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the relative flexural stiffness( En I n / EI ) that describe its geometrical and mechanical characteristics(Rosignoli, 1998).
Fig.1 shows the outline of the nose-deck elastic system in the first and second phase of launch.
954
Figure 1. Nose-deck elastic system in the first and second phase of launch
Figure 2. Determination of the maximum positive moment in the first and second spans
The first launch stage is the cantilever configurations assumed before the nose reaches support A. At the start of launch,
for the dimensionless launching parameter = x / L = 0, the negative moment M B* in a dimensionless form
is(Rosignoli, 1998)
M B*
2 qn Ln
1 Ln
=
+
2
2
q L
2 L
qL
(0 < 1 Ln / L)
(1)
Once the nose tip has been reached at support A, the recovery of the elastic deflection creates a positive moment that
reduces the negative moment M B and the second launch stage starts, in which the nose slides on support A until the
deck arrives. The value of M B in the second launch stage is(Rosignoli, 1998)
M B M B* RA
=
+
qL2 qL2 qL
(1 Ln / L 1)
(2)
Where M B* is the cantilever moment in Eq.(1) and the reaction RA intervenes only for 1 Ln / L 1 .
2.2 Positive Moment in the Spans
During launch, the value of the negative moment is maximized at the support but the maximum point of the positive
moment changes. Fig.2 shows the nose-deck system for determination of the maximum positive moment in the first and
second spans during launch. Using the equilibrium conditions in the first span AB, the occurrence location and the
value of the maximum positive moment are
RA qn Ln
y
+
+
=
qL q L
L AB
(3)
2
max
q L 1 R 1 qn
M AB
R
= A 1 n n + A +
2
qL
q L 2 qL 2 q
qL
Ln qn
L q 1
(4)
Using the equilibrium conditions in the second span BC, the occurrence location and the value of the maximum
positive moment are
RB M C 1 M B
y
= 2 + 2
=
L BC qL qL 2 qL
(5)
max
M BC
M
1M
1 M
= C2 B2 + + B2
2 qL qL 2 qL
qL2
955
(6)
The minimum condition of the launching negative moment is to make the negative moment at the end of the first
launch stage( = 1 Ln / L ) same with the negative moment at the end of the launch( = 1.0) ensuring the relative
flexural stiffness En I n / EI 0.2.
The minimum condition of the launching negative moment is
(M
*
B
/ qL2 )
=1 Ln / L
= ( M B / qL2 )
(7)
=1
Substituting for Eq.(7) from Eq.(1) and Eq.(2), relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose
weight under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment can be obtained as follows:
2
Ln
=
L
qn
q
q
1 n 1.576 0.5 0.366 n
q
q
q
q
2 0.5 0.366 n
q
qn
0.169)
q
(0 <
(8)
Fig.3 shows that the Relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum
condition of the launching negative moment of Eq.(8) compares with the result evaluated with trial-and-error method
by Rosignoli(1998). In order to satisfy the minimum condition of the launching negative moment, as the relative nose
length increases, the relative nose weight increases as well. It should be used longer launching nose than the result of
Rosignoli(1998).
Fig.4 shows evolution of the negative moment under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment at the
support B and C. As the relative nose length in Eq.(8) increases, the launching negative moment decreases to -1/12(= 0.083) which is the negative moment at the interior support of infinite continuous beam. In case of qn / q > 0.16, the
absolute maximum negative moment occurs at the support C. It should be limited the relative nose weight to less than
0.16( 0 < qn / q 0.16 ) in order to lead to occur the absolute maximum negative moment at the support B.
4. Control the Launching Positive Moment in the Launching Girder
Fig.5 shows evolution of the maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of the launching positive
moment in the span AB and BC. As the relative nose weight and length in Eq.(8) increases, the launching maximum
positive moment decreases. In case of qn / q > 0.16, the absolute maximum positive moment occurs in the span BC. In
order to minimize the absolute maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of the negative moment, the
value of the absolute maximum positive moment in the span AB should be same with the one in the span BC.
