Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
B. B. Singh, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry,
Dayal Singh College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
II
III
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VI
8.
9.
10.
Contents
Contents
Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting Performance and Efficiency of
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Module
Nidhi Singh, Akhilesh Gupta and Ravi Kumar
47-51
Modern Ways of Implementing Renewable and Sustainable Technology and Smart Waste
Management in Developing a Smart City
Saurav Verma, Kumar Rohit, Kanupriya Jain, Neeraj Kant and Divyanshu Sharma
52-55
56-58
59-65
66-72
73-75
76-77
78-83
Optimization of Storage Systems for Effective Integration of a Wind Farm into A Power Grid
G. Ruban Ebenezer and C.M. Benish
84-87
Contents
88-90
Development of Low Cost- flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells using Polypyrrole Counter Electrodes
Radhika Velayudhan, Garima Dwivedi and Ashok N. Bhaskarwar
91-94
95-98
99-102
103-107
108-114
115-120
121-126
127-130
131-136
Contents
Paris Climate change Agreement and the Status of Achieving the Goal of Sustainable
Development: A Legal Analysis from the Perspective of Developing Countries
Satyadeep Kumar Singh
137-140
141-145
146-148
Clean Energy Technology for Sustainable Development in an Input-output FrameworkA Case Study of New Holland Agriculture Farm Industry
Saloni Chaudhary and Raghavendra G.Rao
149-149
Student, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
2,3
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
E-mail: 1nid.singh11@gmail.com, 2akhilfme@iitr.ac.in
Nomenclature
Isc
Voc
1. INTRODUCTION
Ever increasing worlds demand for energy, huge emission of
carbon dioxide and other toxic gases into the Earths
atmosphere and limited supply of natural resources are big
Concerns over energy nowadays. In such scenario solar energy
appears to be the most effective way to reduce carbon
footprint to save environment and a promising source to lift an
48
Range
Temperature
Angle of incidence
Ageing
Soil and dirt
Snow
Partial shading
Diodes and wiring
1%-10%
1%-5%
5% over lifetime
0%-15%
Location dependent
Location dependent
3%
2. METHDOLOGY
Dimensions
Module Dimensions
(mm x mm x mm)
1150 x 675 x 35
45 x 61
36
0.776250x106
Electrical specification
Maximum power (W)
100W
21.5V
6.30A
17.5V
5.80A
Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting Performance and Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Module
49
50
Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting Performance and Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Module
4. CONCLUSION
This study was done to get understanding of the scale of
influence of factors like solar radiation, panel temperature and
dust deposition on photovoltaic system efficiency and
performance. Two similar PV modules were installed and
tested for various days. The data collected was compared in
order to plot different characteristics curves. Curves to show
the relationship for reduction in performance and efficiency
with these factors were also obtained. From the study
conducted and the experimental results obtained, following
conclusion can be summarized
With the increase in the solar radiation from 0 to 1015W/m2,
the open circuit voltage increases logarithmically (19.5V to
21.2V) whereas the short circuit current increases linearly (1A
to 5.9A) and thus the output power increases.
The effect of increased panel surface temperature is on both
the short circuit current which increases and the open circuit
voltage which decreases. For a temperature increase of about
200C of the panel, power varied upto 12W and efficiency upto
5%.
It was observed that dust deposition does not significantly
alter the open circuit voltage of photovoltaic systems.
However, the short circuit current was seriously affected by
dust deposition. For an increase in the dust deposition density
growing from 0 to 25gm/m2 the drop in the power output
increased from 0 to 25W and the consequent drop in
efficiency also grew to 9.6%.
These small losses will prove to be an enormous wastage of
available energy when scaled up from a 100W experimental
test setup to a few MW sized photovoltaic power plant.
51
REFERENCES
[1] Mehmet Emin Meral, Furkan Dincer: A review of the factors
affecting operation and efficiency of photovoltaic based
electricity generation systems. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 15, (2011) 21762184.
[2] Hai Jiang, Lin Lu, Ke Sun: Experimental investigation of the
impact of airborne dust deposition on the performance of solar
photovoltaic (PV) modules. Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011)
4299-4304.
[3] Abhishek Raoa, Rohit Pillaia, Monto Mania, Praveen
Ramamurthya: Influence of dust deposition on photovoltaic panel
performance. 4th International Conference on Advances in
Energy Research 2013, ICAER 2013, Energy Procedia 54 ( 2014
) 690 700.
[4] N. Ketjoy, M. Konyu: Study of Dust Effect on Photovoltaic
Module for Photovoltaic Power Plant. International Conference
on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging
Economies, Energy Procedia 52 ( 2014 ) 431 437.
[5] J.K. Kaldellis, P. Fragos, M. Kapsali: Systematic experimental
study of the pollution deposition impact on the energy yield of
photovoltaic installations. Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 27172724.
[6] Swapnil Dubey, Jatin Narotam Sarvaiya, Bharath Seshadri:
Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic (PV) Efficiency and Its
Effect on PV Production in the World A Review. PV Asia Pacific
Conference 2012, Energy Procedia 33 (2013) 311 321.
[7] J.K. Kaldellis, A. Kokala: Quantifying the decrease of the
photovoltaic panels energy yield due to phenomena of natural air
pollution disposal. Energy 35 (2010) 4862-4869.
[8] Mohammadreza Maghami, Hashim Hizam, Chandima Gomes:
Impact of Dust on Solar Energy Generation based on Actual
Performance. IEEE International Conference Power & Energy.
(2014) 388-393.
[9] S. Mekhilefa, R. Saidurb, M. Kamalisarvestanib: Effect of dust,
humidity and air velocity on efficiency of photovoltaic cells.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 2920
2925.
[10] SHAHARIN A. SULAIMAN, HAIZATUL H. HUSSAIN, NIK
SITI H. NIK LEH, AND MOHD S. I. RAZALI: EFFECTS OF
DUST ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PV PANELS. WORLD
ACADEMY
OF
SCIENCE,
ENGINEERING
AND
TECHNOLOGY VOL:5 (2011).
1. INTRODUCTION
The concept of smart cities varies from city to city and country
to country. There isnt any fixed or universal definition of a
smart city. Even the word smart city is a fresher word in
context to what it was called earlier as sustainable city or
digital city during 1990s and early 2000s. It mainly depends
on the city residents. Their intension to change the social as
well as economic infrastructure. Twentieth century prototypes
of urbanization were applied without consideration of future
outcomes. But in the twenty-first century the planning should
be done so that there is growth in prosperity of city and social
collaborations. This is because the future cities will serve as
drivers for national & regional economics.
Modern Ways of Implementing Renewable and Sustainable Technology and Smart Waste Management in Developing a Smart City 53
3.1.2.Modern Methods
4. FUTURE ROADS
of
rashtrapati
bhawan
water
Plastic Roads
Rubber Roads
Saurav Verma, Kumar Rohit, Kanupriya Jain, Neeraj Kant and Divyanshu Sharma
54
5. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster management one of the most challenging and most
revolting topic in development of any economy as well as in
any development. Natural disasters bring lots of damage to the
society some of the precautionary cures are:
5.1. From earthquake
Sensitive Soniographs should be used in smart cities to alert
the citizens as fast as possible. A active voice message should
be send immediately to the citizens as fast as possible.
Advance first-aid should be provided after disaster. These
were the precautions at the time of disaster. But before the
disaster the precautionary measures are The design of the
building in earthquake prone area should be of H, L, W, X and
Z. The constructers should keep in mind the advantages of
constructing these types of building may cure from highly
fatal earthquake shocks.
Modern Ways of Implementing Renewable and Sustainable Technology and Smart Waste Management in Developing a Smart City 55
7. SLUDGE TREATMENT
Bulky agents and sludge are first mixed. Then, they are
separated into two columns. One of the columns is forced
aeration and the other is turning. Firstly, in forced aeration the
mixing element is dried i.e the water is solid is separated and
in tuning maximum liquid part is stored. Then from forced
aeration and turning liquids are mixed together in curing tank
and there they are treated by recovery agents like silica gel,
chlorine and calcium hydroxide. They are treated under UVRadiation and then stored for further use.
8. CONCLUSION
The concept smart cities is not without challenges especially
in India. For example, the success if such cities depends
highly on their residents, businessmen, politicians and rate of
possible development in that area. There are many ways to
improve the daily life of citizens as a high percent of total
energy used in the hands of users. It depends on them how
they adapt themselves to the change and their habitat and also
time factor is a major issue because making such cities in
reality can take 20-30 years. The latest technologies used are
for the sake of development and comfort of the coming
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was supported by Graphic Era University,
Dehradun. We thank our colleagues from International Youth
Society of Eco-friendly and Renewable Technology
(IYSERT), Graphic Era University, Dehradun who provided
insight and expertise that greatly, assisted the research,
although they may not agree with all of the
interpretations/conclusions of this paper.
REFERENCES
[1]
WikipediaK.Ahmad
Khan
https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>K.AhmadKhan
[2] Crazypaving:Rotterdam to consider trialling plastic roads | World
| Europetheguardian.com, Friday 10th July 2015.
[3] Process for laying plastic roads tce.edu>chemistry>process
[4] Robert E. Hall, B.Bovermen, J.Braverman, J.Taylor, H. Todosow
and U. Von Wimmersperg, The vision of smart city in 2nd
International Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris,
France, September 2000, pp. 1-3.
[5] What are future cities? origins, meanings and uses(WP 2O), from
Government Office for Science, Published at 29 July 2014.
https://www.gov.uk>uploads>files
[6]
WikipediaRubberized
asphalt
https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>rubberisedasphalt
[7] Niraj D. Baraiya, Use of Waste Rubber Tires in Construction of
Bitominus Roads, in International Journal of Applicaton of
Innovation in Engineering and Management (IJAIEM), 7th July
2013, pp 1-3.
[8] Benefits of Rubberised AsphaltClemson University.
www.clemson.edu
[9] Use of Waste Tires for Road construction: An eco-friendlycost
effective solution for flexible pavements, By Tinna Rubber and
Infrastructure Limited, India. www.nithe.org
[10] https://www.google.co.in/#q=radar
[11] https://www.google.co.in/#q=retina+identification+sensor
[12] https://www.google.co.in/#q=biometric+identification
[13] https://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&q=integrated+road+circuits
[14]
https://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&q=thumb+impressions+for+i
dentification
[15] http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/Documents/MSc_2009/Garg.pdf
1. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is converted into thermal energy in a solar
collector. Solar collector basically is a device used to trap
solar energy to heat a plate and transfer the heat to a fluid
flowing under or above plate. When sun light falls onto a
plate, solar radiations reach the plate at lower wavelength and
heat it up. Then the heat is carried away by either water or air
that flows under or above the plate. Solar collector used to
heat up air is called solar air heater (SAH). Air is much lighter
and less corrosive than water. Heated air can be used for
moderate-temperature drying, such as harvested grains or fish.
Since the solar air heater has less convective heat transfer
coefficient, some researchers tried to increase this convective
heat transfer coefficient. A popular type of solar air heaters is
the flat plate SAH, which has a cover glass on the top,
insulation on the sides and bottom to prevent heat transferred
to the surrounding, a flat absorber plate that makes a passage
for the air flowing with sides and bottom plate. Usually, the
passage or channel has a rectangular cross-section. The
absorber plate will transfer the heat to the air via convection.
Unfortunately, the convection coefficient is very low. To
increase the convection coefficient from the absorber plate, vcorrugated plate is used instead of a flat plate. Tao et al.(2007)
stated that a solar air heater with a v-grooved absorber plate
could reach efficiency 18% higher than the flat plate on the
same operation condition and dimension or configuration.
Karim dan and Hawlader (2006) found that a solar collector
with a v-absorber plate gave the highest efficiency and the flat
plate gave the least. The results
2. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
Experimental set up has been designed for external data
collection. Two identical air heater set up are designed and
fabricated one with flat absorber plate and another with wavy
shape absorber plate. Both are double pass arrangement. One
pass is made between glass cover and absorber plate and
second pass is made between absorber plate and wooden base.
Second pass has air flow in reverse direction. Both the passes
has same length that is 210 cm. Width of both the passes is
kept 60 cm and depth 2.1 cm. These collectors are fixed on
iron base inclined at 30 degree due south to maximize the
incident solar radiation on collector for year round application.
Absorber plate of both set up is made of 1 mm thick aluminum
plate. Absorber plate is painted by black board paint which is
assumed to have high absorptivity value. Below absorber plate
there is 20 mm thick wooden plate which act as insulation and
supportive base. Transparent glass cover of 4 mm thickness is
kept as a cover which is transparent for short wavelength and
opaque for longer wavelength. Gap between absorber plate
and glass cover is 2.1 cm. Two passes are connected by
smooth U turn. Sides of both collectors are made by 20 mm
thick wooden plates. These collectors are supported on iron
base of size 25*25*5 mm. Entrance and exit duct are provided
at inlet and outlet to stabilize the flow. These are made from
plywood of thickness 20 mm and having cross section same as
test section. This is done on basis of ASHARE Standard 9277(1997). Two perforated aluminum plates of 1 mm thickness
and equal to cross section area of the passage are placed
perpendicular to flow direction to allow mixing of the air at
57
Double pass counter flow solar air collector with wavy shape
absorber plate gives higher thermal efficiency in comparison
to double pass counter flow solar air collector with flat plate.
This can be due to the fact that the porous material absorber
plate. Because wavy shape absorber plate provides very large
surface area for heat transfer and hence the volumetric heat
transfer coefficient is high.
58
School of Aeronautical Sciences Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Padur, Chennai-603 103
2,3,4
B.E (Mechanical Engineering) LICAM, Chennai
E-mail: 1gdineshk@hindustanuniv.ac.in
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the increased energy demand in the world, there is very
high potential for bio-fuels to leverage indigenous sources of
inputs. Potential increase in income and opportunities in rural
areas. Yet the development of a bio-fuel sector could increase
food insecurity for poor consumers. Currently, bio-fuel
production is minimal, accounting for only one percentage of
production globally. Supporting a future bio-energy sector will
likely require policy support (such as stimulus packages),
community and local interest, technological advancements,
and cost effectives feedstock production. Bio-fuels are
potentially important to worldwide because of the significant
number of lives they could impact and economic changes they
could cause. the terms of bio-fuels refers to several different
types of fuels, including bio-ethanol and bio-diesel ,which are
both viable options. Bioethanol is the most common form of
bio-fuel. It it likely that would use molasses, a by-product of
its Jathropha processing industry, to drive ethanol production.
