BEYOND THE CODICES Published forthe UCLA Latin American Center a Volume 27 in the UCLA LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES SERIES Series editor: Johannes Wibertodks published by the University of Caloris Frese in ‘Cooperation withthe UCLA Latin Amaia Canter 1, Kenneth Kart and Kath 8: Rotenn, 1 and Deelopeat InLatin Amie: A Cate Book, Value 2, Latin Aca Stains Sere, UCLA Latin Anercan Cote. 2, James W, Wile, Michal C. Mayer, ad Edna Monin de Wilkie, eds, Contrary Meo: Papes afta IV Ina ‘nuonal Congress of Metcan Fsery, Volume 29, Latin ‘American Stuer Serie, UCLA Lal American Centr 9 Arthur J.0- Anderson, Francs Berd, anaes Loch, ‘Beyond the Codices; Tha Naha View of Colonial Masicn, YWalume 27, lan Ameen Sion Sera UCLA Tai (xcept he vamos iste abv ehich we published and Alatcbuted by the University of California Pest, Reisirt Calionia 9472 als other atures fy the Tats Amacom ‘Studies Soros are pulled and dstibaed By the UCLA aun American Cente, Lo Angle, Calomi2 90024) Beyond the Codices THE NAHUA VIEW ‘OF COLONIAL MEXICO ‘Translated and edited by ARTHUR J-0. ANDERSON ‘FRANCES BERDAN and JAMES LOCKHART With lingeiatic essay by RONALD W. LANGACKER, UNIVERSITY OF Berkeley Los Angeles CALIFORNIA PRESS. London * 1976University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, University of ClitorniaPrss, La, ‘London, England (©1976 by The Regents of the University of California ISBN0520-029787 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 74-27801 Printed inthe Unitod Seats of America bn Preface “The main sources of classical Nahuatl studies have been splendid, laborataly lusuated documents fully deserving their status 36 “codices.”"Their contents, often pre-Columbian in emphasis, ate legends, annals, chronicles, and poams like those in Garibay’s famous anthology" Few are awase that thee is another ein of [Nahuatl texts equally rich and vory dileent, more embedded in postconquest times, more reflective of the dysaies of social and {cultural change. Amass of records concerning th ererydaybusinass ‘ofthe Indian community of clonisl Mexico exist In Nabuat vs, Tand transactions, municipal council minuses, eel taxrecords, and ‘rich variety of petitions and correspondence. This vastresourcehas ‘been doubly out of the reach of the various diseipiines—histor, anthropology, lingulsties to which i would be of imeest. Not only fare the text scattered and unpublished, but thelr forms and vocab- Ulary are too unfamiliar to allow for tele ready vee. ‘With the present selection of representative texts, trangcribed, ‘wanslated, and to rome extent commented upoa, we hope to day ‘attention to this second world of classical Nahoa, and also to provide a key with which scholacscan open it up. Despite the inst ‘iculty, many ofthe records are standardize inthe extreme, mich like the Spanish anes on which they are pattemed, and fll under: standing of a single model document will go far toward making ‘others quickly compretensibe, ‘Our hearty thanks goto David M. Szewceyk. David gave the proect its effective start when, in response to a request for Nehuatl nota, records, he sent Lockhart a copy of our present Document 1 as 8 Christmas present, Subsequently neloceted and sent us copies ofthe CCoyoacan papers in Mexien's Archivo General dn Nacisn CAGN).* papers that are one of the two main sources of ou slections. The biter is the WeAlee Collection of UCLA's Ressareh Library, made {available to us throcgh the efficiont cooperation of Sendra Taylor of ‘Special Collections and Lutrig Lauoehass, Lain American Bibliog rapher Mr, Laverhass was also snsiramental in UCLA's acquisition fof the Tehuacan tribute records which are the basis of our Doce iment 24 Sth 17385 2 The docamane ae canst ata. 108: Thy pind by Spain anantnn a el, thane or and ee ahs he Sepa anyoteorgnns Despair anContents ‘The Historical Anthropological Poteria of ‘Nahuatl Documentation ‘Linguistic Significance ofthe Texts, Ronald W.tangacker ‘Types and Conventions of Colonial Nabuat L 0, ‘Documentation DOCUMENTS Wills and Related Documents Testament of doa Julldn de a Rosa, ‘Taxcala, 1568 2, Testament of dofia Catalina d Seng, Coyoacan, 1588, 4a, Testament of Juan Fubisin, San Bartolomé Atenco, 1617 4, Testament of don Juan de Guzman, Coyoacan, 1622 5. Testament of Angelina, San Simén Pochilan, 1695 6. Testament of Migual Jerdnmo, Meteper, 1798 7, Statement ofthe executor of estate, ©1632 8, Inventory ofthe estate of Francisco Felipe, with funeral expenses and auction ofefects, Analeoian, 1652 [and Documentation 9° Land Investigation and distribution a ‘Atenantitian, 1554 10. Division o plot of land, Coyoacan region, 154 11, Confrmation of property tights, Cyaan region, 1868 12, Distribution of lad to heirs of don Las Cortés, Coyoacan, 1557 13. Munielpal grant of land to Joaguin Flores, Coyoacan, 1575. 14. The counal of Azcapotzalco enjoins penalties on those not observing land Agreement, Azcapotelco, 1700, 13 %0 0 2 a %16. 1. 18, 1s. 20. 21. Blo ale tao so by Mato de a Gr, Coyoncan te stent or ety seventettn century Sale of land toa Spaniard, Coyoacen, Sa ena, Copeacn, Sale ofan, wlth al ho act of Investigats,contmation, and ossesson: wil atached,Arcapowac, He on Juan de Guzmn donates and wo pe singer, Coyne ot seach enti Donation often to chur, Copoacan, 1621 ae Jaa Atay air donates dt nrc, Coreen SatasarBxtebom and esl or donate Jando church, Cooacen ren 1678 Manipal Documentation 2 ea 2. Manica reel rt, Tae ores sn Mee ‘evra at aloes embed Dot, Darang tanh ar Sa ot orto clon of oe stot oe Teac Tena {eal matt eos, Coonan sixteenth century . Spit of onan md goer of Conca, screen ene 1847 tons, Correspondence, and ter Formal 7 28. 2. Pattion for removal of the priest of Jalostositan, 1611 Pattion of tha town of San Martin bout its church, 1659 eter ofthe count! of Husjtzingo to the King, 1560 98 100 110 ne nz 6 ne 126 130 138 160 166 m4 17% 0, Letter of members ofthe count of Sea Pedro Husbaetlan, Socomusea, to Licentiate Francisco Bricatio, itor general, in Santiago de Goatemal, 1565, 190 231, Lower of council of Tracualeo to council of San Felipe, 1629 196 132, Later of don Pedro Enrique Moecubsoma, in Mexico City to eelatves in Iapalap, 1887" 198 233, Letter of don Diego Luis de Motepuma {in Granada to his nieces dofa [wena and ofia Baris i Mexdeo City, 1598 208 ‘9A List of market prices established by Jadge, Tlaxcala, 1585. 