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G.N.S. Kalyani
ABSTRACT
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Power
transformer by monitoring various parameters, to
predict its in-service behaviour, is very much
necessary for operating engineer to avoid
catastrophic failures and costly outages. Dissolved
Gas Analysis (DGA) is an important tool for
transformer fault diagnosis. The ratio methods used
in the DGA have an advantage that they are
independent of volume of gases involved. But the
main drawback of the ratio methods is that they fail
to cover all ranges of data and ambiguity about the
boundaries of gas ratios in diagnosing the fault. In
this paper Artificial Intelligence techniques like
Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Fuzzy Logic
(FL) and Extension Neural Network (ENN) are
used to overcome the above drawbacks, and the
results of various methods are compared.
1. INTRODUCTION
Transformers, traditionally highly reliable and
efficient equipment used for bulk transfer of power
from one voltage level to another, are always under
the influence of electrical, mechanical, thermal and
environmental stresses which cause the degradation
of insulation quality and ultimate failure of
transformer leading to major breakdown of the
power system itself. To avoid such a scenario, it is
very much necessary to periodically monitor the
health of transformers to keep them in satisfactory
working condition. The benefits of condition
monitoring include reducing of maintenance costs,
limiting probability of destructive failures, helping
the maintenance engineer to plan the maintenance
schedule, etc.
Some of the faults like partial discharges,
overheating, winding circulating currents, arcing,
and continuous sparking will cause the
deterioration of the insulation. Therefore, periodic
monitoring will help to identify and foresee the
trend of insulation degradation and prevent possible
failures in the transformer and enable to undertake
Ratio Codes
CH4/H2
C2H4/C2H6
C2H2/C2H4
i
k
l
3. IEC METHOD
Fault diagnosis scheme recommended by IEC
originated from Rogers method, except that the
ratio C2H6/CH4 was dropped since it only indicated
a limited temperature range of decomposition. Four
conditions are detectable, i.e. normal ageing, partial
discharge of low and high energy density, thermal
faults and electrical faults of various degrees of
severity. However, no attempt is made to identify
both thermal and electrical faults into more precise
subtypes.
In this method three gas ratios are used to
interpret the faults. Table I shows codes for gas
ratios used in this method. Tables II & III show the
codes and linguistic variables for different gas
ratios depending on the range of gas ratios and their
Range
Code
Linguistic Variables
<0.1
0.1-1.0
1.0-3.0
>3.0
0
1
1
2
LOW(L)
MEDIUM(M)
MEDIUM(M)
HIGH(H)
<0.1
0.1-1.0
1.0-3.0
>3.0
1
0
2
2
LOW(L)
MEDIUM(M)
HIGH(H)
HIGH(H)
<0.1
0.1-1.0
1.0-3.0
>3.0
0
0
1
2
LOW(L)
LOW(L)
MEDIUM(M)
HIGH(H)
Characteristic fault
Code
Normal ageing
Partial discharge of
low energy density
Partial discharge of
high energy density
1->2
1->2
Discharge of low
energy (Continuous
sparking)
Discharge of high
energy (Arc with
power flow through)
Thermal fault
<150C
Thermal fault
>700C
0.2
2.9
3.1
0.2
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.1
2.9
3.1
o/p
0.05
0.15
0.85
0.95
k
l L
M
H
L
b
c
-
M
M
-
H
-
L
a
-
H
M
f
d
d
H
d,e
d
L
g
-
M
h
-
H
m
-
i
k
0 0
1 0
1 0
0 0.5
0 2
0 1
2 0
2 1
2 2
Output pattern
a
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
e
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
f
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
g
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
h
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Fault
No.
Matter
element
Fault
No.
