Bacteriology Table

General
features

Organism

Staphylococcu
s
aureus
(nose, skin esp.
hospital
staff
and pts; vagina)

Staphylococc
us
epidermidis
(skin, mucous
membranes)

Gram (+),

Clustered
cocci
-hemolytic
Coagulase
(+)
Catalase (+)
Facultative
anaerobe

Gram (+),
clustered
cocci
Catalase (+)
Coagulase (-)
Facultative
anaerobe

Virulence
Factors

Diagnosis

Gram stain
CULTURE:
Blood
agar,
Mannitol salt
agar
Catalase test
Coagulase
test
Novobiocine
test

Gram stain
CULTURE:
Blood
agar,
Mannitol
salt agar
Catalase test
Coagulase
test
Novobiocine
test

Microcapsule
Protein A:
binds igg
Clumping
factor
Coagulase
Hemolysins
Penicillinase
Hyaluronidase
Staphylokinase
Lipase

Polysaccharide
capsule
(adherence to
prosthetic
devices)
High antibiotic
resistance

Disease
EXOTOXIN
DEPENDANT:
Gastroenteritis
Toxic shock
syndrome
Scalded skin
syndrome
DIRECT INVASION OF
ORGANS
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Acute bacterial
endocarditis
Osteomyelitis
Skin infection
Bacteremia/sepsis
UTI

Treatment

Penicillinaseresistant
penicillins
like
(eg.methicilli
n,
cloxacillin)

Vancomycin
Clindamycine
NOTE if methicillin
resistant,
treat w/ IV
vancomycin

NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTION

Prosthetic joints,
valves
Sepsis from
intravenous lines
UTI

(SAME )

Staphylococcus
saprophyticus

Streptococc
us
pneumoniae
(oral colonization)

Gram (+),
clustered
cocci
-hemolytic
Catalase (+)
Coagulase (-)
Facultative
anaerobe

Gram (+),
diplococcic
Grow in
chains
Catalase (-)
Facultative
anaerobe
-hemolytic
Capsulated

Gram (+)cocci,
chains
Streptococcus
-hemolytic
viridans
(green)
Catalase (-)
(normal orophry nx . Facultative
flora & GI)
anaerobe

Gram stain
CULTURE:
Blood agar,
Mannitol
salt agar
Catalase test
Coagulase
test
Novobiocine
test
CULTURE:
Blood agar
Optichin test
(+)
Bile test (+)
Inulin
fermentation
(-)
Quellung
test
(encapsulate
d bacteria)
(+)
Optichin test
(-)
Bile test (-)
Inulin
fermentation
(+)

Utis in sexually
active women

(SAME )

Pneumonia
Meningitis
Sepsis
Otitis media
(children)

Penicillin G
(IM)
Erythromycin
Ceftriaxone
Vaccine:
against the
23 most
common
capsular Ags

Direct
Invasion/toxin

Streptococc Gram
us
(+)cocci,
chains
pyrogenes
(group A)

-hemolytic
Catalase (-)
Microaerophili
c

Bacitracin
susceptibility
test(+)
Camp (-)

Pharyngiti
Sepsis
Skin infections
Toxic shock
syndrome
Scarlet fever
(strawberry
tongue)

Antibodymediated

Rheumatic
fever
Myocarditis
Arthritis
Chorea
Rash
Acute poststreptococcal
Glomeruloneph
ritis

Penicillin G
Penicillin V
Erythromyci
n
Penicillinase
-resistant
penillicin
(NOTE:
sensitive to
-lactam
antibiotics
especially
cephalosporin
)

Steptococcus
agalactiae
(group B)
(vaginal
colonization)
Enterococci
(group D)
(normal colon
flora)
(Eg: E. Fecalis, E.
Faecium)

Gram (+ )cocci,
chains
Catalase (-)
Facultative
anaerobe
-hemolytic
Gram (+), chains
Gamma hemolytic
Catalase (-)
Facultative
anaerobe
Non-capsulated
& non-motile
Salt tolerable
and bile soluble

