/83

Share

Related

Microwave Link Design35327 views

Microwave link design6521 views
Training on microwave communication5731 views
Digital microwave communication principles5810 views
Transmission fundamentals3318 views
52528672 microwave-planning-and-design4682 views
FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE RADIO
COMMUNICATION FOR IP AND TDM6868 views
LOS Survey2331 views
Microwave Transmission24186 views
GSM , RF & DT3254 views
Rf survey3847 views
Microwave Engineering Microwave Networks What are
Microwaves?3385 views
LONG HAUL MULTI-GIGABIT MICROWAVE: A NEW
APPROACH3863 views
Microwave bani1493 views
Microwave Antenna3818 views
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Microwave Radio
Communication3854 views
Drive Test6899 views
Microwave link communication system1237 views
Mw presentation 12196
views
Satelli
te Microwave18054 views
Rf
survey2244 views
Microwave radio relay systems5513 views
Lecture notes microwaves7193 views
Basic knowledge of antenna and antenna selection3470
views
Microwaves1701 views
Microwaves presentation6651 views
Long distance wireless link7994 views
Microwave rizwan1383 views

 Link budget calculation479

views
Terrestrial Microwave Link
Design1707 views

Planning a microwavelink970 views

Microwave Transmission For A Hassle-Free
Communication178 views
2) ethernet on mini link1153 views
Routing over ericsson mini link11255 views
Gsm system antenna2596 views
39920685 rf-survey1065 views
The Evolution of Microwave Communications13980
views
Improving Microwave
Capacity4308 views
Opti x
rtn 910950980 hardware
description wind5325 views
Different types of antenna
by shakir8408 views
Point to point
microwave
Follow
by nandkishorsuman
on Aug 26, 2010
inShare5

38,570views

Point to point microwave

Show more
11 comments
20 Likes
15 of 11 comments nextPost a comment
kofi narnor , telecom engineer at
M-P INFRASTRUCTUREThanks,
that's detail informative slides and
has helped me a lot.8 months ago

kwameaduFantastic job very

good material1 year ago

Tola IbironkeVery

Informative...1 year ago

 Tawose Timothyvery
useful.please kindly include
download link to enable quick
download.
thanks1 year ago

Radeckiits good1 year ago

Subscribe to commentsPost Comment

Point to point microwavePresentation Transcript

1. Point To Point Microwave Transmission
2. Contents
Microwave Radio Basics
Radio Network Planning Aspects
Radio Network Planning Process
Radio wave Propagation
Link Engineering & Reliability
Interference Analysis
PtP MW Transmission Issues
Useful Formulae
3. What is Transport ?
Transport is an entity that carries information between Network Nodes
Information is sent over a carrier between Network Nodes.
Carrier is sent over a Transmission Media
Commonly used Transmission Media :
Copper Cables

 Microwave Radio
Optical Fiber
Infra Red Radio
4. Microwave Radio Basics
Basic Modules
Configuration
Applications
Advantages
5. Microwave Radio - Modules
Microwave Radio Terminal has 3 Basic Modules
Digital Modem : To interface with customer equipment and to convert
customer traffic to a modulated signal
RF Unit : To Up and Down Convert signal in RF Range
Passive Parabolic Antenna : For Transmitting and Receiving RF Signal
Two Microwave Terminals Forms a Hop
Microwave Communication requires LOS
6. Basic Hardware Configurations
Non Protected or 1+ 0 Configuration
Protected or 1+1 Configuration, also known as MHSB
In MHSB Modem and RF Unit are duplicated
7. Microwave Radio Capacity Configurations
Commonly Used Capacity Configurations
4 x 2 Mbps or 4 x E1
8 x 2 Mbps or 8 x E1
16 x 2 Mbps or 16 x E1
155 Mbps or STM1

 8. Microwave Radio - Applications

As Transport Medium in
Basic Service Networks
Mobile Cellular Network
Last Mile Access
Private Networks
9. Microwave Radio Advantages
Advantages over Optical Fiber / Copper Cable System
Rapid Deployment
Flexibility
Lower Startup and Operational Cost
No ROW Issues
Low MTTR
10. Microwave Radio - Manufacturers
Few well known Radio Manufacturers
Nokia
Nera
NEC
Siemens
Digital Microwave Corporation
Fujitsu
Ericsson
Alcatel
Hariss
11. Microwave Network Planning Aspects
Network Architecture

