BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY

WOOD
Is traditional building material, it is easily worked,
has durability and beauty. It has great ability to
absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood
has freedom from dust and corrosion, is
comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to a
countless variety of purposes.

HARDWARES
Metal product used in construction, such as bolts
hinges, locks, tools, etc. They are classified as:
A. FINISHING HARDWARES
Hardware, such as hinges, locks, catches, etc.
that has a finished appearance as well as
function, esp. that used doors, windows, and
cabinets, maybe considered part of the
decorative treatment of a room or building.
1. HINGE
A movable joint used to attached, support and
turn a door about a pivot, consists of two
plates joined together by a pin which supports
a door and connect it to its frame, enabling to
swing open and closed.
B. ROUGH HARDWARES
In building construction, hardware meant to be
concealed, such as
bolts, nails, screws, spikes, rods, and other
metal fittings.
1. NAILS
C.W. - common wire nail with head and for
strength
- box nails also used for strength
FIN. - finishing nails without head
- casing nail also without head
2. SCREWS
Classified by gauge (diameter), length head
type and metallic make up.
3. WASHERS
4. BOLTS
Has threaded shafts that receive nuts, a hole is
drilled, pushing the bolt through and adding a
nut.
5. JOINERY BRACKETS
To form strong joint
6. LOCKSET
A complete lock system including the basic
locking mechanisms and all the accessories,
such as knobs escutcheons
plates, etc.
7. LARCH
A simple fastening device having a larch bolt,
but not a dead bolt contains no provisions for

locking with a key, usually openable with both

sides.

CONCRETE
PORTLAND CEMENT
Made from materials which must contain the
proper portion of lime, silica, alumina and iron
components.

FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS

METALS

A. FERROUS METALS
STEEL
A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by
melting and refining pig iron and/or scrap steel,
graded according to the carbon content.
STEEL PRODUCTS:
1. ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES
2. SHEET FITTINGS
Sections are made to interlock and are
available in several shapes.
3. STEEL PIPE
Seamless or welded small diameter and
electrically welded large diameter pipe.
4. REINFORCING STEEL
Made from new steel or from discarded railway.
5. WELDED WIRE FABRIC
Consists of parallel, longitudinal wires welded
to transverse wires at regular intervals.
6. STEEL WIRE
Over 150,000 uses for wire including pins,
needles, nails, bolts, cables, piano wires,
fences.
7. BOLTS AND NUTS
Either hot forged or cold formed from wire of
appropriate diameter.
8. STEEL STRAPPING
Used for banding columns forms to keep them
from bulging under the pressure of freshly
poured concrete.
9. OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS
Lightweight warren-type truss made in several
different styles.
10. SHEET STEEL
Black and galvanized, can be used to
manufacture corrugated roofing and siding and
formed.
11. STEEL STUDS
Lightweight, requiring minimum storage space
and does not warp or shrinks.
12. PANS AND DOMES

Manufactured for used in forming one-way and

two-way ribbed concrete floor system.

Is a lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic,

lightweight metal which is very malleable; has
good thermal and electrical conductivity.

B. NON-FERROUS METALS
ALUMINUM

GLASS
A hard, brittle, inorganic substance, ordinarily
transparent or translucent.
TYPES OF GLASS:
1. REFLECTIVE GLASS
Used to control glare and reduce solar heat.
2. ROLLED AND ROUGH CAST GLASS
Used where clear vision is not required, such
as by factory roofs and walls, windows for halls
and staircases.
3. CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED GLASSES
Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough
cast glasses. They contain a pattern or texture
impressed usually on one surface by a pattered
roller.
4. WIRED GLASS
A rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted
during the process of manufacture.
5. HEAT-ABSORBING PLATE GLASS
Absorbs a significant percentage of the suns
radiant energy, reducing the build up of heat
within the building.
6. TEMPERED GLASS PLATE
Produces condition that is highly resistant to
breakage.
7. VITREOUS COLORED PLATE
Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened
and coated on one side with vitreous color
which is fire-fused to the surface.
8. LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
Widely used in the automotive industry and
transportation, but now finding some uses in
the building industry, like glass that can
withstand firearm attack and explosions.
9. INSULATING GLASS
They reduce external noise but still permit the
entry of natural light.

PAINT AND COATINGS

1. PAINT
A mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with
or without coloring pigments adjusted and
diluted with correct amounts and types of
additives and thinners, which when applied on a
surface, forms an adherent continuous film
which provides protection, decoration,
sanitation, identification and other functional
activities.
2. VARNISHES
Constitute a group of more or less transparent
liquids which are used to provide a protective
surface coating, at the same time they allow the
original surface to show but add a lustrous and
glossy finish to it.
3. ENAMELS
When a pigment is added to a varnish.
4. SHELLAC
Only liquid protective coating containing a resin
of animal origin.
5. LACQUER
Made from synthetic materials to take the place
of varnish for clear finishes.
6. STAINS
Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces.
7. FILLERS
Used to impart colors to the wood pores and so
emphasize the grain.
8. SEALERS
Seal the surface of the wood and prevent the
absorption of succeeding finish coats.
9. SILICONE WATER REPELLANT
Protect from absorption of water and prevent
moss, alkali, fungi, to destroy the surface.

BUILDING
WATER
Combination of two elementary substanceshydrogen and oxygen (H2O). It appears in its
natural state as:
LIQUID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
times heavier than air
SOLID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ice
GAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vapor
or steam
Weight of water in liquid form:
3.778 kg. per U.S. gallon
1.000 kg. per cubic meter
THREE SOURCES OF WATER:
1. RAINFALL
Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It is soft
pure and good in places where is an abundant
rainfall.
2. NATURAL SURFACES
Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers easiness of
procurements and good for locality near such
bodies of water.
3. UNDERGROUND
Obtained from below ground surfaces by
means of mechanical and manual equipments.
More water can be obtained depending by
equipments used locality.
METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF
WATER
1. SEDIMENTATION
2. CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
a. Slow Process
b. Mechanical/ Rapid Process
3. FILTRATION
4. AERATION

NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE

SECTION 154. GRADES OF HORIZONTAL PIPING
All horizontal piping shall be run in practical
alignment and at a uniform grade not less than
20 mm rise per meter length (2%), and shall be
supported or anchored at intervals not
exceeding 3.00 m (10 feet). All stacks shall be
properly supported at their bases and all pipes
shall be rigidly secured, 2 inches rise per every
100 inches length.
A soil branch having a pitch of more than 2% has
a tendency of waste separation. The water flow
faster and the heavy suspended materials are
left and deposited at the bottom of the pipe.