On other hand, there are major impediments to larger-scale
production and use of bio-ethanol in the world including price
60
1L jar (2).
1L beaker.
Hot plate.
Stirring rod.
4. TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
61
Fig. 4.2
62
Fig. 5.1
Fig. 5.4
....6.1
63
.........6.2
6.4 Determination of Iodine Values
Procedure: 0.5 g of the oil was weighed into a 250 cm3 glass
stopper bottle. 15 cm3 of chloroform was added to dissolve it,
followed by 25 cm3 of wijis iodine solution. the bottle was
placed in the dark for 30 minutes, after which 20 cm3 of 15%
Sodium iodine (NaI) solution was added; the bottle was closed
and shaken vigorously. This solution was titrated against a
standard 0.1 m sodium thiosulphate solution. Titration was
carried out with constant shaking until yellow colour of iodine
almost disappears. 2 cm3 of 1% starch indicator was added
and titration continued. When the colour disappeared, bottle
was covered with a stopper and shaken vigorously so that all
iodine in the organic solvent layer will pass into the water
layer. Finally, when the titration was finished, the titter values
were recorded. Blank determination was carried out on 5 mL
of chloroform and of equal proportion of wijis solution
allowing the precipitate to dissolve for same length of time as
for the sample analyzed.
64
7. DISCUSSIONS OF RESULTS:
The results of this research work will be discoursed under the
following groups of solution:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
fuel. Also the caloric values are slightly varying from the Jet
a1 but still under the major requirement standards.
7.4 Suitability of using the bio-fuel in aviation application:
Jet fuel is mixture of large number of different hydrocarbons.
The range of their sizes is restricted by requirements of the
products, for example, freezing point smoking point . jet fuel
for sometime classified as kerosene type. Kerosene is include
jet a1 ,jet 1 , jet b and jp-4. the drop-in is type of bio-fuel
which are completely interchangeable with conventional fuels
in purpose to achieve of the required standards. Example of
aviation fuel used the drop in concept are Bio-SPK, FT-SPK,.
8. CONCLUSION
In the current investigation, it was confirmed that Jathropha
oil may be used as resource to obtain biodiesel. These
experimental
results
show
that
alkaline-catalyzed
Transesterification is a blooming area of research for the
production of bio-fuel in large scale. Materials for use in the
production of biodiesel are readily available without the need
for special equipment or scarce chemicals. Oil from trees can
be used in the production of bio-fuel. On a small scale
production, the cost of production is low, but if mass
production and accuracy is the goal, the cost is going to be
high. Glycerin which is the by-product of this chemical
reaction can be sold to the pharmaceutical companies since it
is used to produce valuables such as creams and toothpaste.
Effects of different parameters such as temperature, time,
reactant ratio, and catalyst concentration on the bio-fuel yield
were also analyzed. The best combination of the parameters
was found as 8: 1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 1.0% NaOH
catalyst, 60_C reaction temperature and 60 minutes of reaction
time. This optimum condition yielded 90% of bio-fuel. From
the characterization of the bio-fuel, the physical properties of
bio-fuel from Jathropha oil with methanol were found to be
within the ASTM specified limits. The viscosity of Jathropha
oil reduces substantially after Transesterification and is
comparable to diesel. Bio-fuel characteristics like density and
viscosity are comparable to that of the petrol, diesel.
REFERENCES
[1] Q. Junfeng, S. Haixlan, and Y. Zhi, Preparation of
Biodiesel From Jatropha Circas Oil Produced By TwoPhase Solvent Extraction, Pergamon Press, 2010.
[2] W. Marshall, L. G. Schumacher, and S. A. Howell,
Engine Exhaust Emissions Evaluation of a Cummins
L10E When Fueled with a Biodiesel Blend, SAE Paper
No. 952363, SAE, Warrendale, Pa, USA, 1995.
[3] Hansen and C. Alan, Combustion and Emission
characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel, CABER Seminar,
Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill, USA, Pp 6., 2008.
65
Problems of Ghatscape
Fig. 1: Connectivity of Varanasi
This research paper will emphasis to improve built environment of
Ghat area ,various architecture style, current existing condition etc.
Introduction
Varanasi is the city of streets and temples here we can see
various different culture, religion and architecture value. There
are more than eighty Ghats, Few famous Ghats are
Dashaswmegh Ghat, Mankarnika Ghat, Kabir Ghat etc. The
total stretch of Ghats crescent is 6.5 km, focal point of that
crescent is toward east direction, which is a very important as
per Hindu mythology. Which are keeping on its religion,
cultural, environmental value since the time was immortal.
Fig. 3-Narrow Entry
67
Anil Bharti
68
Environmental improvement
According to the Prayaschitta Tatva (1.535), a ca 9th century
text,
One should not perform fourteen acts near the holy waters of
the Ganga river, i.e., excreting in the water, brushing and
gargling, removing all clothes from the body, throwing
hair or dry garlands in the water, playing in the water,
taking donations, performing sex, having sense of
attachments to other holy places, praising other holy places,
washing clothes, throwing dirty clothes, thumping water,
and swimming.
Sourcehttp://www.readbag.com/sasnet-lu-se-easaspapers46ranasingh
The whole Ghats area are polluted because of less
maintenance by the local people throwing burn/unburn humen
and animals dead bodies into the river Ganga .
Fig. 10: Garbage on Ghat area
69
super structure that rise above the sanctuary. Later in the the
13th century the use of iron clamps and wedges to hold the
stone slabs together, allowed the special feature of corbelling
in which horizontal stone layers were projected out over large
spans and cut into unusual shapes to produce highly decorative
ceiling schemes.
Trabeated System
In the trabeated system only the horizontal and the vertical
members are used and the stability is achieved by the massive
arrangements of vertical elements such as pillars and pilasters
together and heavy cross beams and lintels. The use of the
spanning system to enclose the interior spaces was the most
typical feature of this system. The openings in the Hindu
temple have lintel made of stone or timber. The roofing
system consists of horizontally laid slabs of stone spanning
from one supporting beam or wall to the other.
Fig. 14-Pitha
Corbelling System
The Walls:
The zone between the superstructure and the base of the Hindu
temple architecture consists of walls, pillars and pilasters. The
walls in the Hindu temple architecture are constructed as
composite stone masonary with an infill of stone and brick
with lime and mud. The thickness of the stones varies from
Anil Bharti
70
Materials
This usage of timber and bamboo governs the form of temples
mostly in the Chunar and Vindyachal area The construction of
temple in stone is the most distinctive expression of Hindu
architecture. The highly evolved techniques of excavating and
cutting blocks of stone constitute one of the major technical
achievements associated with the history of the Hindu temple .
The construction in stone dates back to 2nd and 3rd centuries
in the form of rock cut sanctuaries and later in the form of
temples with use of stones like granite, marble, soap stone,
sandstone and locally available stones. The stones were used
with most intricate and ornate carvings and sculptors
throughout India.
Joint Details
71
Proposals
Anil Bharti
72
Bibliography
Books
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Reports
1.
Fig. 8: Proposal
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fig. 27: Sections
6.
7.
Conclusion
8.
1. INTRODUCTION
Green Building Material is an ecofriendly material which
generally used to reducing building impacts on Human Health
& Environment by using Natural Resources. Green Building
Concept is adopting in various countries. In this waste has
been minimized at every stage during Construction time.
These Technologies are very beneficial and includes uses of
natural resources like Solar Energy, Rain Water Harvesting,
recycling of waste Products & can be further used in Buildings
& energy Efficient Products.
The concept of Green Building or sustainable building
incorporates and integrates a variety of strategies during the
design, construction and operation of building projects. Green
building brings together a vast array of practices, techniques,
and skills to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of
buildings on the environment and human health. It often
emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g.,
using sunlight through solar , and photovoltaic equipment,
and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens,
and reduction of rainwater run-off..
74
Land Fill and Landscape: Fly ash can be used as land fill by
city authorities. It can also be used for crating mounts topped
with soil growing grass in landscaping.
Green paint: Paints may have a negative impact on the indoor
air quality of a building because they may contain chemicals
called volatile organic compounds (VOC) other toxic
components that evaporate into the air and are harmful to the
health of occupants. VOC react with sunlight and nitrogen
oxide to form ground level ozone, a chemical that has
detrimental effects on human health. These problems can be
eliminated by using low VOC paints healthy occupants are
more productive and have few illness related absenteeism.
Bamboo : Bamboo is one of the most amazingly versatile and
sustainable building materials available. It grows remarkably
fast and in a wide range of climates. It is exceedingly strong
for its weight and can be used both structurally and as a finish
material. There is a long vernacular tradition to the use of
bamboo in structures in many parts of the world, especially in
more tropical climates, where it grows into larger diameter
canes One tricky aspect to the use of bamboo is in the joinery;
since its strength comes from its integral structure, it cannot be
joined with many of the traditional techniques used with
wood.
Demerits
1- Location:
Since these buildings depend on sun for energy, they need to
be located in position that will have the best sun exposure
which may demand placing them opposite to other
neighborhood homes.
2- Availability:
The materials to build such buildings can be hard to find
especially in urban areas where preserving the environment is
not the peoples first option.
So shipping these materials can then cost a lot than a standard
building.
3- No air cooling features:
These buildings run on heat to generate power, so they are not
designed for hot areas as they do not have any ventilation
systems, so air conditioners will be required which will make
these buildings anything but Eco-friendly.
REFERENCES
[1] Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India: New
Delhi, India.
[2] Environmental Impact Assesment (EIA)
75
1. INTRODUCTION
Sustainable technology is now creating a great impulsive
impact all over the world because of the declining supply of
conventional energy sources and ever increasing population
rates simultaneously. The exploitation of oil wells and price
hike in fossil fuels has attracted the government to frame
policies for the development of bio fuels.
Material Required:
1.
2.
3.
Substrate
pH : 4.5 4.8
Salinity (%) : 1.5 -1.8
Alkalinity (mg/L) : 0.1 0.3
Volatile solid (g/L) : 130-138
Total solid (g/L) : 163 190
SCOD (g/L) : 62-98
TCOD (g/L) : 150-180
Enzyme
Carbohydrase
Glucoamylase
Micro-organism
Saccharomyces
Research Background:
Composition of kitchen Refuse
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Moisture content
46-48%
6-8%
32-36%
3-4%
1-2%
72-85%
77
www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/a-potatobattery-can-light-up-a-room-for-over-a-month180948260/#AzhqLf2BgopA7whu.99
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis
[2]
N.
1. INTRODUCTION
The legacy of the Chiranjiv Charitable Trust in the realm of
higher education goes back to 1989, when the foundation of
the Sushant School of Art and Architecture was laid by Mr.
Sushil Ansal, to address the gap in Indian architectural
education. The School was conceived with the objective
of combining traditional Indian aesthetics and modes of urban
planning with the needs of a modern cityscape. As the School
made a mark in the field of architectural education under the
guiding force of late Fellow of the Frank Lloyd Wright
Foundation, Padma Shri MM Rana, the Trust further expanded
to establish the Ansal Institute of Technology in the year 2000
that received international recognition in the field of research,
extension and global collaborations. The Sushant School of
Design was instituted a decade later and in 2012 the Sushant
Group of Institutions came under the Ansal University,
established through the legislation of the State of Haryana
under Haryana Private Universities Act 2006. The various
schools under the University, located in a sprawling campus in
the heart of Gurgaon, have carved a niche by offering the
required educational programs and providing the best faculty
and facilities to promote academic excellence.
79
Building Blocks
wise Plant
Location
Block-B
Block-D part-1
Block-D part-2
Block-D part-3
Girls Hostel
Boys Hostel
Total
Number of
SPV
Photo
Capacity
Voltaic
(KW)
Modules
42
15
80
20
80
20
44
15
66
20
46
15
358
105
DC
Power
Generated
(KW)
11.76
22.40
22.40
12.32
18.48
12.88
100.24
AC
Power
output
(KW)
9.41
17.92
17.92
9.85
14.78
10.30
80.18
Megha Khatri
80
Months
Oct'14
Nov'14
Dec'14
Jan'15
Feb'15
Mar'15
Solar Power
Production in
MWh
10.151
8.217
6.828
6.997
8.901
13.098
Months
Apr'15
May'15
Jun'15
Jul'15
Aug'15
Sep'15
Solar Power
Production in
MWh
13.859
14.453
12.171
10.639
11.272
13.579
280W
43V
8.68A
35V
8A
1000V
35.5-820V
1000Vdc
44A
0.75
Avg. Temp.
2-May
4-May
6-May
8-May
10-May
12-May
14-May
16-May
38.6
36.1
37
38.4
37.6
38.5
39.8
41.5
Avg. Solar
Radiations
5.4
7.9
5.7
5.6
5.1
3.2
6
6.3
Wind Speed
3.2
2.2
3.2
1.9
2.2
3.2
2
2.6
18-May
20-May
22-May
24-May
26-May
28-May
30-May
38.9
39.2
38.8
38.8
38.8
41.3
37.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.9
5.7
6.2
2.8
3.6
5.3
4.2
3.2
2.9
2.1
81
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
700
Type of Load
Air Conditioners
Internal and External Lights
Fridge and Geyser/Heater
Fire and Water Pumps
Kitchen and ventilation Load
Lifts
Ceiling and Exhaust Fans
Computer Load
Water Coolers/Water purifier
Mechanical Workshop
Electrical and Mechanical Machine Lab.
Load (KW)
1477.3
233.13
232.8
217.45
57.8
55.95
51.56
40.5
27.4
26.3
25.4
Load(KW)
900
800
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Megha Khatri
82
at the rate of Indian rupees 6.50 under two part variable tariff
scheme and the electricity produced from solar is charged at
rupees 8.62 that is under fixed rate tariff scheme, whereas the
backup diesel generator set consumes approximate yearly
diesel (as fuel) of 47,000 liters charged at rupees 49 is used to
deliver power to the seven different locations in the campus
[8]. The cumulative monthly electricity bill of all electricity
resources is calculated and the bill calculations are shown in
the Table 7 and also represented in the form of chart in Fig. 6.