 Route Configuration
Choice of Frequency Band
12. Network Architecture
Common Network Architectures
Spur or Chain
Star
Ring
Mesh
Combination of Above
13. Spur Architecture B C D E A
For N Stations N-1 Links are required
Nth station depends on N-1 Links
Spur Architecture
14. Star Architecture
For N Stations N-1 Links are required
Each Station depends on Only 1 Link
B C D E A Star Architecture
15. Loop Architecture
For N Stations N Links are required
Route Diversity is available for all stations
B C D E A Loop Architecture
16.
Loop protection is effective against faults, which are caused by e.g.
power failure
equipment failure
unexpected cut of cable

 human mistake
rain and multipath fading cutting microwave radio connections
17. BTS DN2 or METROHUB MW RADIO SINGLE MODE MW LINK HSB
MODE MW LINK COPPER CONNECTION Figure 2. Primary solution where loop
masters (DN2) are co- located in the BSC. To Next BSC To Next BSC BSC
18. Figure 3. Solution of using remote loop master (DN2) co-located in a remote
BTS To Next BSC To Next BSC BSC BTS DN2 or METROHUB MW RADIO
SINGLE MODE MW LINK HSB MODE MW LINK COPPER CONNECTION
19. Mesh Architecture
Each Station is Connected to Every Other
Full Proof Route Protection
For N sites (Nx2)-1
C D E A Mesh Architecture B
20. Typical Network Architecture B G D E I Typical Architecture J F A C
Typical Network Consist of Rings and Spurs
21. Network Routes & Route Capacities
Inter- City routes - Backbone
Backbone routes are planned at Lower Frequency Bands
2, 6 and 7 GHz Frequency Bands are used
Backbone routes are normally high capacity routes
Nominal Hop Distances 25 40 Km
Intra City routes - Access
Access routes are planned at Higher Frequency Bands
15,18 and 23 GHz Frequency Bands are used
Nominal Hop Distance 1 10 Km
22. Frequency Bands
Frequency Band 7, 15, 18 and 23 GHz are allowed to Private Operators for
deployment in Transport Network

 15,18 and 23 GHz bands are used for Access Network

7 GHz band is used for Backbone Network
Different Channeling Plans are available in these bands to accommodate
different bandwidth requirements
Bandwidth requirement is decided by Radio Capacity offered by the
Manufacturer
23. Microwave Propagation
24. Free Space Propagation
Microwave Propagation in Free Space is Governed by Laws of Optics
Like any Optical Wave , Microwave also undergoes
Refraction
Reflection
25. Free Space Propagation - Refraction
Ray bending due to layers of different densities
Bent Rays In Atmosphere
26. Free Space Propagation - Refraction
In effect the Earth appears elevated
Earth elevation is denoted by K Factor
K Factor depends on Rate of Change of Refractivity with height
K= 2/3 Earth appears more elevated
K= 4/3 Earth appears flatter w.r.t K=2/3
K= Ray Follows Earth Curvature
27. Free Space Propagation - Refraction Effect of Refractivity Change K = 2/3
Actual Ground K = 4/3
28.
Microwaves are reflected over
Smooth Surfaces

 Water Bodies
Reflected Signals are 180 out of phase
Reflection can be a major cause of outages
Link needs to be planned carefully to avoid reflections
Free Space Propagation Reflections
29. RF Propagation Reflections
Reflections can come from ANYWHERE - behind, under, in-front
6 cm difference can change Path geometry
30. Fresnel Zone
The Fresnel zone is the area of space between the two antennas in which
the radio signal travels.
For Clear Line of Sight Fresnel Zone Should be clear of obstacles
It is depands on Distance and Frequency
31. FRESNEL ZONES 1st Fresnel Zone Mid Path
32. FRESNEL ZONE CLEARANCES 1 ST Fresnal Zone = 17.3
(d1*d2)/f(d1+d2) d1 = Distance in Kilometers from Antenna A to mid point d2 =
Distance in Kilometers from Antenna B to mid point f = Frequency in GHz A d1 d2
B
33. RF propagation First Fresnel Zone
34. RF propagation Free space versus non free space
Non-free space
Line of sight required
Objects protrude in the fresnel zone, but do not block the path
Free Space
Line of sight
No objects in the fresnel zone
Antenna height is significant
Distance relative short (due to effects of curvature of the earth)