UTILITIES
SECTION 157. CHANGE IN DIRECTION
All change in direction shall be made by the
appropriate use of 45 wyes, half wyes, long
sweep quarter bends, except that single sanitary
tees may be used on vertical stacks, and short
quarter bends may be used in soil and waste
lines where the change in direction of flow is
from the horizontal to the vertical. Tees and
crosses may be used in vent pipes.
SECTION 158. PROHIBITED FITTINGS
No double hub, double tee branch shall be used
on horizontal soil waste line. The drilling and
tapping of house drains, soil waste, or vent
pipes and the use of saddle hubs and bends are
prohibited.
SECTION 159. DEAD ENDS AVOIDED
Dead ends shall be avoided on all drainage
system installation.
SECTION 173. LEAD PIPES
Joints in lead pipes between lead pipes and brass
or copper pipes, ferrules, soldering nipples,
bushing or traps, in all cases on the sewer side
of the trap are in concealed joints or the inlet
side of the trap, shall be full wiped joints, with
an exposed surface of the solder to each side of
the thickness at the thickest part of the joint of
not less than of an inch.
SECTION 174. LEAD TO CAST IRON, STEEL OR W.I.
(Wrought Iron)
The joints shall be made water tight by the use
of copper, lead, or galvanized iron plates on
flashing.
SECTION 175. ROOF JOINTS
The joints of protruding pipes thru roofs shall be
made water tight by the use of copper, lead or
galvanized iron plates or flashings.
SECTION 176. SLIP JOINTS AND UNIONS
Slip joints will be permitted only in trap seals or
in the inlet side of the trap. Unions on the sewer
side of the trap shall be ground faced, and shall
not be concealed or enclosed.
SECTION 182. TRAPS ARE REQUIRED
Each fixture shall be separately trapped by a
water-seal trap placed as near to the fixture as
possible except that a set of similar fixtures
consisting of not more than 3 wash basins, or a
set of 3 sinks may connect by a single 1 inches
trap. In no case shall the waste from a bathtub

or other fixture discharge into a water closet

trap. No fixture shall be double trapped.
SECTION 184. TRAP CLEAN OUTS
Each trap, except those in combination with
fixtures in which the trap seal is plainly visible
and inaccessible, shall be provided with an
accessible brass trap screw of ample size.
SECTION 187. PIPE CLEAN OUTS WERE REQUIRED
A clean out easily accessible shall be provided at
the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil
pipe. Also at every change of horizontal
direction, unless said change of direction is
made at an angle of not more than 22 degrees
and is easily reached conveniently with sewer
rod wire.
There shall be a clean out within 5 feet inside
the property line before the house sewer
connection, connected from a full-sized branch,
except for the latter, clean outs shall be of the
same nominal size as the pipes. The distance
between clean out in horizontal waste or soil
lines shall not exceed 50 feet.
SECTION 190. GARAGE TRAPS
Garages, auto repair shops and greasing rack
drains shall be intercepted, force entering the
sewer or septic vault by a suitable garage trap.
Similar establishment shall also be provided with
such trap, when so required by the proper
authority.
SECTION 207. FIXTURES PROHIBITED
Pan and valve plunger, offset washout and other
water closet having invisible seals or
unventilated space or walls not thoroughly
washed at each flush shall not be used. Long
hopper water closets or similar appliances shall
not be installed.
SECTION 216. SOIL AND WASTE STACKS FIXTURE
CONNECTIONS
All soil and waste stacks and branches shall be
provided with correctly faced inlets for fixture
connections.
SECTION 218. ROOF EXTENSIONS
All roof extensions of soil and waste stacks shall
be run full size at least 1 foot above the roof: if
the roof is used for purposes other than weather
protection, such as extension shall not be less
than 8 feet above the roof level.
SECTION 220. TRAPS PROTECTED VENTS
Every fixture shall be protected against
siphonage and back-pressure, and air circulation
assured by means of proper venting. No crown
shall be installed.
SECTION 221. DISTANCE OF VENT FROM TRAP SEAL
No trap shall be placed more than 5 feet
(horizontally developed length) from its vent.

WELLS
1. DUG WELLS
Excavated by hand.
2. DEEP WELLS

Sunk by machine.
3. DRIVEN
When water is obtained from loose formation.

WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT

PUMPS
Used whenever the water supply at its natural
pressure cannot be directly piped building tank/
reservoir.

WATER SUPPLY APPARATUSSES

1. LIFT PUMP
Consist of piston traveling up and down within a
cylinder which is connected with a pipe
extending down into the source.
2. FORCE PUMP
Used to deliver water at a point higher than the
position of the pump itself.
3. RECIPROCATING PUMP
Include class of pumps in which the piston
moves to and fro, horizontally and vertically.
A. WATER PUMPS
1. HORIZONTAL RECIPROCATING PUMP
Known as double/ single acting piston pump,
adapted to all purpose where suction lift is not
over 22 ft. at sea level.
2. VERTICAL RECIPROCATING PUMP
Suction lifts of less than 22 ft., composed of 3
vertical cylinders placed side by side.
B. DIRECT ACTING
1. DEEP WELL PLUNGER PUMPS
Used when water source is more than 22ft. blow
the ground.
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Posses moving parts without valves, revolving
around an axis and centrifugal action is utilized
in delivering the water under pressure.
3. HYDRAULIC RAMS
Automatic and require no motor, depend from
water hammer for operation.

TANKS

Used for collection of water without considerations

of pressure, or for storing water under air
pressure.
FIXTURE USED FOR TANK:
1. CYLINDRICAL G. I. TANK
2. SPHERICAL PVC TANK
3. RECTANGULAR REINFORCED CONCRETE
4. RECTANGULAR STEEL TANK RIVETED
5. PNEUMATIC TANK (Pressurized)
6. SUCTION TANK (Constructed riveted/ welded
steel plate)

THREE WAYS OF WATER

DISTRIBUTION
1. UPFEED SYSTEM

From normal water pressure from public water

main for low-rise buildings.
2. PNEUMATIC TANK
From air pressure from suction tank for tall
buildings which cannot be reached by normal
water pressure.
FLOAT VALVE
Operate the pump to make up water when the
level is low enough to actuate the staring
switch.
3. DOWNFEED SYSTEM
By gravity from overhead tanks and supported
either by structural frames or on the roof decks.

PIPES
Water is conveyed to the plumbing fixtures by
means of pipes.
MATERIALS FOR PIPES:
1. GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
2. PLASTIC PIPES
3. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
4. BRASS, COPPER, WROUGHT AND CAST IRON
1. SERVICE PIPE (House service)
Pipe from the public water main/ source of water
supply.
2. RISER
Vertical supply pipe which extends upward from
one floor to the next.
3. BRANCHES
Horizontal pipes that serves the faucets/
fixtures.
4. WATER MAIN
Public water system laid underground along the
streets where the house service is connected.
5. PIPE FITTINGS
Equipment required for the joining of various
lengths of pipe, such as:
a. COUPLINGS (for connection in straight line)
b. ELBOWS (for connection of 45 or 90)
c. TEES (for 45or 90 branches for one side)
d. CROSSES (for 90 branches opposite each
other)
6. UNION
Used when a pipe has already been installed but
dismantling is difficult.
7. BUSHING
Used as reducer if to faucet pipe.
8. PLUG
Close a pipe opening.
PLASTIC PIPE FITTINGS:
1. POLYBUJYLENE (PB)
Used for hot and cold in-house water piping
system.
2. POLYETHYLENE (PT)

Used for service connection, in-house

plumbing, distribution main, sewer, waste
disposal.
3. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (uPVC)
PUMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM
Process of circulating hot water to the plumbing
fixtures by means of a mechanical device.
MATERIALS FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATION:
1. GALVANIZED IRON/ STEEL PIPE
2. PLASTIC/ SYNTHETIC PIPE
3. ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE
4. ASBESTOS PIPE
5. BITUMINOUS PIPE
6. VETRIFIED CLAY PIPE
7. LEAD PIPE
8. VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
9. GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE
10. BRASS PIPE
11. COPPER PIPE
MAXIMUM DEMAND
Maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures
in terms of unit.
FLANGES
Consist of fittings provided with projecting rims/
flanges which are screwed over the two pipes
ends to be joined.
VALVES
1. GATE VALVE
2. GLOBE VALVE
3. CHECK VALVE (swing check-valve)
FAUCETS
1. KEY COCK
2. COMPRESSION COCK
3. HOSE BIB
4. SELF-CLOSING FAUCETS
PRESSURE REGULATORS
Devices for limiting the pressure of the water
discharged from a pipe to a fixed amount.
STORM DRAIN
Portion of the plumbing system which conveys
rain/ storm water to a suitable terminal.
ROOF LEADER (Conductor/ Downspout)
Connects the roof terminal to the storm drain
either inside/ outside leader.

