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http://electrical-engineering-po rtal.co m/defining-size-and-lo catio n-o f-capacito r-in-electrical-system-1
De fining Siz e and Lo c atio n o f Cap ac ito r in Ele c tric al Sys te m (1)
Content
Type of Capacitor Bank as per Its Application
1. Fixed t ype capacit or banks
T he reactive power supplied by the f ixed capacitor bank is constant irrespective of any variations in the
power f actor and the load of the receivers. T hese capacitor banks are switched on either manually (circuit
breaker / switch) or semi automatically by a remote-controlled contactor.
T his arrangement uses one or more capacitor to provide a constant level of compensation.
T hese capacitors are applied at the terminals of inductive loads (mainly motors), at bus bars.
Disadvant ages:
Manual ON/OFF operation.
Applicat ion:
Where the load f actor is reasonably constant.
Electrical installations with constant load operating 24 hours a day
Reactive compensation of transf ormers.
Individual compensation of motors.
Where the kvar rating of the capacitors is less than, or equal to 15% of the supply transf ormer
rating, a f ixed value of compensation is appropriate.
Size of Fixed Capacitor bank Qc 15% kVA transformer
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Advant ages:
Consistently high power f actor under f luctuating loads.
Prevention of leading power f actor.
Eliminate power f actor penalty.
Lower energy consumption by reducing losses.
Continuously sense and monitor load.
Automatically switch on/of f relevant capacitors steps f or consistent power f actor.
Ensures easy user interf ace.
Automatically variation, without manual intervention, the compensation to suit the load requirements.
Applicat ion:
Variable load electrical installations.
Compensation of main LV distribution boards or major outgoing lines.
Above the 15% level, it is advisable to install an automatically-controlled bank of capacitors.
Size of Automatic Capacitor bank Qc > 15% kVA transformer.
Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Individual
capacitors
Fixed bank
Automatic
bank
Combination
Least f lexible
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2. Heavy-dut y
Construction: Rectangular and Cylindrical (Resin filled / Resin coated-Dry/oil/gas)
Application:
1. Suitable f or f luctuating load.
2. Non linear up to 20%.
3. Suitable f or APFC Panel.
4. Harmonic f iltering
3. LT Capacit or
Application:
Suitable f or f luctuating load.
Non linear up to 20%.
Suitable f or APFC Panel & Harmonic f ilter application.
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3.3 KV , 6.6KV
75 Kvar
11 KV
200 Kvar
22 KV
400 Kvar
33 KV
600 Kvar
Unit sizes lower than above is not practical and economical to manuf acture.
When capacitors are connected directly across motors it must be ensured that the rated current of the
capacitor bank should not exceed 90% of the no-load current of the motor to avoid self -excitation of the
motor and also over compensation.
Precaution must be taken to ensure the live parts of the equipment to be compensated should not be
handled f or 10 minutes (in case of HT equipment) af ter disconnection of supply.
Crane motors or like, where the motors can be rotated by mechanical load and motors with electrical
braking systems, should never be compensated by capacitors directly across motor terminals.
For direct compensation across transformers the capacitor rating should not exceed 90 % of the noload KVA of the motor.
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Type of Capacitor
<=10%
Standard Duty
Up to 15%
Heavy Duty
Up to 20%
Up to 25%
Above 30%
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1. St ar-Solidly Grounded
Initial cost of the bank may be lower since the neutral does not have to be insulated f rom ground.
Capacitor switch recovery voltages are reduced
High inrush currents may occur in the station ground system.
T he grounded-Star arrangement provides a low-impedance f ault path which may require revision to
2. St ar-Ungrounded
Industrial and commercial capacitor banks are normally connected ungrounded Star, with paralleled
units to make up the total kvar.
It is recommended that a minimum of 4 paralleled units to be applied to limit the over voltage on the
remaining units when one is removed f rom the circuit.
If only one unit is needed to make the total kvar, the units in the other phases will not be overloaded
if it fails.
In industrial or commercial power systems the capacitors are not grounded f or a variety of reasons.
Industrial systems are of ten resistance grounded. A grounded Star connection on the capacitor bank
would provide a path for zero sequence currents and the possibility of a f alse operation of ground fault
relays.
Also, the protective relay scheme would be sensitive to system line-to-ground voltage Unbalance, which
could also result in f alse relay tripping.
Application: In Industrial and Commercial.
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