In order to minimize the absolute maximum positive moment, the value of the absolute maximum positive moment in
the span AB
(M )
max max
AB
(M )
max max
BC
/ qL2 .
1.00
0.90
Eq.(8)
Rosignoli(1998)
0.80
0.70
0.60
EnIn/EI 0.20
0.50
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
Figure 3. Relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum condition of
the launching negative moment
956
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
= (qn/q, Ln/L)
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.0
0.2
-1/12 = -0.083
(0.12, 0.706)
(0.10, 0.667)
(0.08, 0.634)
(0.05, 0.594)
-0.05
Ln/L = varies
qn/q = varies
EnIn/EI = 0.20
-0.20
(0.16, 0.839)
-1/12 = -0.083
-0.25
(0.14, 0.758)
Ln/L = varies
qn/q = varies
EnIn/EI = 0.20
(0.169, 0.941)
-0.10
(0.16, 0.839)
-0.15
(0.14, 0.758)
-0.20
(0.12, 0.706)
(0.10, 0.667)
(0.08, 0.634)
(0.05, 0.594) = (qn/q, Ln/L)
-0.25
(0.169, 0.941)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1/24 = 0.042
0.02
0.00
-0.02
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Ln/L = varies
qn/q = varies
EnIn/EI = 0.20
0.06
1/24 = 0.042
0.04
0.02
0.00
-0.02
0.0
(0.16, 0.839)
0.04
0.08
(0.14, 0.758)
(0.12, 0.706)
(0.10, 0.667)
(0.08, 0.634)
(0.05, 0.594)
0.06
Ln/L = varies
qn/q = varies
EnIn/EI = 0.20
0.08
2
BC span bending moment, M max
BC /qL
2
AB span bending moment, M max
AB /qL
Figure 4. Evolution of the negative moment under the minimum condition of the launching negative moment
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 5. Evolution of the maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of the launching positive moment
The minimum condition of the launching negative moment is
(M
max
AB
/ qL2 )
=1 qn / q Ln / L
max
= ( M BC
/ qL2 )
(9)
=1 Ln / L
Substituting for Eq.(9) from Eq.(4) and Eq.(6), relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose
weight under the minimum condition of the launching positive moment can be obtained as follows:
3
q
q
q
0.593 n + 0.452 n + 0.447 n
Ln
q
q
q
=
L
qn qn
+ 0.492
q q
+ 0.002
(0.032 <
q
q
q
q
q
q
= 29.2 n 112 n + 178 n 149 n + 70.6 n 18.5 n + 2.9
q
q
q
q
q
q
(0.353
qn
0.353)
q
qn
< 1.0)
q
(10)
Fig.6 shows the relationship between the relative nose length and the relative nose weight under the minimum
conditions of the launching negative and positive moment. In order to satisfy the minimum condition of the launching
negative moment, the relative nose length increases as the relative nose weight increases. But for the minimum
condition of the launching positive moment, the relative nose length decreases as the relative nose weight increases.
Fig.7 shows the absolute maximum positive moment with launch for different values of the relative nose weight and
the relative nose length. For Ln / L <0.6, as the relative nose weight increases, the absolute maximum positive moment
957
Ln
L =
N
qn
q
q
1 n 1.576 0.5 0.366 n
q
q
q
q
2 0.5 0.366 n
q
(0 <
qn
0.16)
q
(11)
The relationship between the relative nose weight and length under the minimum condition of the positive moment is as
follows:
3
q
q
q
0.593 n + 0.452 n + 0.447 n + 0.002
Ln
q
q
q
L =
qn qn
P
+ 0.492
q q
(0.032 <
qn
0.353)
q
(12)
Using Eq.(11) and Eq.(12), it can be calculated the optimum length of the launching nose to minimize the launching
negative and positive moment.
