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Differentiability
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a rule f which associated to each x A, a unique
number y B, is called a function from A to B and we write, f : A B .
(i) Rational numbers : All numbers of the form p / q where p and q are integers and q 0,
are called rational numbers and their set is denoted by Q.
e.g.
4
2
5
, , 4 as 4
1
3
2
are
rational numbers.
(ii) Irrational numbers : Those are numbers which can not be expressed in form of p / q
are called irrational numbers and their set is denoted by Qc (i.e., complementary set of Q) e.g.
2, 1 3, are irrational numbers.
(iii)Integers : The numbers . 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, .. are called integers. The set of
integers is denoted by I or Z. Thus, I or Z ={., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,}
Number
Chart:
Non-Integers
Zero Integers
(I0)
Whole Numbers
(W)
Note
Prime numbers : The natural numbers greater than 1 which is divisible by 1 and
itself only, called prime numbers.
In rational numbers the digits are repeated after decimal
0 (zero) is a rational number
In irrational numbers, digits are not repeated after decimal
(2) Related quantities : When two quantities are such that the change in one is
accompanied by the change in other, i.e., if the value of one quantity depends upon the other,
then they are called related quantities. e.g. the area of a circle (A r 2 ) depends upon its radius
(r) as soon as the radius of the circle increases (or decreases), its area also increases (or
decreases). In the given example, A and r are related quantities.
(3) Variable: A variable is a symbol which can assume any value out of a given set of
values. The quantities, like height, weight, time, temperature, profit, sales etc, are examples of
variables. The variables are usually denoted by x, y, z, u, v, w, t etc. There are two types of
variables mainly:
i
(i) Independent variable : A variable which can take any arbitrary value, is called
independent variable.
(ii) Dependent variable : A variable whose value depends upon the independent variable
or
x a
a x a
(iii)| x y| | x| | y| and | x y| | x| | y|
(v)
34
xa
(iv) | xy| | x || y|
x | x|
,y 0
y | y|
ii (6) Greatest integer: Let x R. Then [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
x; e.g. [1.34]=1, [ 4.57]= 5, [0.69] = 0 etc.
(7) Fractional part : We know that x [x]. The difference between the number x and its
integral value [x] is called the fractional part of x and is symbolically denoted as {x}. Thus,
{x} x [x]
e.g., if x = 4.92 then [x] = 4 and {x}= 0.92.
Note
Fractional part of any number is always non-negative and less than one.
2.1.2 Intervals.
If a variable x assumes any real value between two given numbers, say a and b (a<b) as its
value, then x is called a continuous variable. The set of real numbers which lie between two
specific numbers, is called the interval.
There are four types of interval:
(1)
(3)
{x R : a x b}
(a x b]
a
b
Open closed
interval
(2)
{x R : a x b}
a x b
(4)
[
]
a
b
Closed
interval
Closed-Open interval : It is denoted by
[a, b[ or [a, b) and
[a, b[ or [a, b) =
{x R : a x b}
a x b
[
)
a
b
Closed open
interval
Set X
Set
Y
a
b
c
a
b
c
2
3
Set
Y
a
b
c
1
2
3
Function
Function
Set X
Set
Y
Set Y
Set X
a
b
c
1
2
3
Not
function
1
2
3
Not
function
relation f : A B
X
Y
(i)
X X
O
Y
(ii)
O
Y
(iii)
O
Y
(iv)
(3)
Number of functions : Let X and Y be two finite sets having m and n elements
respectively. Then each element of set X can be associated to any one of n elements of set Y. So,
total number of functions from set X to set Y is nm .
(4)
Value of the function : If y f(x) is a function then to find its values at some value
of x, say x a, we directly substitute x = a in its given rule f(x) and it is denoted by f(a) .
e.g. If f(x) x 2 1, then f(1) 12 1 2, f(2) 22 1 5, f(0) 02 1 1etc.
36
Example: 1
[UPSEAT 1992]
(b) 210
(a) 10
Solution: (c)
(d) 210 1
Example: 2
(c) 1010
If f(x)
x | x |
, then f(1)
| x|
[SCRA 1996]
(a) 1
Solution: (b)
(b) 2
f(1)
(c) 0
(d) 2
1 | 1|
1 1
2 .
| 1|
1
1
is equal to
[Rajasthan PET
1996]
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) 1
2x
1 x
, then f
is equal to
1 x
1 x2
logy log(
1 / y) log1
0.
2003]
(a) [ f(x)]2
Solution: (c)
(b) [ f(x)]3
(c)
2 f(x)
(d) 3 f(x)
1 x
f(x) log
1 x
2x
1
2
x2 1 2x
2x
1
x
f
log
log 2
2
1 x
1 2x
x 1 2x
1 x2
Example: 5
If f(x) cos[
2
4
(a) f
Solution: (d)
]x cos[
(b)
1 x
log
1 x
1 x
2log
2f(x)
1 x
]x, then
f( ) 2
(c)
f( ) 1
1
2
(d) f
19x
x
cos
1 .
2cos
cos
; f
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
Example: 6
f(r) is
r 1
[AIEEE 2003]
7n
2
(a)
Solution: (d)
7(n 1)
2
(b)
put x 1, y 0
put x 1, y 1
If f(x)
(a)
Solution: (c)
(d)
7n(n 1)
2
Example: 7
(c) 7n(n 1)
7
6
f(x)
f(11)
x 2 2x 4
x 2 2x 4
x 2 2x 4
1
11 2 18
(c)
[EAMCET 2003]
6
7
(d)
3 2 3 2 6
.
7
7
7
5
7
1
x 2 2x 4
5
6
(b)
1
7n(n 1)
.