Bacitracin
susceptibility
test(-)
Camp (+)

CULTURE:
Blood agar
Macconkey agar
(ferment lactose
producing small
pink magenta
colonies )
Catalase (-)

Neonatal
meningitis
Neonatal
pneumonia
Neonatal sepsis

Penicillin g

Extracellular
Subacute bacterial Ampicillin
Resistance
dextran
endocarditis
(helps bind to Biliary tract
to penicillin
Heart valves)
G
infections
3. UTI

LEC 7

General
features

Organism

Escherichia coli
(human gi and ut;
transmitted fecal- oral,
urethral migration,
colonization of catheters)

Gram(-) rods
Catalase (+)
Oxidase (-)
Lactose
fermenter
Facultative
anaerobe
Flagellated
. Capsulated
Antigens are o,
k, h & fimbrial
antigens

Gram(-) rods
Catalase (+)
Oxidase (-)
Shigella
Glucose
Dysenteriae
fermenter
Facultative
anaerobe
(humans; fecal-oral
transmission)
Indole ve
except (S.
Flexneri.)
Non-motile.

Diagnosis
DIRECT GRAM
STAIN.
CULTURE:
Blood agar
Macconkey
agar
Eosine
Methaline Blue
agar
BIOCHEMICAL
REACTION:
Indole production
+ve.
Mr +ve.
Urease enzyme
production ve.

CULTURE:
Macconkey
agar(nonlactose
fermenting pale
yellow colonies)
SalmonellaShigella (SS)
agar
Deoxycholate
citrate

Virulence
Factors

Fimbriae (pili):
colonization
Factor
Siderophore
Adhesins
Capsule
(k antigen)
5. Flagella (h
antigen)

Disease

Urinary
Tract infections
Peritonitis
Appendicitis
Postoperative wound
infections ,
Neonatal meningitis
Sepsis.

Shiga toxin: causes a

breakdown of the
intestinal lining.
Penetrate the colonic
mucosa
Bloody diarrhea with
mucus and pus

Treatme
nt

agar(DCA)

Salmonella
typhi
(fecal-oral, Birds,
reptiles, and turtles
transmission)

Gram-negative
rod.
Non-sporeforming.
Non capsulated
Motile
Produce
hydrogen sulfide
(test)
Oxidase (-)(test)
Glucose
fermenter
Facultative
anaerobe

SPECIMENS:
Blood
Feces and urine
CULTURE:
Macconkey agar.
Deoxycholate citrate
agar (DCA).
Brilliant green
bismuth sulphite
agar.
Salmonella-Shigella
(SS) agar
Selenite F broth
Indol (-)
Catalase (+)

Typhoid fever
Paratyphoid fever,
Food-borne illness.

Klebsiella
pneumoniae

Vibrio cholera
(fecal-oral
transmission)

Gram(-) rods
Indole, oxidase
(-)
Glucose,lactose
fermenter
Facultative
anaerobe
Capsulated
Non-motile.

Gram ve bactera
Oxidase (+) (test)
Grows at 42c,
Tolerant to alkali
Grow rapidly in the
ph rang 7.4-9.6
Vibrio cholerae
Adapted to salt
water habitats and
are halophilic
Darting movement
Fermentative
(except lactose)

CULTURE:
MacConkey

STOOL
SPECIMENS
Thiosulfatecitrate-bilesucrose(TCBS)

Chest infections
Bronchopneumonia
Lung abscesses
UT1
Septiceamia

Vibrio Enterotoxins
Rise in cyclic
adenosine
monophosphate (camp)
production..
Severe diarrhea with
rice water stools, no
pus
Vomitting

Doxycycli
ne
Iv
replace
ment
Of the
lost fluids
and
electrolyt
e

Campylobacter
jejuni
(zoonotic: wild and
domestic animals and
poultry; transmitted by
uncooked meat and
fecal-oral)

Helicobacter
pylori

Gram ve rods
Microaerophilic
Non-fermenting
Motile
Are oxidasepositive
Grow optimally at
37or 42C.
Oxidase (+) (test)
Catalase (+)(test)
Sensitive to
Nalidixic acid

