Bone Tissue

Ch. 6

Jenis Tulang
1.

Tulang Rawan
1.
2.
3.

2.

TR Hialin
TR Fibrosa
TR Elastin

Tulang Keras
1.

2.

Osteosit (sel tulang dewasa pembentuk

tulang)
Matriks (berisi kolagen & mineral)

Ostreoprogenator, merupakan sel khusus

yang mampu berdiferensiasi menjadi osteoblas
terdapat dibagian luar membrane ( periosteum)
Osteoblas merupakan sel tulang muda yang
akan membentuk osteosit.
Osteosit merupakan sel sel tulang dewasa.
Osteoklas merupakan sel yang berkembang
dari monosit dan terdapat disekitar permukaan
tulang . fungsi osteoklas untuk perkembangan,
pemeliharaan , perawatan dan perbaikan
tulang.

Osteology: study of osseous

structures.
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Hemopoiesis: blood cell formation
Storage of adipose tissue: yellow
marrow

Long bone anatomy

Diaphysis: long shaft of bone

Epiphysis: ends of bone
Epiphyseal plate: growth plate
Metaphysis: b/w epiphysis and diaphysis
Articular cartilage: covers epiphysis
Periosteum: bone covering (pain sensitive)
Sharpeys fibers: periosteum attaches to
underlying bone
Medullary cavity: Hollow chamber in bone
- red marrow produces blood cells
- yellow marrow is adipose.
Endosteum: thin layer lining the
medullary cavity

Long bone

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Metaphysis

Epiphyseal (growth) plate

Medullary cavity

Histology of bone tissue

Cells are surrounded by matrix.
- 25% water
- 25% protein
- 50% mineral salts

4 cell types make up osseous tissue

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Osteoprogenitor cells:
- derived from mesenchyme
- all connective tissue is
derived
- unspecialized stem cells
- undergo mitosis and develop into
osteoblasts
- found on inner surface of
periosteum
and endosteum.

Osteoblasts:
- bone forming cells
- found on surface of bone
- no ability to mitotically divide
- collagen secretors

Osteocytes:
- mature bone cells
- derived form osteoblasts
- do not secrete matrix material
- cellular duties include exchange of
nutrients and waste with blood.

Osteocyte

Osteoclasts
- bone resorbing cells
- bone surface
- growth, maintenance and bone repair

Abundant inorganic mineral salts:

- Tricalcium phosphate in crystalline form
called hydroxyapatite
Ca3(PO4)2(OH)2
- Calcium Carbonate: CaCO3
- Magnesium Hydroxide: Mg(OH)2
- Fluoride and Sulfate

These salts are deposited on the

collagen fiber framework (tensile
strength) and crystallization occurs.
- calcification or mineralization

Compact bone: (Osteon) external

layer
- called lamellar bone (groups of
elongated tubules called lamella)
- majority of all long bones
- protection and strength (wt. bearing)
- concentric ring structure
- blood vessels and nerves penetrate
periosteum through horizontal
openings called perforating
(Volkmanns) canals.

- central (Haversian) canals run

longitudinally. Blood vessels and
nerves.
- around canals are concentric lamella
- osteocytes occupy lacunae (little
lakes)
which are between the
lamella
- radiating from the lacunea are
channels called canaliculi. (finger
like processes of osteocytes)

Lacunae are connected to one

another by canaliculi.
Osteon contains: - central canal
- surrounding
lamellae
- lacunae
- osteocytes
- canaliculi

Compact bone

Spongy bone (cancellous bone):

internal
layer
- latticework of bone tissue (haphazard
arrangement).
- made of trabeculae (little beams)
- filled with red and yellow bone
marrow
- osteocytes get nutrients directly from
circulating blood.
- short, flat and irregular bone is made
up
of mostly spongy bone

Cancellous (spongy) bone

Bone formation (ossification) occurs in two

ways
1- Intramembranous ossification
2- Endochondral ossification

Both methods above lead to the same bone

formation but are different methods of
getting there.
Ossification (osteogenesis) begins around
the 6th -7th week of embryonic life. At this
time the embryonic skeleton is made of
fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage.