 35. FRESNEL ZONE & EARTH BULGE D 2 /8 Earth Bulge Height = D 2 /8 +

43.3 D/4F 43.3 D/4F 60% first Fresnel Zone D = Distance Between Antennas
H
36. Midpoint clearance = 0.6F + Earth curvature + 10' when K=1 First Fresnel
Distance (meters) F1= 17.3 [(d1*d2)/(f*D)] 1/2 where D=path length Km,
f=frequency (GHz) , d1= distance from Antenna1(Km) , d2 = distance from Antenna
2 (Km) Earth Curvature h = (d1*d2) /2 where h = change in vertical distance from
Horizontal line (meters), d1&d2 distance from antennas 1&2 respectively
Clearance for Earths Curvature
13 feet for 10 Km path
200 feet for 40 Km path
Fresnel Zone Clearance = 0.6 first Fresnel distance (Clear Path for Signal at mid
point)
30 feet for 10 Km path
57 feet for 40 Km path
RF Propagation Antenna Height requirements Earth Curvature Obstacle Clearance
Fresnel Zone Clearance Antenna Height Antenna Height
37. Microwave Network Planning Process
Design Basis
Line of Sight Survey
Link Engineering
Interference Analysis
38. N N Y Y RF Nominal Planning (NP)/ Application for Frequency License
Define BSC Borders Estimate BSC Locations Preliminary Transmission Planning and
LOS Checking for possible BSCs Finalize BSC Locations Microwave Link Planning
and LOS Checking for BTSs Update LOS Reports, Frequency Plan, Planning
Database, Equipment Summary Customer to apply SACFA based on Nokia Technical
Inputs Change BTS Prime Candidate? Change BTS Prime Candidate? Figure 1.
Microwave Link Planning Process Planning Process
39. Design Basis
Choice of Radio Equipment
Fresnel Zone Clearance Objectives

 Availability / Reliability Objectives

Interference Degradation Objectives
Tower Height & Loading Restrictions
40. Microwave Network Planning Process
Map Study for feasibility of Line of Sight and Estimating Tower Heights
Actual Field Survey for refining map data and finalizing Antenna Heights
Link Power Budgeting & Engineering
Frequency and Polarization Assignments
Interference Analysis (Network Level)
Final Link Engineering (Network Level)
41. Map Study
SOI Maps are available in different Scales and Contour Intervals
1:50000 Scale Maps with 20 M Contour Interval are normally used for
Map Study
Sites are Plotted on Map
Contour values are noted at intersections
Intersection with Water Bodies is also noted
AMSL of Sight is determined by Interpolation
42. Map Study
Vegetation height (15-20m) is added to Map Data
Path Profile is drawn on Graph for Earth Bulge Factor (K) =4/3 and 2/3
Fresnel Zone Depths are Calculated & Plotted for Design Frequency Band
Antennae Heights are Estimated for Design Clearance Criteria
43. Field Survey
Equipment Required Data Required
GPS Receiver - Map Study Data

 Camera
Magnetic Compass
Altimeter
Binocular / Telescope
Flashing Mirror
Flags
Inclinometer
Balloon Set
Measuring Tapes
44. Field Survey
Field Survey
Map Data Validation
Gathering Field inputs (Terrain Type, Average Tree/Obstacle Height,
Critical Obstruction etc.)
Line of Sight Check, if feasible ,using flags, mirror
Data related to other stations in the vicinity , their coordinates, frequency
of operation, antenna size, heights, power etc.
Proximity to Airport / Airstrip with their co-ordinates
Field inputs are used to refine existing path profile data , reflection point
determination, reflection analysis
45. RF propagation Environmental conditions
Line of Sight
No objects in path between antenna
a. Neighboring Buildings
b. Trees or other obstructions
Interference
c. Power lines

 46. Fading
Phenomenon of Attenuation of Signal Due to Atmospheric and
Propagation Conditions is called Fading
Fading can occur due to
Refractions
Reflections
Atmospheric Anomalies
47. Fading
Types of Fading
Multipath Fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Rain Fading
48. Multipath Fading
Multipath fading is caused due to reflected / refracted signals arriving at
receiver
Reflected Signals arrive with
Delay
Phase Shift
Result in degradation of intended Signal
Space Diversity Radio Configuration is used to Counter Multipath Fading
49. Frequency Selective Fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Due to Atmospheric anomalies different frequencies undergo different
attenuation levels
Frequency Diversity Radio Configuration is used to Counter Frequency
Selective Fading
50. Rain Fading
Frequency Band > 10 GHz are affected due to Rain as Droplet size is