2
11 2 18
1
3
1
3
a
Range
c
d
Domain
B
p
q
r
Domain
= {a, b, c, d} =
A
Co-domain = {p, q, r, s} =
B
Range
= {p, q, r}
Co-domain
38
f(x)
is D1 D2 {g(x) 0}.
g(x)
f(x) D1 {x : f(x) 0}
(ii) Range : Range of y f(x) is collection of all outputs f(x) corresponding to each real
number in the domain.
(a) If domain finite number of points range set of corresponding f(x) values.
(b) If domain R or R [some finite points]. Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for
x to be defined (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists).
(c) If domain a finite interval, find the least and greatest value for range using
monotonicity.
Important Tips
i
If f(x) is a given function of x and if a is in its domain of definition, then by f(a) it means the number obtained by
replacing x by a in f(x) or the value assumed by f(x) when x = a.
Example: 8
x2 1
is
For domain, x 2 1 0
x 1 or x 1
Example: 9
(, 1) [1, )
(c)
(x 1)(x 1) 0
x (,1) (1, ) .
1
| x| x
is
[Roorkee 1998]
(c) R0
(a) R
(b) R
Solution: (b)
For domain, | x | x 0
Example: 10
f(x)
(d)
Here
f(x)
x 2 3x 2
Numerator
[IIT 2001]
(b) {1, 2}
log2(x 3)
2
x 3x 2
x 3 0
log2(x 3)
(x 1)(x 2)
x 3
(2 2x x 2 ) is
(a) 3 x
log2(x 3)
(a) (3, )
Solution: (c)
(d)
(b) 1
3 x 1
(d)
(, )
2 x 2
Solution: (b)
Example: 12
3 x 1
3.
(a) (, )
(b) [ 2, )
(d) (, 2)
(c) (2, 3)
Solution: (b)
Example: 13
Solution: (d)
f(x)
x x2
x x2
4 x
(b) [4, 4]
4 x
4 x
is
[AMU 1999]
(c) [0, 4]
(d) [0, 1]
4 x
4 x 0 x 4
4 x 0 x 4
x(1 x) 0 x 0 and x 1
Domain of f (, 4] [4, ) [0, 1] [0,1] .
Example: 14
Solution: (c)
(b) (,3
(c) (, 1] [5, )
(d) [0, )
3, )
(x 5)(x 1) 0
The domain of definition of the function y(x) given by 2 x 2y 2 is [IIT Screening 2000; DCE 2001]
(a) (0, 1]
(b) [0, 1]
(c) (, 0]
(d) (,1)
2y 2 2x
y is real if 2 2x 0 2 2x
Example: 16
3) (3
2
log(x 2 6x 6) is defined when log(x 6x 6) 0
Solution: (d)
(a) (, )
x 2 6x 6 1
Example: 15
log(x 2 6x 6) is
1 x
x (, 1)
(a) [1, 4]
Solution: (a)
(b) [ 4, 1]
(c) [ 1, 4]
1 log2 (x / 2) 1
1 x
2 1 x 4
2 2
x [1, 4] .
Example: 17
tan1 x , | x| 1
f(x) 1
2 (| x| 1) , | x| 1
is
(a) R {0}
(b) R {1}
(c) R {1}
(d) R {1, 1}
40
1
, x 1
2
1
f (x)
, 1 x 1
2
1
1
, x1
2
1
2 ( x 1), x 1
Solution: (c)
f(x) tan1 x, 1 x 1
1
(x 1), x 1
2
f (1 0)
f (1 0)
1
2
1 (1 0)
f (x) R {1} .
f(x)
3
4 x
(a) (1, 2)
Solution: (d)
1
1
; f (1 0)
2
2
domain of
Example: 18
1
1
1
; f (1 0)
2
2
2
1 (1 0)
3
4 x
log10(x 3 x), is
[AIEEE 2003]
log10(x 3 x)
So, 4 x 2 0 x 4 x 2
+
1
(d)
x 1 or x 1 and 3 x 0
x 3 and x 2
sin1(2x)
1 1
,
(a)
4 2
1 1
(b) ,
2 2
(c)
1 1
,
2 9
1 1
,
(d)
4 4
1
1 1
sin1(2x) 2x 1 x , .
6
2
2
4 2
Solution: (a)
Example: 21
Solution: (d)
1
4
The range of
1 x2
Let y
1
2
cosx
2 f(x)
is
sinx f(x)
2
2 f(x) [
2,
2]
2 cos x
4
2,
2]
cosx sinx is
(d) [1, )
(c) [0, 1]
x2
1
y1
0 (y 1) 0 y 1 y (1, )
Now since, x 2 0
y1
Trick : y
Example: 23
1 x2
x
1
x
. Now since,
1
x2
1
is
2 sin3x
[DCE 1998]
(a)
Solution: (a)
1
y1
3
1
,
2 sin3x
(b)
1
y1
3
2 sin3x
(c)
1
y 1
3
(d)
1
y1
3
1
1
sin3x 2
y
y
Now since,
1 sin3x 1 1 2
Example 24
1
1
1
1 3 1 1 3
y
y
y
1
y 1.
3
(a) [d a, d 2a]
Solution: (d)
2.
x 2y 1 x 2 x 2 (y 1) 1
(d) [
2] .
(b) (1, )
1 x2
x
2,
is
x2
(a) (0, 1)
Solution: (b)
,
(c)
2 2
(b) [1, 1)
Trick :
(b) [a d, a d]
f(x) a cos(bx c) d
bx c) 1
For minimum cos(
from (i), f(x) a d (d a) ,
bx c) 1
for maximum cos(
from (i), f(x) a d (d a)
(c) [d a, a d]
.. (i)
(d) [d a, d a]
42
Range of f(x) [d a, d a] .