PLUMBING SYSTEM
THREE GRADES OF WASTE WATER:
1. STORM WATER
Water from rain.
2. GREY WATER
Water from laundries, wash basins, sinks,
showers, bathtubs.
3. BLACK WATER
Water from human waste solid liquid, urine.

b. MAIN VENT
1. TRAPS
Only separation between the unpleasant and
dangerously unhealthy gases in a sanitary
drainage system.
2. TRAP SEAL
Vertical distance between the clip and the crown
vein of a trap. It may be lost under the following
ways:
a. SIPHONAGE
Result of a minus pressure in the drainage
system.
b. BACK PRESSURE
Caused by a plus pressure which blows the
water out of the fixture.
c. EVAPORATION
Minor problem and less probable to drain the
water inside the trap.
d. CAPILLARY ACTION
Seldom happen and rarely experienced.
3. VENTS
For admission of air and discharging of gases,
soil and waste stacks.
Two types:
a. MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT
4. PUBLIC SEWER LINE
Public sewage disposal system consisting of a
sewage treatment unit which conveys raw
sewage to disposal system.
SOLID MUNICIPAL WASTES
TWO DISPOSAL METHODS:
1. INCINERATION
Controlled burning of combustible waste,
reduce 70% of waste.
2. SANITARY LANDFILLS
a. TRENCH METHOD
A tractor digs a trench with a bulldozer
blade and trucks.
b. AREA METHOD
Used on rolling terrain where the existing
slopes of the land can be used as basin.
LIQUID MUNICIPAL WASTES
SEWER
Designed to carry sewage from residences,
business and industries through large
conduits.
THREE STANDARD TREATMENTS:
1. PRIMARY
Remove large floating or suspended
particles, heavier particles from the sewage.
2. SECONDARY
Use of microorganisms to break down organic
matter left in the sewage.

4. SANITARY DRAIN
Receive the discharges of sanitary/ domestic
waste only.
a. INDUSTRIAL DRAIN
b. STORM DRAIN
5. HOUSE SEWER
Portion of the horizontal drainage system which
starts from the outer face of the building and
terminate at the main sewer.

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

1. CESSPOOL
Hole in the ground with stones and bricks laid to
allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the
under surface of the ground.
2. PRIVY
Concrete vault constructed for the collection of
raw sewage sealed within a wooden shelter.
3. SEPTIC TANK
A receptacle/ vault used to collect organic waste
discharge from the house sewer.

3. TERTIARY
Used to get quality-drinking water.

RECYCLING OF WATER
EFFLUENT
Front flow of a sewer, septic tank.
SLUDGE
Any heavy, slimy deposit, sediment/ mass, as the
waste resulting from the precipitate in a sewage
tank.

PLUMBING FIXTURES
Receptacles intended to receive water, liquid,
water carried wastes and discharge them into the
drainage system.
1. WATER CLOSET
Plumbing fixture used to convey organic body
waste to the plumbing system.
2. LAVATORY
Bowl/ basin for washing the face and hands.
3. BIDET
Appears like a water closet, designed as a
combination lavatory which can plug the drain
and collect hot and cold water.
4.
5.
6.
7.

BATHTUBS
SHOWER
KITCHEN SINK
URINAL

HISTORY

OF

PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE
Preserve remains of monument made partially or
wholly of giant stones found on islands or near
the sea coast of the mainland.
DORMEN
Consists of several large stones set on end
with a large covering slab (CROMLECH).
PASSAGE GRAVE (TUMULI)
Megalithic tomb type, which may exist in
France/ England, has corridor lined with large
stone slabs.
TUMULUS
A mound of earth stones.
MENHIR (MONOLITHS)
Single great stones set on end and arranged in
parallel rows. (religious in nature)
HISTORIC STYLES IN ARCHITECTURE
The particular method, the characteristics,
manner of design which prevails at a certain
place and time.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Record of mans effort to build beautifully, it
traces the origin, growth and decline of
architectural styles which have prevailed lands
and ages.
INFLUENCING FACTORS:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Location of particular country.
2. GEOLOGICAL
Describes the materials found in the locality.
3. CLIMATIC
Prevailing weather in the country.
4. RELIGION
Emotional temperament and spiritual
tendencies of a people in a particular country.
5. HISTORICAL
Background of the people as a whole.
6. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
How the people lived and governed.

ARCHITECTURE
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Egypt consists of a narrow strip of fertile,
alluvial soil along both banks of the Nile;
desert plateau.
2. GOELOGICAL
Stone is abundant; copper, tin bronze.
3. CLIMATIC
Spring and summer; climate is warm.
4. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
Omnipotent government; craftsmen
(craftsmanship)
5. RELIGION
Tombs and temples; monotheistic in theory,
polytheistic in practice.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Reeds, papyrus, palm-branch ribs plastered over
with clay.
PYLON
Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple.
SPHINX
A structural form of a semi-recumbent lion with
the head of a man (Horus) - god of the rising
sun.
SACROPHAGUS
An elaborate coffin for an important
personage, of terra-cotta, wood, stone, metal,
or other material, decorated with painting,
carving, etc. and large enough to contain only
the body. If larger, it becomes a tomb.
TOMBS:
MASTABA
Rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound.
PYRAMIDS
Massive funerary structure of stone and brick
with square base and four sloping triangular
sides meeting at the apex.
TEMPLES:
MORTUARY
For ministrations to deified pharaohs.

CULT
For popular worship of gods.
ROCK-HEWN TOMB
A temple or tomb excavated in a native rock
without the aid of masonry, or with but little
masonry; usually presents an architectural
front with dark interior chambers of which
sections are supported by masses of stone left
in the form of solid pillars.
OBELISK
Sacred symbol of the sun god Heliopolis; huge
monoliths square on plan and tapering to an
electrum-capped pyramidal at the summit.
DWELLINGS
Clay models deposited of tombs indicate that
ordinary dwellings were of crude brick one/
two storey high with flat or arched ceilings.
SERBAD
In ancient Egypt architecture, a closed statue
chamber. In Mesopotamia town houses, a cellar
under the court yard, ventilated and lighted by
skylights, serving as living room during the
summer month.
HYPHOSTYLE
A large space with a flat roof supported by
rows of columns. Prevalent in ancient Egyptian
and Achaemenid architecture.
HYPHAETHAL
A building which is open, or partly open to the
sky.

