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By
Dr.M.Anthony David
Professor of Physiology
Apoptosis is
Programmed cell death
ETYMOLOGY
Greek
Necrosis or Apoptosis
NECROSIS
Cell Murder
Passive
Pathological
Swelling & Lysis
seen
Dissipated
Inflammation seen
Externally induced
APOPTOSIS
Cell Suicide
Active
Physiological
Condensation & Crosslinking seen
Phagocytosed
No inflammation
Internally or externally
induced
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PHYSIOLOGICAL :
APOPTOSIS
Common
PHYSIOLOGICAL :
APOPTOSIS
Disappearance
the males
Removal of the Endometrium during
menstruation
The epidermal layers of our skin are
continually replaced by germinal
epithelium.
Worn out cells removed by apoptosis
Same with the enterocytes on the
Intestinal villi and microvilli
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APOPTOSIS : Pathological
Autoimmune
diseases
diseasess :
Eg : Parkinsons disease
Carcinomas:
Cancers
Mechanism of Apoptosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
Engulfment : Phagocytosis
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STAGES OF APOPTOSIS
Healthy cell
DEATH SIGNAL
DEGRADATION
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DEATH SIGNAL
BAX
BAD
PROAPOPTOTIC
PROTEINS
BCL-2
BCL-XL
ANTI-APOPTOTIC
PROTEINS
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Intrinsic
damage pathway
MITOCHONDRIAL SIGNALS
Caspase cleavage cascade
Orderly cleavage of proteins and DNA
Apoptotic bodies
Crosslinking of proteins
PHAGOCYTOSIS
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APOPTOSIS: control
Receptor pathway:
Death receptors:
(FAS, TNF-R, etc)
FAS ligand
TNF
Death
domains
Adaptor proteins
Pro-caspase 8 (inactive)
MITOCHONDRIA
Caspase 8 (active)
Death
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APOPTOSIS: control
Intrinsic pathway (damage):
BAX
BAD
BCL-XL
BCL-2
Mitochondria
Smac/DIABLO
Cytochrome c release
Pro-caspase 9 cleavage
Death
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APOPTOSIS: in embryogenesis
Morphogenesis (eliminates excess cells):
e.g. web spaces between digits
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APOPTOSIS: in embryogenesis
Organ size (eliminates excess cells):
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Self antigen
recognizing cell
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APOPTOSIS: in adults
Tissue remodeling (eliminates cells no longer needed):
Apoptosis
Involution
Late pregnancy, lactation
(non-pregnant, non-lactating)
- Testosterone
Apoptosis
Prostate gland
Pregnant uterus
Apoptosis
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APOPTOSIS: in adults
Tissue remodeling (eliminates unnecessarycells):
Apoptosis
APOPTOSIS : in adults
Maintains organ size and function
Apoptosis
+ cell division
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APOPTOSIS: Role in
Aging
Aging
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normally
Die due to loss of proper connections, loss
of proper growth factors (e.g. NGF), or
damage (especially oxidative damage)
Neuronal dysfunction or damage results in
loss of synapses
Synaptosis (reversible)
Apoptosis (irreversible)
Neurodegenerative
diseases include:
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
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Apoptosis : A Review
Programmed
25
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