208 36, Minutos of vicerogal deliberations concerning aqueducts and water distribution in the Coyoacan region, 1857 aa Appendix 1: Lator of don Franclco do Lada, ‘governor of Hultalopechco, to dan Than de Guzmit, governor of (Coyoacan, sttaonth century rai Appendix i: Spanish Translations 228 Appendix I: Further Types of Colonie! Nabuatt Documentation 232 [Bibiiography 238 ILLUSTRATIONS Reproductions of Documents 3, 4,5, 6 8,18, 4, 16, 17, 19,20, 21 {following page 83 Reproductions of Documents 26, 27, 2831 following page 165The Historical-Anthropological Potential of Nahuatl Documentation ‘We had once planned to write separate eurveys of the ways in Which our disciplines might use documents such asthe ones in {his volume, Iti a testimony to the strength of Snterdiveipinary affinities thatthe chapter outlines for history and anthropology tended to converg; what was of lnarst to one was equally 30 to the other. We present therefore a single short discussion of some avenues of special promise for authopological and his- forlcal studies, and’ also, tom @ laymaa’s perspecsive fr phil ‘logy and linguists. To obtain x more professional Wawa the linguistic significance of such texs, we have asked Ronald W. Langacker for a brief assossment, which follows this section. ‘There is @ specific disciplinary connection with history to the ‘extent that our documentation represents, fr te Indian word, material closely resembling that being sed i rooont research fon the social and economic history of the Euopean component fof “colonial” ex early modeen Spanish Amerie. Tis new work fs Dull on close investigation of ving, Fctioning enstes, ‘whether individual people or organizations. Altiough such re- search Involves the discovery and analysis of sical yes, Ccaogories, functions, and processes, its fw material must be Specific detail. For the Spanish world (cites, commerce, mines, And estates) coherent detail abounds, and there the studios have (one, bypassing the Indian towns that filled the hinterlands. Since the most concentmted and accessible documentation con ‘cerning Indians results from Spanish attempts to govern tham, the approach to the study of colonial-period Indians has ofan ‘been through the corporate community (oven and especielly in (Charles Gibson's Aztecs under Spasish Rule). buch emphasis has been ‘given to that community's relations with the outside "Nahuatl documents of the type presonted here—wills, land sales, ‘municipal records, pettons, and lttere—offer the possiblity af Viewing individual Indians as well 26 the community, and itera 48 wel as externa selatone.2 sToRICAL-ANTRGROLOGICAL POTENTIAL een tN a ect ext Seomee ote SA rece iota alan poy ah Soe pe SSL a te sauces ee ee ste nara gs oe fine oi eta tS Be ‘rv pil et es as incl i et 2 tence tad rca na, SSS cr cin a oa mr TS fete ale oo ta rity st at a cea i rat wo: Sa wim ho a ma Secs oe Srl Sa ee aby eee Sinisa ee intr ene mich hse Sun eo seta st a ha cee te eat a ee, iad pS cre pont oe mew agp al tt a, em Py rises Spe tae ca ey Flo ai Say ta aster we nape) one, ey sit cml at Sei, ire ils ncn documents alone, especially wills, can it eloments of @ ‘Coyacan area in ied ha ap HISTORICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL POTENTIAL 3 his will, with two accompanying memoranda of dvbts. Yet on this “basis we can say a_good ‘desl about is social and feconamic postion. We would need a dozen comparable cases in fordor to establish that his operations and problems ft stan ‘dard pattsm or to divine whether the precesons forthe paters fare mainly Spanish, mainly Inian, or @ confluence of both. But ‘the potential is thee "To illustrate the depth of information that can be readily seen for deduced, we will proceed to gi a few deals. Juan Fahian Was more prosperous than the average, but an Indian comnonee rather than being conneced with the nobility, We know this ‘Because no munieipal or ether posts are mentioned, no relatives Ltled "don" or “dof,” no high-Sounding surnames. Juan Fabisn thus emerged from within tho local Indian community. He was typical in having lands at scattered locations, tive in adetion {othe land azotind his home, same purchased and some prob ably not In his wil Be divided his assets among wife, children, land grandchildven in the usual way. But Juan Fabisn was also fan enteprenent, with tes to vatlous Spafiards and to Indians futside his community. He sent axpote frit, presumably grown In tho orchard he owned, to other towns, using as an agent hie son-in-law ffom the outside (if neigaboring) aren of Hallo pochco. He owned horses and mises, as wall a renting then from Spaniards, using them to transport his frit and dosbilees ‘other commodities as wel. He kept writen records and accouts. ‘He omployed other Indians at lest part ofthe time, like the ca enters he hired to prepare polos for him (doubtless in connee- tion with his orcmacd), He had debts and credits within circle that included both Spaniarés and Indians. Yot no one Spaniard appears to have been his patron, aut if some Spaniards were hls creditors, in other cases the reverse was =e. Juan Fabien tied to uso family connections to operate and stengten his fentorprse, but with less than comple success, since both hie son and his son-in-law dissipated money and goods entrusted to them, Whether exactly successful or not, Jush Fabisn was oper ating in @ manner and of a scale comparable many Spaniards on the fringes of the urban market eeouomy. ‘The specificity and informativeaess of local Nahuatl documen: ton conjure up visions of studies of total Indian communities. ‘This could give anthropology’= ehnographical wadition 3 time imension fr beyond the Teach of the interview technique and_ HISTORICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL POTENTIAL fextend history's provincial studies to 8 level not accessible as Tong 26 only’ Spanish souees ae used,” At the moment, the principal target vsiels for such an approach is Coyeacany the Feader will notice that bot the McAfee Collection and. the DBapers in AGN, Tietes 1726, ouF main sources, concentreto on ‘that area. Hopefully other areas will prove as rich, Actually, leven