GREEK ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Mediterranean, island of Crete.
2. CLIMATIC
Rigorous cold and relaxing heat; hot summer,
winter showers.
3. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
Aegean civilization of Crete and mainland
Greece from earliest times to about 1100 BC.
4. RELIGION
Aegeans- nature worship.

TEMPLES
Chief class building in the Hellenic period; built
with special regard to outward effects.
DIFERENT TYPES OF TEMPLES
Rectangular temples are described according
to:
A. Number of columns on the entrance front
1. HENOSTYLE (one column)
2. DISTYLE (two columns)
3. TRISTYLE (three columns)

4. TETRASTYLE (four columns)

5. PENTASTYLE (five columns)
6. HEXASTYLE (six columns)
7. HEPTASTYLE (seven columns)
8. OCTASTYLE (eight columns)
9. ENNEASTYLE (nine columns)
10. DECASTYLE (ten columns)
11. DODECASTYLE (twelve columns)
B. By the arrangement of the exterior columns
of the temple in relation to the Naos.
NAOS
The principal chamber in a Greek temple
containing the statue of Deity.
1. IN ANTIS
Temples have one to four columns between
antae at the front. Two is the usual number.
2. AMPHI-ANTHIS
Temples have one to four columns between
antae at front and rear. Two is the usual
number.
3. PROSTYLE
Temples have a portico of columns at the
front.
4. AMPHI-PROSTYLE
Temples have a portico of columns at the
front and rear.
5. PERIPTERAL
Temples have a single line of columns
surrounding the naos.
6. PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL
Temples have flank columns attached to the
naos wall.
7. DIPTERAL
Temples have a double line of columns
surrounding the naos.
8. PSEUDO-DIPTERAL
Temples are like the last but inner range of
columns is omitted on the flanks of the
naos.

THE DORIC ORDER

The Doric order had a timber origin. Greek
columns began as tapered tree trunks, the
function of the square abacus and circular
echinus comprising the capital being to gather
and transmit the load of the entablature to the
column shaft.
TRIGLYPHS
Blocks with vertical channels which form a
distinguishing feature in the frieze of the Doric
entablature.
MUTULES
Projecting inclined blocks in Doric cornices,
derived from the ends of wooden beams.
GUTTAE
Small cones under the triglyphs and mutules of
the Doric order.

THE DORIC COLUMN

It stands without a base directly on a
crepidoma, usually of three steps, and has a
height including the capital, the circular shaft
is divided a rule into 20 shallow flutes or
channels repeated by sharp arrises.
CAPITAL
The crowning feature of a column or pilaster.
SHAFT
The portion of the column between the base
and capital
ARRIS
The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two
surfaces.
FLUTES
The vertical channeling on the shaft of a
column.
ABACUS
A slab forming the crowning member of a
capital.
ECHINUS
The convex or projecting moulding,
resembling the shell of the sea urchin, which
supports the abacus of the Greek Doric
capital.
THE DORIC ENTABLATURE
It has three main divisions: the architrave, the
frieze, the cornice.
ENTABLATURE
The upper part of an order of architecture.
ARCHITRAVE
The beam or lowest division of the
entablature, which extends from column to
column.
FRIEZE
The middle division of the classic
entablature.
CORNICE
The crowning or upper portion of
entablature, also used for any crowning
projection.
SOME DORIC TEMPLES IN GREECE:
1. TEMPLE OF APOLLO, Corinth.
2. TEMPLE OF APOLLO, Delphi.
3. TEMPLE OF ZEUS, Olympia, Arigentum.
ATLANTES
Carved male figures serving as pillars, also
called Telamones.

THE IONIC ORDER

The Ionic order is specially remarkable for its
volute or scroll capital, (derived from the
Egyptian lotus). The spiral was also a common
motif in Aegean art, Ionic order evolved from
timber forms.

THE IONIC COLUMNS

Including capital and base, and have 24 flutes
separated by fillets and not by arrises or sharp
edges as in the Doric column.
FLUTES
The vertical channeling on the shaft of a
column.
FILLETS
A small flat band between mouldings to
separate them from each other.
PLINTH
The lowest square member of the base of a
column.
THE IONIC ENTABLATURE
It had only two main parts, architrave and
cornice, the latter containing large dentils in
the bed-mould.
DENTILS
Tooth like blocks in Ionic and Corinthian
cornices.
CYMATIUM
The crowning member of a cornice generally
in the form of a cyma (above).
EXAMPLES OF IONIC TEMPLES IN GREECE:
1. TEMPLE OF THE ILLISSUS, Athens.
2. TEMPLE OF NIKE, Apteros, Athens.

THE CORINTHIAN ORDER

This appeared in the Greek architecture in the 5th
century BC as a decorative variant of the Ionic,
the difference lying almost entirely in the column
capital.
CORINTHIAN COLUMN
With the base and shaft resembling the Ionic,
tended to become more slender, and eventually
a proportion of ten diameters was regarded as
fitting. The distinctive feature is the capital,
which is much deeper than the Ionic.
CALLIMACHUS
Obtained the idea from observing a basket
over a grave which was placed over the root
of an acanthus plant, the stems and foliage
of which grew and turned into volutes at the
angle of the tile.
CAUCOLI
Any one of the ornamental stalls rising
between the leaves of a Corinthian capital
from which the volutes spring.
CORINTHIAN ENTABLATURE
Corinthian and Ionic internal columns share the
same entablature. Three parts: architrave,
frieze and cornice- the cornice is the developed
type, with small dentils in the bed-mould.
MODILLION

A projecting member or bracket to support a

weight generally formed with scrolls or
volutes; when carrying the upper members of
a cornice, brackets are generally termed
modillions or consoles sometimes also
termed as Ancones.
ANCONES
Consoles on either side of a doorway
supporting a cornice.
EXAMPLES OF CORINTHIAN TEMPLES:
1. TEMPLES OF APPOLO EPICURIUS (Internal).
2. THE CHORAGIC MONUMENT OF LYSICRATES,
Athens.
BAS-RELIEF
Carving in low or shallow relief on a
background.

EARLY CHRISTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Christianity had its birth in Judaea, an
eastern province of the Roman Empire. Early
Christian architecture in Rome was
influenced by existing Roman art.
2. GEOLOGICAL
Regards construction and decoration, for
columns and other architectural features as
well as fine sculptures and mosaics from
older buildings, were worked into basilican
churches of the new faith.
3. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL
The early Christian period is generally taken
as lasting from Constantine to the coronation
of Charlemagne (800).
4. RELIGIOUS
Christianity has inspired the building of same
of the greatest architectural monuments,
Christian church was shelter to worshippers
who met for prayers and to an unseen deity
and during the unsettled conditions at the
beginning of Christianity.
ARCHIRECTURAL CHARACTER
BALDACHINO
A canopy supported by columns generally
placed over an altar or tomb, also known as
ciborium.
APSE
The circular or multangular termination of a
church sanctuary.
MOSAIC
Decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of
stone, glass and marble.
SOFFIT
The exposed undersurface of any overhead
component of a building such as an arch,
balcony, beam, cornice, lintel or vault.

