B IO L

GY

What is Biology?
It is derived from 2 Greek words :

Bios logos
Life

Its a scientific
study

Study

Biology is
The study of life or living things

The importance of Biology

Improved understanding on functions of
organisms.
Improved understanding on causes of disease.
Finding treatment for diseases.
Improved understanding on ecology.
Better management on environment problems.
Improved quality and production of food.

 Cytology

Microbiology
Zoology
Botany

Ecology
Science
Biogeography

Anatomy

Taxonomy

Main Group
of Living
Things

Morphology
Biochemistry

Structure &
Function of Living
Organisms

Fields of
Biology
Study

Living Things &

Their
Environment

Physiology

Changes &
development

Embryology
Genetic
Paleontology

Applied Biology

Biotechnology

Medicine

Pharmacy

Veterinary

Biomedicine

Job or Careers Related to Biology

The following are all biologist in different ways:

Doctors

Biotechnologists

Nurses

Forensic Scientists

Dentists

Nutritionists

Physiotherapists

Farmers

Veterinarians

Horticulturalists &
Foresters

The levels of organisation in an organism.

Biosphere
Sub-atomic
particles

Ecosystem
Community

Atoms

Population

Molecules

Species

Organelles

Multicellular
organisms

Cells
Tissues

systems
Organs

Vocabulary
Review

Study of life

BIOLOGY
10

High degree of internal &

external order in living things

ORGANIZATION
11

Composed of only one

cell

UNICELLULAR
12

Composed of more
than one cell

MULTICELLULAR
13

Smallest unit of life

CELL

14

Group of specialized
cells working together

TISSUE
15

Tissues working together

to do a job such as the
heart or lungs

ORGANS
16

Tiny structures
inside a cell that do
different jobs

ORGANELLES
17

Chemical compounds
that make up organelles

BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES
18

An individual living thing

ORGANISM
19

A physical or chemical change

in the environment an
organism can respond to

STIMULUS
20

The response of the

pupils of the eye when
shown a bright light

DILATION
21

Stable internal conditions

of an organism

HOMEOSTASIS
22

What would happen to

an organism that didnt
maintain homeostasis

DEATH
23

Required by all living

things to power their
life processes

ENERGY
24

Sum of all the

chemical reactions in
an organism

METABOLISM
25

Process of capturing and

storing light energy in
the bonds of sugars

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
26

Increase in size of an
organism

GROWTH
27

Formation of new cells

from existing cells

CELL DIVISION
28

The main change that

follows cell division in a
unicellular organism

ENLARGEMENT
29

Process by which an
organism becomes a
mature adult

DEVELOPMENT
30

Cells specializing by
taking on different
shapes and functions

DIFFERENTIATION
31

Organisms producing
new organisms like
themselves

REPRODUCTION
32

Reproduction of
organisms must occur for
this to be true for a
species

SURVIVAL
33

Large molecule containing

the hereditary
information of a cell

DNA
34

Instructions for a
single trait on DNA

GENE
35

Reproduction that recombines

hereditary information from two
organisms

SEXUAL
36

Reproduction where the new

individual is genetically
identical to the original

ASEXUAL
37

The ability of a population

of organisms to change
over long periods of time

EVOLUTION
38

The variety of life

that exists

DIVERSITY
39

Three major divisions

of all life

DOMAINS
40

Animalia, Plantae, and

Fungi are examples

KINGDOMS
41

Organisms interacting
with each other and
their environment

ECOLOGY
42

Communities of living
organisms and their physical
environment

ECOSYSTEM
43

Main byproduct of animals

that is used by plants

CARBON DIOXIDE
44

Descent with modification

EVOLUTION
45

Theory that organisms

with favorable traits are
better able to survive

NATURAL
SELECTION
46

Traits that improve an

individuals ability to
survive and reproduce

ADAPTATIONS
47

An organized approach used by

scientists to learn how the
natural world works

SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
48

The act of perceiving

the natural world

OBSERVATION
49

Formed from observations

to propose an explanation
for the way things work in
the natural world

HYPOTHESIS
50

Test of a hypothesis

EXPERIMENT
51

Information gathered in
an experiment

DATA
52

Provides a standard for

comparison in an
experiment

CONTROL
53

The one thing that a

