Modul6 Antennarelatedequipments 131010061500 Phpapp01

GSM-GPRS Operation
Antenna And Equipment

Related
Module 6
Outline
Base station antenna

specification and
meanings
Antenna types and
trends
Antenna Type And
Developments
Other Elements
kris.sujatmoko@gmail.com
BTS Logic Structure
Um
interface
MS
Antenna & feeder

subsystem
RF
subsystem
Baseband
subsystem
Abis
interface
BSC
-48V/+24V
Power supply
subsystem
3
Antennas
Categories
Omnidirectional antennas
radiation patterns is constant in the

horizontal plain
useful in flat rural areas
Directional antennas
concentrate main energy into certain

direction
larger communication range
useful in cities, urban areas, sectorised
sites
4
Sector A
SectorA
Antenna
SectorA
RF Antenna and Feeder
Inner
cable
Jumper
Feeder
RXD
TX/RX
MANT
Jumper
BTS cabinet
5
Antennas - Antenna Gain
Measures the antennas capability to transmit/extract energy

to/from the propagation medium (air)
Antenna gain depends on
dB over isotropic antenna (dBi)

dB over dipole (dBd)
mechanical size: A
effective antenna aperture area: w
frequency band
Antenna Gain:
4
Aw
2
Equivalent isotropic
radiated power:
EIRP = Pt+Gain(Dbi)
Isotropic radiated Power
Gain
(Dbi)
Pt
radiated
power
Technical Data
B la h blah
b la h b l a h
Antenna Properties
Electrical properties
Operation Frequency Band

Input impedance
VSWR
Polarization
Gain
Radiation Pattern
Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth
Downtilt
Front/back ratio
Sidelobe suppression and null filling
Power capability
3rd order Intermodulation
Insulation
Mechanical properties
Size
Weight
Radome material
Appearance and color
Working temperature
Storage termperature
Windload
Connector types
Package Size
Lightening
8
GSM-GPRS Operation
Antenna Electrical
properties
Dipoles
Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
1/4 Wavelength
1/2 Wavelength
Dipole
1800MHz 166mm
900MHz 333mm
10
1 dipole (received power) 1mW
Multiple dipole matrix

Received power 4 mW
GAIN = 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd
11
Antenna
(Overlook
Omnidirectional array
Received power 1mW
Sector antenna
Received power 8mW
Gain = 10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi
12
Frequency Range
GSM
900 : 890-960MHz
GSM 1800 : 1710-1880MHz
GSM dual band : 890-960MHz &
1710-1880MHz
eg.824-960MHz
CDMA2000
1710-1900MHz
1x
13
Impedance
50
Antenna
Cable
50 ohms
50 ohms
14
VSWR
Forward: 10W
50 ohms
Backward: 0.5W
80
ohms
9.5 W
Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
15
1.5
=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1)
RL=-20lg
16
Polarization
Vertical
+ 45degree slant
Horizontal
- 45degree slant
17
V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)
Slant (+/- 45)
18
Linear,vertical
45dual
linear 45 slant
19
dBd and dBi
Ideal radiating dot source

(lossless radiator)
2.15dB
eg:
0dBd = 2.15dBi
Dipole
20
Pattern
21
Beamwidth
3dB Beamwidth
10dB Beamwidth
Peak - 3dB
60 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 3dB
Peak - 10dB
120 (eg)
Peak
Peak - 10dB
22
3dB Beamwidth Horizontal
Directional Antenna 65/90/105/120 Omni 360
23
3dB Beamwidth Vertical

Directional
Omni-directional
24
Downtilt
Mechanical down tilt
Fixed electronic down tilt
Adjustable electronic down
tilt
25
Demonstration of Electronic Downtilt
26
Non down tilt
Electronic downtilt
Mechanical
downtilt
27
Electronic and mechanical downtilt
28
Antenna Downtilit Whats goal ?
29
Antenna Downtilt Consideration
30
Front to back ratio

Ratio
of maximum
mainlobe to maximum
sidelobe
Back power
Front power
F/B = 10 log(FP/BP)
typically 25dB
31
Upper Side lobes Suppression & Null Fill
32
Sidelobes
(dB)
(dB)
33
34
Permitted Power
Continuous
peak
:25-1500 watts
:n2p
35
Third Order Intermodulation
IMD@243dBm
f
, f2, 2f1-f2, 2f2-f1
913MHz,936MHz,959MHz,982MHz
36
Intermodulation
Intermodulasi
Terjadi akibat penguatan

sistem yang non linier
Hanya orde ke-3 dan
kadang-kadang orde ke-5
yang signifikan
Sinyal dengan amplituda
yang sama menghasilkan
level IM yang sama pada
frek tinggi dan rendah
Sinyal dengan amplituda
berbeda memberikan
level IM yang berbeda
pula
Untuk mencegah
intermodulasi,penguat
dioperasikan pada
penguatan bukanmaksimum
37
Intermodulation
Intermodulasi
vi A cos At
B cos B t
vo avi bvi
Penguat
Non-linier
Komp. Orde 1 :
diharapkan linier
Komp. Orde 2 : frek 2
diredam oleh filter
Komp. Orde 3 : frek 3
diredam dengan filter
cvi
Yang bermasalah :
2 A B , 2B A
Komponen yang lain

amplituda kecil
38
Isolation
10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB
1000mW ( 1W)
1mW
39
10 Simple Guidelines for RF Safety
All personnel should have EME awareness training