BASILICAN CHURCHES
Basilicas or Roman Hall of Justice probably
served the early Christians as models for their
churches. A Basilican Church was usually erected
over the burial place of the Saint to whom the
church was dedicated.
ATRIUM
Open forecourt surrounded by arcades.
ARCADE
A range of arches supported on piers or
columns attached to or detached from the wall.
NARTHEX
A long arcade entrance porch to a Christian
Basilican Church.
BEMA
A raised stage reserved for the clergy.
EXAMPLES:
1. ST. PETERS BASILICAN CHURCH, Rome.
2. ST. PAOLO FUORI LE MURA, Rome.

BAPTISERIES
Separate buildings used only for the sacrament
of baptism were a feature of Early Christianity.
FONT
A basin usually of stone which holds the water
for baptism.

TOMBS
An expression of the Christian faith in
immortality and memorial to the dead, led to the
erection of imposing structures which were
usually domed and often enriched with lavish
mosaic decorations.
EXAMPLE:
1. TOMB OF GALLA PACIDIA, Ravenna.

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
INFLUENCES:
1. GEOGRAPHICAL
Byzantium, renamed Constantinople after
Constantine the great, and later to Istanbul,
was also called the New Rome, was
inaugurated as the capital of the Roman
Empire in 330. It stood at the junction of the
Bosporus and the sea of Marmora, where Asia
and Europe are divided by only a narrow strip
of water.
2. GEOLOGICAL
Byzantine architecture was further
considerably influenced by the multitude of
Monolithic columns of such sizes as were
obtainable from the different quarries.
3. CLIMATIC
Flat roofs for summer resort were combined
with oriental domes.

4. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL

The history of the Byzantine Empire from the
5th to the 11th century is one of fluctuating and
gradually declining fortunes.
Byzantium was an old Greek city, and so the
new Imperial buildings were executed by Greek
craftsmen untrammeled by Roman traditions.
5. RELIGIOUS
Constantinople became the capital of the first
Christian Empire.
(Dominical Byzantine Style)
ARCHIRECTURAL CHARACTER
The character of Byzantine architecture is
determined by the novel development of the
dome to cover polygonal and square plans for
churches, tombs and baptisteries.
FRESCO
A term originally applied to painting on the
wall while the plaster is wet, but is often used
for any wall painting not in oil colors.
PENDENTIVE
The term applied to the triangular curved
overhanging surface by means of which a
circular dome is supported over a square or
polygonal compartment.
DOMES ARE OF THREE TYPES:
A. SIMPLE
Pendentives and domes are part of the same
sphere.
B. COMPOUND

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
THE PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS ORDERS:
1. BENEDICTINE ORDER (Blank Monks)
Early 6th century houses commonly sited in
towns, part of the church being devoted to
offices for the laity. Founded by St. Benedict in
South Italy who decreed that architecture,
painting, etc. are to be taught.
2. CLUNAIC ORDER
Founded by Abbot Odo in 910 at Cluny in
Burgundy.
3. CARTHUSIAN ORDER
Founded by St. Bruno in 1086, Carthusian
architecture is notably severe and unadorned.
The character house, often remotely sited
provided separate cells for the monks,
generally grouped around a cloister garth, and
the community served a simply-planned
church.
4. CISTERCIAN ORDER (White Monks)
Founded in 1908 at Citeaux by St. Stephen
Harding and at Clairvaux by St. Bernard. The
ascetic aims of the Cistercian order produced
an architecture which was at first simple and
severe. In mature Cistercian planning the
monks fraters or refectory was sited at right
angles to the South walk of the Cloister.

1. The dome is not part of the same sphere

as the pendentives and domes rises
independently upon them.
2. The dome is raised n a high drum pierced
with windows.
C. SPECIAL DESIGNS
1. MELON DOME (dome with convolutions)
2. SERRATED
3. ONION OR BULBOUS SHARP
CENTERING
Contemporary structure upon which the
materials of a vault or arch are supported in
position until the work becomes selfsupporting.
ICONOSTASIS
A screen in a Greek orthodox church on which
icons (sacred image) are placed, separating
the chancel from the space, open to the sky.
EXAMPLES:
1. ST. SOPHIA, Constantinople. (Hagia Sophia =
divine wisdom)
GYMNACEUM
That part of a Greek house, or a Byzantine
church reserved for women.
2. ST. MARK, Venice.
PIAZZA
A public open space or square surrounded
by building.
3. GRACANICA CHURCH.
4. ST. SOPHIA, Novgorod.
5. SECULAR CANONS
Serving principally cathedral and collegiate
churches.

CANONS REGULAR ORDER:

6. AUGUSTINIAN ORDER (Black Canon Order)
Established in 1050, they undertook both
monastic and pastoral duties in houses often
sited in towns and planned similarly to those of
the Benedictine order.
7. PREMONSTRATENSIAN CANONS (White Canons
Regular)
Founded around 1100 by St. Norbert at
Premontre in Picardy.
8. GILBERTINE CANONS
An exclusively English order founded in the 20th
century by St. Gilbert of Sempringham, usually
combining a house of canons of Augustine rule
with another of Nuns of Cistercian rule, in
conventual buildings separately planned,
attached to a common church divided axially
by a wall.
MILITARY ORDER:
9. THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR

Founded in 1119 to protect the Holy Places in

Palestine and to safeguard the pilgrim routes
to Jerusalem.

11. THE MENDICANT ORDERS OF FRIARS

Founded during the 13th century and headed by
the Franciscans and Dominicans.

10. THE KNIGHTS HOSPITALLERS

Organized in 1113, but developed no
characteristic architecture of its own.

THEORY

OF

GENERAL INFLUENCES IN
ARCHITECTURE
Three types of interest concerning the needs of
man. State the mans existence depends upon the
satisfaction of the following needs or desires.
1. PHYSICAL NEEDS
a. SELF-PRESERVATION: food, clothing and
shelter
(Necessities, Conveniences, Comfort)
b. REPRODUCTION
2. EMOTIONAL NEEDS
a. AESTHETICS
b. RELIGION
c. RECREATION
3. INTELLECTUAL NEEDS
a. EDUCATION
b. SCIENCE
c. GOVERNMENT

ARCHITECTURE
BASIC INTEREST OF A CIVILIZED MAN
The fundamental impulses or desires on man
which must be satisfied if life is to exist and
civilization is to develop. These forces may be
called the Stimuli or Action.
1. PRESERVATION
This is the most fundamental and causes man
to provide shelter and comfort and to
appease hunger and thirst. It is also
encourages the obtaining the security;
security which may be religious, economic or
governmental.
2. RECOGNITION
This is the desire for prestige. Pride and
ambition, personal or civic, result in the
struggle for position for social status,
physical supremacy on intellectual
attainment.
3. RESPONSE