Certain steps already have been taken to reduce the electricity
bill. Further the facts and statics collected in this paper
expressing the plant dynamic and reliability. While
appropriate measures to improve it are discussed in the last
section of the paper.
Table 7: Monthly expenses on electricity
Months
Total (Rs. in
Lakhs)
15.8
10.9
9.9
10.7
10
10.6
Oct'14
Nov'14
Dec'14
Jan'15
Feb'15
Mar'15
L
a
k
h
s
Months
Total (Rs. in
Lakhs)
23.7
29.1
11.8
19.6
25.5
25.7
Apr'15
May'15
Jun'15
Jul'15
Aug'15
Sep'15
30
25
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
20
15
10
REFERENCES
Sep'15
Jul'15
Aug'15
Jun'15
May'15
Mar'15
Apr'15
Oct'14
Nov'14
Dec'14
Jan'15
Feb'15
83
1. INTRODUCTION
Wind is a carbon free renewable source of electric power
which has the potential to electrify the whole world and
barring initial investments it is also a cheaper form of energy
if the impact of other farms of energy is concerned. Though
wind energy was being used primitively, the availability of
fossil fuels proved to be a roadblock in technologies
associated with wind energy.
Due to adverse environmental impacts such as the emission of
hazardous carbon based gases and the depletion of fossil fuels
has shifted the focus back to the renewable energy sources
which apart from providing cleaner energy, is essentially
inexhaustible. But wind energy conversion systems required
considerable technological innovations for harnessing and
proper utilization of the wind enrgy and wind unlike other
energy sources presented peculiar challenges which warranted
for further researches
Wind energy was approached with sceptism as the power from
the wind farms were sporadic, prone to sudden variations and
were difficult to control, making it harder for integrating these
wind farms into electric grids. Scientists over the years have
suggested and implemented various energy storage and
Optimization of Storage Systems for Effective Integration of a Wind Farm into A Power Grid
85
E=1/2(wmax2-wmin2) (2)
It can be understood that the energy storage of the flywheel
can be varied by varying the inertia or the speed of rotation of
the flywheel until a cetain limits above which the flywheel
mechanically breaks down.
Flywheels work based on a reference point by which the
differenc between the actual and the measured value generates
thr reference signal.
Sref = Sactual-Sref
For example ,in case of frequency regulation the difference
between actual and measured frequency is used to generate the
reference signal.
3. GRID INTERCONNECTION
Usually, a WPP is operated along with energy storage systems
to reduce the power output variations in a power plant. A
hydro power plant and a battery storage system is the most
common confiquration of the storage devices, This
confiquration can help the grid interconnection but without
compliances with the grid codes
Grid codes are a set of conditions which are to be met by the
generating companies, distribution companies and the
consumers so as to be interconnected to an electric grid. In
case if a WPP does not comply to the grid codes, i.e., paying
penalty for the power quality services which are usually
provided by other generating companies and a power quality
problem to arise in the grid, it is universal practice to cut off
the WPP from the grid invariably to restore the grid stability
conditions. Thereby reducing the monetary benefits to the
generating companies even if there is a large demand in the
grid and the power produced is very high
5. MECHANISM OF FLYWHEEL
Mode 1:Normal Mode: In this mode ,The operation of the grid
is considered to be stable and power supply in to the grid is
based on the locational marginal pricing.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Check for the power produced, and LMP and grid
conditions.
Step 2:Supply the power to the grid if the LMP is feasible if
not store charge in battery and flywheel operating it as
generator.
Step 3:Make sure the system parameters do not take the
system to contingency conditions and supply power
continuously.
Mode 2: Emergency mode: The grid undergoes instability and
needs immediate corrective action.
86
Algorithm:
Step 1: Check for the power produced, and LMP and grid
conditions
Step 2: Calculate the power demand Pi at a particular time Ti.
Step 3:if the demand is higher than supply, check if power
produced from wind will increase after some time Ti if so,
operate the flywheel as motor and bring about demand supply
match, if the condition comes good, stop operating the
flywheel and supply power from wind farm into the grid.
Step 4:If the condition does not improve, increase the speed of
rotation of the flywheel and improve the storage conditions, in
case vice versa, supply power from both the farm and the
battery to meet the increased demand and pricing of the power
can be done on the basis of locational marginal pricing.
This modes can provide active power control to the grid and to
improve grid wind profile after incorporation of wind energy
into the power grid and give grid code compliance ability for
the wind farm.
The above graphs give the simulated results for wind power
forecasting using neural networks toolbox. Similar network
can also be used for LMP calculations
Optimization of Storage Systems for Effective Integration of a Wind Farm into A Power Grid
7. CONCLUSION
Wind as a natures gift has great potential for provision of
electricity if not for the availability of sophisticated
technologies. Researches are being carried out for developing
methods for wind energy integration into electric power grid
and this paper provided a method for integration without
monetary losses to the power generators and the consumers by
accurate forecasting using artificial neural networks and the
concept of locational marginal pricing.
REFERENCES
[1] . Meng Liu, Student Member, IEEE, Franklin L. Quilumba,
Member, IEEE, and Wei-Jen Lee, dispatch scheduling for a
wind farm by ann based wind and lmp forecasting and hybrid
storage systems Fellow, IEEE
[2]., Junrong Xia, Pan Zhao, Yiping Dai, Neuro fuzzy networks for
short term wind power forecasting 2010 International
Conference on Power System Technology.
[3]. Ricardo J. Bessa, Vladimiro Miranda, Fellow, IEEE, Audun
Botterud, Member,IEEE Jianhui Wang and Emil M.
Constantinescu, Time adaptive conditional kernel density
estimation for wind power forecasting, IEEE transactions on
sustainable energy.
[4 M. Jabbari ghadi, S. Hakimi gilani, A. sharifiyan, H. Afrakhteh].A
new method for wind power forecasting.IEEE 2010
[5]., Jianwu Zeng, Student Member, IEEE, and Wei Qiao, Member,
IEEE Support Vetor Machine technique for wind power
forecasting IEEE 2011
[6].,S. Fan, J. R. Liao, R. Yokoyama, L. Chen, and W.-J. Lee,
Forecasting the wind generation using a two-stage network
based on meteorological information IEEE 2009.
[7, K. Bhaskar and S. N. Singh, ].A WNN-assisted wind power
forecasting using feed-forward neural network IEEE 2012.
[8].CPUC, decision adopting energy storage procurement framework
and design program, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2013.(webpage)
[9]. Locational marginal price forecasting in deregulated electricity
markets using artificial intelligence, Proceeds of institute of
electrical energy. vol. 149, no. 5, pp. 621626, Sep. 2002
[10]. ERCOT nodal protocols. Section 6: adjustment period and realtime operations, Ercot Austin Texas
[11]., . P. Mandal, T. Senjyu, N. Urasaki, T. Funabashi, and A. K.
Srivastava A novel approach to forecast electricity price for PJM
using neural net-work and similar days method IEEE 2007
[12]
87
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is an utmost requirement of human beings. Without
water, life is not possible. Out of the total ground water
available to humankind, only 0.29-0.49% is available in the
form of drinking water. This necessitates the treatment and
recycling of water [6]. It is not only a universal and precious
solvent but also one of the abundantly available resources in
ecosystem which can be utilized by human beings for their
day-to-day activities. Since past few years, due to the
uncontrolled population growth and intensive agricultural
activities, ground and surface water has been exploited on a
large scale. These activities finally lead to the major issues
related to the public health like poor water quality, its safety
and conservation [6].
Microbial Fuel Cell is a Bioreactor which is capable of
converting chemical energy stored in chemical compounds in
a biomass to electrical energy with the aid of microorganisms. MFCs are used to produce electricity from
renewable resources without the net carbon-di-oxide emission.
Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of MFC with its various
parts. It consists of an anode chamber where fuel/substrate is
being oxidized to generate electrons and protons. These
sample [5]. But very less voltage has been generated through
this MFC. Through our research work, we have constructed
MFC using Mother Dairy Industrial effluent sample collected
from Mother Dairy Plant located in Delhi. The two chambers
MFC was made using Glucose as a substrate and Methylene
blue as a mediator.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Sample collection and storage
The sample was collected from Mother Dairy Plant (located at
Patparganj, Delhi) and for our study we collected inlet or
untreated effluent sample in order to get good microbial
population for MFC production. For MFC, the effluent sample
was collected in a sterile plastic container and stored at room
temperature.
89
90
4. CONCLUSION
Through our preliminary research work, we have shown that
wastewater from dairy industry can be used for the generation
of sustainable energy using MFC. The power generation
through MFC is affected by many factors including the type of
bacteria or population of microbes present in an innoculum,
the type of substrate and its concentration, ionic strength, pH,
temperature, materials used for electrodes & PEM and other
reactor configuration [6]. We have used conventional method
for the construction of MFC. Future optimizing studies can be
attempted to improvise the power generation through MFC.
Though Microbial Fuel Technology is still in its early stage of
development but shows great promise as a new method for the
sustainable electricity generation and wastewater treatment.
Major issues to be solved for its practical application include
its cost and power output.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support
provided by University of Delhi under DU-Innovation Project
SHC-305. We are also thankful to Puru Sachan, the student
under this project for his assistance in carrying out the
experimental work and our Principal Mam for the
infrastructural support.
REFERENCES
[1] Darshan Malik, Sunita Singha, Jayita Thakura, Raj Kishore
Singh, Anita Kapura, Shashi Nijhawan. Microbial Fuel Cell:
Harnessing Bioenergy fromYamuna Water. International Journal
of Science and Research (IJSR).ISSN (Online): 2319-7064.
Volume 3 Issue 6, June 2014
[2] ErginTaskan, Bestamin zkaya, Halil Hasar. Effect of Different
Mediator Concentrations on Power Generation in MFC Using Ti
TiO2 Electrode. International Journal of Energy Science (IJES)
Volume 4 Issue 1, February 2014 www.ijesci.org Doi:
10.14355/ijes.2014.0401.02 9
[3] Gil GC, Chang IS, Kim BH, Kim M, Jang JY, Park HS, et al.
Operational parameters affecting the performance of a
mediatorless
microbial
fuel
cell.
BiosensBioelectron
2003;18:32734.
[4] Rabaey, K., G. Lissens, S.D. Siciliano and W. Verstraete, 2003. A
Microbial Fuel Cell Capable of Converting Glucose to Electricity
at High Rate and Efficiency. Biotechnol. Lett., 25: 1531-1535.
[5] Rahul etal. MFC, a novel and efficient source for dairy effluent
treatment. Abhivnav National monthly refereed journal of
research in science &technology.Volume:4, issue:2. February
2015.ISSN-2277-1174
[6] Zhuwei Du, Haoran Li, Tingyue Gu. A state of the art review on
microbial fuel cells: A promisingtechnology for wastewater
treatment and bioenergy. Biotechnology Advances 25 (2007) 464
482.
1. INTRODUCTION
Over the last few years, there has been an increased demand
for flexible electronics as they are light weight and can be
manufactured in large scales with a reduced production cost..
Flexible DSSCs are usually based on plastic/polymer
substrates such as transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) coated
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyethylene naphthalene
(PEN) plastic substrates in place of glass. These are easily
installed on buildings, flat, curved or any surface due to their
flexible nature. Flexible DSSCs are adaptable to different
shapes of surfaces and used in portable electronic devices.
Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glass accounts for more
than half of the total cost of DSSCs [1]. So replacing these
with polymer substrates like PET or PEN reduces the material
cost of the device. The major challenge of using these
substrates is that they can only withstand temperature up to
150C. However, the working electrodes need to be sintered at
450-500 C with any TiO2 paste formulation containing
organic binders. Absence of these binders could result in
cracks in the films during sintering and thus reduces the
electrical contact between the TiO2 particles. This calls for
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Fabrication of flexible porous TiO2 photo-anode
A solution containing 4 ml of t-butyl alcohol and 2 ml of DI
water is prepared, to which 1 gram of TiO2 (21nm, Degussa)
is added and mixed thoroughly by subjecting to magnetic
stirring for 24 hours, to prepare the compact layer paste for the
photo-electrode. No other additional binders were added. The
paste was coated on ITO/PET substrates by screen printing
method. This was followed by coating the electrode with a
scattering layer paste,, consisting of the same composition of
TiO2 nanoparticles (250nm), over the dried compact layer.
Prior to coating, ITO-PET (15 /sq , Sigma Aldrich) were
cleaned in a detergent solution to get rid of the dirt and
impurities . It was followed by sonicating it in acetone and
later with deionised water. The active area of the photo anode
was maintained as 0.25 cm2 (Fig. 1(a)). The electrode after
sintering (while hot) was immersed into a 0.3mM solution of
N719 in an equimolar mixture of acetonitrile and t-butyl
alcohol for 24 hours. Fig. 1(b) shows the image of the same.
2.2 Preparation of
flexible counter electrode using
polypyrrole nanoparticles
Polypyrrole nanoparticles are synthesized via micro emulsion
polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of iron (III) chloride
92
as the oxidant. An aqueous solution (0.08 M) of p-toluene
sulphonic acid, which is used as a dopant to increase the
conductivity of polypyrrole was prepared, to which was added
pyrrole and stirred for half an hour, followed by the addition
of 10 ml of iron (III) chloride aqueous solution, as it has been
studied as the best chemical oxidant [3,4]. The polymerization
continued for 3 hours at 0 C. The black material obtained is
filtered, washed and dried to obtain polypyrrole nanoparticles.
These particles coated on the flexible PET substrates via drop
casting (Fig. 1 (c)).
2.3 Assembly of the DSSC
Dye sensitized TiO2 photo electrode and polypyrrole based
counter electrode are sandwiched together with a hot melt
gasket (25m) inserted in between them as spacer, to seal the
flexible cell and provide channels to inject the electrolyte. The
electrolyte is a solution 0.60 M Butyl imilidazolium iodide,
0.03 M I2 , 0.10 M guanidinium thiocyanate, and 0.50 M TBP
in a mixed solvent of acetonitrile and valeonitrile. The filling
of electrolyte was done via vacuum backfilling, which will aid
in getting rid of the trapped air between the electrodes [5].