Microaerophilic
Nonsporulating
Gram-negative
curved rods
Person-to-person
transmission
Be associated
with Chronic
Superficial
Gastritis (CSG)
Highly motile

Dark-field
microscopy
Darting motility
Definitive
diagnosis: stool
culture
PREFERRED
MEDIA: Blood
agar plates
containing
antibiotic

Urease (+)
Urea breath
test
(radioactive
urea)
By Gram stain
(curved gram(-)
rods)

Guillain-Barre
Syndrome
(Most common
cause of acute
neuro-muscular
paralysis)

Duodenal ulcers
Chronic gastritis

A: Clostridium
difficile (diarrhea)
Clostridium
(inhabit the soil Gram-positiv
and the intestinal Relatively large
tracts of humans Rod-shaped
bacteria
and animals)
(GRAM +VE )

Anaerobe
All species form
endospores
Natural habitat
is the soil

Antibody
associated colitis
Toxin A
= diarrhea
Toxin B
= cytotoxic to
colonic epithelial
cells

Cell cytotoxicity
test
Enzyme
immunoassay
(detects toxin A,
toxin B, or both)
PCR assays
Flagella (H-Ag (+))

B:Clostridium perfringens
(Gastroenteritis)
Isolation and
identification of
bacteria is stool
samples
Nagler test
(+) = (opaque zone
on the upper right
half)
Non motile

Gas gangrene,
tetanus, botulism,
and pseudo
membranous colitis.
(common for both)

Lec 8

Organism

General
features

Diagnosis

Virulenc
e Factors

Disease

Treatment

 Gram (+)
Club-shaped
rods
Corynebacteri
Terminal
um
volutin
diphtheriae
granules
Exotoxinproducing
{Two
functionally
distinct
fragments, A
(for toxic
activity ) and
B (binding to
receptors of
target cells)}
aerobes and
facultative
anaerobes
growth is 2040C
non
haemolytic

Specimens:
throat and
nasopharyngeal
swabs
Special Stain
Alberts stain.
(demonstrate
the
metachromatic
granule)s
Blood agar
Tellurite Blood
agar
(Selective
medium for
C.diphtheriae)
Catalase (+)
Pseudomembra
ne formation
(lead to
respiratory
blockage)

Extra
cellular
toxin
Upper
respiratory
tract
Necrotic
injury to
epithelial
cells

antitoxin
(to neutralize
the toxin)
Immunization
with DPT/
DTaP
(Boosters
every 10
years)

Bordetella
pertussis

(Man; highly
contagious; resp

transmission.
Colonizes the cilia of

the mammalian
respiratory epithelium)

Mycobacteriu
m
Bovis

Gram (-) rod

Small
Coccoid
Non motile
Grown
aerobically on
special culture
mediums
Are nutritionally
fastidious
Cultivated on rich
media
Colonizes the
cilia of the
mammalian
respiratory
epithelium
Transmitted by
Aerosol droplets

In cows and
rarely in
humans (both
can be
carriers)
(unpasturised
milk)

SPECIMEN :
Nasopharyngea
l secretions
Bordet-Gengou
medium
Serological
tests

The
filamentous
hemaggluti
nin
Tracheal
cytotoxin
Exotoxins

WHOOPING
COUGH
1. Catarrhal
stage
Low-grade
fever
occasional
cough
2. Paroxysmal
stage
rapid
coughs
Vomiting
and
exhaustion
Paroxysm
al attacks
3. Convalescen
ce stage
Gradual
recovery
Less
persistent
Usually extra
pulmonary,
affecting
bones that led
to hunched
backs.