This arises from the gregarious nature of

man, from his wish for love, friendship and
sociability.
4. SELF-EXPRESSION
This is the urged of man to asses himself an
individual, to do things in his own particular
way. It may include interest concerned with
the aesthetic-painting or architecture; the
intellectual education or science; or the
creative-play or the trill of new experiences.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF MAN
1. TANGIBLES
Include such materials as those related to
food, clothing, shelter or transportation.
Architecture, as expressed in a structure, is a
tangible commodity and provides shelter for
man and interest of man.
2. INTANGIBLES
Consist of information, such as the knowledge
of law, medicine or design. The practice of
architecture as a profession is thus one of the
intangible commodities which the architect has
to offer in exchange for remuneration.
INFLUENCES AFFECTING ART AND ARCHITECTURE
May be divided in to two groups depending upon
the sources of the inception.
1. INFLUENCE OF NATURE
Climate and topography influence the life and
habits of a nation.
a. THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE
It requires only a casual study of the racial
characteristics of various nations to
discover the effect of climate upon people.
b. THE EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHY
EFFECT ON PEOPLE. The topography of a
country has exerted an influence upon
people and their activities which rivals that
of climate.
EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE. Topography, in
its broadest sense, may means the general
terrain or contour of the surface of the
country.
2. INFLUENCE OF MAN
The forces of nature are revealed in climate,
topography and natural resources and the
latter elements in turn produce nationalities
and cities with outstanding characteristics
and individualities.
MANS INTEREST
It has been pointed out that the activities and
interest of man are directly responsible for the
type of architecture which he develops. There
are three most typical structures of the present
age:
1. SHELTER
Used by man during his hours of rest
a. EARLY AMERICAN HOUSE

This period saw simple living and labor and

materials were limited.
b. COLONIAL HOUSE
As the fair of the colonists prospered their
ideas of comfort increase and the house
became more elaborate.
c. VICTORIAN HOUSE
Extravagant was the picture of the period.
d. CONTEMPORARY HOUSE
There was a tendency to design a place of
habitation.
2. FACTORY
Offers a place in which work and to produce a
commodity of exchange.
3. CHURCH
Place of worship and spiritual relaxation.
a. EGYPTIANS
Built a colossal and permanent way in order
to preserve the bodies and to perpetuate
the memories of the dead and also to
emphasize the supremacy of the deities.

b. GREEK
Temples were built on honor of gods and
each temple contained the statue of god to
whom it was dedicated.
c. CHRISTIAN
The Christian religion encourages the
participation of the worshippers in personal
and direct way.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

Concepts used to organize or arrange the
structural elements of design.
1. CONTRAST (Variety)
2. PROPORTION (Relationship)
3. SCALE (Size, Magnitude)
4. BALANCE (Equilibrium)
5. RHYTHM (Repetition)
6. UNITY (Harmony)
7. CHARACTER (Expressiveness)

PROPORTION
1. RELATIVE PROPORTION
Deals with the parts of an object and the whole
example ratio between the diameter of a
classical column and its height.
2. ABSOLUTE PROPORTION
Relationship between the different parts of an
object/ the whole to various parts.

SCALE
1. GENERIC SCALE
Size of a building element relative to each
other forms in its context.
2. HUMAN SCALE

Size of building element/ space relative to the

dimensions and proportions of the human
body.

BALANCE
1. SYMMETRICAL
a. CENTRAL AXIS
Easiest and simplest kind in which elements
are arranged in precisely the same manner or
either side of a central axis/line.
b. FORMAL
Approaches absolute symmetry but lacks
some of the essentials of composition.
c. RADIAL
Arrangement where all the parts indicate
from a center like the spokes in a wheel.

Altering one/ more of its dimension and still

retain its family identity.
2. SUBTRACTIVE TRONSFORMATION
Subtracting a portion of its own volume.
AMBIGUITY
Regarding forms original identity will result if
the portion removed from its edges and
drastically alters.
3. ADDITIVE TRANSFORMATION
Addition of elements to its volume.
FOUR BASIC POSSIBILITIES:
a. BY SPIRAL TENSION
Two forms are relatively close to each
other, or share a common visual trait such
as shape, material, color.

2. UNSYMMETRICAL (INFORMAL)
More subtle elusive, more difficult to attain

b. BY EDGE TO EDGE CONTACT

Two forms share a common edge.

GRAVITATIONAL/ PITURESQUE
Complete adaptation to its surroundings.

c. BY FACE TO FACE CONTACT

Two forms to have flat, planar surfaces that
are parallel to each other.

COMPETITION
Elements compete with each other for
importance.
CONFUSION
Kind of competition where dissimilarity is too
pronounced.

CHARACTER
1. FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER
Results from the purpose of the building/ the
reason for its erection.
2. ASSOCIATION/ ASSOCIATED CHARACTER
Comes from influence of ideas and impressions
of past experiences/ traditions.
3. PERSONAL CHARACTER
Attribute in the life of an individual/ human
quality or emotional appeal.

PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM

TRANSFORMATION OF FORM:
1. DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION
PRIMARY ELEMENTS OF FORM
A. POINT
Point indicates a position in space. A point
marks a position in space. A point can serve to
mark:
The two ends of line.
The intersection of two lines.
The meeting of line at the corner of a plane
or volume.
The center of the field.
A point has no dimensions.
POINT-GENERATED FORMS:
CIRCLE
CYLINDER
SPHERE

d. BY INTERLOCKING VOLUME
Two forms interpenetrate each others
space.
CENTRALIZED FORMS
Consist of a number of secondary forms
clustered about dominant, central, parent forms.
LINEAR FORMS
Consist of forms arranged sequentially in a row.
RADIAL FORMS
Compositions of linear forms that extend
outward from central forms in a radial manner.
CLUSTERED FORMS
Forms that is grouped together by proximity or
sharing of a common visual trait.
GRID FORMS
Modular forms whose relationships regulated by
the three-dimensional grids.
GRID
Two or more intersecting sets of regularlyspaced parallel lines.
B. LINE
A point is extended becomes a line with
properties of:
LENGTH
DIRECTION
POSITION
Two-points describe a line that connects them.
C. PLANE
A line that extended becomes a plane with
properties of:
LENGTH AND WIDTH
SHAPE
SURFACE

ORIENTATION
Two parallel lines have the ability to visually
describe a plane.
GENERAL TYPES OF PLANE:
OVERHEAD PLANE
Can be either the roof plane, a buildings
primary protection against the climatic
elements, or the ceiling plane, the
sheltering element in architectural space.
WALL PLANE
Vertical wall planes are visually the most
active in defining and enclosing space.
BASE PLANE
The ground plane provides the physical
support and the visual base for building
forms. The floor plane supports our
activities within buildings.
PLANAR ELEMENT
EXTERIOR WALL PLANE
The exterior wall plane of a building along
with the roof plane, control the penetration
of climatic elements into the buildings
exterior spaces. As a design element an
exterior wall plane can be articulated as a
buildings front face or a primary faade.
INTERIOR WALL PLANE
Define and encloses a buildings space or
rooms. Their visual properties,
relationship to one another, and size and
distribution of openings within them
determines the quality of the space they
define and the degree to which the space
will relate to the spaces around it.
D. VOLUME
A plane extended becomes a volume with
properties of:
LENGTH, WIDTH AND DEPTH
FORM AND SPACE
SURFACE
ORIENTATION
POSITION
All volumes can be analyzed and understood to
consist of:
POINTS (vertices)
LINES (edges)
PLANES (surfaces)

ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
A. DESIGN-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
1. A minimum amount of time is spent on
generating
programmatic information.
2. Design can begin at the very first meeting of
client and architect.
3. There is intensive and often positive
interaction between client
and architect.
4. The review of various design schemes may
help the client

recognized new ways to accomplish their

objectives.
5. Both client and architect can claim the design
solution as their
own.
B. KNOWLEDGE-BASED ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING
1. Brings to bear all currently available
knowledge on the design
problem.
2. Develops new knowledge using the systematic
methods of the
sciences.
3. Provides all of the information needed to
design each spaces.
4. Especially useful on large, complex, or
innovative projects, when
no one has a clear grasp of the project
requirements.
C. AGREEMENT-BASED ARCHITECTURAL
PROGRAMMING
1. Ensures that information is obtained for every
area in which the
architect has design concernsthe whole
problem.
2. Having a representative group develop
program information
during work sessions is efficient and
economical.
3. Visually displaying the programming
information during the
work sessions help the participants to
understand and influence the program.
4. The client, users, and architect agree on the
nature and scope of
the problem before design commences.
5. the costs of programming changes during
design are generally
avoided.
6. The design results are typically positive as
evidenced in the
projects by user such as CRS and ADP.
D. VALUE-BASED ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
1. Tries to incorporate the best aspect and avoid
the worst
problems of all of the programming
approaches.
2. Makes certain that the most important design
issues are
addressed in the programming document.
3. Uses systematic information gathering
procedures to ensure
that important information is not overlooked in
the programming
process.
4. Recognizes the importance of obtaining
agreement with the
client, users, and community in open work
session environments.