Example: 25
Solution: (b)
f(x)
x 2
is
| x 2|
(b) { 1, 1}
x 2
1,
| x 2|
1,
(d) R {2}
(c) R
x 2
x 2
cos2 x , x is
4
(a) [1,
(b) [1, )
2]
(c) [
2, 1] [1,
2]
(d)
(, 1] [1, )
Solution: (a)
f(x) sec
cos2 x
4
2 x [1,
Solution: (c)
2] .
x2 x 2
x2 x 1
; x R is
(b) (1,11/ 7)
(c) (1, 7 / 3]
(d) (1, 7 / 5]
f(x) 1
3 Range (1, 7 / 3] .
4
f(x) and
X f , X g and
ranges Y f and Yg respectively. Let X X f X g . Then, the following operations are defined.
(1) Scalar multiplication of a function : (c f)(x) c f(x), where c is a scalar. The new
function c f(x) has the domain X f .
(2) Addition/subtraction of functions : ( f g)(x) f(x) g(x). The new function has the
domain X.
iii
(3) Multiplication of functions : ( fg)(x) (g f)(x) f(x)g(x). The product function has
the domain X.
(4) Division of functions :
iv
f(x)
(x)
. The new function has the domain X, except for the values of x for which
(i)
g(x)
g
g (x) 0.
g(x)
(x)
. The new function has the domain X, except for the values of x for which
(ii)
f(x)
f
f(x) 0.
(5) Equal functions : Two function f and g are said to be equal functions, if and only if
(i)
Domain of f = domain of g
(iii)
(6) Real valued function : If R, be the set of real numbers and A, B are subsets of R, then
the function f : A B is called a real function or real valued function.
a
a
12
a3
a4
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
x
x
12
x3
x4
y1
y2
y3
y4
y5
Note
If function is given in the form of ordered pairs and if two ordered pairs do
not have same second element then function is one-one.
If the graph of the function y f(x) is given and each line parallel to x-axis cuts
the given curve at maximum one point then function is one-one. e.g.
Y
(0, 1)
X
O
Y
X
f(x) = ax +
b
X
f (x) = ax (0 < a < 1)
44
(ii) Number of one-one functions (injections) : If A and B are finite sets having m and n
n Pm, if n m
0 , if n m
Note
B
b1
a
a1 2
a3
a4
a5
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
x
x1 2
x3
x4
x5
y1
y2
y3
y4
y5
If function is given in the form of set of ordered pairs and the second
element of atleast two ordered pairs are same then function is many-one.
If the graph of y f(x) is given and the line parallel to x-axis cuts the curve at
more than one point then function is many-one.
Y
f (x) = x2
fO
(x) = |x|
If the domain of the function is in one quadrant then the trigonometrical functions are
always one-one.
If trigonometrical function changes its sign in two consecutive quadrants then it is
one-one but if it does not change the sign then it is many-one.
Y
Y
manyf : (0, ), f(x) sinx
one
Y
+
X
+
O
Y
/2
one-one
X
Y
/2
B
f
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
Y
g
x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
x4
y3
(i) Number of onto function (surjection) : If A and B are two sets having m and n
elements respectively such that 1 n m, then number of onto functions from A to B is
n
(1)
n r n
Crrm.
r 1
B
f
X
x1
b1
1
a
2
b2
x2
a3
b3
x3
Y
g
y1
y2
y3
y4
(a) If range = co-domain, then f(x) is onto and if range is a proper subset of the co-
y co-domain
and
g(y)
domain for
co-
domain, then f(x) is onto and if any one of the above requirements is not fulfilled, then f(x) is
B
A
into.
f
b1
1
(5) One-one onto function (bijection) : A function f : A B is a bijection aif
it is one-one
a2
b2
as well as onto.
b
a3
a4
b4
46
(ii) It is onto i.e., for all y B , there exists x A such that f(x) y.
Clearly, f is a bijection since it is both injective as well as surjective.
Number of one-one onto function (bijection) : If A and B are finite sets and f : A B is
a bijection, then A and B have the same number of elements. If A has n elements, then the
number of bijection from A to B is the total number of arrangements of n items taken all at a
time i.e. n!.
(6) Algebraic functions : Functions consisting of finite number of terms involving powers
and roots of the independent variable and the four fundamental operations +, , and are
called algebraic functions.
e.g., (i)
3
x2
x1
,x 1
x1
(ii)
5x
(iii)
3x 4 5x 7
or
integral
function
It
is
function
of
the
form
where a0 0 and a0, a1,........., an are constants and n N is called a polynomial function
of degree n
e.g. f(x) x3 2x2 x 3 is a polynomial function.
Note
(ii) Rational function : The quotient of two polynomial functions is called the rational
function. e.g. f(x)
x2 1
is a rational function.
2x3 x2 1
x3 x
are irrational functions.
1 x1 / 4
functions
(sine,
cosine,
tangent,
called the sine function. Here x is the radian measure of the angle. The domain of the sine
function is R and the range is [1, 1].
(b) Cosine function: The function that associates to each real number x to
cosx
is called
the cosine function. Here x is the radian measure of the angle. The domain of the cosine function
is R and the range is [ 1, 1].
(c) Tangent function : The function that associates a real number x to tan x is called the
tangent function.
Clearly, the tangent function is not defined at
odd multiples of
i.e.,
3
,
2
2
. So,
0, , 2 , 3
R {n | n I}.
Since
cosec x 1 .
(e) Secant function : The function that associates a real number x to sec x is called the
secant function.