Matter
element
R1={
I1,C1,{0,0,1}
C2,{0,1,1}
C3,{0,1}
}
R2={
I2,C1,{0,0,1}
C2,{0,1,1}
C3,{1,3}
}
R3={
I3,C1,{0,0,1}
C2,{1,3}
C3,{0,1}
}
R4={
I4,C1,{0,0,1}
C2,{1,3}
C3,{1,3}
}
R5={
I5,C1,{0,0,1}
C2,{1,3}
C3,{3,10}
}
R6={
I6,C1,{0,0,1}
C2,{0,0,1}
C3,{0,1}
}
R7={
I7,C1,{0,1,3}
C2,{0,0,1}
C3,{0,1}
}
R8={
I8,C1,{0,1,3}
C2,{0,1,1}
C3,{1,3}
}
R9={
I9,C1,{0,1,3}
C2,{0,1,1}
C3,{3,10}
}
7. RESULTS
In order to test the accuracy of diagnosis by various
AI techniques, 30 test samples given in Table VIII
were considered with a known cause of fault. The
results obtained during testing are presented in
Table IX. From Table IX it is observed that the
Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network made a
correct diagnosis in 27 out of 30 cases and
Extension Neural Network made a correct
diagnosis in 29 out of 30 in IEC method.
8. CONCLUSIONS
DGA has been recognized as an important tool in
condition monitoring of power transformer. The
main advantage of using ratio methods is that,
volume of oil involved in the dissolution of gas is
not required as only ratios of gases are involved.
But the main drawback of the ratio methods is that
they fail to cover all ranges of data and ambiguity
about the boundaries of gas ratios in diagnosing the
Diagnosis results
obtained from
IEC Method using
Known fault
1
2
Arcing
Overheating
Fuzzy
logic
ANN
ENN
Discharges
4
5
Severe Overheating
Severe heating
Arcing
Arcing
Severe local
overheating
10
11
Arcing
Overheating
H2
24
266
160
80
CH4
13
584
10
619
C2H4
43
862
1
2480
C2H6
5
328
3
326
C2H2
319
1
1
0
231
3997
5584
1726
127
9474
507
24
4066
1053
32
6552
1440
0
353
297
81
12997
17
416
695
867
74
Heating and
Arcing
12
13
14
Overheating
Arcing
Arcing
441
65
16
207
61
87
224
143
395
43
16
75
261
3
30
Arcing
Overheating
Overheating
15
16
Overheating
Arcing
17
Overheating
212
800
199
38
1393
770
47
2817
1508
15
304
217
78
3000
72
Arcing
Arcing
Overheating
18
Partial Discharges
19
20
Overheating
Overheating
4906
425
9924
37043
1404
7299
9671
158
Arcing
Overheating
21
Arcing
1076
8784
1742
4
95
71
231
Overheating
Arcing
244
117
754
167
1281
481
172
48
27
7
Partial
Discharges
Overheating
Overheating
22
23
24
25
Arcing
Partial discharges
26
27
Overheating
Arcing
858
137
1324
369
2793
1242
208
144
7672
16
Arcing
Overheating
28
Overheating
29
Overheating
30
Arcing
274
1249
240
27
370
20
33
606
28
5
56
5
97
1371
96
33
307
79
22
215
33
30
2
5
109
Arcing
Arcing
Partial
Discharges
Overheating
Arcing
60
144
449
67
Overheating
2004
127
9739
107
5113
154
2750
11
0
224
Overheating
Arcing
REFERENCES
1. IEEE Guide for the Detection and
Determination of Generated Gases in Oil-Immersed
Transformers and their Relation to the
Serviceability Equipment, ANSI/IEEE C57.1041978.
2. R. R. Roger, IEEE and IEC Codes to Interpret
Incipient Faults in Transformers Using Gas in Oil
Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Electrical
Insulation, vol. 13, No. 5, pp. 348-354, 1978.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Dr Siva Sarma was born in 1964.
He obtained his B.Tech in
Electrical
and
Electronic
Enginnering and M.Tech in Power
Systems from JNTU College of
Engineering, Anantapur in 1986
and 1988 respectively. He also
obtained his PhD from Indian Institute of
Technology, Chennai in 1993. Since 1992, he
works in the Department of Electrical Engineering
at National Institute of Technology, Warangal. His
areas of interest include Power System Transients,
Fault Diagnosis, Protection and Condition
Monitoring of Power Apparatus, High Voltage
Engineering and EMTP applications. Presently, he
is the Chairman of the Indian EMTP User Group
and Counselor for the IEEE student Branch of NIT
Warangal, India.
Email: sivasarma@gmail.com
G.N.S.Kalyani was a post graduate student in the
Department of Electrical Engineering at National