for Coyoacan, greater volume of records then we ‘ow now to erist would De required in order for investigators 10 reap the fall rewards of comprehensive, multidimensional lol study. The systematic search for such documents, hax hardly begun. All that ean be said at prosent ie that the numesous professional notaries of Indian provinces like Coyoacan’ Dro ‘Guced varied and large enough documentation to. make thorugh going local studies immonsely, uniquely valasble if enough of the original outpat has been presered anywhere, To this we might edd. that local research should not sey on Nahuatl soures alone, bur should supplement the Nehuatl ore ‘with all the formidable apparatus of Spanish documentation, © come as neat a possible w @ rounded whole, Indesd, doc ‘ments ‘of many of the typex ropresented here are far more ‘numerous in Spanish than in Nahust, and they lose Hla of helt {nformativeness thereby especially If one has tcess tO & few close parallels in Nahtstl in order to grasp. th original categories. We note, however, a stong tendency for the most revealing intimate, unmasked infomation to be cast in Nadu, especially when it comes to glimpsos of the lowest sectors. In {he end, Is quite likely that no one Tnaan unit will have the documentary base necessary to show the imertlationships of the whole range of Indian activity and wat sect regional studies should include strong comparativo eleent Nahuatl documents also offer the possiblity of seeking out pattems attaching to topeal categories or thames rather than 10 Total funcional units, whether lives or communities. Landhold ‘ei ut ac ping ea ad cu ef earth otc enh ee ‘nooy im ary deal. Se "pana eg Inlae:Tlesa tats Se ‘Sei Coty in ria We. knight Sue ott ns an th Aoccns Se ee pina ci hac re HISTORICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL POTEET ‘ Jing stands out among such topics, almost all of which are ot interest to anthropologists and historians equally. Sales, eran, ‘and confirmation of lands are among the Nahuatl docamsnts ‘most frequently found. Land also plays a large role in will, and there one sees the testator foal holdings, sometimes with holt ‘manner of acquisition and utilization a¢ well ae disposition. ‘Though maps are found occasionally, generally speaking Whereis not the Kind of precision that would support strictly geo9raph- Teal oF quantnative approach. What the materials cam readily do 4s to allow the establishment of basic paterns of tenure and use, a8 well as regional variations and wresds over tins, on the ‘basis of analysts of potentially very numerous exams, ‘Not to anticipate the results of Inter extensive rerearch, Dut © indicate an interesting diction of two, we will give here some ff our impressions ‘trom the documents we have seon, both those seproduced in hit volume and others ia. our principal sources. For ono thing, ftom the mid-sisteenth century, a fr back as our selacions go, contre! Mexican Indians ware moasur {ng thelr lands very exactly, down to the yard in both dimen sions, using quite sophisticated and individual terminology. At that time Spaniards In Maxeo were sill transferring land by the Teague, with no other description than the names of nearby owners of outstanding geographical features. Another important Doint is tho apparent unity of landholding paterns in all levels ff Incl society, from highest to lowest. Holdings were seat- tered; if there were only two oF three fields, stil they would be in separate places, or even in different disicts. This was not something developing gradually over the calusial period, but ‘was characteristic from the me of the earliest portcongest ‘documents. Even mare sviking is the uniform ‘structure of landholding, whether for a tatoant and governor like don wan de Guzmiin or for @ commoner like Joan Fabidn. The scale Yatied wemendously, but in both these 03308, as in most others, ‘here was more permanent pateimonial and, calla, at the core as opposed to scattered, allenablo lands more specifically be- Tonging to the individual, ten purchased lands or tlalcoal ‘That 1s, commoners as wall as noblemen held) what was in effet private landed propery in adkition to family land still residually under community contol. Since all the tecms ‘are [Nahuatl and the pattern appears in the earliest documents, one ‘may atleast wonder if It does not extond back into preconquest times; though pat would be ifcult, the question ts surly ‘Worth thorough investigation en consideration,Yet another swiking aspect of land documentation Is the sniformiy low money Vslue of land fm the ssteeath century ¥ {he eightoonth, only @ few pesos being paid for good-sized fields. Some of this might ba put down to Spanish arpoitaive pressure, bur pelts seam to have been no higher when transac ‘Hons wore purely among Indians. In wills, whenever money Values mount, the Important factors are livestock, equipment ‘marketable goods, Lmprovements, or actusl cash or debis— rarely land. It is hard to escape the provisional conclusion that land, whatever its necessity for sustenance or its social value, was simply not ata premium during the colonial period uns some special addition with market potential, such as an orchard fr maguay stand, made i so. ‘A theme naturally well elucidated in a documentation stadéod with testaments is that of inheritance, with it Implications for {he nature of kinship and family organization. The materials for ‘study ofthis theme areas rich for land each will Isa total Geseripion ofa family and the apportionment of the property of fone of its individuals. Our impression is of a very extensive Givision of the inheritance, just as was the practice smong Spaniards. Yet whore the important beneficiaries In Spanish wills ‘were usualy the testarors children, in Nahuatl wis the benefits ‘were spread further. Tt sooms to us that there was much more Attention to brothers and sisters tam among Spaniards, and also to gandchilren. We were surprised too by how much ws given to wives, Amassing s good collection af wills should make Seasy to delineate the pattems cleuvly and to pursue interesting {questions such as the possible avision of propery slang lines Gf sex, men's property to fone and women’s To suughter, oF the exact nature of tbat, "wostan’s land. “Another