scientist allows to change
in an experiment

VARIABLE
54

Highly tested, generally

accepted principle that
explains several
observations

THEORY
55

Scientific experts who critique

another scientists work

PEER REVIEW
56

THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

Biologist employ the scientific method to make
certain discoveries about living things.
The scientific method requires the use of
scientific skills which are science process
skills and manipulative skills.
SPS
Observing, classifying,
inferring, interpreting
data, controlling
variables

MANIPULATIVE SKILLS
Psychomotor skills
required to carry out a
successful scientific
investigation.

Scientifics Investigation
Defining the problem

The Scientific Method:

Making hypothesis
Planning the experiment
Controlling variables
Conducting the experiment
Recording the results
Analysing the results
Interpreting the data
Drawing conclusion
Prepare the report

IDENTIFYING A PROBLEM
All scientific investigation begin with an
observation of a specific phenomenon.

Based on the observation made, problem

statements are formulated, for example,
How did this happen? or Why is this
happening?

An inference, which is a logical conclusion or

possible interpretation based on the
observation, is made (not necessarily a fact)

MAKING A HYPOTHESIS
General statement about or a possible explanation for an
observation. The validity of the hypothesis has not been
proven yet. It is used as a basis for further explanation.

A hypothesis provides a clear link between manipulated

variable (MV) & a Responding Variable (RV). (can be
tested by conducting an experiments).

The experiments carried out produce results that either

accept or reject the hypothesis & a conclusion is reached
about its validity.

Planning the
investigation
Gathering the relevant information about or
preparing the scientific background of an experiment

Determining the apparatus & materials needed.

Identifying the variable that influence the results of
the experiment.

Determining the procedures involved in the

experiment

Determining the observations to be made &

measurements to be taken.

Identifying & controlling

variables

MV

Identifying & controlling

variables

RV

Identifying & controlling

variables

CV

3 types of variables that are encountered in an experiment.

Manipulated variable
An independent variable,
which is set at different
values, to test a hypothesis.

Responding variable
A dependent variable, which
is the outcome of an
experiment, due to changes in
manipulative variable.

fixed variable
A parameter that may affect
the outcome of an experiment
should be kept constant
throughout the experiment.

CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENT
When conducting experiment, the
apparatus, materials & specimens
used must be handled correctly &
safely.

All variables must be determined and

all observations must be made
accurately and objectively.

CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENT
The experimental design should
include a control experiment for
comparison

A control experiment similar in every

aspect to the test experiment except
that the manipulated variable is kept
constant.

CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENT
After each experiment, the
apparatus used must be cleaned
according to the correct
procedures and techniques, and
returned to the right places

All the unwanted materials must

be discarded in a proper manner

CONDUCTING
EXPERIMENT

A quantitative experiment is
often repeated three times to
obtain a more precise & reliable
average or mean reading

COLLECTING DATA
The results of an experiment are
referred to as the data.

During the experiment, data are

obtained by means of observation
and measurement (accurate)

Accuracy is an important aspect of

data collection.

Recording data
Data can be presented in the form of
tables, graphs, charts or diagrams.

Table (Quantity measured & its unit) ;

(Manipulated variable ; First column) &
(Responding Variable ; Second column).

Graph (Manipulated variable :x-axis) &

(Responding Variable (y-axis)

Recording data
Simple drawing (observed under
microscope or dissected sample)
important to label the various parts &
give each drawing a tittle.

The typical format for the report of an

experiment.
Title
Objective
Hypothesis,
Variables
Materials and Apparatus
Technique
Procedure
Results
Data analysis
Discussion
Conclusion