,