48
i.e., (2 1)
, where n I.
2
R {(2n 1) | n I}.Also,
2
therefore
its
(, 1] [1, ). Graph of
range
is
f(x) secx
is
shown in figure.
(f) Cotangent function : The function that associates a real number x to cot x is called the
cotangent function. Clearly, cot x is not defined at x n , n I i.e., at n 0, , 2 etc. So,
domain of cotx is R {n | n I}. The range of f(x) cotx is R as is evident from its graph in
figure.
Y
Domain
Range
sin1 x
[1,1]
[ /2, /2]
y sin1 x x siny
cos1 x
[1, 1]
[0, ]
y cos1 x x cosy
tan1 x
(, ) or R
(/2, /2)
y tan1 x x tany
cot1 x
(, ) or R
(0, )
y cot1 x x coty
cosec1 x
R (1, 1)
1
y cosec
x x cosec
y
sec1 x
R (1, 1)
[0, ] [ /2]
y sec1 x x secy
a>1
f(x) = ax
(0, 1)
X
a<1
(0, 1)
f(x) = ax
X
(iv)
defined by f(x) loga x is called logarithmic function. Its domain is (0, ) and range is R.
Y
f(x) = loga
x
(1, 0)
(1, 0)
f(x) = loga
x
Y
x 2 y2 xy and
x 3 y2 (a x)2 (b y)2
are implicit
functions.
(9)Constant function : Let k be a fixed real
number. Then a function f(x) given by f(x) k
for all x R is called a constant function. The
k
X
f (x) =
x
X
50
(11) Modulus
function
The
function (12)
Greatest
x, when x 0
is called
-x, when x 0
defined by f(x) | x |
X
3 2 1
, x0
f(x) x
or f(x) 0, x 0 is
by
0 , x0
1, x 0
2
3
(0,
1)
Y
Signum function
x | x|
x | x|
[x]
x [x]
x
ax
O O
Y
1O 2
1
(0, 1)
X
1
x
Let
2
1
f (x) = x
O
function:
integer
Domain
R
R
R
R0
Range
R
R
{K}
R0
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R+ {0}
R
[0, )
{1, 0, 1}
R+ {0}
R {0}
I
[0, 1)
R
R+
cosx
R+
R
R
cotx
,.........
2
2
{
0
,
,.........
.....}
R
log x
sinx
tanx
secx
R
[1, 1]
[1, 1]
cosecx
,.........
....
R ,
2
2
R 0, , 2 ,..............
[1, 1]
R
R (1, 1)
sin x
R ( 1, 1)
cos1 x
tan1 x
[1, 1]
[0, ]
cot1 x
sec1 x
2 2
(0, )
R (1, 1)
1
cosec
x
R (1, 1)
[0, ]
2 , 2 {0}
Important Tips
i
Any function, which is entirely increasing or decreasing in the whole of a domain, is one-one.
Any continuous function f(x), which has at least one local maximum or local minimum, is many-one.
If any line parallel to the x-axis cuts the graph of the function at most at one point, then the function is one-one
and if there exists a line which is parallel to the x-axis and cuts the graph of the function in at least two points,
then the function is many-one.
Any polynomial function f : R R is onto if degree of f is odd and into if degree of f is even.
An into function can be made onto by redefining the co-domain as the range of the original function.
Example: 28
Function f : N N, f(x) 2x 3 is
1983]
(b)
Example: 29
(x)
x3
N (domain) when x = 1, 2, 3 etc.
2
iv
Further f
[Roorkee 1999]
52
Solution: (b)
(b) 14
(c) 15
2
Solution: (b)
(1)
(d) 16
2 r 2
Cr (r)4
r 1
x A and
g(x) b for all x A are not surjective. Thus, total number of surjection from A to B
24 2 14.
Example: 31
If A {a, b, c}, then total number of one-one onto functions which can be defined from A to A is
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 9
Solution: (d)
Example: 32
If f : R R, then f(x)| x | is
(d) 6
3!
Solution: (d)
f(1) f(1) 1
Solution: (b)
xm
, where
xn
m n . Then
[UPSEAT 2001]
f(x) f(y)
x m y m
xy
xn
y n
f is one-one
Let R such that f(x)
xm
m n
x
xn
1
Solution: (c)
(b) Many-one
x1 x2 . Therefore f is one-one. Let f(x) ex y . Taking log on both sides, we get x logy . We
know that negative real numbers have no pre-image or the function is not onto and zero is not the
image of any real number. Therefore function f is into.
Example: 35
is
[AIEEE 2003]
n 1
, whennisodd
2
f(n)
,
n
, whenniseven
(d)
f:NI
0
1
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
3
In this type of function every element of set A has unique image in set B and there is no element left in
set B. Hence f is one-one and onto function.
domain
then
function
f(x)
is
called
even
function.
e.g.
f(x) e x e x , f(x) x 2 , f(x) x sinx, f(x) cosx, f(x) x 2 cosx all are even function.
(2) Odd function : If we put (x) in place of x in the given function and if
f( x) f(x), x
domain
then
f(x)
is
called
odd
function.
f(x) e x e x , f(x) sinx, f(x) x 3 , f(x) x cosx, f(x) x 2 sinx all are odd function.
Important Tips
i
e.g.
54
It is not essential that every function is even or odd. It is possible to have some functions which are neither even
nor odd function. e.g. f(x) = x2+ x3, f(x) = loge x, f(x) = ex.
The sum of even and odd function is neither even nor odd function.
Zero function f(x) = 0 is the only function which is even and odd both.