FORMS OF DESIGN STYLES

CONSTRUCTIVISM
A passionate pleading for ideas in form and
space in architecture (anthropometrics and
ergonomics) as well as in the other arts.

DE STYL
Founded by Van Doesburg, a painter, Jacobus J.P.
Oud, one of the principal aims of the movement
is to construct without any illusion, without
decoration, it broke away from naturalism and
historicism and by appealing to abstraction as
the means of expressing a universal synthesis of
modern times.
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
The abstraction of Modernism to the extreme
and mainly worked on the principle of
exaggeration of familiar motifs. It is also known
as the New Modernism.
ECLECTISM
Usually applied to any building that incorporated
a mixture of the historical styles
ECOISM
Any form of design that minimizes destructive
impacts by integrating itself with living
processes.
EXPRESSIONISM
Describe the work of those architects who
prefigured the International and Functionalist
period of the Modern Movement. It is the
outward manifestation of a design through an
individual expression.
FUTURIST ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of calculation of audacity and
simplicity.
FIN DE SIECLIM
Dynamic forms, whiplash lines, curving design.
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
Ready-made style imported from the U.S.
L ECOLE DE BEAUX ARTS
The style turned to Gothic revival due to its
brevity, idealism, heroism and picturesqueness.
Verticality was the trend.
MANNERISM
The manipulation of styles of forms achieved by
the learned juxtaposition of elements for the
exclusive aim of achieving originality or effect.

MODERNISM
Unquestionably the dominant movement in the
arts, including the architecture, since the early
20th century, but notoriously difficult to define.
NATIONAL ROMANTICISM
Bolstered by ideas of national aggrandizement,
this self, stimulating style fed on particular local
historical motifs and devices as well as
associative aspects of the great historical period
in architecture so beloved by the eclectics. In
some cases, it is parallel to the work of those
architects normally referred to as Art Nouveau
designers, but its aspirations were much wider
than those of the international proto
modernists.
NEOPLASTICISM
Relates to the theory of pure plastic art which
had a pronounced influence on Dutch architects,
it consisted in the exclusive use of the right
angle in a horizontal position, and the use of 3
primary colors contrasted with or incorporating
in various canvasses the 3 non-colors: white,
black and gray.
NEW BRUTALISM
Display of glass and steel.
ORGANICISM
Sympathizes with its environment which is
shown in the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright
and the Praire School. It is the very antithesis of
the geometrical organized faadism of those
architects who believe that architecture should
intrude on the environment in the Classic, Neo
Classic and Gothic sense.
RADICALISM
A radical shift in emphasis from the buildings of
the past to the design which met the demands of
modern life.
STRUCTURALISM
Iron construction, initiated by Joseph Paxtons
Crystal Palace, brought about a trend in
architecture. Numerous exhibition halls,
locomotive sheds and other large-scale
engineering types of structure followed.
ULITARIANISM
Pre-fabricated system building.

PROFESSIONAL
RA 9266
1. Limit the practice of architecture to architects.
2. To retrify the use of obsolete terminologies.
3. To address the need of globalization.
RA 545
Needs of architect and architecture profession
reciprocity
agreement.
RA 9266
House Bill No. 5389
Senate Bill No. 2710
Initiator:
House of Congress
Association for the Architects:
UAP (United Architects of the Philippines)
PIA (Philippine Institute of Architects)
LPA (League of the Philippine Architects)
PRC (Professional Regulation Commission)
Commission handles different professions.
IRR (Implementing Rules and Regulations)
ARCHITECTURE
Art and science of building structures.
Art, science and profession of:
Planning
Designing
Constructing of building in their: Utilities,
Strength, Beauty
ARCHITECT
Professionally and academically qualified,
licensed by PRC
(space, form, historical contents).
SUBSTAINABLE ARCHITECT
Provide with the use of the present culture/
generation without compromising.
GREEN ARCHITECT
Land use (zoning, waste production).
THE ARCHITECT OF RECORD
Plans and design of structures.
ARCHITECT IN-CHARGE OF CONSTRUCTION
Responsible and liable of construction.
CONSULTING ARCHITECT
Professionally and academically qualified
expertise and specialization in architecture.
STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
Act of conceiving, choosing and developing the
type, disposition, arrangement and
proportioning.

PRACTICE

AUTHORSHIP
Author/ authors of architectural plans (Architect
of Record).
BOA (Board of Architecture), under PRC.
PRB (Professional Regulatory Board)
IAPOA (Integrated and Accredited Professional
Organization of Architects)
SERVICE AGREEMENT (between owner and
architect)
Dully notarized written contract equivalent to
public instrument.
ASSOCIATION
Any formal grouping of 2 or more architects or
architectural firms.
ARCHITECTURAL COMPANY
Same with partnership.
ARCHITECTURAL CORPORATION
Group of professionals in architecture and allied
professions.
CODE OF ETHICAL CONDUCT
Document which forms the architects national
code contains norms and principles converting
the practice of profession.
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
Documents attach to the Agreement, and
include the following:
Drawings, Specifications, General Conditions,
Special Provisions, Other Bid Documents.
CIVIL CODE ARTICLE 1723
Contract liability for the defects of the manner/
method of construction.
REPETITION/ SUB-SEQUENT
Architect has the same project in same location.
COPYRIGHT/ OWNERSHIP
Intellectual proprietary right retains by an
architect for the drawing/ plan he/ she prepared.

PD 1096
(NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
PURPOSES/ OBJECTIVES:
1. To comply developmental goals.
2. To comply imprustructure programs of the
government.
3. To adequately comply technological advances.
2004 REVISED IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
REGULATIONS

IMPLEMENT (action)
RULES (set of laws, policies, system)
REGULATIONS (to control, regulate rule)
PURPOSES/ OBJECTIVES:
1. Safeguard the life and property, health,
public welfare.
2. To comply environmental management and
control.
3. To provide a frame work (outline/ skeleton)
of minimum standards and requirement to
regulate and control building.
EXCEPTIONS:
Traditional and indigenous family dwellings.
Economic and socialized housing project.