leitmotv of Nahuatl documentation 1s the movement of people. Not ee concentmated as with land and inheritance, Information on movements {UNS up in records of every kind, reminding us that the mth of the closed, immobile Indian community les a generation behind us and giving us @ way 1 ‘study patterns of movement, though haraly absolute quantities In wills, we fequenty find people living and owning land in ‘communities not their birthplace, or whose spouses and in-laws ‘ate from the outsid®. Io a sixtenth-century land investigation (oe. 9} turns ott that one person after another, having been fssigned land at Atenantilan in tha Coyoacan region, left it and ‘went off to. Kochimilco Instead. Much of thie movemant was ‘within the limita of eity sates lke Coyoacan or between border {ng ones, as with Coyoacan and Xochimilc. Bat theo is no lack fof reference to longer migrations. In the Tlaxcalan municipal records the counell complains of the invasion of Indians not ‘only from nearby Cholula, but from Texcoco, Mexico City, and ‘ther towns, poople who come in and buy land or squat on it land do not full community duties, ‘A. major theme in Nahuatl documents is Spanish Influence, aspects of which are,» ttle paradoxically, reflected better here than in Spanish documentation or in the purist writings of the Indian chroniclers Social or econowic tes 0 Spaniards are fieely and specially mentioned, as well as ny Spanish terms, forms, or articles that Tadians’ have adopted. Yor linguistic studies, documents like dso are the pelmary corpus of eviéenco concerning Spanish loan words and linguistic inteorenco in Nahuatl; here is hardly «one of ou documents that is not full, of relevant material, Nehuatl documents aro also one of the fow Sources available for the history of the inteaduction of European ‘terial culture into the Indian Worl. Consider our Document 8, the inventory ofthe estate of @ prosperous Indian of the mid seventeenth contay, Except for the house, all the iteme-—the mares, the hemess, the tools, the precisely detailed pisces of clothing—are of Spanish provenance and callod by’ Spanish ‘names. Indeed, Nahuatl documents are the fest place to tar for that ‘whole unwatten side of colonial Tadian history, the all: pervesive internal adaptations of the Indian community to the Spanish presence In a sense, topics ike land, inheritance, movement, or Span- {sh influence are only subdivisions of @ broader quostion which [Nahwatl documentation allows us to attack moro. diet: How ‘id the Indian provincial unit function internally during. the Colonial period (lth a multitude of implications for praconquest patterns as wwe)? Gibson has shown ut the tenacity of the provincial entitles or city-states, and how the Spaniards. used fem as tho basis for tho all-encompassing inaitations of their arly occupation of the countryside: the encomienda and. the ‘doctrine of ar. His Mirsdictonal anslysis of exbeceras and Sujetos, bis study of inerprovinclal disputes, of olfiials and their duties, tell us a great deal about provincial erganizetion ‘Much remains 1o be done; especially we need to see the parte in faction ahd interaction. Municipal records sre among the best resources for this ‘purpose, not only the couneil minutes themselves, but petitens cree, and grants issued by the municipality. Interest attachesot only to direct statements, like a decree of the Tlaxcalan Council tat atenpts to increase market activity in Tlaxcala proper while discouraging surrounding smaller markets in the Tiaxcalan jurisdicion. Paying attention to personnel, 10 who does what, also felds rewards, inthis ease revealing functional organization. In early Coyoacan, one has the impression not of a Spanish-style city councl where the repidores or councilmen are te backbone, wid alcaldes shifting quickly and the comegidor fr Keutenant governor a tomporery outsider but ofa situation flominated by tha permanent local Uatounl, ow also “governor [As in preconquest times, he surrounded himself with e few of his judges when he needed to, leaving the body of counciimen ina secondary, passive position. In early Teal, on the othat hhand, the main body of councilmen and alcaldes was seive and assertive, perhaps a function of the inchision of the four separ ‘ate alstrcts within one entity, Here a Spanish conepidor fom ‘tetde presided, and there was # division of spheres as the cor teglor gave uncontested orders on matters relating to the central fovernment while the council took the Iniitve and wevaly had Xs way in more purely loc affas. The time depth of munich pal documentation is considerable Records show the council of ‘Azcapotzalco stil in full operation, in Nahuatl, in the eighteonts century, iis land titles respected by ‘Spaniards as well as Indians, The documents also carey the possibilty of obtaining ‘close view of the operation of a province's subdivisions. Doct= ‘ment 9 shows wo sujeros of Coyaacan involved in the same sort fof juvisdictional dispute that took place between fhe. later Towns. It also hints atthe near-autonomy of the fubdivisions bz ‘many respects, with the role of the cabecera confined to legit- mizing local decisions and adjudicating dixpates between the local unite, ‘Municipal relations with resident priests also surface te ‘quently in Nahuatl documentation, often in dhe form of com Plaints. Those lack balance, but even so are most useful, Tho priest of Jalostotilan in the early seventoonh century may not have been such a devil ax the alcalde of te Indian council made him out (Doc. 27) In fact other Indian witnesses lator Said he was dilgent and suffered mainly fom a violent temper Bat there can be-no doubt that inthis Indian town the council Stood up to the priest, camying on one appeal alter another Against him; chat the alcelde was his sworn enomy; and thatthe ‘council rather than the priest appointed the priests chet aide, ISTORCAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL POTENTIAL ° [Nev light on the nature of the provincial unit can come from Snternal tax records as well. Documents Like the aereatoenth- ‘century srords ofthe collection of royal tabute in the Tebuacan ‘istrict (Doe. 28) contain entries for each of the man¥ sub- istrict every four montns, withthe exact amount delivered and bby