Vaccination
available
(DPT)
Pertussis
vaccine,
( killed
bacterial cell
suspension)

Mycobacteriu
m
Avium

Infects people
with late stage
HIV

Mycobacteriu Acid fast

bacteria
m
Large
tuberculosis
nonmotile
(mostly affects
rod-shaped
lungs,
Facultative
transmitted
intracellular
through air)
parasite
Obligate
aerobe
Mycolic acids
(lipids in cell
walls)
Resistant to
drying and
disinfectants

Sputum, CSF ,
Urine, Pus,
Tissues, Gastric
washing, Blood
DETECTION
Ziehl-Neelsen
method
Carbol fuchsin
stains
FLUORESCEN
T STAINING
Auramine O
fluorochrome
stain
CULTURE
From sputum
LowensteinJensen
medium which
is an egg
based medium
Middlebrook's
medium which
is an agar
based

TB
symptoms
[Fever,
night
sweats,
weightloss,
cough
(productive
or non
productive)
,
hemoptsis]

Vaccination
BCG vaccine:
live, avirulent
M. bovis
Early
detection &
effective
therapy
Prophylactic
chemotherap
y
(Rifampin &
Isoniazid
(INH)
and Ethambu
tol or
streptomycin.
Multidrug
Resistant
Mycobacteriu
m
tuberculosis
(MDR-TB)

medium.
PCR
SEROLOGY

Lec 9

Organism

Hemophilus
influenzae

General
features
Gram (-) rods
Small
Often
encapsulated
Non motile
Aerobic
Enter the resp.
tract by inhalation
Fastidious

Diagnosis
CULTURE
chocolate agar
SAMPLES
cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF),
blood, pus, or
purulent
sputum
microscopy
Direct
detection of H.
influenza
polysaccharide
in CSF by latex
agglutination
kits

Virule
nce
Facto
rs

Disease

Treatment

Infections of the
upper and lower
respiratory tract in
individuals with
weakened immune
defenses and
children
Most common
cause of meningitis
in children under 4
years of age.
Sepsis
Pneumonia,
Otitis media,
Epiglottises

Vaccine available
(DTP)

Neisseria
Meningitidis
(neonates
parasites of the
nasopharynx.)

Listeria
monocytogenes
(ingestion of
contaminated raw
milk or cheese;
vaginal
transmission)

Gram-negative
diplococci
Coffee-beanshaped cocci
Non motile
Polysaccharide
capsule
Highly
contagious
Facultative
anaerobe
Gram-positive
rods
non-sporeforming
Peritrichous
flagellation
Reproduce in

SMAPLE:
blood
CSF
Chemical
profile
Gram stain
SELECTIVE
MEDIA
Modified
Thayer-Marten
(MTM
Oxidase (+)
Serology
CULTURE:
Aerobically on
blood agar.
A blood or
spinal fluid test

SIGNS OF
MENINGITIS
Headache
Fever
Neck stiffness
Severe
Malaise
Rash
Cause death in
few hours

Neonatal meningitis
Very sick with fever
Muscle aches
Stiff neck,
Develop fever
Chills while
pregnant

Penicillin G.
Vaccine

phagocytes
Asymptomatic
in healthy
adults
Can cross
placenta

Clostridium
tetani
[SPORE
FORMING]
(soil; entry via
wounds)

Gram-positive
bacilli
endosporeforming
obligate anaerobe
Motile
clear zone of
hemolysis
Puncture wounds
Grows in deep
wounds

Robertson cooked
media
TOXIN
DETECTION
PCR
Difficult to culture
Inoculated in cmb
and blood agar

Tetanospasmin
Sustained
muscle
contraction
Muscle spasm
Lockjaw (trismus)
Respiratory muscle
paralysis
Neonatal tetanus
Opis-thotonus

Antitoxic therapy
Tetanus toxoid
Metronidazole
( preventive)
Human tetanus
immunoglobulin

 Gram-positive
Endosporeforming
Toxin detection
Obligate
By mouse
anaerobe
Clostridium
Neutralization
ubiquitous in
Botulinum
test.
soil and H2O
[SPORE
7 different
Serology
Neurotoxins
Pcr,
FORMING]
Botulinum
patient serum or
Toxin:
(MOST
food reminant
(soil, canned food, )

Botulism
Flaccid paralysis of
the musculature.