Fig. 1: The photoanode of DSSC (a) before and (b) after dipping
in the dye (c) ITO/Ppy electrode as the counter electrode (d)
Flexible DSSC after the assembly
FF =
(1)
% =
100
(2)
Development of Low Cost-flexible Dye Sensitized Solar Cells using Polypyrrole Counter Electrode
93
94
5. CONCLUSION
Flexible DSSCs are light weight and have a wide application.
They are fabricated on polymer substrates (ITO/PET), which
are limited by low temperature tolerance (maximum 150C for
PET sheets).A flexible DSSC was assembled using a low
temperature TiO2 paste and a polypyrrole based counter
electrode employing ITO/PET flexible substrates, which has
not been reported anywhere till date, to the best of our
knowledge. The nanoparticles are 150-200nm in size, exhibit
good porosity and surface roughness to carry out the reduction
reaction. Though the conversion efficiency of the cell is not
very high, this involves a very effective, low cost strategy to
fabricate platinum free flexible dye sensitized solar cells.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work was supported by Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi.
REFERENCES
[1]
TERI University
Sr. General Manager Lahmeyer Int.(Ind.)Pvt.Ltd.
E-mail: 1saurabhmotiwala01@gmail.com, 2ipurohit@lahmeyer.in, 3akumar@teri.res.in
2
1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity would play a pivotal for a developing country like
India which currently stands at 130th position on the Human
Development Index (HDI), 8.37% behind the developing
countries average. On one hand, it has to meet growing energy
demands of its vast population and on the other hand it has to
also minimize GHG emissions in order to combat climate
change. With its recent global agreement at COP 21, India
intends to increase the share of renewables in the electricity
mix from 14% currently to 40% by 2030 and hence reduce its
emissions. The launch of International Solar Alliance by India
2. METHODOLOGY
In order to carry out the study at national level, a cumulative
of thirty four representative locations have been selected
across India which includes state capitals and union territories
(UTs).
Further
the
central
and
state
specific
96
policies/regulations applicable in the above selected locations
have been reviewed and ranked for each targeted sector (not
presented here). Thirdly, a detailed solar radiation resource
assessment has been carried out for all the locations by
comparing different resolution solar radiation databases
namely Meteonorm 7.0, NASA and SWERA. The detailed
approach has been explained in resource assessment section.
Fourthly, CUF has been estimated based upon the GHI
(Global Horizontal Irradiation) values and other technical
parameters using PVsyst software which has been discussed in
the energy yield assessment section. Finally, the financial
evaluation section presents a model developed to calculate
LCOE for different consumer categories which is followed by
sections on results and discussion and way forward.
3. POLICY REVIEW
The rooftop policies in India are an amalgamation of central
and state policies. The central policies provide benefits like
CFA (Central Financial Assistance), AD (Accelerated
Depreciation) while state policies provide additional
incentives (exemption on varies duties like value added tax,
entry tax etc.) and frame regulations, pass orders to promote
the rooftop installations in India. Under NSM, GoI has allotted
5000 crore for grid connected RTS implementation during
12th five year plan. The central policy provides 30% subsidy
on benchmark cost to domestic, institutional and social sectors
and up to 70% for special category states for the same sectors
while Govt. /PSUs are eligible to receive 15-20% subsidy.
No subsidies would be granted to commercial and industrial
sectors. Contrary, GoI aims to install 20 GW RTS systems by
2022 through these sectors and has already fixed 597 MW (for
FY 2016-17) target for its channel partners. Further, 0.4 GW
capacity projects under these sectors would be supported by
$625 million soft loans from World Bank which would be
channelized through State Bank of India. Indian Renewable
Energy Development Agency Ltd. (IREDA) also finances
RTS projects of PSUs, state utilities and private companies
with minimum 1000 kWp capacity at rates ranging from 9.9%
to 10.75%. The owner of the RTS system under all categories
can also avail 80% accelerated depreciation benefit in the first
year of the installation under the central policy. The Solar
Energy Corporation of India Ltd. (SECI) has been appointed
as the implementing agency by MNRE for grid connected
RTS projects in India. SECI has successful implemented 39
MW capacity projects under 4 phases and had also invited
bids for selected states to utilize roofs of warehouses and
Central Public Works Department (CPWD) under build own
operate (BOO) and Renewable Energy Service Companies
(RESCO) business models respectively[4].
The state policies/regulations have been reviewed and ranked
based upon the rooftop policy/regulation/order issued, state
specific roof top targets and respective achievements, state
subsidy/incentives, specifications of grid integration,
eligibility for Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and
97
4. RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The energy yield assessment has been carried out for each
selected representative location using Meteonorm 7.0 weather
database. In order to size the rooftop solar PV system multicrystalline technology has been found optimum. The solar PV
module manufactured by Canadian Solar has been selected for
energy yield estimation which is a TIER-1 manufacturer. For
10 kW capacity project string inverter of ABB is selected;
however for higher capacity the central inverter of ABB are
considered. The energy yield estimation has been carried out
using PVsyst software under fixed axis (modules tilted equator
facing and inclined near the latitude of the location) project
design approach. The associated DC and AC losses have also
been considered for assessment. The systems were sized for
four different consumer categories: 10 kW (domestic), 100
kW (institutional), 500 kW (commercial) and 1000 kW
(industrial). The annual capacity utilization factor (CUF) of
the rooftop systems under all categories for all locations has
been summarized in Table 1.
Agartala*
Aizawl*
Amravati
Bengaluru
Bhopal
Bhubaneswar
Chandigarh
Chennai
Daman
Dehradun*
Delhi
Dispur*
Gandhinagar
Gangtok*
Hyderabad
Imphal*
Itanagar*
Jaipur
Kavaratti*
Kohima*
Kolkata
Lucknow
Mumbai
Panaji
Patna
Puducherry
Annual
GHI
(kWh/
m2)
1876.
2037
1796
2024
1958
1787
1994
1883
1920
2156
2144
1856
2037
1601
1947
1738
1392
2093
1852
1699
1784
1886
1859
1988
1729
1871
Lat
Long
(oN)
(oE)
23.8
23.7
16.5
13.0
23.3
20.3
30.8
13.1
20.4
30.3
28.6
26.1
23.2
27.3
17.4
24.8
27.1
26.9
10.6
25.7
22.6
26.8
19.0
15.5
25.6
11.9
91.3
92.7
80.5
77.6
77.4
85.8
76.8
80.3
72.9
78.0
77.2
91.8
72.7
88.6
78.5
94.0
93.6
75.8
72.6
94.1
88.4
80.9
72.8
73.8
85.1
79.8
Residential
(10 kW)
CUF
LCOE
(%)
( /kWh)
19.01
2.86
20.40
2.67
16.77
5.81
19.04
5.12
17.29
5.64
16.51
5.90
18.59
5.24
17.29
5.64
18.79
5.19
20.20
2.69
21.04
4.63
18.45
2.95
19.78
4.93
16.50
3.30
18.99
5.13
17.49
3.11
14.09
3.86
20.40
4.78
18.20
2.99
17.37
3.13
17.65
5.52
18.62
5.23
18.17
5.37
19.43
5.02
17.09
5.70
18.31
5.32
Institutional
(100 kW)
CUF
LCOE
(%)
( /kWh)
18.18
2.99
20.63
2.64
17.23
5.66
19.54
4.99
18.51
5.27
16.96
5.75
19.08
5.11
17.77
5.49
18.14
5.37
20.72
2.63
20.91
4.66
17.82
3.06
19.10
5.10
15.91
3.42
18.34
5.31
16.88
3.23
13.56
4.02
19.71
4.95
17.57
3.10
16.76
3.25
17.03
5.72
17.97
5.42
17.54
5.56
18.77
5.19
16.49
5.91
17.67
5.52
Commercial (500
kW)
CUF
LCOE
(%)
( /kWh)
18.56
6.99
20.84
6.23
17.59
7.38
19.94
6.51
18.89
6.87
17.32
7.49
19.48
6.66
18.13
7.16
18.52
7.01
21.15
6.13
20.74
6.26
18.19
7.13
19.49
6.66
16.25
7.98
18.71
6.93
17.24
7.53
13.86
9.36
20.11
6.45
17.93
7.24
17.12
7.58
17.38
7.47
18.34
7.07
17.90
7.25
19.15
6.78
16.83
7.71
18.03
7.20
Industrial (1000
kW)
CUF
LCOE
(%)
( /kWh)
18.85
6.88
21.98
5.90
18.59
6.98
21.08
6.15
19.15
6.78
17.55
7.39
19.74
6.57
18.38
7.06
18.77
6.91
21.44
6.05
21.03
6.17
18.43
7.04
19.76
6.57
16.46
7.88
18.97
6.84
17.47
7.43
14.04
9.24
20.39
6.36
18.18
7.14
17.35
7.48
17.62
7.36
18.59
6.98
18.15
7.15
19.42
6.68
17.06
7.61
18.28
7.10
98
Port Blair*
Raipur
Ranchi
Shillong*
Shimla*
Silvassa
Srinagar*
Trivandrum
1626
1888
1936
1719
2023
1917
2084
1948
11.7
21.3
23.4
25.6
31.1
20.3
34.1
8.5
92.7
81.6
85.3
91.9
77.2
73.0
74.8
77.0
16.12
18.47
19.17
17.35
20.66
18.70
21.32
19.10
3.38
5.28
5.08
3.14
2.64
5.21
2.55
5.10
15.54
17.83
18.51
16.74
19.96
18.06
20.60
18.44
3.50
5.47
5.27
3.25
2.73
5.40
2.64
5.29
15.87
18.20
18.89
17.10
20.38
18.43
21.04
18.82
8.18
7.13
6.87
7.59
6.37
7.04
6.17
6.89
16.09
18.45
19.15
17.33
20.65
18.68
21.31
19.08
8.06
7.03
6.78
7.49
6.28
6.95
6.09
6.80
*(Locations under special category, eligible to claim 70% CFA for installations in domestic and institutional sectors)
6. FINANCIAL EVALUATION
8. WAY FORWARD
REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario, the population of world is increasing
very fastly, especially in India; increasing rate of population is
resulting in the deterioration of our non-renewable resources
and our environment. From the last few decades, there is a lot
of variation in the climate of earth. This is due to the man
made activities such as pollution, deforestation, increasing
population load etc. all these things are contributing in the
ecological unbalance which is resulting in the global warming,
variation in the monsoon, increased global mean temperature
etc. The development activities of human being are resulting
in the uncontrolled growth in transport facilities (increased
motor vehicles) and construction of buildings. These activities
are mainly contributing in the increased CO2 emission. This
CO2 entraps the solar radiation which again results in the green
house effect. This results in the increased global mean
temperature of earth which is worsening indoor thermal
condition for human comfort. There are many ways for
maintaining the indoor thermal condition for human comfort
such as fan, desert cooler, air- conditioning equipments etc.
Thus for maintaining the thermal comfort, large amount of
electricity is required by the many countries (India is one of
them). This again results in the increased emission of CO2 due
to the burning of fossil fuel such as coal, diesel etc in the
power plants and also depletes our non-renewable energy
2. GREEN ROOF
A green roof is a roof which is covered with vegetation and
soil, planted over a waterproof layer. It is formed by placing a
number of layers such as plants, growing media, filter fabric,
drainage layer, retention layer, insulation layer, root barrier,
waterproof layer and substrate one over the other. Green roofs
are of two types: intensive and extensive. The green roofs
having substrate thickness greater than 150 mm are termed as
intensive green roof while others are termed as extensive
green roof. These green roofs have many advantages such as
thermal advantages, storm water retention, decreasing noise
pollution etc. According to the Magill et al [1], thermal
advantages are mitigation of urban heat island, enhanced
thermal insulation and increased life of roof etc.
From the previous few studies it is observed that green roof
reduces the heat gain during summer, temperature of top roof
surface, inside roof surface and inside room air. Celik et al [2]
performed experimental and theoretical analysis for insulation
properties of different green roof systems. They used 12
different green roofs in which there were three species of
sedum (sedum kamtchaticum, sedum spurium and sedum
sexangulare) and four types of growing media (Arkalyte,
Pumice, Lava and Haydite) and concluded that Haydite and
sedum sexangulare combination shows the best insulation.
Wong et al [3] performed a field measurement with six
vegetation species (Heliconia, Spider lily, Ophiopogon,
Raphis Palm, Pandanus and Erythrina) They observed that the
maximum temperature of hard surface reaches around 57oC
while the maximum temperature for the bare soil surface was
100
around 42oC and the maximum surface temperature for
planted roof was not more than 36oC. They also concluded
that bare hard surface shows heat gain of 366.3 kJ/m2, bare
soil gave heat gain of 86.6 kJ/m2 while bare soil with turf
showed heat gain of 29.2 kJ/m2.
In India, if green roofs are proposed over the RCC roof then
these will reduce the electricity consumption and save the
environment. Thus in this paper an effort has been done to
investigate the feasibility of green roof in Indian climate.
over the 0.1 m thick soil layer with organic material in the
ratio of 2:1 over a plastic sheet. Measurement of
temperatures was carried out with the help of four
temperature sensors. These temperature sensors were
measuring the temperature of top surface, bottom surface,
inside air of model and ambient air.
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION
From the literature, it has been observed that green roofs help
in the reduction of heat gain inside the building which further
reduces the temperature of top roof surface, bottom roof
surfaces and inside air of room. The place of research is
Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The most of the population of
Sultanpur is facing bad comfort condition in the summer,
particularly in the absence of electricity which availability is
very poor in this region. If the green roofs are made in this
region then the human comfort may be increased even in the
less availability of electricity. In order to check the feasibility
of green roof in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, an experimental
study is required. The green roof will be constructed on a
prototype of a room on the top floor of KNIT Sultanpur, Uttar
Pradesh, India.