whom. Compilation would mate it possible to determine Which areas were most important and populous, which were Stlning and which losing, whether the main closer of settle: ‘ent bore any relation to the cabooera, and so on. I is mim worthy that not all the villages havo an entry every. time; probably there is 2 pater in the omissions tat would tell us ‘something about the nature of local Indian gowmaments. Equally instructive are such documents sp tho mid-sixteonth century market tax records for Coyoacan (Doe. 25), if in fact {here ate any others lke them. They show the extent to which the ‘cabecers, in the parson af tha atoan, was taxing the provinod’s internal economy; the retention of tational tades” and the Introduction of new ones; the fact that the market was operating fon a money basis at an early tine. Above all thoy show the economic organization of the province by detailing the special ties of subdisiaicts whose location fuser research could. doubt loss pinpoint. And here, as also in some ofthe tatoaats other records (Doc. 26) there appears another principle of provincial Organization: @-aiision into two separate regions, an “upper” fone (acoulc) including the wooded hilly area, and one called Halnausc, apparenly the lower atea near Coyoacan itself, OF ‘course we stil need to know co What use this distinction was ut, beyond helping to subdivide tax nd land sta, We must Also uy to establish whether the division is peculiar to Coyoa: an oF reflect some sort of Boa otpanization in other centeal Mexican provinces, pethaps a distinction tetween an older core farea and more recent eequlsitions. In any case, this feature in Coyoacan would seem to have its roots In precongquest ses, CColoniat Nahuatl documentation in general terme seems. tO have a good deal of relevance to the study of the preSpanish period. Preconquest eltual-soclal-economie history badly needs Snother data dimension. Presontday othnographers have not ‘only thelr subjects formal deserptions of themselves, but a freat deal of direc Obsorved Dehsvior and other objective data from which pattms and thoughts very different from. those miculated can be deduced. Similarly colonial historians have not only laws, semons, and synthetic reports of officials, and0 ISTORICALANTIROPOLOGICAL porsTAL travelers, but detailed information on careers and daily aetviny ‘of people of that time. For proconguest timae, there Is no cor rective available for sources which, in addition to being leg istic and tendentious, are largely posterior, aostalgle, and highly desired, Archaeology retrieves reliable information from this \Ume stratum, but can hardly yield fall answers on maters of social organization. Matecals such 8 those in the present vo lume (above all those of the sbeenth century, of course) are Perhaps the nearest thing to a second dimension that will be forthcoming. Tt is ue that tey are from postconquest times, ‘one of them untouched by European influence, and one Cannot always achieve find cenainty on what i new or old, Yu here ‘wo see, only a few Years after the Spanish Intrusion, ¢ great ‘many structures in the course. of ordinaty operation, ina Perspective vastly different from that of the chronicles (which ‘for al are ¢ product of the same te), AI human gocuments have value we ditect testimony of the culture a inlet of thelr originators fn this, Nahuatl dos ‘mentation is n0 diferent fom any other. But since wo are ‘dealing with people whose interior contours ares lite known, itis well to leave no rosouree unused. Any Nahuetl document of 1 page or more contains signals that potentisy place it quite fexacty, pot merely in time end space, but in relation i the classical Aztec tation on the one hand and to the Spanish ‘world of the othe. ‘Look, for example, atthe 1560 eter of the councl of Huei teingo (oe. 29), the 1611 Jalostotan petition (Doe. 27), and the 1622 will of @ member of the dynasty of Coyoacan (Doe 3. ‘The writer of the Husjozingo document was surely conversant ‘with the commonplaces of Spanish government and religion, But the Tener structure, syntax, and rhetoric belong to the, Well oveloped art of central Mexican public discourse tn. procon* ‘guest times. With a slight dialectal variation or two, the lee ould take its place among the speeches recorded by Sabaguin, One recgnice the yocaties, sveretals, and) dua, the General vichness of language, the very tims of phrase. The ‘iting of Juan Vicente, the alealde of ‘westem Jalostotilan, ould haraly be in greater contest. This is the Notwatl of the Periphery, regularized, skeletal, colloquial, naive, sbort of breath, lacking the rolling periods of the formal ianguege of the central Feglon. One o two mechanical formulas hak back to Aztec hetori, but the petition is based on Spanish conventions, and he context within which the water operates 18 Spanish’ pro IsTORICAL A¥rROFOLOGICAL POTENTIAL 4" vinci povermentl practi, tat of te own coun te pk {he var general, the Auda Alsi the 1602 te Sobleman ‘of Copan, Pacongct fonna af expen tate {ren wy 8 docu fllorng Spanish ode bu Strocure ‘and int etal of pean, Yt the angie Haat le that of the Asoc ante, route, with chase terval f wy nd ya hers egy aged wt Chretin and Speie contne Nahoa dosent sod sepprt ns, sy suatie sides in itl his abd" Reto phology (he could‘ an intrerag book onthe raul talon of Nahuatl wig fom sre pesoaboral toa mom tex Slntaon,”anhng sls te sow (aver copie) set tion of preconguestpraseogy to Spanish prototypes Changes {n'eymar and word us cn be ace unaaly wel in ee ont sich atthe ont fre ase of grat tr fo Do Plology andthe hist of cate Below we wal ge acme Prelims examples of te tang of few moseary and Sonam em tat ws reping, the stmt and Seventh cones” The whol tt of opera cont Of {he olin aan word canbe sud Abou er Aso omparaon withthe vay ifort of camaro played a Spanish tention ftw tine tan serve tow Nahi ‘tnloy ito semper slit As taresing atte cons Wich ae pres atee ones yh ae lacing. Thoogh Nakta"pelo” stoped many Spa wliee, ey a Wilbur ou oft svomnglf must portant aio® Nav: in Ube err anne foe am eh rm adn flan Sly rly ceunscatone ike Secs parson Son a ‘The Indan’ primary slfdsigasoas nes nado the oc) ‘thule al or on th noblemen commone adarien Names lo defer lose ation: Thee was 2 gute dak rato aming