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Sex chromosomes
consist of a largeX chromosomeand a smallerY
chromosome
Egg cells
contain an X chromosome
Sperm
can carry either an X or Y chromosome
At 9 weeks
testicular cells begin to produce testosterone
testosterone stimulates the Wolffian duct to develop
into the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, and the urethra
The presence of testosterone also causes the
development of the male external genitalia
Introduction
Scrotum
contains thetesteswherespermand
testosteroneare produced
Sertoli cells
regulatespermatogenesisand nourish developing sperm
cells (called spermatogonia)
produce the hormone inhibin and activin to regulate FSH
secretion
secrete fluid that pushes the immature sperm to the
epididymis
form what is called the blood-testis barrier
Leydig cells
located in the interstitial space between the seminiferous
tubules
producetestosterone in the presence of LH
Vas(orductus)Deferens
carries the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory
duct
Ejaculatory duct
drains into the urethra
Seminal Vesicles
contribute a large amount (60%) of fluid to the semen
during ejaculation. The fluid, rich in fructose and
enzymes, helps to maintain and nourish the sperm
Prostate gland
secretes enzymes and fluid that help to neutralize the
acid environment of the urethra and vagina
Urethra
transports the sperm during ejaculation and drains the
bladder during urination
Primary spermatocyte
During first meiotic division: divides into two secondary
spermatocyte
During second meiotic division: divides into four
spermatids
FSH
acts on theSertoli cellsto promote
spermatogenesiswhile also producing the
hormoneinhibin
Testosterone production
involves a series of complex reactions that begins with
cholesteroland the formation of several
intermediates ending in the production of testosterone
GnRH increase
cause remains unclear, however, leads to anincrease in LH
and FSH, which then causetestosterone levels to rise, as
well
Labium majus
also called thelabia majora
surrounds thelabia minus
derived from the same embryonic tissue
as the scrotum
Labia minus
also called thelabia minora
derived from the same embryonic tissue
as the shaft of the penis
encloses the vaginal orificethe
opening to the vagina
Thecervix
secretes mucus that varies during the menstrual cyclefrom
thin (to facilitate sperm entry) to thick (to prevent sperm entry)
Theuterus
site of implantation of the fertilized egg
where the developing embryo is nourished and maintained
during the menstrual cycle, the uterine lining undergoes several
phases under hormonal control
Thefallopian tubes
site of fertilizationof the egg
they contain cilia that pass the egg from the fimbria to the
uterus
Thefimbriae
"capture" the egg after it is expelled from the ovaries and funnel
it into the infundibulum
The ovaries
produce eggs (oogenesis) as well as the
hormonesestrogenand progesterone
Menopause
the period marked by decreased estrogen production and cessation of the
menstrual cycle
characterized by "hot flashes," irritability and anxiety, fatigue, lack
of strength, and decreased bone density
Menses, days 0 to 7:
Levels of LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen, and
progesterone are low
The lining of the uterus cannot be maintained, and the uterine lining is
lost