All personnel entering the site must be authorized
Obey all posted signs
Assume all antennas are active
Before working on antennas, notify owners and disable appropriate
transmitters
Maintain minimum 3 feet clearance from all antennas
Do not step in front of antennas
Use personal RF monitors while working near antennas
Never operate transmitters without shields during normal operation
Do not operate base station antennas inside equipment rooms
40
Radome Material
PVC,
Fiberglass
Anti-temperature, water-proof,
anti-aging, weather resistant
41
Colour
Good-looking,
environmentprotecting
42
43
GSM-GPRS Operation
Antenna Types and Development
Antenna Types
By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800
By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear
polarization, circle polarization
By pattern:
Omni-directional, directional
By down-tilt:
Non, mechanical, electronic

adjustment, remote control
By function:
Transmission, receiving, transceiving

45
Antenna Development Trend
Broad band
Multifunctional
High Integrity
46
Antennas
Decoupling
def = Attenuation between
TX & RX antenna
connectors
Horizontal separation
needs approx. 5 distance for

sufficient decoupling
antenna patterns
superimposed if distance too
close
5 .. 10
Vertical separation
main lobe
distance of 1 provides good

decoupling values
good for RX /TX decoupling
Minimum coupling loss

47
Installation Examples
Recommended decoupling
0,2m
Horizontal decoupling distance depends on
TX - TX: ~20dB
TX - RX: ~40dB
antenna gain
horizontal rad. pattern
Omnidirectional antennas
RX + TX with vertical separation (Bajonett)

RX, RX div. , TX with vertical separation (fork)
Vertical decoupling is much more effective

48
Diversity
Diversity Technics
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space diversity
Polarisation diversity
Multipath diversity
interleaving
f
frequency hopping
multiple antenna
crosspolar antenna
equaliser
rake receiver
49
Diversity
Coverage Improvement?
Diversity gain depends on environment
Is there coverage improvement by diversity ?
antenna diversity
equivalent to 5dB more signal strength
more path loss acceptable in link budget
higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A
1,7 A ??
70% more coverage per cel
needs less cells in total ??
True only (in theory) if the

environment is infinitely large
and flat
50
Network Elements
MHA
MastHead Amplifier
(Low Noise Amplifier)
RX signal amplified near

the antenna in the top of
the mast
Offers better coverage
Eliminates the antenna
cable loss
Increased receiver
sensitivity of the BTS
and cell size
Increased network
quality
Noise Figure 2.0 dB (typical)

RX Gain: Up to 12 dB
Dimensions : 266 x 130 x 123 mm
Weight : 5.6 kg (duplexed)
Volume : 4.2 l
IP 65 Enclosure Protection
Power Feeding Through Antenna
Coax
Alarms handled in BTS
51
Network Elements
Booster
Booster
TX signal amplified
Nokia Booster Configuration
Booster (PA) Unit (TBU)
Booster Filtering Unit (AFH)
Masthead Preamplifier equipment (MHA)
AFH
TBU TRX
Output power before combining can be up to 49 dBm
Isolator + combiner + filter (AFH) give roughly 2.5 dB losses
Booster BTS is suitable for all the environments where

enhanced coverage or high output power is needed
Theoretically, cell radius is enhanced up to 60% and the

coverage area is roughly the triple
52
BTS Equipments layout

Power PLN
ACPDB
GENSET
RECTIFIER
BATTERY
A
C
TOWER
TRANSMISSION EQP.
SHELTER
BTSE
Grounding
SITE
sensor
53
GSM-GPRS Operation
End of Section 6
Antenna And Equipment Related

Modul6 Antennarelatedequipments 131010061500 Phpapp01

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GSM-GPRS Operation

Antenna And Equipment

Base station antenna

BTS Logic Structure

Antenna & feeder

radiation patterns is constant in the

concentrate main energy into certain

RF Antenna and Feeder

Antennas - Antenna Gain

Measures the antennas capability to transmit/extract energy

Antenna gain depends on

dB over isotropic antenna (dBi)

Operation Frequency Band

1 dipole (received power) 1mW

Multiple dipole matrix

GAIN = 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

Gain = 10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi

Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

Slant (+/- 45)

dBd and dBi

Ideal radiating dot source

3dB Beamwidth Horizontal

Directional Antenna 65/90/105/120 Omni 360

3dB Beamwidth Vertical

Demonstration of Electronic Downtilt

Non down tilt

Electronic and mechanical downtilt

Antenna Downtilit Whats goal ?

Antenna Downtilt Consideration

Front to back ratio

Upper Side lobes Suppression & Null Fill

Third Order Intermodulation

, f2, 2f1-f2, 2f2-f1

Terjadi akibat penguatan

Komponen yang lain

10 Simple Guidelines for RF Safety

All personnel should have EME awareness training

Antenna Types and Development

Non, mechanical, electronic

Transmission, receiving, transceiving

Antenna Development Trend

needs approx. 5 distance for

distance of 1 provides good

Minimum coupling loss

Horizontal decoupling distance depends on

RX + TX with vertical separation (Bajonett)

Vertical decoupling is much more effective

True only (in theory) if the

RX signal amplified near

Noise Figure 2.0 dB (typical)

Nokia Booster Configuration

Booster (PA) Unit (TBU)

Booster Filtering Unit (AFH)

Masthead Preamplifier equipment (MHA)

Output power before combining can be up to 49 dBm

Isolator + combiner + filter (AFH) give roughly 2.5 dB losses

Booster BTS is suitable for all the environments where

Theoretically, cell radius is enhanced up to 60% and the

BTS Equipments layout

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