system tong clip Indiana, of a Spal tuna But somewhat dots fom Wat uasd by Spanarte. An Inulens namo pars hin ta socal tice, ee APpeting ese isto abou ya! Se Gen oe amor eqs auchio ISTORICAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL POTENTIAL about tho charac of community It also slgnicant tha in‘ cabo eotry Indian naing proton grew closer thove af tho Sparnh vor Dott stor bepinning fo adopt te JenurAiayJovoph name compen, a» well at & ew aes af ‘ncevare names like Anastasio fo aad oes inal, clonal Nabe text trea peary eoure fr histor teal lngustes, They il the gap betwee Sahagn and sti Gf snenonrenty dlets i tho same way that fr ent ology try medi vtwom archaologisl and ethogcaphen ‘ata Te ta aapayonthoprghy #0 sare ohnetc ae Allow foe quite sophstoned. work in phonology. The gree ‘ery serve inte fest ita an Contato the ett fo wich the ehoniis te principal carps of fxs sada te ate loncratic. Inthe aeoond ple it can alow. tr ‘resive stay of region! siete vvation and of the chs. tology of change One sgn, perhaps ovr fit impresetons esa Serv to indiat some avenes for nvstgaton, The ecm fave been ape of Nahuatl aed onthe weston and southern, fringe which conrased wit the language, of thw Valley ot Mico Tascalain's mbes or characteristics” In agaion to those mention jst abn in conection wih the jlo tn doniment we tight pain tp some, micllanaoas tars Such ae: epulrid pretty regent subettuton off fr LO ‘se of inom insiton tothe coners tain emacs {be of "2auae insta of ech as the mln Prepostional co ‘eco, adoption of Spanish propositions and eaves Tess to acldent thatthe fests ae sso characteris of any brosentay Nation alte One wonder Ir could hat {olay lets dive fom a ling anes ater than fom the Speech of he cor area, Or cou be tat tne wet onange af he center was afl classical rele ana tat oa these 8 spoken vulgar daiecr wes came, much Ihe te Nanay of the periphery? In any ease, the ghesthcenary mary uh feastes were embodied in the ooenTangunge ofthe snr volo such an extent tat sme ight ti tat ee ween Century was the tine othe Seine emarence ste alloc ‘we know today. ™ . Sein “Snr aman iin nar on ‘silence a ian as te Vali Tce, ‘Se Saomene 2, ne os Coin con Linguistic Significance of the Texts Ronald W. Langacker University af Calon, San Diogo ‘These tons make s major contribution to Nahuatl linguistic studies. AR assessment of thelr linguistic signifcance must evertholess Begin with a qualification. Nahuatl is = relatively well-studied language. Grammars, gistonares, and tons for it ‘abound, making it one of the most voluminously docsmentad ‘American Indian languages and by far the best documented one Of the Uto-Aztecan family. From the agulstie standpoint, there fore, a collection of Nahuatl texts iim itso necessarily ess than epoch-making and will not be grested with the same ‘voracious enthusiasm that woud attend, say, the publication of tes for an otherwise undocumented Iangunge that we on tbe verge of extinction. However, this qualification in no way aim Shas the Interest and imporance of this volume for linguists fconoerned with Aatec proper or with various related ‘elds Tinguistie analysis based wholly ot separ on theee tas promises to viel resuits and cofclusions of factual and se {etical interest for many aspocts ofthe discipline. "The significance of thie volume 18 due to the special character of the texts It contains in contrast those readily availble previously. Work on early Nahuatl has to date centered heavy fon Sahagun's manumental General History ofthe Things of New Spain. Although this ork in mast respects offer a compre hensive and quite adequate picture of the classical language, {he tints in the present volume dlifer in several imporant respects, though the titferanes Is to be sure only ona of degree. ‘Gne difference 1s that of subject mae. As working door rents from everyday lle (even though. predominantly logal characte, these teats provide. a selection of vocabulary and syntactic constrictions rather diferent from those in Sahags, if Only in terms of Boqueney (@ major consideration in text-bated fesearch). The texts represent a variety of ainocts. They sito cover a significant time span, making it possible to view cerain structural features of the language’ in’ historical perspectiveFinally, they show the indimate and pensive influence of Spanish rlsing questions concerning language "bontowing ” We fare therefore presented Wid a comparatively teallstie picture of ‘he linguistic stuation~a dynamie plete of linguistic variation fd borrowing set in its immediate socal context. NumnerOae fyenuas of linguistic tesearch are possible only in terms st ‘complex and heterogeneous data of this bind. ‘Linguists re intersted in e wide variety of problems fr which an analysis of these texts may prove to be of value. No ftempt will be made hero to consider any problem in fll tall fF t0 provide any comprchensive analsia of the. data; the discussion wi sk only to give a small sample ofthe kinds of ‘estions that can be asked, and wo will confine our astenton {0 probloms that bear in some direct way on matters of Lsmguage Structure. ‘These can be cateporind in either of two Ware: According 19 the level of suucture involved or according the ‘pe of analysis undertaken, ‘Among levels of structure, we may distinguish the phonolog- ‘eal level, the morphosyntatie lovel, and the lexical semantic level. Phonological analysis penainé t2 the pronunciation of forms and the sound. system of a language. Morphosyran ‘comprises morphology, that is, the sbucture of indivigual words ‘and other laxeal units, and syatas, that Is, sentence structure Lexical and semantic studies are so principle distinct (one can investigate vocabulary without engeging in doop semantic anal ysis, and semantic studies may pertain to unis, such as clauses (oF sentences, larger than tadivil laceal ems), bat It Will be Convenient to OUP them together here. Among appe= of anal- yes, we. may single out synchronic analysis (eancoming the suture of a language at one point in time), diachronic anal ysis (concerning the historical evolution of a language), dlalee- {ical analyse, and the analysis of Borrowing of the Interaction fof "languages. In contact” more generally. Any given type of ‘ratysis can be undertaken