The equations of the absolute maximum positive moment and negative moment can be obtained by the regression
analysis for the absolute maximum positive moment and negative moment calculated using Eq.(11) and Eq.(12). Using
Eq.(11) for the minimum condition of the negative moment, the absolute maximum positive moment and negative
moment are obtained as follows:
2
(13)
q
q
q
q
M NNEG / qL2 = 55.7 n 14.1 n + 1.15 n + 0.0154 n
q
q
q
q
0.1056
(14)
Using Eq.(12) for the minimum condition of the positive moment, the absolute maximum positive moment and
negative moment are obtained as follows:
3
q
q
q
M PPOS / qL2 = 0.361 n + 0.355 n 0.166 n
q
q
q
+ 0.075
NEG
P
q
q
/ qL = 0.35 n + 0.119 n 0.105
q
q
2
(0.032 <
q
q
= 0.16 n 0.584 n 0.0017
q
q
958
(0.167
(15)
qn
0.167)
q
qn
0.353)
q
(16)
0.8
0.7
0.353
0.16
0.5
0.0
EnIn/EI 0.20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Ln/L = 1.00
0.95
0.07
0.90
0.50
0.85
0.55
0.06
0.80
0.60
0.75
0.70
0.05
0.65
0)
.(1
0.6
EnIn/EI 0.20
max
(M max
/qL2
AB )
max
(M max
/qL2
BC )
0.353
0.9
0.08
Eq
By
1.0
0.04
0.0
0.2
1/24 = 0.042
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 6. Relationship between the relative nose length Figure 7. Absolute maximum positive moment with launch
and weight under the minimum conditions of the
for different values of the relative nose weight and
launching negative and positive moment
the relative nose length
max
(M max
/qL2 by Eq.(8)
AB )
max
(M max
)
/qL2 by Eq.(8)
BC
max
(M max
/qL2 by Eq.(10)
AB )
max
(M max
/qL2 by Eq.(10)
BC )
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.353
0.06
0.16
0.05
1/24 = 0.042
0.04
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.10
max max
(M AB
) /qL2 by Eq.(8)
max
(M max
/qL2 by Eq.(8)
BC )
max
(M max
/qL2 by Eq.(10)
AB )
max
(M max
/qL2 by Eq.(10)
BC )
EnIn/EI 0.20
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.839
2
EnIn/EI 0.20
0.10
1/24 = 0.042
0.04
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
EnIn/EI 0.20
-0.12
-0.11
-0.09
-1/12 = -0.083
-0.08
0.0
0.1
0.353
-0.10
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-0.15
-0.14
-0.13
(M B )max/qL2 by Eq.(8)
(M C )max/qL2 by Eq.(8)
(M B )max/qL2 by Eq.(10)
(M C )max/qL2 by Eq.(10)
EnIn/EI 0.20
-0.12
-0.11
-0.10
-0.09
0.836
-0.13
(M B)max/qL2 by Eq.(8)
(M C)max/qL2 by Eq.(8)
(M B)max/qL2 by Eq.(10)
(M C)max/qL2 by Eq.(10)
-0.14
-0.15
0.167
Figure 8. Absolute maximum positive moment with launch under the minimum conditions of the launching negative
and positive moment
-1/12 = -0.083
-0.08
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure 9. Absolute maximum negative moment with launch under the minimum conditions of the launching negative
and positive moment
Fig.10 shows the optimum design curves for the relative nose length and absolute maximum bending moment with
launch for different values of the relative nose weight. Depending on the section of a launching girder, the relative nose
weight can be determined. Appling the determined relative nose weight to Eq.(11) and (12), it can be obtained the
optimum length of the launching nose. Also, applying the determined relative nose weight to Eq.(13) and Eq.(14) or
959
( )
Ln
L
M NPOS/qL2
( )
Ln
L
0.07
0.9
P
0.8
2
M POS
P /qL
0.06
0.7
0.05
0.6
0.08
1/24 = 0.042
0.04
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
-0.18
1.0
EnIn/EI 0.20
-0.16
( )
Ln
L
( )
Ln
L
-0.14
-0.12
0.9
P
0.8
0.7
2
M NEG
N /qL
2
M NEG
P /qL
-0.10
0.6
1.0
EnIn/EI 0.20
0.09
-1/12 = -0.083
-0.08
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.056
0.8
0.553
0.6
1/24 = 0.042
0.04
0.459
(y/L)AB
0.02
0.4
0.257
0.2
0.4
0.860
-0.02
0.0
0.2
0.459
0.00
0.6
0.8
0.0
1.0
0.06
1.0
max
0.056
M BC /qL
Ln/L = 0.836
qn/q = 0.167
EnIn/EI = 0.20
0.8
1/24 = 0.042
0.04
0.6
0.514
0.02
0.455
0.4
(y/L)BC
0.00
-0.02
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
1.0
2
Location occurred M max
BC /qL , (y/L)BC
0.08
0.164
max
M AB /qL
2
BC span bending moment, M max