POTENT TOXIN
ON EARTH)

Acid-fast rod
Grows best at
Leprosy or
30c
Hansens
Via nasal
Disease
secretions
(Transmission Incubation
contact with an
time
infected person)
10 years

Leptospira
interrogans
(type of
Spirochaete)

Gram negative
Obligate aerobe
Spirochete
Flagella
Reservoir: Dogs
and rats
Transmission
Skin/mucosal
contact from urine-

Acid fast stain

Serological test

Polyvalent
antitoxin
Proper
canning
Nitrites
prevent
endospore
germination
in sausages

Tuberculoid and/or
Lepromatous
Leprosy

[Weils]
Headaches
Muscular aches
Fever
Kidney failure a
possible
complication

Doxycycline

contaminated water

Neisseria
gonorrhoeae
(Sexually
transmitted
disease)

Gram (-)
diplococci
Coffee-beanshaped cocci
Frequently
pleomorphic
Non motile
Polysaccharide
capsule.
Intra or extra
cellular
Ferments
glucose
Facultative
anaerobe

Gram stain
Chocolate blood
agar
Modified ThayerMartin
media
Oxidase (+)
ELISA
PCR

Endocarditis
Meningitis
Arthritis
Ophthalmia
neonatorum
Male
(Painful urination Fluoroquinolones
Pus)
Women:
(symptoms
as pelvic
inflammatory
disease)

Chlamydia
trachomatis
(humans, direct
contact)

Treponema
pallidum
(humans, STD)
(type of
Spirochaete)

Gram (-) bacteria

Obligate
intracellular
parasites
Smallest living
organisms
Elementary bodies Culturing
Reticulate bodies PCR
Secrete glycogen
and transform into
the reticulate
body.
Divide by binary
fission.

Painful urination
Watery discharge
Women:
(symptoms
As pelvic
inflammatory
disease

Gram (-), thick Fresh primary or

rigid spirals
secondary lesions
Microaerophilic
by darkfield
Small
microscopy
Spiral
Fluorescent
spirochete
antibody
Motile
techniques
Not
NON Cultivated on
TREPONEMAL
artificial media
ANTIGEN
Pass through the
TEST
VRDL
placenta
[Detect reagin
antibody Non-

Primary Syphilis Penicillin is the

Forms a
drug of choice
chancre(Usually
painless)
Mainly the
genitalia
Secondary
Syphilis
Spread to local
lymph nodes
Then to the blood
stream
Hair loss
Fever

Doxycycline,
Azithromycin

specific antigen
{cardiolipin}]
TREPONEMAL
ANTIGEN
TESTS
[FTA-ABS tests
for antitreponemal
antibodies]

Malaise
Lymph node
swelling
Late Syphilis
(tertiary
Gummas
(Granulomas)
Destructive
Cardiovascular,
CNS involvement
General paresis,
Optic atrophy
Progressive
inflammatory
disease

Lec 10

Organism

General
features

Diagnosis

Virulence
Factors

Disease

Treatment

Bacillus
Anthracis
[SPORE
FORMING]

Gram (+),
rods

endosporeforming
Nonmotile
(affect cattle, sheep; Nonhemolytic
inhaled, ingested)
Aerobic
Catalase
Primary
habitat is soil

Gram stain
and colony
identification
wet mount
and
malachite
green
staining for
spores.
Confirmatory
identification
{CDC may
include
phage lysis,
capsular
staining,
direct
fluorescent
antibody
(DFA) testing
on capsule
antigen and
cell wall
polysaccharid
e.}
Serologic
testing
Quantitative
serology

Two
exotoxins
Third toxin
component :
cell receptorbinding
protein
called the
protective
antigen
One toxin,
the edema
toxin
The other
toxin, lethal
toxin
The capsule
of B.
anthracis is
very unusual

Ciprofloxacin
is the drug of
choice
Doxycycline
is used
Oral penicillin
V OR
Amoxicillin is
used to
complete the
regimen of
treatment.
Vaccination of
livestock
(live
attenuated
vaccine)
Anthrax
Vaccine for
human
(killed
vaccine)