4. METHODOLOGY
An experimental set up has been prepared which involves
fabrication of a model of a room, preparation of green roof,
measurement of temperature. A prototype of a room was
constructed which has dimensions of 1 m 0.5 m 0.9 m
with traditional RCC roof of thickness 0.1 m as shown in Fig.
1. There are three side walls (east, west and south walls)
which are formed with lateral single brick with mixture of
cement and maurang in the ratio of 1:3 along with water. A
layer of plaster of thickness 1 cm was placed over the brick
walls with the same mixture. The traditional RCC roof layer
was formed by the mixture of cement, maurang and aggregate
in the ratio of 1:2:2 along with water while 5.8 kg of TMT
rods were used.
Following assumptions have been considered:
101
T1 RCC (01/03/2016)
T1 RCC (02/03/2016)
T1 RCC (03/03/2016)
T1 GR (07/03/2016)
T1 GR (09/03/2016)
T1 GR (10/03/2016)
T2 RCC (01/03/2016)
T2 RCC (02/03/2016)
T2 RCC (03/03/2016)
T2 GR (07/03/2016)
T2 GR (09/03/2016)
T2 GR (10/03/2016)
38
43
36
41
Temperature (C)
34
Temperature (C)
39
37
35
32
30
28
26
24
33
22
31
20
29
Time of day (hrs)
27
Fig. 3: Variation in the inside surface temperature of
roof with respect to time on respective days
The inside room temperatures (TiRCC and TiGR) are plotted with
time (Fig.4). From Fig.4, it is observed that inside
temperatures are increasing with time with nearly same rate.
The temperatures for green roof (TiGR) were lower than that
for RCC roof (TiRCC).
TiRCC (02/03/2016)
TiRCC (03/03/2016)
TiGR (07/03/2016)
TiGR (09/03/2016)
TiGR (10/03/2016)
28
27
26
Temperature (C)
TiRCC (01/03/2016)
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
4:00
3:30
3:00
2:30
2:00
1:30
1:00
12:30
12:00
11:30
11:00
10:30
10:00
18
102
6. CONCLUSION
In this investigation, a model of room with RCC roof was
made. A green roof was developed on the RCC roof. After
recording the temperatures with RCC roof, again that were
recorded for green roof and it was observed that there is
decrease in temperature of the inside room when green roof
was present and these green roofs reduces the fluctuation in
the top roof surface temperature which increases the life of
roof.
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This investigation was supported by TEQIP II, KNIT
Sultanpur
REFERENCES
[1] Magill J. D., Midden K., Groninger J. and Therrell Ma., A
History and Definition of Green Roof Technology with
Recommendations for Future Research, Southern Illinois
University Carbondale Open SIUC, 2011.
[2] Celik S., Morgan S., Retzlaff W. and Once O., Thermal
Insulation Performance of Green Roof System, International
Green Energy Conference-vi, 2011, 076, p. 232-238.
[3] Wong N.H., Chen Y., Ong C.L. and Sia A., Investigation of
Thermal Benefits of Rooftop Garden in the Tropical
Environment, Building and Environment 38, 2003, p. 261-270.
[4] Lazzarin R.M., Castellotti F. and Busato F., Experimental
Measurements and Numerical Modeling of a Green Roof,
Energy and Buildings 37, 2005,p.1260-1267.
1. INTRODUCTION
Earths huge deposits of natural gas hydrates hold the promise
of gathering the worlds natural gas requirements far into the
21st century if they can be tapped. Currently they are at most
excellent sub economic supply, but understanding of even a
little part of their potential would afford an extremely
important innovative source of natural gas to assemble future
energy along with environmental necessities. In addition to
rich minerals, there are huge amounts of methane hydrate
underneath the sea floor. Several countries hope to develop to
become
Independent of energy imports by extraction of marine gas
hydrate deposits near their own coasts. The technology for
104
Marine(Volumes in m3)
5.25*1015
3.1*1015
7.6*1018
1.0*1016
5.71881018
Hazard Identification of Geological Storage of Co2 for Production of Methane from Permafrost Gas Reserves
Offshore drilling operation that disturb gas hydrate bearing
sediments could break or disrupt the foundation sediments as
well as compromise the wellbore, pipelines, rig supports, and
extra equipment occupied in oil and gas Production from the
seafloor[ George J et al(2006)].
3.1. Environmentalists warn of risk in extracting gas from
methane hydrate
The trillions of cubic feet of methane hydrates are available in
the ocean's floor are in geologically unbalanced regions. The
fear of extracting is one incorrect move and an underwater
landslide could send huge amounts of a particularly strong
greenhouse gas to the ocean's floor and into the atmosphere.
Tapping methane hydrate for natural gas may have an
optimistic impact on global energy making, but critics say the
potential fuel resource could have a negative impact on global
warming."Accumulating more amount of methane to the
environment is a really bad idea," said Kert Davies, research
director at Greenpeace. Even though methane remains in the
environment for a lesser time than carbon dioxide, "Rupee for
rupee, the relative impact of methane on climate change is
over 20 times better than carbon dioxide over a 100 year
term," according to the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Japan, the country making the mainly destructive push into
methane hydrate growth, will focus its efforts on
comparatively flat stretches of the seafloor off its coast. That
will reduce the probability of a landslide, according to the
Research Consortium for Methane Hydrate Resources in
Japan, a group with council from government agencies and
universities.
105
106
Atmosphere
terrestrial Biota
Marine Dissolved Materials
Terrestrial Soil
6. CONCLUSION
Almost two decades of drilling along with coring program
have decided that gas hydrates take place in large volumes in
nature. But, the structure in which these resources take place
varies generally, mostly influenced by the environment of the
enclosing sediment. As of those variations which contain gas
hydrate absorption, burial depth, and many other factors only a
division of the global in place source is potentially in principle
recoverable during the application of identified innovations.
This separation consists mainly of gas hydrates housed in sand
rich sediments. Overall reserve volume in sand reservoirs
remains as badly forced as the global in place estimates, but
may be lying on the order of 285 to more than 1400 trillion
Fossil Fuel
Hydrate
0
4000
8000
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by K.L. University who provided
expertise that greatly assisted the research. We have to express
our appreciation to the Manoj Kumar Guddala (HOD
petroleum engineering K.L. University) for sharing their
pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this research.
We are also immensely grateful to our references for their
comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. Finally, I
sincerely thank to my parents, family, and friends, who
provide the advices.
Hazard Identification of Geological Storage of Co2 for Production of Methane from Permafrost Gas Reserves
REFERENCES
[1] Kvenvolden, K.A., and Claypool G. E., Gas Hydrates in Oceanic
Sediment, in U.S. Geological Survey. 1988.
[2] IEA, World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency. 2013.
[3] Graue, A., et al., Methane Production from Natural Gas Hydrates
by CO2 Replacement - Review of Lab Experiments and Field
Trial, in SPE Bergen One Day Seminar. 2014, Society of
Petroleum Engineers.
[4] Sloan, E.D. and C. Koh, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases. 3
ed. 2008: CRC Press.
[5] Ebinuma, T., Method for dumping and disposing of carbon
dioxide gas and apparatus there for. 1993.
[6] Kvenvolden, Keith (1993). "Gas Hydrates: Geological Perspective
and Global Change" (PDF). Reviews of Geophysics 31 (2): 173.
doi:10.1029/93rg00268.
[7]MacKay, Mary; Jarrard, Richard; Westbrook, Graham;
Hyndman, Roy (May 1994). "Origin of bottom simulating
reflectors: Geophysical evidence from the Cascadia accretionary
prism" (PDF). Geology 22: 459462. doi:10.1130/00917613(1994)022<0459:oobsrg>2.3.co;2.
[8].D. Klaeschen, M. Zillmer, and J. Bialas, IFM-GEOMAR Report
20022004,
chapter
3,
http://www.ifmgeomar.de/index.php?id=3500.
[9].R. A. Duncan, H.C. Larsen, J. F. Allan, et al., Proceedings of the
Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Report164, Ocean Drilling
Program, College Station, Tex, USA, 1996.
[10].Timothy S. Collett and Scott R. Dallimore, Detailed analysis of
gas hydrate induced drilling and production hazards,
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Gas
Hydrates, Yokohama, Japan, April 19-23, 2002
[11]. George J. Moridis and Michael B. Kowalsky, Geomechanical
implications of thermal stresses on hydrate-bearing sediments,
107
After the china, USA and Russia, India is the largest Energy
Consumer.[2] But Today, India is the fifth largest energy
consumer in the world. While the world consumes 12000
million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) of energy resources,
India consumes 4.4% of the world total (524.2 mtoe). Global
consumption of primary commercial energy (coal, oil &
natural gas, nuclear and major hydro) has grown at a rate of
2.6%
1. INTRODUCTION
India is the world's second most populous country after
the People's Republic of China. India occupies 2.4 percent of
the world's land surface area and is home to 17.5 percent of
the world's population [1], for the developing countries like
India the efficient use of energy is important.
109
110
2. METHODOLOGY
The linear model which was created was solved by using the
lingo program by using the constraints like as mentioned
above.
P adjusted=
wattag
e
AC
Room Heater
Refrigerator
100
watt
incandescent
bulb
Air cooler
Water pump
Fan
Battery charger
Desktop
Computer
Table lamp
Table fan
Vacuum
cleaner
Television
Washing
machine
Water heater
INSTRUMEN
T1
INSTRUMEN
T2
INSTRUMEN
T3
1500
1000
1200
100
No. of
Total
Classificatio
Applianc wattage(kw n depends on
e
)
Energy
consumption
5
3780
A
6
3600
A
2
1747.2
A
14
1164.8
A
170
750
100
15
120
2
2
6
12
1
195.84
821.25
492.48
321.93
249.6
B
B
B
B
B
40
60
750
2
3
3
35.04
68.04
665.21
C
C
C
100
325
1
1
78
77.74
C
C
479
500
2
1
74.724
195
C
C
750
97.5
1500
195
th
Model
Cost(Rs)
Area in mm2
T1
Solar
Module(W)
4 X 80Wp
69273
4*1060*540
T2
2 X 255Wp
1,09,349
2*1000*1667
T3
3 X 255Wp
1,59,450
3*1000*1667
T4
4 X 255Wp
1,79,254
4*1000*1667
Value
45m*45m
5m*6m
14
16
111
112
websites [30][31] [32][33]. For the replacing old Ac &
Refrigerator was replaced by the new star rating ac the details
was mentioned in tables are shown in the table 4, Table 5&
table 6.
579
541
509
480
556
44250
126.97
780.36
49999
178.08
977.46
56325
221.91
1152
64521
263.01
92
130
162.
192
Energy
savings
in W
126.36
210.74
252.89
421.46
By using the above technical data and price the linear program
was solved by using the different budget the results was
shown in the table 7& table 8
Where:
Si: solar module of type Ti.
Ri: No of normal refrigerators replaced with the star rating of
refrigerator i,
Ai: No of normal Ac replaced with the Star rating of ac, i.
G: area of the normal glass replaced with double glazed glass
(m).
B: No of normal bulbs replaced with LED.
Hi: No of solar water heater installed on roof top of model i
Budget
(Rs)
S1
S2
S3
S4
R1
R2
H3
H4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
24
24
24
24
24
24
Energy
savings
(W)
8447
9586
10724
11862
13000
14138
100000
300000
500000
700000
900000
110000
0
130000
0
150000
0
170000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
24
15276
15
24
16414
15
24
17552
113
Budget
S1
S2
S3
S4
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
0
0
23
40
40
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
12
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
H3
0
0
0
0
0
0
H4
1
0
0
0
0
0
B
15
15
15
15
15
15
G
24
24
24
24
25
25
Energy
savings(w)
19256
21773
22248
22268
22268
22268
unit cost we will get the savings per year in this calculations
the cost of unit was assumed to be Rs4, and the energy savings
for a year was shown in the below tables9 for the less
investment and table10 for the high investment
Budget
(Rs)
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
Revenue
2nd year
generated
in 1st year
3rd year
4th year
5th year
6th year
7th year
8th year
9th year
10th
year
672881
760835
777434
778132
778132
778132
2018645
2282507
2332302
2334399
2334399
2334399
2691527
3043343
3109736
3112532
3112532
3112532
3364408
3804179
3887171
3890665
3890665
3890665
4037290
4565014
4664605
4668798
4668798
4668798
4710172
5325850
5442039
5446931
5446931
5446931
5383053
6086686
6219473
6225064
6225064
6225064
6055935
6847521
6996907
7003197
7003197
7003197
6728817
7608357
7774341
7781330
7781330
7781330
1345763
1521671
1554868
1556266
1556266
1556266
Table 10: Income expected to generate with years for less investment
Budget
(Rs)
100000
300000
500000
700000
900000
1100000
1300000
1500000
1700000
Revenue
generated
1st year
295171
334973
374739
414505
454272
494038
533804
573570
613337
2nd year
590343
669946
749478
829011
908544
988076
1067609
1147142
1226674
3rd year
885515
1004920
1124218
1243517
1362816
1482115
1601414
1720712
1840011
4th year
1180688
1339893
1498958
1658023
1817088
1976153
2135218
2294283
2453348
5th year
1475860
1674866
1873697
2072529
2271360
2470191
2669023
2867854
3066685
6th year
1771032
2009839
2248437
2487034
2725632
2964230
3202827
3441425
3680023
7th year
2066204
2344812
2623176
2901540
3179904
3458268
3736632
4014996
4293360
8th year
2361376
2679785
2997916
3316046
3634176
3952306
4270436
4588567
4906697
9th year
2656548
3014759
3372655
3730552
4088448
4446344
4804241
5162137
5520034
10th
year
2951720
3349732
3747395
4145057
4542720
4940383
5338045
5735708
6133371
4. CONCLUSION
After analyzing the data the budget 3500000 was optimal
decision point to investment. Because after that investment of
money was not profitable the energy savings was saturated at
that point. For the optimum budget we have to install s1 model
solar plates 40 nos should be installed and 5 star rating
refrigerators two and 5 star rating ac 4 and
Water heater of model 2 with one number, bulb 15 and
complete normal glass area should be replaced with double
glazed glass.