BC /qL
0.06
1.0
Ln/L = 0.836
qn/q = 0.167
EnIn/EI = 0.20
2
Location occurred M max
AB /qL , (y/L)AB
0.08
0.164
2
AB span bending moment, M max
AB /qL
Figure 10. Optimum design curves for the relative nose length and absolute maximum bending moment with launch for
different values of the relative nose weight
Ln/L = 0.836
qn/q = 0.167
EnIn/EI = 0.20
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
M B/qL
-0.095
-1/12 = -0.083
-0.05
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-0.25
Ln/L = 0.836
qn/q = 0.167
EnIn/EI = 0.20
-0.20
-0.15
-0.093
-0.10
-1/12 = -0.083
M C/qL
-0.05
0.00
0.0
0.164
-0.25
0.164
Figure 11. Evolution of the occurrence and the value the maximum positive moment under the minimum condition of
the absolute maximum negative moment
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
960
M PNEG / qL2
qn / q
Ln / L
0.167
0.836
0.0555
133%
-0.0949
114%
Minimum of M NEG
0.191
0.828
0.0537
129%
-0.1074
129%
0.353
0.812
0.0448
107%
-0.1879
225%
Minimum of M POS
Remark
The rates are the absolute maximum moments compared with 1/24(= 0.042) and -1/12(= -0.083).
Fig.11 and Fig.12 show the evolution of the occurrence location and the value of the maximum positive and negative
moment using qn / q =0.167 and Ln / L =0.836. The absolute maximum positive and negative moment value during
launch is consistent with the proposed method and the occurrence location is
and
7. Conclusions
The behavior of nose-deck system during launch is examined by three dimensionless launching parameters, such as the
relative flexural stiffness, the relative nose weight, and the relative nose length. The techniques of optimizing the
launching nose are illustrated and equations of relationship between relative nose weight and relative nose length are
derived under minimum conditions of the launching negative and positive moment. Equations of maximum positive
and negative moment are suggested under the conditions. The optimum design method of the launching nose is
proposed in launched continuous girder bridges. The conclusions are as follows:
(1) For qn / q <0.16, the minimum conditions of positive and negative moment can be chosen depending on the length
of launching nose and it can be designed by using the minimum condition of positive moment for qn / q >0.16.
(2) The ideal launching nose is to design that with the relative nose weight of 0.167 and the relative nose length of
0.836 to minimize absolute values of the positive and negative moment during launch.
(3) Because the absolute maximum moment are occurred in the first span AB and at the first support B respectively, the
design of the launching nose under the minimum conditions is more effective to control the stress resultants.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by a grant(06 Construction Consequence C11) from the Construction Technology
Innovation Program of the R&D project funded by Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korean
government. The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korean government.
References
Choi H.Y., Suh S.K., Oh M.S., Oh S.H., and Kim H.S. (2007) Temporary Stresses by Applying Construction Methods
for Continuous Steel-Concrete Double Composite Box Girder Bridges, Journal of Korean Society of Steel
Construction, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 681-693 (in Korean).
Choi H.Y., Suh S.K., Oh M.S., and Oh S.H. (2008) Techniques of Optimizing the Launching Nose under Conditions of
Minimizing the Launching Bending Moment, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 28, No. 4A, pp.
487-495 (in Korean).
Rosignoli M. (1998) Nose-Deck Interaction in Launched Prestressed Concrete Bridges, Journal of Bridge Engineering,
ASCE, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 21-27.
Rosignoli M. (2002) Bridge launching, Thomas Telford Ltd., London.
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