with Tespect to any given level of SSvucture. For example, a linguist might nvestigste the dialee- tical patterning of morphosymtactic elements or the synchrotic ‘structure of & phonalogksl system. Of course tase categories land distinctions must not be taken to seriusly; languages and Tanguage structure resist neat dlstecion, and it Is rarely post ble to do insightful workin one area in complete eblivion ofall others, LUNGUIsTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TERS 1% In the lexicsl domain, one can study the meaninge of words and other lexical items, their phonolopical shapes, oF thelr provenionce, Extensive tarts can sere to help pin down pre- isely the meanings of individual lexical items’ and to trace, {through their occurence in a variety of contexts, the full range fof their alternate genses and the auances that accompany their ‘use, These texts should prove especially helpful in this regard ue to their varied nature ana downdoreard subject mater. ‘They wil be particularly valuable for elucidating the subtle but crucial shades of mesning contibuted by ubiqultous. particles stich as ma, uel, ru, ca, ing, Gan and $000, ‘Since the orthography represents the phonetic form of Lexical toms fanly accurately (with certain obvious qualifications), ‘serious questions of phonological shape arise primary in re- {ard to diachronic and diagctal analysis. For example, ‘many is repeatedly fendered ag miyac in txt 29, in contrast wo the Taco _lee we normally expect to fxd (miequ also occurs In 29). The ‘most likely explanation (out not the only one possible) is that the form With 2 is historically mare primitive, with ia gener ally changing to ie by assimilation of to the preceding ound). Establishing the ealies form of thi word ie of some Sigmificmce sinse i has cognates in other Uto-Aztecan lane ‘avages (Cl Luiseno muyuk many, rove! for example), andl ite ‘rigina) shape in Aztec will bear dgeciy on How we reconstruct {his quantifier for Proto Uto-Aztocan, A second example. Is provided by the use of mich in text 27 for te object pro you! Instead of the expacted mit, In this case, the more commie {orm 1s doubtess the orignal one dischronially. The change of ‘aitz t© mich bringe this element in line with nec me’ and we other non-third parson shiact pexacs, all of which end im ch, Here we have an excellent example of the intereiaedness. of diferent aspects of grammar, for the phonological change fom ta to ch in this prfix Is conditioned by morphological factors Serving to rogularze the paradigm of object prefixes. ‘One may study in those texts the extension of existing Nabust! lexical items to new situations, or the coiage, relying eolelY O8 NNanuinhYexical esources, of tow laxca) items tp express ew concepts. The pervasive Spanish bonuwings exch the aye much more readily, However, and perhaps hold more theoretical inter fest in view of the cutent intense concern on the part of many Tisgulste with the question of Bomowing in all se forms, ita LINGUISTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE Tes ‘lation to other kinds of language change, and ite relation to language structue. Since lexical bonowing is discussed Below ‘in some detal Spanish Words in Nahuatl) Twill mit myait to 2 few ganeral comments, ‘Although systematic investigation has been spotty, Lingus have long bean concerned with the question ot what things con bbe borrowed and what things cannot. There fs reason to belive ‘that virtually anjthing can in fact be borrowed by one language ‘rom another given the proper conditions, but at the sama tite itis undoubtedly true that some features are borowed. mote readity than others. For example, it if often held that estes! lunits are adopted om another’ language more readily, than syntactic constructions and that, among laleal items, nous, particularly those refering to concrete objcta, are borrowed ‘ore easily than verbs ot grammatical elements such as cot Junctions, prepositions, subordinator, or alfixs, These tents sppear fo bear out these contentions and provide very useful material on which to base a careful end. detalad ‘study of the matter. In contrast to the pervasive leiea! botrow ing that they display, theca texts atest to strikingly litle sym tactic influence ftom Spanish, Nahiuath sya is preseted Bere {in alls sometimes bewildering complexity and suber, forthe ‘appreciation of which these documents will be extemely val. lable, Among the lexical bonowings, nouns ceasly predominate, and as is to be expected, borrowed nouns pertain most com, ‘monly to elements of material culture introduced by the Spenish (arto, eno, cabayo}, legal and administrative Soncepte Clee- ‘amente, ima, jueees, region, and the religious establishment (Chistianos, saxo). Fewer borrowed grammatical elements are sed in these texts than ona might anticipate, shough they are by no mons lacking (09, miontas, de, an the seemingly redundant hybrid pera ye in text 6 and sit in 8). Grammatical ‘orphatios of Spanish origin are much mare prominent in the ‘adern Aztee diatects ¥ will have iiss to say here about phonological analysis. In terms of a synchronic phonological analysie of the ‘classical language, the material in this volume will 6 litle more than Supplement that already available. However, itis rich in data bearing on laletal variations in Nahuatl pionology and on Phonological change. One must not underestimete the very real ficulties in determining the phonetic values of various ortho graphic Sequences—resolving them ie a preeguisite for phone Jogleal analysio—bur their resolution poses no real problem in Principle given an intimate Knowledge of onhographic practice upplemented by information on the phonological systems of the tmodem dials Tet us consider just one example, It is well known that (Classical Nahoatl was cbarcterand by & phonlogial asin lation ule tothe efor hat the sequence a within word wat Manifested phonealy es H. The form novaldal my howe Jana” would therefore Bo pronounced nocalel by vie of th Tule, Tex 20 aiggmte that an adaonal phonological process ‘ame to affect sich sequences in tho Coyouean team, at let ‘optionally. We find no-canfal instead gt no-alla’ for “my house land and novoniocopa insted of oyollocope for alt {arly Apparent hs dalt hed innovated a photoes ale ‘whereby 1 cisinileted to nat least on an optional Dosis Goes occur in this tox) assuming that the onnooraphic Symbol in fut stands fo the sound "in the domain of stax these tes are ecraorinal Hc They provide a woah of material beasag cn te anil of & vide varity of syutactic constrains trom the vandplnt of Emchonie, dichroni, and diolctal anaes. 