CONSTRUCTION TERMS

CONSTRUCTION
Includes all-on-site work done.
(excavation, site reparation, foundation,
assembly of all requirements)
DEMOLITION
Systematic dismantling of building/ any parts
of building.
MOVING
Transfer of building from location to another.
ADDITION
Any new construction but there will be
increase in floor area and/ or increase in
height.
ALTERATION
Work involving changes/ modification.
(materials used, partitions, location/ size of
openings, structural parts, existing utilities)
CONVERSION
Change in use/ occupancy.
RENOVATION
Any physical change made on the building to
increase the value and quality of the building,
improve the aesthetic value.
REPAIR
Any remedial work done in any damage/
deteriorated part of the building to restore it
to original condition.
NBCDO (NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
DEVALOPMENTAL OFFICE)
BUILDING OFFICIAL
He is authorized to enforce the provisions of
the National Building Code and its IRR in the
field, as well as have administrative control
and/ or supervision over all works pertinent to
buildings/ structures.
TECHNICAL STAFF (NBCDO)
Assists the Secretary in the administrations
and enforcement of the provision of the Code
and its IRR; also conducts seminar/ workshops
on the Code and its IRR.
SECRETARY (DPWH)

He is responsible for the administration and

enforcement of the provisions of the Code and
its IRR. He also formulates policies, plans,
standards and guidelines on building design,
construction, use, occupancy and maintenance,
in accordance with the Code.
BUILDING PERMITS
The document issued to an applicant to proceed
with the construction, installation, addition,
alteration, renovation, conversion, repair,
moving, demolition of a particular project,
building/ structure.
ANCILLARY PERMITS
Permits that is supplementary to a Building
Permit, such as Architectural and Civil/
Structural Permits.
ACCESSORY PERMITS
Permits that are issued prior to building
swimming pools tombs and mausoleums, and
for activities such as ground preparation and
excavation and temporary sidewalk enclosure
and occupancy.

CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCY
Buildings proposed for construction shall be
identified according to their use of character of its
occupancy and shall be classified as follows:
GROUP A: RESIDENTIAL DWELLING
GROUP B: RESIDENTIAL, HOTELS AND
APARTMENTS
GROUP C: EDUCATION AND RESREATION
GROUP D: INSTITUTIONAL
GROUP E: BUSINESS AND MERCANTILE
GROUP F: INDUSTRIAL
GROUP G: STORAGE AND HAZARDOUS
GROUP H: ASSEMBLY OTHER THAN GROUP I
GROUP I: ASSEMBLY OCCUPANT LOAD 1000 OR
MORE
GROUP J: ACCESORY

FIRE RETRICTIVE RATING

Materials that can withstand fire.
FIRE RESTRICTIVE TIME PERIOD RATING
Length of time a material can withstand being
burned.
1. TYPE 1
Wood construction.
2. TYPE 2
Wood construction with fire restrictive
material, one (1)- hour fire restrictive
throughout.
3. TYPE 3
Masonry and wood construction, one (1)-hour
fire restrictive throughout.
4. TYPE 4
Steel, iron, concrete/ masonry construction.
Wall ceiling and permanent partitions shall be
incombustible in fire restrictive construction.

Permanent non-bearing partition with one (1)hour fire restrictive material.

Fire retardant treated wood construction.
5. TYPE 5
Steel, iron, concrete/ masonry construction,
four (4)-hour fire-restrictive throughout.
FIRE ZONE
Areas in which only certain types of building are
permitted to be constructed within the site.
TYPES OF FIRE ZONES:
1. NON-FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
Rural areas.
Buildings are permitted without fire
resistivity.
Include TYPE 1 and 2 construction.
2. FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
Sub-urban areas.
2-hour fire resistivity.
Include TYPE 2, 3 and 4 construction.
3. HIGHLY-FIRE RESTRICTIVE ZONES
Urban areas.
3 to 4-hour fire resistivity.
Include TYPE 4 and 5 construction.

PARKING
The parking slot, parking area and loading
/unloading space requirements:
a. AVERAGE AUTOMOBILE (CAR)
2.50 meters by 5.00 meters for perpendicular
and diagonal parking.
2.15 meters by 6.00 meters for parallel
parking.
b. STANDARD TRUCK OR BUS
Minimum of 3.60 meters by 12.00 meters.
c. ARTICULATED TRUCK
Minimum of 3.60 meters by 18.00 meters.
d. JEEPNEY OR SHUTTLE
Minimum of 3.00 meters by 9.00 meters.

STREET/ROAD RIGHT-OF-WAY
(RROW)
No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins
or has direct access to public space, yard or
street/road oh at least one (1) of its sides.
The RROW consist of three (3) different physical
levels as follows:
a. RROW ABOVE GRADE
Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned
from the finished surface of the
roadway/carriageway and/or the
sidewalk/arcade all the way up to the air.
b. RROW AT GRADE
Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned
from natural grade line up to the finished
surface of the roadway/carriageway and/or the
sidewalk/arcade.

c. RROW BELOW GRADE

Refers to the portion of the RROW reckoned
from the finished surface of the roadway
and/or the sidewalk all the way down into the
ground.
GRADE
Lowest part of the elevation of the finished
surface of the ground.
BUILDING LINE
Line formed by the intersection of the outer
surface of the enclosing wall of the surface of
the ground.
YARD
Vacant space left between the outermost face of
the building and the property line.
SET BACK
Measurement of the distance of the yard.
COURT
Unoccupied space of between the phases of the
building line and a yard or another court, free
open and unobstructed from the ground upward.
TYPES OF COURT:
1. INNER COURT
2. OPEN COURT
3. THROUGH COURT
LOT
Physical setting for any building or structure.
TYPES OF LOT:
1. INTERIOR LOT
2. INSIDE LOT
3. CORNER LOT
4. THROUGH LOT
5. CORNER-THROUGH LOT
6. CORNER LOT (abutting 3 or more streets,
alleys, rivers, etc.)
BUILDING HEIGHT LIMIT (BHL)
The maximum height to be allowed for
buildings/structures based on their proposed use
or occupancy.
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL (DC)
A set of interacting regulations concerning the
physical utilization of the lot, and likewise
concerning of spaces or the use/occupancy of
buildings to be introduced to the lot.
ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM BUILDING FOOTPRINT
(AMBF)
Maximum portion of the lot that may be occupied
by the building at grade level.
ALLOWABLE MAXIMUM VOLUME OF BUILDING
(AMBV)
Limit of the total volume of space that can be
occupied by a proposed building that can occupy
at a grade level.
GROSS FLOOR AREA (GFA)

The total floor space within the perimeter of the

permanent external building walls.
TOTAL GROSS FLOOR AREA (TGFA)
The total floor space within the main and
auxiliary buildings primarily consisting of Gross
Floor Area (GFA) and all other enclosed support
areas.
BUILDING BULK
Overall size of the proposed building as initially
characterized by the expanse of its Gross Floor
Area (GFA) or Total Gross Floor Area (TGFA).
FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR/FLAR)
Ratio between the Gross Floor Area (GFA) of the
building and the total lot area of the lot.
OUTERMOST FACES OF BUILDING (OFB)
The most or uppermost part of the building.
TOTAL LOT AREA (TLA)
Total lot surface area of the lot where the
proposed building is selected.
PERCENTAGE OF SITE OCCUPANCY (PSO)
Quantity related to the Allowable Maximum
Building Footprint (AMBF) and the Total Lot Area
(TLA).
UNPAVED SURFACE AREA
Portion of the lot remained unpaved.