Hyaline Cartilage Review

a.Most abundant
b.Provides support, flexibility and
resilience
c. Located:
a. forming nearly all the fetal
skeleton
b. articular cartilage: ends of
moving
bones
c. costal cartilage: ribs to
sternum
d. tip of nose
e. respiratory cartilage

Skeletal Cartilage:
1. Chondrocytes: cartilage producing
cells.
2. Lacunae: small cavities where
the
chondrocytes are encased.
3. Extracellular matrix: jellylike
ground
substance.
4. Perichondrium: layer of dense
irregular connective tissue that
surrounds the cartilage.
5. No blood vessels or nerves

Intramembranous (within the

membrane) ossification: Bone develops
from a fibrous membrane.
- flat bones of skull
- mandible
- clavicles
-mesenchymal cells become vascularized
and
become osteoprogenitor cells and
then
osteoblasts.
- organic matrix of bone is secreted
- osteocytes are formed
- calcium and mineral salts are deposited
and
bone tissue hardens.
- trabeculae develop and spongy bone is
formed
- red marrow fills spaces

Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone is called

. Endochondral (intracartilaginous)
ossification
Most bones are formed this way (i.e. long bones).
Where bone is going to form:
1- mesenchymal cells differentiate into
chondroblasts (immature cartilage cells) which
produces hyaline cartilage.
Perichondrium develop around new cartilage
2- Chondrocytes (mature) mitotically divide
increasing in length
This pattern of growth: interstitial growth.
- growth from within

Growth of cartilage in thickness occurs

from the deposition of new matrix to
the periphery formed by
chondroblasts within the
perichondrium. Appositional growth.
Chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy,
swell and burst. pH of the matrix
changes and calcification is
triggered. Ultimately, cartilage cells
die. Lacunae are now empty.

Nutrients are supplied by way of the

nutrient artery passing through the
perichondrium through the nutrient
foramen.
Osteoprogenitor cells are stimulated in
the perichondrium to produce
osteoblasts.
A thin layer of compact bone is laid
down under the perichondrium called
the periosteal bone collar.
Perichondrium becomes periosteum

Osteoblasts begin to deposit bone

matrix forming spongy bone
trabeculae.
In the middle of the bone, osteoclasts
break down spongy bone trabeculae
and form a hollowed out cavity called
the medullary cavity. This cavity will be
filled with red bone marrow for
hemopoiesis.
The shaft of the bone is replaced (was
hyaline cartilage) with compact bone.

Physiology of bone growth:

- epiphyseal plate (bone length)
- 4 zones of bone growth under hGH.
1- Zone of resting cartilage:
- no bone growth
- located near the epiphyseal plate
- scattered chondrocytes
- anchors plate to bone
2- Zone of proliferating cartilage
- chondrocytes stacked like coins
- chondrocytes divide

3- Zone of hypertrophic (maturing) cartilage

- large chondrocytes arranged in columns
- lengthwise expansion of epiphyseal plate
4- Zone of calcified cartilage
- few cell layers thick
- occupied by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
and capillaries from the diaphysis
- cells lay down bone
- dead chondrocytes surrounded by a
calcified
matrix. Matrix resembles long
spicules of calcified cartilage. Spicules are
partly eroded by osteoclasts and then
covered in bone matrix
from osteoblasts:
spongy bone is formed.

Age 18-21: Longitudinal bone growth ends

when epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis.
- epiphyseal plate closure
- epiphyseal line is remnant of this
- last bone to stop growing: clavicle

Bone width: increase in diameter of

bone occurs through appositional
growth .
- Osteoblasts located beneath the
periosteum secrete bone matrix and
build bone on the surface
- Osteoclasts located in the
endosteum resorbs (breakdown)
bone.

Bone Remodeling:
- bone continually renews itself
- never metabolically at rest
- enables Ca to be pulled from bone
when blood levels are low
- osteoclasts are responsible for
matrix destruction
- produce lysosomal enzymes and
acids
- spongy bone replaced every 3-4
years
- compact bone every 10 years