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Structures
2.2
user:
User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI).
!
I/O operations - A running program may require I/O, which may involve a
file or an I/O device
2.3
! For
! Debugging
2.4
2.5
2.6
program
! Sometimes
! Primarily
2.7
System Calls
Programming interface to the services provided by the OS
Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++), and it
represents requests that ask for a service from the kernel of the OS to
be executed.
Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level Application
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
Example: MS-DOS
Single-tasking
Shell invoked when system
booted
Simple method to run
program
No process created
reloaded
(a) At system startup (b) running a program
2.12
Simple Structure
I.e. MS-DOS written to provide
2.13
UNIX
UNIX limited by hardware functionality, the original UNIX operating
Systems programs
The kernel
! Consists
! Provides
2.14
2.15
Layered Approach
The operating system is
2.16
OS services at all.
Other functions that should be executed by OS as in the other
message passing
Benefits:
More secure
Disadvantages:
2.17
Application
Program
File
System
messages
Interprocess
Communication
Device
Driver
user
mode
messages
memory
managment
CPU
scheduling
kernel
mode
microkernel
hardware
2.18
Modules
Most modern operating systems implement loadable kernel modules
2.19
2.20
System Boot
When power initialized on system, execution starts at a fixed memory
location
can start it
OS>Kernel>ROM>Bootstrap
2.21
End of Chapter 2