comparable to Wavelengths
Rain Fading Occur over and above Multipath and Frequency Selective
Fading
Horizontal Polarization is more prone to Rain Fades
Path Diversity / Route Diversity is the only counter measure for Rain Fade
51. Drop Shape and Polarization 2.0mm 1mm 1.5mm 2.5mm As raindrops
increase in size, they get more extended in the Horizontal direction, and therefore will
attenuate horizontal polarization more than vertical polarization
52. Fade Margin
Margin required to account for Fading Fade Margin
Higher Fade Margin provide better Link Reliability
Fade Margin of 35 40 dB is normally provided
53. Link Engineering & Reliability
Link Budgeting
Reliability Predictions
Interference Analysis
54. Hop Model Outdoor Unit Station B Indoor Unit Traffic Outdoor Unit Station
A Indoor Unit Traffic
55. Link Power Budget Received Signal Level = R xl R xlB = T xA L A + G A
F l + G B L B Where T XA = Trans Power Station A L A = Losses at Station A
(Misc.) G A = Antenna Gain at Station A F l = Free Space Losses G B = Antenna Gain
at Station B L B = Losses at Station B R xlB = Rx. Level at Station B R XL must be >
Receiver Sensitivity always
56. Link Power Budget Receiver Sensitivity
Lowest Possible Signal which can be detected by
Receiver is called Receiver Sensitivity or Threshold
Threshold Value is Manufacturer Specific
Depends on Radio Design
Higher (-ve) Value Indicates better Radio Design

 57. Link Engineering

Software Tools are used
Inputs to the tool
Sight Co-ordinates
Path Profile Data
Terrain Data & Rain Data
Equipment Data
Antenna Data
Frequency and Polarization Data
Tool Output
Availability Prediction
58. RF propagation Simple Path Analysis Concept (alternative) WP II PC Card
pigtail cable Lightning Protector RF Cable Antenna WP II PC Card pigtail cable
Lightning Protector RF Cable Antenna + Transmit Power - LOSS Cable/connectors +
Antenna Gain + Antenna Gain - LOSS Cable/connectors RSL ( receive signal level) +
Fade Margin = sensitivity - Path Loss over link distance Calculate signal in one
direction if Antennas and active components are equal
59. Link Engineering Interference
Interference is caused due to undesirable RF Signal Coupling
Threshold is degraded due to interference
Degraded Threshold results in reduced reliability
60. Link Engineering Interference
Examples of Undesirable RF Couplings
Finite Value of XPD in Antenna is the Prime Cause
Solution : Use of High Performance Antenna
F 1 H V Cross Poler Coupling
61. Link Engineering Interference
Examples of Undesirable RF Coupling

 Receiver Filter Cut-off is tappered

Solution : Use Radio with better Specifications
F 2 Adjacent Channel F 1
62. Link Engineering Interference
Examples of Undesirable RF Coupling
Finite value of FTB Ratio of Antenna is Prime Cause
Solution : Antenna with High FTB Ratio
Front to Back T : Hi R : Low T : Hi R : Low T : Low R : Hi T : Low R : Hi
63. Link Engineering Interference
Examples of Undesirable RF Coupling
Solution : Choose Antenna Heights such a way there is no LOS for over
reach
Over Reach T : Low R : Hi T : Hi R : Low T : Hi R : Low T : Low R : Hi T : Low
R : Hi T : Hi R : Low
64. Link Engineering Interference
Interference is calculated at Network Level
Interference due to links
Within Network
Outside Network (Links of other Operators)
Interfering Signal degrades Fade Margin
Engineering Calculation re-done with degraded Fade Margin
65. Link Engineering Interference
Counter Measures
Avoid Hi-Lo violation in loop
Frequency Discrimination
Polarization Discrimination
Angular Discrimination