Example: 36
ax 1
ax 1
(a) x
Solution: (a)
(b)
[UPSEAT 1998]
tanx
(c)
ax a x
2
(d)
ax 1
ax 1
ax 1
ax 1
We have : f(x) x
a 1
f( x) x x
a 1
x 1
x
x
x 1 a x a 1 f(x)
x a
1 ax
ax 1
1
1
x
Let f(x)
f(x)
x4 15
f( x)
f( x) f(x) f(x)
Example: 38
f(x) log(x
( x)4 15
f(x)
f(x)
x2 1) is
x2 1) and f( x) log(x
ax 1
ax 1
In option (a), f( x)
ax 1
ax 1
(b) f(x) x
a x 1
a x 1
In option (b), f( x) ( x)
xy
x4 15 f(x)
Solution: (b)
is an even function
1 ax
1 ax
(c)
ax 1
ax 1
f(x)
ax a x
ax a x
(d)
f(x) sinx
a x 1
(1 ax )
(ax 1)
x
f(x) So, It is an even function.
a x 1
1 ax
(ax 1)
a x ax
f(x) So, It is an odd function.
a x ax
The function
is
Solution: (b)
x2 1 )
1 x2 )
f( x) sin[log(
x
f( x) sinlog
(x
f( x) sin log(x
1 x )]
f( x) sin log(x
1 x2 )1
f( x) sin log(x
1 x2 )
1 x )
2
( 1 x2 x)
f( x) sinlog ( 1 x2 x)
( 1 x2 x)
1 x2 )
f( x) f(x)
function
f(x)
f(x T) f(x), x
will
be
periodic
if
positive
real
number
exist
such
domain. Here the least positive value of T is called the period of the
are periodic
respectively.
Periods
; if n is even
2 ; if n is odd or fraction
; n is even or odd.
(2)
tann x, cotn x
(3)
(4)
x [x]
(5)
1
Algebraic
x, x , x 5,....etc
that,
functions
e.g.,
56
Important Tips
i
If f(x) is periodic with period T, then c.f(x) is periodic with period T, f(x + c) is periodic with period T and f(x) c is
periodic with period T. where c is any constant.
T
If a function f(x) has a period T, then the function f(ax+b) will have a period
If f(x) is periodic with period T, then a f(x) + b, where a, b R (a 0) is also a periodic function with period T.
If f1(x), f2(x), f3(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2, T3 respectively then; we have
1
f(x)
f(x)
| a|
L.C.M.of{T1,T2,T3}; if h(x)isnotanevenfunction
1
L.C.M.of {T1,T2,T3};if h(x) isanevenfunction
2
1
3
(b) 4
(a) 6
Solution: (a)
(c) 2
(d)
x
1
f(x) 2cos (x ) 2cos
3
3 3
Now, since
cosx
has period 2
x
cos
3 3
2
6
has period 1
3
x
has period 6 .
3 3
2cos
Example: 42
x
x
x
2cos tan
is periodic with period
2
3
4
Solution: (d)
sinx
cosx
(b) 3
has period 2
has period 2
(c) 4
[EAMCET 1992]
(d) 12
2
x
4
has period
2
2
sin
2
x
x
6
2cos
has period
has period = 6
3
3
3
cos
4
x
has period
.
tanx has period tan
4
4
Solution: (b)
(b)
Here | sin2x |
Period of
Trick :
sin2 2x
cos4x is
sinx
(d) 2
(1 cos4x)
2
has period 2
sin2x
has period
Solution: (a)
(c)
(b) 2
(c) 4
[IIT 1991]
(d) 4
Given, f(x) is an odd periodic function. We can take sinx, which is odd and periodic.
Example: 45
(b)
(c) 2
sin2 x
Example: 46
Solution: (c)
1 cos2x
2
.
Period
2
2
Solution: (b)
(a)
1
2
[AMU 2000]
(c) 1
(d) 2
f(x T ) f(x)
for
all
x R
x T [x T] x [x]
for
all
x R
x T x [x T ] [x]
[x T ] [x] T for all x R T 1, 2, 3, 4,........
The smallest value of T satisfying,
x
x
cos
, n Z, n 2 is
n
(a) 2n(n 1)
Solution: (c)
(b) 4n(n 1)
x
x
f(x) sin
cos
n 1
n
(c)
2n(n 1)
58
x
sin
Period of
n 1
2
2
x
2 n 1
cos
2n
and period of
n
n 1
n
a, b
If
be
two
fixed
positive
1
(b) 2 a
that
(c) b
f(a x) b (1 {b f(x)} )
such
Solution: (b)
integers
(d) 2 b
3 1/ 3
f(a x) b {1 {f(x) b} }
[ (x) f(x) b ]
3 1/ 3
(a x) {1 { (x)} }
2a .
vi
(ii)
f is odd, g is odd
(vi)
(viii) If
1
(gof)
(f
vii
(ix)
and
g: B C
gof : A C
is bijection and
og ).
fog gof
but if ,
fog gof
then either
Important Tips
i
Function gof will exist only when range of f is the subset of domain of g.