Future scope:
In this Research paper calculation of income the unit cost of
electricity was fixed by making the unit cost variable the
results will be accurate.
The efficiency of the appliances assumed to be constant for
all years. By considering these two new variables a set of
equations can me made which gives the accurate results.
114
REFERENCES
[1] Censusindia.gov.in. (2016). Census of India: Area And Populatio.
[online]
Available
at:
http://cseindia.org/docs/photogallery/ifs/Renewable%20Energy
%20in%20India%20Growth%20and%20Targets.pdf [Accessed
6 May 2016]
[2] Usdebtclock.org. (2016). Energy. [online] Available at:
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2016]
[3] http://ficci.in/. (2016). project _doc. [online] Available at:
http://ficci.in/sector/67/Project_docs/hydro-profile.pdf
[Accessed 6 May 2016].
[4]
Bp
,
(2016).
[online]
Available
at:
http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energyeconomics/statistical-review-2015/bp-statistical-review-ofworld-energy-2015-full-report.pdf [Accessed 6 May 2016]
[5] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). [online]
Available
at:
http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/area_and_pop
ulation.aspx [Accessed 6 May 2016].
[6] Attaining Energy Efficiency through Management of Residential
Demand -An Empirical Study of Jaipur City by Oum Kumari. R,
Dipti.S ,Volume 3 No.1, January 2013 ISSN 2224-3577
International Journal of Science and Technology
[7] Fisher, F.M., and Kanyan, C.A., 1962. A Study of Econometrics:
the Demand for Electricity in United States, North Holland
Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
[8] Wilson, J.W., 1971. Residential demand electricity, Review of
Economic Business, Vol. 11, pp. 7-19)
[9] Anderson, K.P., 1973. Residential Energy Use: an Econometric
Analysis, the Rand Corporation (R-1297-NSF).
[10] Parti, M., and Parti, C., 1980. The total and appliance-specific
conditional demand for electricity in the household sector, Bell
Journal of Economics, 11, pp. 309-321.
[11] Reddy, B.S., 1990. The Energy Sector of Metropoly of
Bangalore, Ph.D. thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
[12] Juan Y.-K., Gao P., and Wang J. A hybrid decision support
system for sustainable office building renovation and energy
performance improvement. Energy and Buildings, 42(3): 290297, 2010)
[13]Prez-Lombard L., Ortiz J., and Pout C. A review on buildings
energy consumption information. Energy and Buildings, 40(3):
394-398, 2008.
[14] Isaacs N., et al., Building Energy End-Use Study (BEES) Year
3. 2010, BRANZ
1. INTRODUCTION
At present, the world as a whole is facing a threat of depletion
of the conventional fuels. These fuels due to their high heating
values are used in almost all small and large scale industries in
various forms. Instead of their high heating values, these fuels
are also associated with numerous harmful effects in the form
of high carbon footprints and deadly air, soil and water
pollutants. The pollutants include GHGs (Green House Gases)
116
operation, these engines show a significant polluting
characteristics such as a large increase in the NOx levels than
the normal specified limit. Apart from NOx, other pollutants
such as soot particles, CO, HC etc also tend to increase with
the time of operation of these engines. Out of all the
pollutants, NOx are the most important and the least bothered
one. NOx emissions are responsible for various deadly effects
in human beings and other living organisms. The various
oxides of nitrogen are washed down to the earth in the form of
poisonous acids called as acid rain. [5]
As discussed earlier, biomass is available in plenty amount in
all the agriculture based countries, so due to the high
efficiency and low operational cost of biomass gasification, it
has become a popular technique used these days. This
technique finds its application in fixed or mobile IC engines,
furnaces, gas turbines, for the drying of cereals and beverages
like tea, coffee, etc., crematories, etc. [6] In IC engines, there
is a term called the dual fuel engine, which is a specifically
modified form of an IC engine, so that it could work using
blends of two different fuels, at least one of which is gaseous
in nature. Previous work done by some researchers has
reported that when the engine is run on the on dual fuel mode,
the gaseous fuel is able to replace a significant amount of
conventional fuel and a maximum replacement of 70% has
been reported. On dual fuel mode, there is a slight reduction in
the power output of the engine due to the lower heating value
of the gas. [7] Although a requisite amount of work can be
found in the performance characteristics of the dual fuel
engine, but the area of analysis of the emission characteristics
of the dual fuel engine is still lagging behind.
Keeping mind the gaps in the previous literature, following
objectives were made and are reported in the present work.
3. GASIFIER-ENGINE SETUP
2. GASIFICATION BASICS
Gasification is a thermochemical process in which the carbon
content of the raw material gets converted into partially
combusted products such as CO, H2, CH4, CO2 etc. along with
a mixture of some complex compounds called as tar. In
gasification, the raw materials as wood, forestry waste,
agricultural residue, sewage sludge, etc. are burned in a very
low supply of air, which creates a reducing type atmosphere in
Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine Using
Sugarcane Bagasse and Carpentry Waste Producer Gas as an Induced Fuel
117
Sugarcane bagasse
76.58
8.48
12.02
2.92
18342.65
Fibers of length <
2m.
Size (after processing)
1mm to 25mm
Moisture (before sun
>50%
drying)
Moisture (after sun
<9%
drying)
Carpentry waste
72.05
9.2
17.71
1.04
18773.60
5 20 mm
5 20 mm
<10%
<10%
Specification
Ankur
Scientific
Energy
Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Gasifier model
WBG-10
Gasifier Type
Downdraft with a throat.
Number of air inlets
2
Permissible moisture content <20%
Gas flow rate
25 Nm3/hr (Maximum)
Thermal output
30.21 kW
Typical gas composition
CO = 192%, CH4 4%, H2 =
182%, CO2 = 104%, N2 =
51%
C.V. of the producer gas 4393.2 kJ/Nm3 5439.2 kJ/Nm3
produced
Fuel Consumption
8-10 kg/hr
Specification
Kirloskar AV-1
VCRE (Variable Compression
Ratio (CI) Engine)
1
4
553 cc
3.5 kW at 1500 RPM
234mm
12 -18
Eddy current type
Cylinders
Strokes
Capacity of the engine
Maximum power
Connecting rod length
Compression ratio
Dynamometer
The engine was water cooled so the water supply was opened
before starting the engine. Water flow rate of 250 LPH and 75
LPH was supplied to the engine water jacket and the
calorimeter. The compression ratio of the engine was fixed at
16 and the loads on the engine were varied from 2 kg to 12 kg.
Air and gas flow rates were measured using two different
flowmeters having an orifice of diameter 20 mm and 15.31
mm. The maximum flow rate of the producer gas for the
sustainable engine running was 5.07 Nm3/hr..
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
Power
118
0.5
0
15
35
55
75
95
Load
4. RESULTS
20
15
Diesel fuel consumption cc/min
10
5
0
15
35
55
75
95
Load
Performance characteristics
Fig. 5 Fuel consumption variation with respect to load
Brake Power
Fig. 4 shows the respective increase in brake power with
respect to increase in the load on the engine.
Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine Using
Sugarcane Bagasse and Carpentry Waste Producer Gas as an Induced Fuel
165
130
95
60
25
15
35
55
75
95
Load
14
The first one is that due to the air deficient atmosphere, lesser
amount of fuel gets actually burnt, due to this lesser heat is
generated, so the exhaust gas is less hotter in comparison to
the exhaust gas in the pilot fuel mode. The second reason is
that the producer gas is a low C.V. gas, due to which relatively
low heat is generated, which cause the exhaust gas to get less
hotter.
NOx emissions
10
8
6
0
15
35
55
75
95
Load
The NOx emissions show an almost linear trend and the NOx
concentration in exhaust increases in both the cases but with
different slopes. In case of pilot fuel mode, it is observed that
the engine emits a greater amount of NOx as compared to the
dual fuel mode. The above stated reasons are responsible for
this trend also. The concentration of NOx emissions depends
on the temperature of the combustion chamber. As discussed
earlier, lesser amount of heat is generated in the combustion
chamber, so lesser concentrations of NOx are found in the
exhaust gas. The present work reports, a maximum reduction
of 71% in the NOx emission.
140
120
100
80
NOx (ppm)
12
200
Exhaust temperature
119
60
40
20
0
15
35
55
75
95
Load AVG.
Diesel mode
120
HC emissions
On pilot fuel mode, the engine shows relatively lower HC
emissions as compared to the dual fuel mode. The
hydrocarbon emissions follow an increasing trend in both the
modes and almost same slope is observed in both the cases.
The engine used for the experimental analysis had a constant
volumetric efficiency, i.e. it could inhale a specific quantity of
gaseous fluid at all the times. The gaseous fluid can be the
only air (pilot fuel mode) or mixture of air and producer gas
(dual fuel mode).
75
65
HC(ppm)
55
45
35
25
15
15
35
55
75
95
Load
5. CONCLUSION
From the physical observations, it is concluded that the engine
shows a smooth and sustained working. From the analysed
results, the following is concluded:
REFERENCES
[1] Arthur R, Baidoo MF, Antwi E. Biogas as a potential renewable
energy source: A Ghanaian case study. Renewable Energy
2011;36:15106. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.11.012.
[2] Svoboda K, Pohoel M, Hartman M, Martinec J. Pretreatment
and feeding of biomass for pressurized entrained flow
gasification. Fuel Processing Technology 2009;90:62935.
doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.12.005.
[3] Olugasa TT, Odesola IF, Oyewola MO. Energy production from
biogas: A conceptual review for use in Nigeria. Renewable and
Sustainable
Energy
Reviews
2014;32:7706.
doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.013.
[4] McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 3):
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63. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00120-1.
[5] Wang H, Wang L, Shahbazi A. Life cycle assessment of fast
pyrolysis of municipal solid waste in North Carolina of USA.
Journal
of
Cleaner
Production
2015;87:5119.
doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.011.
[6] Asadullah M. Biomass gasification gas cleaning for downstream
applications: A comparative critical review. Renewable and
Sustainable
Energy
Reviews
2014;40:11832.
doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.132.
[7] Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG. Comparative performance studies
of a 4-stroke CI engine operated on dual fuel mode with
producer gas and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) with
and without carburetor. Renewable Energy 2009;34:100915.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.08.005.
[8] Tinaut F V., Melgar A, Prez JF, Horrillo A. Effect of biomass
particle size and air superficial velocity on the gasification
process in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier. An experimental and
modelling study. Fuel Processing Technology 2008;89:107689.
doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.04.010.
[9] Olgun H, Ozdogan S, Yinesor G. Results with a bench scale
downdraft biomass gasifier for agricultural and forestry residues.
Biomass
and
Bioenergy
2011;35:57280.
doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.10.028.
[10] Jaojaruek K, Jarungthammachote S, Gratuito MKB,
Wongsuwan H, Homhual S. Experimental study of wood
downdraft gasification for an improved producer gas quality
through an innovative two-stage air and premixed air/gas supply
approach.
Bioresource
Technology
2011;102:483440.
doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.024.
[11] Machin EB, Pedroso DT, Proenza N, Silveira JL, Conti L, Braga
LB, et al. Tar reduction in downdraft biomass gasifier using a
primary method. Renewable Energy 2015;78:47883.
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[12] Babu B V., Sheth PN. Modeling and simulation of reduction
zone of downdraft biomass gasifier: Effect of char reactivity
factor. Energy Conversion and Management 2006;47:260211.
doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2005.10.032.
1. INTRODUCTION
The population in almost every country is increasing at a high
pace. In order to provide adequate resources the whole
population, the resource providers are now shifting on some
more efficient and preferably renewable resources. For
example, in the electricity generation department, emphasis is
laid on the use of large resources of biomass, which is
available freely or at an exceptionally low cost. Talking about
the electricity generation, there is an aspect known as rural
122
easily run on various liquid fuels and even crude oil. Due to
the high compression ratio of the diesel engine, the dual fuel
engine is preferred to be made out by modifying existing
diesel engines. At both the dual fuel mode as well as the single
fuel mode, the diesel engines respond very quickly to the
variations in the load, speed as well as to the change in the
supply and the nature of the fuel. [5]
1.1.1. Working principle: The dual fuel engine works on
diesel cycle. The gaseous fuel (primary fuel) is added to the
air inducted by the engines or supplied by the supercharger
at a pressure slightly above the atmospheric pressure. A
mixture of air and gaseous fuel is compressed in the cylinder
just like air in fuel normal diesel operation. Some point in
the compression stroke, near top dead center (TDC) a small
charge of liquid fuel called pilot fuel (secondary fuel) is
injected through a conventional diesel fuel system. This pilot
fuel injection acts as a source of injection. The gas-air
mixture in the vicinity of the injected spray ignites at a
number of places establishing a number of flame fronts.
Thus, combustion starts smoothly and rapidly. [6]
In a dual fuel engine the combustion starts in a fashion
similar to the compression ignition engine, but it propagates
by flame fronts, in a manner similar to the spark ignition
engines. The power output of the engine is normally
controlled by changing the amount of primary gaseous fuel
added to inlet manifold. The pilot oil quantity is usually kept
constant for a given engine and is about 5 to 7 percent of the
total heat of the engine at full load. Dual fuel engine is capable
of running on either gas or diesel oil or a combination of these
two over a wide range of temperature ratios. [7]
1.1.2. Factors affecting combustion in a dual fuel engine: A
large number of factors affect the combustion in a dual fuel
engine. Among them the important ones are:
3.1.1
Pilot fuel quantity: Ignition in dual fuel engine
occurs in an envelope enclosing the pilot spray and then
propagates to the rest of the charge. The pilot fuel undergoes
pre combustion reactions and releases thermal energy which
increases the temperature of the gaseous fuel and a flame
front is developed. If the amount of pilot fuel is increased
more energy will be available to the gaseous fuel and the
combustion would be very rapid resulting in an increase in
the maximum rate of pressure rise. Therefore a large
quantity of pilot fuel will result in knocking because of very
rapid rates of pressure rise. This could be stopped by
injecting lesser fuel quantity. [8]
Injection timing: The normal injection timing is within 20
to 16o BDC. Advancing the injection timing results in higher
maximum cylinder pressure and knocking occurs at a leaner
mixture. Retarding the injection timing reduces the ignition
delay, but despite this reduced ignition delay the combustion
starts only after TDC. This reduces the maximum rate of
pressure rise and also the efficiency of the engine as part of
the expansion stroke is lost without giving any useful power
Novel Investigation of Combustion and Noise Characteristics of Biomass Derived Producer Gas
Fired Modified Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine
123
Sugarcane bagasse
64.72
7.75
23.42
4.11
18489.78
Stalks of length < 2m.