 High Performance Antennae

Lower Transmit Power , if possible
66.
DN2 PORT ALLOCATION:
ET (Exchange Terminal) Port DN2 Port DN2 to Network connection
DN2 to BSC Connection
P20 P18
P16 P14 P12 P10 P8 P6 P4 P2 P19 P17 P15 P13 P11 P9 P7 P5 P3 P1
DN2 20 Port
67. BTS4 ET33
STANDARD MICROWAVE RADIO FIU 19 TRIBUTARY
ALLOCATION FOR LOOP PROTECTION
BSC DN2 2 BTS7 BTS6 BTS5 BTS3 BTS2 BTS1 BTS8 ET32 ET33 ET34 ET32
ET34 ET35 ET35
68. FIU 1 FIU2 FB1 FB2 FB1 FB2 LOOP 1 LOOP2
Loop Protection with Hardware Protection
69. PtP Microwave Transmission - Issues
Link Performance is Seriously Affected due to
Atmospheric Anomalies like Ducting
Ground Reflections
Selective Fading
Excessive Rains
Interferences
Thunderstorms / High Winds causing Antenna Misalignment
Earthing
Equipment Failure
70. Some Useful Formulae
71. Link Budget Rx B A B +GA +GB -Lfs-Arain B Rain fs A A B G A L G Tx Rx
+Tx A

 72. d=1km ---> L = 124 dBm d=2km ---> L = 130 dBm d=1km ---> L = 121 dBm
d=2km ---> L = 127 dBm 39 GHz 26 GHz Examples Free Space Loss d = distance in
kilometers f = frequency in GHz
73. RF Propagation Basic loss formula
Propagation Loss
d = distance between Tx and Rx antenna [meter]
P T = transmit power [mW]
P R = receive power [mW]
G = antennae gain
Pr ~ 1/f 2 * D 2 which means 2X Frequency = 1/4 Power 2 X Distance = 1/4
Power
74. Useful Formulae Earth Bulge
Earth Bulge at a distance d1 Km
= d1 * d2 / (12.75 * K) Meter
Where d2 = (d d1) Km (d Km Hop Distance)
K = K Factor
75. Useful Formulae Fresnel Zone
N th Fresnel Zone Depth at a distance d1 Km
= N * 17.3 * ( (d1*d2) / (f * d) ) 1/2 Meter
Where d2 = (d d1) Km
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
N = No. of Fresnel zone (eg. 1 st or 2 nd )
76. Tower Height Calculation : Th = Ep + C + OH + Slope Ea C = B1 + F Slope
= (( Ea Eb) d1)/ D F = 17.3 ((d1xd2)/f X D) -1/2 B = (d1 x d2) / (12.75 x K )
Where, Th = Tower Height Ep = Peak / Critical Obstruction C = Other losses B1 =
Earth Buldge F = Fresnel Zone OH = Overhead Obstruction Ea= Height of Site A
Eb= Height of Site B d1= Dist. From site A to Obstruction d2= Dist. From site B to
Obstruction D = Path Distance f= Frequency K= 4/3 d1 d2 Ea Ep Eb

 77. Useful Formulae Antenna Gain

Antenna Gain
= 17.6 + 20 * log 10 (f *d) dBi See Note
Where d= Antennae Diameter in Meter
f= Frequency in GHz
Note # Assuming 60% Efficiency
78. Useful Formulae Free Space Loss
Free Space Loss
F l = 92.4 + 20 * log 10 (f *d) dB
Where
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
79. Useful Formulae Geo Climatic Factor
Geo Climatic Factor
G = 10 T * (P l ) 1.5
Where T= Terrain Factor
= 6.5 for Overland Path Not in Mountain
= 7.1 for Overland Path in Mountain
= 6.0 for Over Large Bodies of Water
P l = P l factor
80. Useful Formulae System Gain
System Gain = (Transmit Power + ABS(Threshold) ) dB
Fade Margin = FM = (Nominal Received Signal Threshold) dB
Path Inclination = ABS ((h 1 + A 1 ) (h 2 + A 2 ) ) / d
Where h1 = Ant. Ht. At Stn A AGL Meter
h2 = Ant. Ht. At Stn B AGL Meter A1 = AMSL of Stn A Meter

 A2 = AMSL of Stn B Meter

d = Hop Distance in KM
81. Useful Formulae Fade Occurrence Factor
Fade Occurrence Factor =
= G * d 3.6 *f 0.89 * (1+ ) -1.4
Where G = Geo Climatic Factor
d = Hop Distance in Km
f = Frequency in GHz
= Path Inclination in mRad
82. Useful Formulae Outage Probability
Worst Month Outage Probability (One Way) % = O WM
O WM % = * 10 (FM/10)
Annual Unavailability (One Way) % = O WM * 0.3
Assuming 4 Worst Months in a Year
Annual Availability (Two Way) % = 100-(O WM *0.3*2)