If both f and g are one-one, then fog and gof are also one-one.
f 1 g
or
g1 f
also,
(a) 2x2 1
4 x2 2x 1
(c)
(d)
x2 2x 1
Solution: (b)
Example: 50
(a) 121
(b) 144
(c) 112
(d) 11
Solution: (a)
Example: 51
5
f(x) sin2 x sin2 x cosx cos x andg
1, then (gof)(x) is equal to
3
3
[IIT 1996]
(a) 1
Solution: (a)
(b) 1
(d) 2
(c) 2
1
[1 cos2x 1 cos(2x 2 /3) cos(2x / 3) cos / 3]
2
1 5
2
} cos 2x
{cos2x cos 2x
2 2
3
3
1 5
Hence,
Example: 52
g(5/4) =1 (given)]
If g(x) x2 x 2 and
1
(gof)(x) 2x2 5x 2, then f(x) is equal to
2
[Roorkee 1998; MP
PET 2002]
(a)
Solution: (a)
2x 3
g(x) x2 x 2
Given,
2x 3
(b)
1
(gof)(x) 2x2 5x 2
2
If f(y)
y
2
1 y
(d) 2x2 3x 1
(c) 2x2 3x 1
, g(y)
y
1 y2
1
1
[ f(x)]2 f(x) 1 2x2 5x 2
2
2
[EAMCET 1996]
(a)
y
1 y2
f[g(y)]
Solution: (c)
(b)
y / 1 y2
1 y2
y
1 y2
y
1 y2
(c) y
1 y2
1 y2 y2
(d)
1 y2
1 y2
f(x) 2x 3 .
60
2x 3
, then [ f{f(x)}] equals
Example: 54 If f(x)
x 2
(a) x
Solution: (a)
Example: 55
(b)
(c)
x
2
(d)
1
x
2x 3
2
3
x 2
f[ f(x)]
x
2x 3
2
x 2
Suppose that g(x) 1
x and
2002]
1 2x2
(a)
Solution: (b)
(c)
x and f(g(x)) 3 2 x x
g(x) 1
(b) 2 x2
1 x
(d)
2 x
.. (i)
f(1 x) 3 2 x x
Put 1
2
x y x (y 1)
1,
x0
x 0 , then for all x, f(g(x)) is equal to
x0
[IIT Screening
(a) x
Solution: (b)
(b)1
(c)
f(x)
(d) g(x)
Here g(x) 1 n n 1, x n Z
1 n k n 1 k
Now
x n k
(where n Z,
0 k 1)
1, g(x) 0
f(g(x)) 0, g(x) 0
1, g(x) 0
If f(x)
2x 1
, then (fof)(2) is equal to
3x 2
(a) 1
Solution: (d)
Here f(2)
(b)3
(c) 4
5
4
5
2 1
5
4
Hence ( fof)(2) f( f(2)) f
2.
5
4
3 2
4
(d) 2
If f : R R and
g: R R
{x R : g( f(x)) f(g(x))}
[EAMCET 2003]
(a) Z (, 0)
(b) (, 0)
Solution: (d)
(c) Z
(d) R
Note
(f1)1= f
If f and g are two bijections such that (gof) exists then (gof)1=f1og1.
If f : A B is a bijection then f1: B A is an inverse function of f. f1of = IA and fof1=IB. Here IA, is an identity
function on set A, and IB, is an identity function on set B.
Example: 59
(a) Is given by
1
3x 5
(b) Is given by
Example: 60
x5
3
y 5
y 5
x5
f 1(y)
. Hence, f 1(x)
.
3
3
3
[UPSEAT 1993]
(a)
Solution: (c)
3x 4
f(x) 3x 4 y
(b)
1
x 4
3
y 3x 4
(c)
1
(x 4)
3
(d)
1
(x 4)
3
y 4
y 4
x 4
f 1(y)
f 1(x)
.
3
3
3
62
Example: 61
If the function f : R R be such that f(x) x [x], where [y] denotes the greatest integer less
than or equal to y, then f 1(x) is
1
x [x]
(a)
Solution: (c)
(b) [x] x
f(x)
Example: 62
is not one-one
x(x 1)
(a)
(c)
Solution: (b)
(b)
1
1 1 4 log2 x
2
Only x
1 1 4 log2 f(x)
2
Example: 63
1
1 1 4 log2 x
2
1 1 4 log2 f(x)
2
f 1(x)
1
[1 1 4 log2 x]
2
f(x) 2x
(b) f(x) x3 x
[AMU 2001]
(c)
f(x) x2
Solution: (a)
Example: 64
[UPSEAT 2003]
(a) 4, 1
Solution: (d)
Let
y x2 1
(b) 4, 0
(c) 3, 2
x y1
f 1(y) y 1
f 1(x)
x1
f 1(17) 17 1 4
and f 1(3) 3 1 4 , which is not possible.