1mm to 25mm
Specification
Kirloskar
AV-1
VCR (Variable Compression Ratio)
1
4
Electric start
87.5mm
110mm
553 cc
3.7 kW at 1500 RPM
234mm
12 -18
Eddy current type
185mm
124
Cooling system
20mm
Diesel alone and blends of diesel and
producer gas
Water cooling
Cylinder pressure
(bars)
Orifice diameter
Fuel
3. RESULTS
3.1 Combustion characteristics of the DFCI engine:
Diesel Mode
Cran
k
l
Novel Investigation of Combustion and Noise Characteristics of Biomass Derived Producer Gas
Fired Modified Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine
125
Crank angle
Dual Fuel Mode
Diesel Mode
3.1.3 Net heat release: In this investigation, the trend for the
net heat release was obtained for the various angles of the
crank. In both the cases, it is found that the maximum heat
is released near the TDC At an angle of 5o before TDC, an
increase in the net heat release is noted in both cases but
more in case of diesel mode. At TDC there is a sharp rise in
the net heat release and a peak value of 21.2 J/deg was
observed at 5o after TDC in diesel mode. Whereas in case of
dual fuel mode, an increase is noticed, but not as sharp as in
the case of diesel mode. The peak value of 10.43 J/deg was
observed in the case of dual fuel mode. In this investigation,
it is observed that the dual fuel mode radiates/releases heat
at a lower pace, whereas the diesel mode releases heat quite
faster. The reason for this trend is the incomplete
combustion in the case of dual fuel mode. Due to air
deficiency, the charge is not able to burn completely so the
heat release rate decreases in the dual fuel mode.
Load
Diesel mode AVG.
4. CONCLUSION:
In the experimental investigation, it was observed physically
that the engine showed a smooth operation which was self
sustained. From the present work, the following can be
concluded:
Crank angle
Diesel Mode
126
REFERENCES
[1]
11
1. INTRODUCTION
In todays Smart Hi-Tech Modern World, life is next to
impossible without electricity. Due to rapid increase in
demand of electricity, the world is going to face a grave
energy crisis in future owing to the depletion of nonrenewable energy resources [1]. Statistics reveals that per
capita electricity consumption in India has reached to
1010KWh in year 2014-15 compared to 957 KWh and 915
KWh in year 2013-14 and 2012-13, respectively. Presently, in
India, 72% of total Electricity Generation is done by nonrenewable power plants and remaining 28% by renewable
power plants [2]. These non-renewable energy sources are
limited, costly and highly environment polluting. In order to
build a sustainable society for our future generations, while
simultaneously fulfilling the needs of increased demand of
electricity, we require less dependency on fossil fuels and
alternative cheap renewable sources of energy. Although,
there exists various renewable sources of energy like wind,
solar, geothermal, tides, biomass, etc.[3-5] yet one of the
emerging, promising and practical sources of renewable
energy is a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) that harnesses the
power of bacteria to generate electricity from wastes water or
sewage. The concept of Microbial Fuel Cell started back in
1911 by M.C. Potter, a Botany professor at the University of
Durham. MFCs can be Mediated or Mediator-less [6].
Unmediated or mediator-less MFCs emerged in 1970s
whereas Mediated MFCs were first demonstrated in early 20th
century[7]. Bacteria in MFC breakdowns the organic matter
present in the waste water or sewage under anaerobic
conditions thus generating electrons and H+ ions which move
through different paths and produce electricity. Due to
degradation of organic matter, MFC simultaneously clean the
waste water or sewage. Thus, MFCs can bring down the waste
water treatment cost to negligible. The Microbial Fuel Cell,
which was a novelty in Science fair, is now a developing
reality and an ideal solution for sustainable, renewable and
carbon-neutral source of energy at reasonable cost. A
continuous research is going on to use MFCs in various
applications such as Power Generation, Biosensors,
production of Hydrogen fuel, etc. [8, 9].
128 Ajay Agarwal, Gaurav Verma, Yogesh Singh, Anjali Kumari, Sanjeev Kumar, Om Ji Agnihotri, Sushmita, Nishika Sabharwal,
Akshay Jha, Mansi Singh, Pawan Kumar, Inderbir Kaur, Ruchi Gulati Marwah, Geeta Mongia and Avinashi Kapoor
2. WORKING OF MFC
3. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Fabrication of MFC
An Approach for Electricity Generation using Microbial Fuel Cell Technology: A Green Energy Initiative
129
pH0: pH on0th day, pH5: pH on 5th dayin sample from MFC, VOCM:
Max Open Circuit Voltage
(*S1:Sample 1, Lawrence Road Industrial Area, New Delhi)
(**S2: Sample 2 (Phase I), Central Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP),
Mayapuri, New Delhi)
**S3: Sample 3(Phase II), Central Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP),
Mayapuri, New Delhi)
The BOD came in the range of 18-71mg/litre and the CFU/ml of the
sewage sample came out in the range of 3.5x106 to 5.5x109. These
values of the sewage samples were found to be suitable for use in the
MFC.
CFU/ml Measurement
DO
DO
P(Eq. 3)
pH Measurement
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
This research work was carried out at Bhaskaracharya College
of Applied Sciences under DU Innovation project (2015-16).
We are thankful to University of Delhi for providing financial
support for the project.
REFERENCES:
130 Ajay Agarwal, Gaurav Verma, Yogesh Singh, Anjali Kumari, Sanjeev Kumar, Om Ji Agnihotri, Sushmita, Nishika Sabharwal,
Akshay Jha, Mansi Singh, Pawan Kumar, Inderbir Kaur, Ruchi Gulati Marwah, Geeta Mongia and Avinashi Kapoor
[4] Gil, G.C., Chang, I.S., Kim, M., Jang, J.Y., Park, H.S.,and Kim,
H.J., Operational parameters affecting the performance of a
mediator less microbial fuel cell, Biosensors and Bioelectronics,
2003,pp.327-334.
[5] Moon, H., Chang, I.S., and Kim, B.H., Continous electricity
production from artificial wastewater using a mediator-less
microbial fuel cell. Bioresource Technology, 2006, pp.621-627.
[6] Sharma, V., and Kundu, P.P., Biocatalysts in microbial fuel
cells: A Review,Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2010, pp.
179188.
[7] Potter, M.C., Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition
of organic compounds, Proceedings of the Royal Society,1911,
pp.260-276.
[8] Zhuwei, D., Haoran, L.,andTingyue, G., A state of the art review
on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater
treatment and bioenergy, Biotechnology Advances, 2007,
pp.464-482.
[9] Rahimnejad, M., Adhami, A., Darvari, S., Zirepour, A., and Oh,
S.E., Microbial fuel cell as new technology for bioelectricity
generation: A Review, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2015,
745-756.
[10] Logan, B.E., and Regan, J.M., Microbial fuel cells: Challenges
and applications, Environmental Science & Technology, 2006,
pp.5172-5180.
[11] Jessica L., An Experimental Study of Microbial Fuel Cells for
Electricity Generation: Performance Characterization and
Capacity Improvement,Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy
System, 2013, pp.171-178.
[12] Logan, B.E., Hamelers, B., Rozendal, R., Schroder, U., Keller,
J.,Freguia, S.,Alterman, P.,Verstraete, W., and Rabaey, K.,
Critical Review- Microbial Fuel Cells: Methodology and
Technology", Environmental Science & Technology, 2006, pp.
5181-5192.
[13] Mongia, G., Kaur I.,and Marwah, R.G., Algae: Power plant of
Future, In Proceedings of National Conference on recent trends
in Future Instrumentation and Electronics, held at Shaheed
Rajguru College of Applied Science, University of Delhi on
January 5-6, 2015.
[14] Logan, B., Scaling up microbial fuel cells and other bioelectrochemical systems, Applied Microbiology and
Biotechnology, 2010, pp.1665-1671.
[15] Muralidharan, A., Babu, O.A., Nirmalraman, K., and Ramya,
M., Impact of Salt Concentration on Electricity Production in
Microbial Hydrogen Based Salt Bridge Fuel Cells, Indian
Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences,2011,
pp.178-184.
[16] Mahendra, B.G., and Mahavarkar, S., Treatment of Wastewater
and Electricity Generationusing Microbial Fuel Cell
Technology, International Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology, 2013, pp.277-282.
132
6.2.
Activity Calendar
Energy Carnival
133
6.8.
7.4.
6.7.
134
BENEFITS
12.3 Million
12,300 tones
8.3 million
140,888
193,086
1250
9.3.
Benefits to Company
Benefits to Schools
135
Benefits to Community
When the Club Enerji was launched in 2007, the team realized
that teaching school childrens requires different skill. The
teachers were recruited from an NGO to teach kids. The
external grant at the start of the initiative prompted the
company to record the savings generated due to the initiative
and thus ensuring the accountability of the money used.
Monitoring the initiative with ensuring the out-stationed
quality became a daunting task when the initiative became
national. Tata Power formulated an appropriate strategy to put
the entire structure in place. It was tedious exercise from the
point of view of conceptualization as there were no existing
examples to deploy resources, structure, monitor them, etc.
Over the years, Club Enerji has embedded proper quality
checks and developed a base of volunteer members to keep the
quality checks on the sessions through regular visits and to
make the initiative self-sustainable.
10.2. Finding Appropriate Partners
Initially, the tie-ups and partnerships with other relevant
partners proved a stumbling block for the Club Enerji team.
While looking at the partners, the team ensured that they are
not using the initiative as the platform to get into schools and
utilize it as a vehicle to sell their products. The team continues
to monitor its partner agencies regularly to ensure that the
objective of the programs is fulfilled.
10.3. Continuous Engagement of Stakeholders
Finding interesting concepts and projects to keep children
engaged in the conservation programs continues to be a major
challenge. It is imperative to inculcate new things in the
module making it innovative to motivate continually the kids
to save and sensitive.
The Club Enerji team came with the concept of giving a
particular conservation theme like afforestation, waste
management, etc. each year to tackle this challenge. The
program also needed buy-in from principals and from the
teachers who are actually driving it. The principal meet is
organized periodically to inform school administrators of the
latest happening. The mentors who perform well are
recognized in a yearly program. Such types of a program
could not succeed if the schools are required to be persuaded
again and again. When the children learn something
important, and it helps the school to save its electricity bills. It
automatically results in a multiplier effect making it a win-win
situation for all
10.4. Scaling the Initiative
136
1. INTRODUCTION
The Paris agreement on climate change is the first document
of its kind since international climate negotiations began more
138
4. WHY
NO LEGAL OBLIGATION
REGARD TO THE SET TARGET?
IN
USA himself can enter into the agreement and carry out the
climate commitments by the virtue of Clean Air Act of
1963xiii, without going for the two-third majority approval of
senate. The present Obama administration had no hope of any
such approval for the purpose of ratification by the present
republican dominated senate, in a case if such Agreement
would have created any legal obligation as a legally binding
international treaty under the constitution of USA, and in
consonance of which, the word shall was replaced by
should in Article 4 of the final draft, safeguarding the
agreement from the scrutiny of American Senate. However,
some aspects of the agreement which does not require any
such obligations will be legally binding, such as submitting an
emissions reduction target and the regular review of that goal
which was not mandatory for developing country in earlier
Kyoto protocol.
In case of India, under Article 73(1) (b) of the Constitutionxiv,
the President of India can ratify any international agreement or
treaty, however further it requires to be codified in legislation
by the Parliament exercising the power given under Article
253xv, to make it enforceable before the court of law.
DIFFERENTIATED
Paris Climate Change Agreement and the Status of Achieving the Goal of Sustainable Development:
A Legal Analysis from the Perspective of Developing Countries
139
SUSTAINABLE
The Agreement has opened the door even wider than the
Kyoto Protocol while agreeing upon opening a voluntary
carbon market to buy and sell carbon credits creating carbon
markets with financial speculations where parties can trade
carbon bonds. With this trading mechanism, developed
countries shall be allowed to buy cheap emission reduction
options, leaving even lesser option for the developing
countries. Unlike Kyoto, under the Paris Agreement,
developing countries having legal commitments through their
own INDCs will have not only to reduce their own emissions
to meet their commitments but also have to work for
reduction, to meet the obligations of developed countries, as
they can buy such reduction for their own emission. Such
mechanism with creating even more pressure on developing
countries will put the goal of achieving sustainable
development in peril as developed countries will get a carbon
market, through which they can offset their emissions, so they
will make hardly any effort towards the emission reduction
and will keep polluting more while they will buy carbon
credits from developing countries and developing countries
will keep cutting their emission to meet the target of
developed countries. Achieving the goal of sustainable
development looks hardly possible without carbon budgeting
which could have made a balance among different countries
considering the factor being developed and developing,
whereas there is no any reference to the carbon budgeting
and again developed countries are free to to disproportionally
appropriate carbon space in the future like what they have
done in past.
There may be combination of positives and negatives for
different groups of countries however the real winner without
any ambiguity at Paris are Multinational corporations and
international financial institutions for whom more business in
terms of the use of technologies and huge investments in
innovations and carbon credit market have been ensured in the
agreement.
140
This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the
date on which at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total
for at least an estimated 55 percent of the total global greenhouse gas
emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession.
Article 21 (1), The Paris Climate Change Agreement, UNFCCC,
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (2015).
ii
Article 20(1), The Paris Climate Change Agreement, UNFCCC,
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (2015).
iii
Kyoto: Why did the US pull out? BBC World Service, March 30,
(2001).
Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1248757.stm
iv
Canada pulls out of Kyoto protocol, The Guardian, Dec 13 (2011)
Available at:
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/dec/13/canada-pullsout-kyoto-protocol
v
Article 28, The Paris Climate Change Agreement, UNFCCC, 2015.
vi
This Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the
Convention, including its objective, aims to strengthen the global
response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable
development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by:
(a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well
below 2 C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit
the temperature increase to 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels,
recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts
of climate change;
Article 2 (1), The Paris Climate Change Agreement, UNFCCC,
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (2015).
vii
National pledges 'far from enough' to halt global warming: UN,
Business Insider, Nov 6, (2015).
Available at: http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-national-pledgesfar-from-enough-to-halt-global-warming-un-2015-11?IR=T
viii
Article 4.1, The Paris Climate Change Agreement, UNFCCC,
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (2015).
ix
Article 9.3, The Paris Climate Change Agreement, UNFCCC,
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (2015).
x
Article 13, The Paris Climate Change Agreement, UNFCCC,
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9 (2015).
xi
Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions, Union of Concerned
Scientists.
Available at:
http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science
/each-countrys-share-of-co2.html#.V1CrODV95dg
xii
Article II 2(2), The Constitution of USA
xiii
1. INTRODUCTION
Direct seeding of rice refers to the process of establishing a
rice crop from seeds sown in the field rather than by
transplanting seedlings from the nursery. There are three
principal methods of direct seeding of rice (DSR): dry seeding
(sowing dry seeds into dry soil), wet seeding (sowing pregerminated seeds on wet puddled soils) and water seeding
(seeds sown into standing water). Dry seeding has been the
principal method of rice establishment since the 1950s in
developing countries [1]. In the traditional transplanting
system (TPR), puddling creates a hard pan below the ploughzone and reduces soil permeability. It leads to high losses of
Sumedh R Kashiwar, Dileep Kumar, Usha R Dongarwar, Bijoya Mondal and Triyugi Nath
142
2. EXPERIENCES
Direct seeding of rice was the major method of stand
establishment for about six decades. It was replaced with
transplanting during the 1970s in most parts of the world [1].
As a result of water scarcity and labour issues, farmers are
again considering direct-seeding systems in rice production.
Yield benefits, resource conservation, varietal development
and weed management of DSR are summarized below.
2.1. Role of direct seeding
Direct-seeding methods have several advantages over
transplanting. In addition to higher economic returns, DSR
crops are faster and easier to plant, less labour intensive and
consume less water are conducive to mechanisation, generally
flower earlier leading to shorter crop duration and mature 7
10 days earlier and have less methane emissions than TPR.
Typically, DSR is established earlier than TPR without growth
delays from transplant injury; which hastens physiological
maturity and reduces vulnerability to late-season drought.
Dry-seeding on flat land or raised beds with successive
saturated soil conditions reduces the amount of water needed
for land preparation and thus overall water demand. Direct
seeding also offers the option to resolve edaphic conflicts
(between rice and the subsequent non-rice crop) and enhance
sustainability of both the ricewheat cropping system and
succeeding winter crops, particularly early sown wheat.
2.2. Seed priming
In seed priming, a pre-sowing hydration technique, seeds are
partially hydrated such that germination processes begin, but
radical emergence does not occur [8]. This technique allows
some metabolic processes to occur without actual [9]. Seed
priming techniques are a promising solution to poor stand
establishment in DSR [10]. Seed priming techniques, such as
hydro-priming on-farm priming hardening and priming with
growth promoters like growth regulators and vitamins have
been successfully employed in rice to hasten and synchronise
emergence, achieve uniform stands, and improve yield and
quality.
2.3. Yield benefits
DSR is both cost- and labour-saving, although grain yield in
DSR is comparatively less than TPR. Some reports claim
similar or even higher yields of DSR with good management
practices. For instance, substantially higher grain yield was
recorded in DSR (3 t ha 1) than TPR (2 t ha 1), which was
attributed to increased panicle number, higher 1000 kernel
weight and lower sterility percentage. Among semi-dwarf rice
cultivars (IR-56, IR-58, IR-64 and IR-29732-143-3-2-1), IR58 had superior yield when seeds were directly broadcasted
rather than nursery transplanted [11]. The DSR in moistened
soil produced taller plants, more dry matter, lower chlorophyll
Experiences, Challenges and Opportunities of Direct Seeded Rice in Bhandara District of Maharashtra
3. CHALLENGES
143
4. OPPORTUNITIES
Despite several challenges confronting DSR, many
opportunities exist to tackle these issues; some of which are
discussed below.
4.1. Management options
Management options start from the selection of a good
genotype, site selection, seedbed preparation, sowing time,
plant protection, nutrient management, through to crop
harvesting. In DSR systems, soil type, weed management and
land levelling are of primary importance. Early canopy closure
helps to reduce evaporation after crop establishment.
4.1.1. Integrated weed management
Weeds pose a serious threat to DSR by competing for
nutrients, light, space and moisture throughout the growing
season. Tillage may help to control weeds temporarily by
burying unterminated weed seeds at a depth that stops
germination; but it may allow other, once deeply buried, seeds
to germinate. An integrated approach involving cultural
practices, crop rotation, stale seedbed practices, selection of
suitable competitive varieties, and use of herbicide mixtures is
essential in response to changes in weed community structure
in DSR
4.1.2. Nutrient management
Productivity in DSR systems approaches TPR systems when
N-fertiliser is supplied at high rates. Nutrient management
practices such as deep placement and use of controlled-release
fertilisers performed well under rainfed conditions. For
efficient use of N in flooded rice production, it is important for
N to be quickly converted into NH4+ which plants should
assimilate as early as possible. With improved management,
farmers should be able to double their present average
recovery of N fertiliser to 50%. One method of maintaining
soil N as NH4+ is to add nitrification inhibitors along with the
fertilisers, which also increase NUE and crop yield. Greater
fertiliser N efficiency in rice can be achieved by using N
144
Sumedh R Kashiwar, Dileep Kumar, Usha R Dongarwar, Bijoya Mondal and Triyugi Nath
5. CONCLUSIONS
On the face of global water scarcity and escalating labour
rates, when the future of rice production is under threat, direct
seeded rice (DSR) offers an attractive alternative. A successful
transition of rice cultivation from transplanting system (TPR)
to DSR culture demands breeding of special rice varieties and
developing appropriate management strategies. Despite
controversies, if properly managed, comparable yield may be
obtained from DSR compared with TPR. As the extent and
nature of weed flora changes as a result of this transition,
sustainable integrated weed management tools must be
identified. This shift also changes the dynamics of mineral
nutrients; the availability of most microelements is reduced in
DSR. If not managed, weeds may cause partial to complete
failure of DSR crops. In DSR culture, WUE and productivity
may increase if appropriate soil types from levelled land are
selected. Methane emissions are substantially reduced in DSR,
NO2 emissions increase; methods to reduce its emission for a
safer environment are needed. Lodging and blast attack are
threats in DSR that need attention; biotechnological and
genetic approaches may help resolve these issues.
REFERENCES
[1] Pandey, S., Velasco, L., 2005. Trends in crop establishment
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[2] Pandey, S., Velasco, L.E., 1999. Economics of alternative rice
establishment methods in Asia: a strategic analysis. In: Social
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Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
[3] Pandey, S., Velasco, L., 2002. Economics of direct seeding in
Asia: patterns of adoption and research priorities. In: Pandey, S.,
Mortimer, M., Wade, L., Tuong, T.P., Lopes, K., Hardy, B.
(Eds.), Direct Seeding: Research Strategies and Opportunities.
International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
[4] Surendra, S., Sharma, S.N., Rajendra, P., Singh, S., Prasad, R.,
2001. The effect of seeding and tillage methods on productivity
of ricewheat cropping system. Soil Till. Res. 61, 125131.
[5] Kukal, S.S., Aggarwal, G.C., 2002. Percolation losses of water
in relation to puddling intensity and depth in a sandy loam rice
(Oryza sativa) field. Agric. Water Manag. 57, 4959.
[6] Bhushan, L., Ladha, J.K., Gupta, R.K., Singh, S., Tirol-Padre,
A., Saharawat, Y.S., Gathala, M., Pathak, H., 2007. Saving of
water and labor in a ricewheat system with no-tillage and direct
seeding technologies. Agron. J. 99, 12881296.
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Perspectives for the 21st Century, Proceedings of the World Rice
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Laar, H.H., 1991. Concepts for a new plant type for direct
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38.
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145
1. INTRODUCTION
In ancient times the water cycle was properly going on but due
to the interruption of mankind the Ground water level is going
down and down. It was difficult to imagine few years before
that you will require to buy drinking water but now we need to
buy it everywhere we travel. Today Fresh water is a scarce
resource, and it is being felt the world over. More than 2000
million people would live under conditions of high water
stress by the year 2050, according to the UNEP (United
Nations Environment Programme), which warns water could
prove to be a limiting factor for development in a number of
regions in the world. About one-fifth of the worlds population
lacks access to safe drinking water and with the present
consumption patterns; two out of every three persons on the
earth would live in water-stressed conditions by 2025. Around
one-third of the world population now lives in countries with
moderate to high water stresswhere water consumption is
more than 10% of the renewable fresh water supply, said the
GEO (Global Environment Outlook) 2000, the UNEPs
millennium report. Actually water harvesting means a system
that collects rainwater from where it falls doesnt allow it to
drain out. It may include water that is collected within the
boundaries of a property, from roofs, agriculture land and
surrounding surfaces. Various ways of harvesting water:
147
= 40.8 cum
= 40,800 liters
Diameter
of pipe in
(mm)
50
65
75
100
125
150
50
50
13.4
24.1
40.8
85.4
13.4
200
3.3
6.0
10.2
21.3
40.0
62.7
3.3
Filters
Charcoal Filter
A proportionate layer of Gravel + Charcoal + Sand + Gravel ,
are used as filter.
Sand Filter
Easy to construct and inexpensive. Filters can be employed for
treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity (suspended
particles like silt and clay), colour and microorganisms. In a
simple sand filter that can be constructed domestically, the top
layer comprises coarse sand followed by a 5-10 mm layer of
gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of gravel.
Storage tanks: Storage tank for the Harvested rain water and it
is usable in Domestic, Animal and for Gardening purpose. For
designing the optimum capacity of the tank following aspect
have to be considered:
Average Annual rainfall
Size of the catchment
Drinking water requirements
Suppose the system has to be designed for meeting the
meeting drinking water requirement of a 5 member family
living in a building with a roof top area of 100 Sqm. Average
annual rainfall is 600 mm. Daily drinking & cooking water
requirement / person is 10 Liters .
We shall first calculate the maximum amount of rainfall that
can be harvested from roof top.
Area of roof top = 100 Sqm.
Average annual rainfall = 600 mm.
The tank capacity has to be designed for dry period i.e. the
period between two consecutive rainy seasons. With monsoon
extending over 4 months the dry season is of 245 days has
been considered.
Drinking water requirement for family for dry season 245 x 5
x 10 = 12,250 litres.
As a safety factor , the water tank should be built 20 % larger
than required i.e. 14700 litres = (1.2 x 12,250)
This tank meet the basic meet drinking & cooking water
requirement of a 5member family for the day period.
Over flow connection: There should be a overflow connection
for avoiding overflow condition during excess/heavy rainfall.
Overflow connection should be opened on a Canal or in a
Sloppy region of the particular area.
Cost of installation
Estimated average cost of installing a Water Harvesting
System for :
An individual house of average area of 300-500 m2, the
average cost will be around Rs. 20,000-25,000. A recharge
well will be constructed near the existing bore well. The roof
water through PVC pipe will be diverted to recharge well.
An apartment building, the cost will be less since the many
people will share the cost. More over in apartments there are
separate storm water drains, which join the MCD drains in the
main road. Here along with recharge well, recharge trench and
percolation pits can be constructed. The cost will be around 60
to 70 thousand
A colony, the cost will be much less. For instance, around 36
recharge wells were installed at the cost of 8 lakh, which is
around Rs 500-600 per house. In many colonies storm water
drains are present but it is difficult to isolate them from
sewage drains because there has been violation of the drainage
master plan. Also, these drains are not properly maintained.
Hence, care needs to be taken while using storm water for
water harvesting. Rooftop harvesting is preferred because the
silt load is less. In storm water drain the silt load is high and
generally the municipality does not maintain the storm drains
properly.
An institution with campus, the cost was around 4 lac. Here
two recharge wells and three trenches cum percolation pits
were constructed.
Sumedh R Kashiwar, Usha R Dongarwar, Bijoya Mondal and Manik Chandra Kundu
148
from the year 2003 they receive 50000 liters of water nonstop
every day.
Conclusion:
Sustaining and recharging the groundwater along with
judicious use of the limited fresh water resources is the need
of the hour. One of the most logical steps towards this goal
would be acknowledging the importance of rainwater
harvesting. It can be concluded from above findings that
rainwater, if conserved and utilized using the rainwater
harvesting technology, can be an effective tool of replenishing
ground water resources.
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AbstractClean Energy is central to achieving sustainable social and economic development. It is not possible to achieve
economic growth to satisfy current basic needs of Humanity without an intensive use of energy. On the other side, one of the
main challenges for the use of energy is the negative effects of greenhouse gases on the global climate. Agricultural implements
industries are highly energy intensive. Some of these industries are: John Deere, Mahindra & Mahindra, Massey Ferguson,
Escorts and Preet. Many of these industries use fossil fuel as energy source and release green house gases. There is a need to
use clean energy resources in agriculture implements for the preservation of our environment and natural resources.
This paper presents a frame work of clean energy technology for sustainable development with input-output framework. The
industry chosen for this study is the New Holland industry situated in India. The New Holland is a global brand of agricultural
machinery produced by CNH Industrial. New Holland agricultural products include tractors, combine harvesters, balers.
Forage harvesters, self-propelled sprayers, haying tools, seeding equipment, hobby tractors, utility vehicles and implements, as
well as grape harvesters. The original New Holland Machine Company was founded in 1895 in New Holland, Pennsylvania; it
was acquired by a couple of companies and finally by Fiat in 1991, becoming a full line producer. New Holland launched the
clean Energy Leader strategy for the active promotion of renewable fuels, emission reduction of green house gases and
sustainable agriculture technology.
Keywords: Clean energy; Agriculture; New Holland; Green House Gases; Sustainable Development; Renewable Fuels; Global
Climate