Value of Function
Basic Level
1 x
, then f[ f(cos2 )] equal to
1 x
(a) tan2
(b) sec2
If f(x)
If f(x)
cos x sin x
sin2 x cos4 x
(c) cos2
(d) cot2
)
for x R, then f(2002
(a) 1
(b) 2
If (x) ax, then { (p)}3 is equal to
(a) (3p)
[EAMCET 2002]
(c) 3
(d) 4
[MP PET 1999]
(b) 3 (p)
1 x
f(xy)]
[ f
2 y
(c) 6 (p)
(d)
2 (p)
[IIT 1983; Rajasthan PET 1995; MP PET 1995; KCET 1999; UPSEAT
2001]
1
2
(a)
(b) 2
If f( ) tan , then
(b)
f( )
sin2x
If f(x)
(b)
(c)
f( )
sinx
(c)
2 sinx
(d)
2 sin
x
2
f(a)
x
, then
is equal to
f(a 1)
x1
1
(b) f
f(a)
(a)
x
equals
2
(d) 1
f( ) f( )
is equal to
1 f( )f( )
f( )
(a)
(c) 0
2x 3 ,
x
,
If f(x)
(c)
f(a2)
(d)
x 2
, then f(1) is equal to
x 2
(a) 2f(2)
(b)
f(2)
a
1
(c)
f(2)
(d)
1
f(2)
2
1
is equal to
x
f(x)
[SCRA 1999]
(b) f(x)
1
is
x
3
If f(x) 4x3 3x2 3x 4, then x f
(c)
1
f(x)
(d)
[ f(x)]2
[SCRA 1996]
64
f( x)
(a)
1
f(x)
(b)
1
x
(c) f
f(x)
(d)
(c) | log x2 |
(b) 2 log| x|
(a) 2 log x
(d)
(logx)
Advance
Level
is equal to
2
y then f
]x cos[
x], where [y] is the greatest integer function of
If f(x) cos[
(a)
cos3
1 | x|
[x]
Let f(x)
(b)
x 1
x 1
(a) 4
If
(c)
cos4
, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function. Then f{f(2.3)} is equal to
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 3
x x2
, x1x2 (1,1), then f(x) is equal to
f(x1) f(x2) f 1
x
x
1
2
1 x
1 x
(a) log
If f(x)
[Roorkee 1998]
1 x
1 x
1
(b) tan
(c) log
2x
2
1 x
1 x
tan1
1 x
(d)
| x|
, x 0, then the value of function
x
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 1
If a function g(x) is defined in [1, 1] and two vertices of an equilateral triangle are (0,0) and (x, g(x)) and its area is
equals
(a)
If f(x) =
[IIT 1989]
1 x2
(b) 1 x2
(c)
1 x2
2x 2 x
, then f(x y). f(x y) is equal to
2
(a)
3
, then g(x)
4
1
[ f(x y) f(x y)]
2
1
[ f(x y). f(x y)]
2
1
[ f(2x) f(2y)]
2
(b)
(c)
(b) 2n
2n1 1
(c) 2n 1
(d)
(c) 1
[IIT 1991]
[IIT 1983]
(d)
None of these
Domain of Function
Basic Level
The domain of the function f(x)
(a) (0, 1]
log0.5 x is
(b) (0, )
[Roorkee 1990]
(c) (0.5, )
(d) [1, )
(b) | x | 1
x0
1 x
(b)
x2 1
x4
(d)
x2 1
(c)
[SCRA 1996]
x 1
(, ) (1, 1)
(d)
1
1 is,
x
is
(c) | x | 4
x1
(b)
[AMU 2000]
0 x1
(c)
0 x1
0 x1
(d)
(b) (1, )
5x x2
(a)
(b)
(,1)
(d)
1/ 2
is
[UPSEAT 2001]
1 x 4
(c)
4 x 16
1 x 1
(d)
x2
1
is
Domain of the function sin log2
2
(a) [1, 2]
(b) [1, 2]
(a) [0, 2]
4 x2
sin1(2 x)
(d)
(c) [1, 2)
(d) [1, 2]
is
(b) [0, 2)
[2, 2]
6 x ) is
(b) (, 6]
(c) [4, 6]
Advance
Level
for which f(x)
(x 2)(5 x)
(b) (2, 5]
log10(1 x)
1
2
x 4
is a real function
(c) [3, 4]
x 2 is
[DCE 2000]
(a) ] 3, 2.5 [ ] 2. 5, 2[
(c) ] 0,1[
[2, 0 [ ] 0, 1[
(b)
(d) None of these
The domain of the function f(x) loge(x [x]), where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is
(a) R
(b) RZ
[ 2, 4]
sin1(3 x)
is
ln(| x | 2)
(c) (0, )
(c) [2, )
(, 3 ) [2, )
(d)
3
, 0
2
(c)
(d) ,
1
(2, )
2
(b) (1, 1)
[Roorkee 2000]
4 x2
1 x
66
(b) (2, 1)
(a) [2, 1]
Domain of the function f(x)
(d)
(2, 1]
log0.5(3x 8) log0.5(x2 4) is
,
3
(b) ,
(a)
(c) [2, 1)
(c) (, )
(d)
(0, )
is
| cosx| cosx
(a) [2n , 2n ]
[AMU 1999]
(b) (2n , 2n 1 )
(4n 1) (4n 3)
,
(d)
2
2
(c)
(4n 1) (4n 1)
,
2
2
1 1 x
1 x2 is
The domain of f(x) sin
2
x
(b) (1, 1)
(a) {1}
The domain of the function f(x)
log
| sinx|
(a) R { , }
(c) {1,1}
is
(c) R {2n | n Z}
(b) R {n | n Z}
(d) (, )
The domain of the function f(x) 16 xC2x1 20 3x P4 x 5 , where the symbols have their usual meanings, is the set
(a) {2, 3}
(b) {2, 3, 4}
[AMU 1999]
, n ]
2
(d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
is
(b) [1, 0]
(a) ( , )
(a) [n
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4}
[AMU 2002]
(c) [0, 1]
(d) [1, 1]
sin2x is
(b) n , n
2
(c) [(2n 1) , 2n ]
(d)
[2n , (2n 1) ]
Range of Function
Basic Level
If A{2, 1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A Z, f(x) x2 1, then the range of f is
(a) {0, 1, 2, 5}
(b) {1, 2, 5}
(c) {5, 2, 1, 2, 3}
3
(b) [2, 3]
(d) A
x is
(c) [0, 4+ ]
(d) [0, 2 ]
(b) [ 3, 3]
x2 34x 71
x2 2x 7
(c) [1/ 3, 1/ 3]
is
(b) (, 5] [9, )
(d) [ 1, 1]
[Roorkee 1983]
(c) (5, 9)
x2 x 1
x2 x 1
(b) [3, )
(a) R
, 3
(c)
3
Advance
Level
The range of the function f(x) cos[x], where
x
is
2
2
(a) { 1, 1, 0}
(c) {
cos1, cos1, 1}
(b) [1, 5]
2
Let f(x) (1 b )x
(c) [3, 5]
2bx 1 and m(b) the minimum value of f(x) for a given b. As b varies, the range of m(b) is
[IIT Screening 2001]
(b) 0,
2
(a) [0,1]
, 1
(c)
2
(d)
(0,1]
Kind of Functions
Basic Level
Which of the following functions defined from R to R is onto
(a) f(x) | x |
(b) f(x) e
(c) f(x) x
f(x) sinx
(d)
The number of bijective function from set A to itself when A contains 106 elements is
2
(a) 106
(b) (106)
[EAMCET 1994]
(c) 106 !
(d)
2106
If A contains 3 elements and B contains 4 elements, then the number of all one one functions defined from A to B is
[EAMCET 1992; UPSEAT 2001]
(a) 144
(b) 12
(c) 24
(d) 64
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 1
Function f : R R, f(x) x 7 is
(a) One one onto
(b) 3x 7
(a) x
Function f : R R, f(x) x
(c) x
sinx
is
(a) One one but not onto (b) Onto but not one- one
If A R {3},B R {1} and f : A B, f(x)
(a) One-one
(d)
(b) Onto
(d)
x 2
, then f is
x3
(c) One-one onto
Advance
Level
68
Let f(x)
x 4
x2 4
function f : R R , f(x) x x is
f must be a bijection
(a) n P2
g must be a bijection
x
, then f is
1 x
If
(b)
A {1,
2, 3, ....., n},
(b) 2n 2
,
2 2
1 2x is a function having
n 2 to B {a, b} is
(c) 2n 1
[EAMCET 1992]
(a) Onto but not one- one (b) One one but not onto
onto
[IIT 1992]
(d)
(b) Onto
If the real-valued function f(x) px sinx is a bijective function then the set of possible valued of p R is
(a)
R {0}
(b)
(c) (0, )
(d)
None of these
Even/Odd Functions
Basic Level
The function f(x) x cosx is
(a) Even function
(b) Odd function
A function whose graph is symmetrical about the y-axis is given by
(a)
f(x) loge(x
all x, y
(c)
x2 1)
(b)
(c)
f(0) 0
(d)
f(n) nf(1),n N
f( x) f(x)
is an even function
2
(a)
(b)
f(x) f( x)
is neither even nor odd
2
(c)
Advance
Level
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions of x such that f(x) g(x) ex and f(x) g(x) e x then
(a)
(b)
(c)
x
x 2 sin ,| x| 1
If f(x)
then f(x) is
2
x| x| , | x| 1
Which of the following is an even function? Here [.] denotes the greatest integer function and f is any function
(a) [x] x
(b)
f(x) f( x)
(d)
f(x) f( x)
Periodic Function
Basic Level
The period of |cos x| is
(a) 2
(b)
(c)
(d)
3
2
x
x
cos
is
2
2
[EAMCET 1990]
(b) 6
(c) 12
(d) 24
If f(x) is a periodic function of the period T, then f(ax b) where a 0, is a periodic function of the period
(a) T/b
(b) aT
[AMU 2000]
(c) bT
(d) T/a
(c) 6 2
(c) 8
(d)
(c) 2
2x 3
is
6
(b) 6
x
x
4 cos
is
3
4
(b) 24
(b) / 2
Advance
Level
Let f(x) cos3x sin 3x. Then f(x) is
(a) A periodic function of period 2
70
(a)
(c)
(b)
Composite Functions
Basic Level
(b) sin2 x
a 0 and
(a) x3
If f(x)
(a)
1 x2
(d)
sin
f[ f(x)]
(c)
x
2
1 3x
(b)
1
x
f(a) g(c)
x2
(c)
1 2x
1 x2
x
x
, g(x)
, then (fog) (x) is
x1
1 x
(b)
1
x1
(c)
x1
(d) x
x
[IIT 1983; UPSET 2001]
(c) sinx x2
(b) x2
(b)
[UPSEAT 2001]
f(b) g(b)
(d)
f(c) g(a)
Advance
Level
If f(x) | x 1| and g(x) sinx, then ( fog)(x) is equal to
(a)
sin | x 1|
(b)
2 logx
3
[Roorkee 1992]
x 2
(c) log
(x) is equal to
[Roorkee 1998]
1
, x 0,1, then the graph of the function y f{f( f(x))},x 1, is
1 x
(a) A circle
(a) Constant
(b) An ellipse
x,if x is rational
. Then for all x [0,1], f( f(x)) is
f(x)
1 x,if x isirrational
(b)
1 x
(c)
Inverse Function
Basic Level
1
10x 7
x 2
, then x =
If y f(x)
x1
(a)
(b)
(c)
x7
10
(d)
x7
10
[IIT 1984]
f(y)
(a)
1
10x 7
[EAMCET 1993]
(b) 2 f(y)
(c)
1
f(y)
x3
2
(a)
[UPSEAT 2002]
(b)
x3
2
(c)
1
2x 3
Advance
Level
The value of for which the function f(x) 1 x, 0 is inverse of itself will be
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 1
[IIT 1992]
(d) 2
1
If f : [1, ) [2, ) is given by f(x) x
then f 1 equals
x
(a) x
x2 4
2
(b)
(a) loge x 2
1
2
1 x
10x 10 x
10x 10 x
(b)
ex e x
ex e x
x2 4
2
(c) x
(d)
x2 4
is
1
1 x
log10
2
1 x
(c)
1
log10(2x 1)
2
(d)
1
2x
log
4
2 x
2 is given by
1
2
(b) loge x 1
x 1
(c) loge
2 x
3 x
1
2
loge
x 1
x 1
(d)
***
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72
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80
b,c,
d
a,
b
b,c
81
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