1 wil ustete these by brieBy examining tole constructions, detacied perfor tive prefs, and velave clauses. “Though i 1s found in Sahagun, topical occurs with suck geet equenoy in these tts tat Ksmply cannot be ignored. To tpieaze a nominal, that iy to mark a being ‘what the remainder of the settezen "ie about” ane moves 1 the beginolng of the somtonoo, in Nahuatl ax in many ofher languages. Since word order is rlahely fw In Naan sae times we can ony ner fom the contest tata inl nomi onstiusnt hes bes fopialised, However, tpicelization fs often ‘gaite explicit and unambiguous due tothe eustence of warloge Datticls that normally ocur in semen nial ost; when @ rhominal precedes one of these particle, lari) and consis tently has topic vale, ‘We will confine oor atenon to two of these pals, the exhorative a and the negative ano, An exalt exile Involving mas found In paragraph 1d of vet 27, ight afer requesting tht’_@ new priest be ont, tho wer states ain lovicerlo, ma sicmoqutzit ma qui or whch the os ect translation would porkaps be A for thle viear of oe, send Dim avy, Tet him nave the “ab fo’ constuction In Eagish Indleates the ropeallation marked by special word ordain Nabuad In vext 5 we Bd the flowing example with the» LINGUISTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF rH rexTs egave ano: yainnotlsto ao ylacahule his my commana isin to be sine. In this panielar sample te epee con appnref0 have primarily empl ne, but es one, rom vet 6, the ond nonin i cea eng eed Single ou its elerent st the individual thatthe foeg foment is sbout™this comment one in lt of clone fech prainig t 8 aie top: sun"Youan Yoon Soy Maria amo aqui ten qlhtor moti “Anda tot ha mother Buin Mara, 0 oe lato ake any objections her the fue. These examples coult be mull akeowt ie sonata From all indications, thy prfetve vero prox ¢ ached sretal sar itvoent, Goo indleaton of tract aac font othe ver isthe fact ati the lomo (or ott) GC the va pets. Another i te fat tat iracy pasos Teaicaiy only weakly with the aber, allowing wes orate Suggesting a rater looks conection, perp ‘nee tn tate of rosie tan we pf At neon oat I someties occurs tached Rom the vty Usui nest ‘beginning of the sentence, ef = Exampes found In these tots suppor te ai thet te broftation of o's dachoncaliy aoe rece, aad ty poe Brssibo chies aso the prise nate of te histara develop hon ist accomplished ft Bondes countess exotupa in ech appr as 8 a pretc nthe epected maa wen least wo other constriction. tn this example aa ext Ta, Appear aa stance nial particle, apparent staing ala @-nican expan vallague ipa don lui cordes ‘Here before ut Came the chien ut dn tals Ctr he flowing ese fom tet 11,0 flows the postihy tpesgas nosis te Begins the Sentenen, a apparent clasand to the poston tional expression nipan betreme' an sof cour notated {othe vero nei: Nohuad don fas do sma lop ecco ‘cam mara "eave me. don Ian de Guan, appeted (a pe fon) named Maria” ‘Text 38 provides anather empl of 6h feniene nal posivon (er eay Cho ncan teh enact {n amarmaizin olcepranads Yout iter has cs ena ee Granade “hee uals august that o anne «» cl ‘ike many oar oda tnd specu pteee a Nahuatl As paricleseommony do, i once to cles a te following element, wich mould ohen but ht alee be the vers" Bently i" preverbalatachment Deane ong ne ‘clause inital 3 Linguistic siowFICANe oF TH TEXTS » sgrammaticized,” though its grammaticistion as @ tue prix hhas pot yet beon fully accomplished, since 0. still appears ‘occasionally as an independent particle, or elitcied to. some ‘ther slzment Relative clauses with veyn “something, what’ will serve to lmustrate the relevance of these teats tothe analyse of Saloctal variation in syatax. Normally in Nahuatl relative clauses headed bby (in) sepa ‘corespond t© English "hondlese" relatives begin hing with that whieh or what. Here ae two examples, fem texts 5 and! 26 respectively (to facilitate Interpretation, use square Urackots 9 mark the boundaries of the subordinate clase) In the fist, the headless velstive clause is 80. topicalioad ‘nominal, since ft precedes mar auh (ym tayn nocenatca nigut- tox} macayac quitlacor Asa west Tsball say with iy mouth et 180 one go. against it. The headloss relative tay ae be to alized in the second example, but there is no explicit indication {of this other than its occurence In sentenceinitlal position: [ym tleyn monequiz] quichyuazque yehuantin "They are 10 do What Is needed “The important obgervtion here is that wlatves with sleyn ‘generally nover oceut in Nahuatl with explict head nowas, that ie, thase clausea are exhaustive ofthe nominal containing then. This is decldediy not the case in the modem Tlaxcala dislet however, and the txts in this volume snow that the dialectal difference is a longstanding one. To take Justa single example, we find the following in tex 22 (Tlaxcala, 1547): amat! (ten {omacce} ‘papers that sre iesved Hem the clause containing en modifies an overt head noun, astat! papers, and san appears to function much Ike the relative pronoul tht or which in English, UUhope these few brie remarks illustrate clearly the Linguistic significance of meso ters and answer the implicit question of Why edditional texts are desirable when ‘here ace already 30 many avilable. The vast documentation ve poreers concerning Classical Nahuatl dows not by Its more existance supply ws with full comprehension and appreciation of its remarkable complex ity, subdery, and muance, particulary in the domain of syntax, ‘True appreciation of this language requires long, detailed, sen sitive study with a wide variety of materials. The varaty cf the ‘materials represented in thie volume will enable the dedicated {scholar to advaner wand thie goal mich more realy than wil 2 relatively homogeneous body of texts. ‘A deep and tue appreciation of Nahuat] naturally net vastLNGUIStic stawreaNct OF THE TES sntinsic interest forthe Aztec scholA It mportaace fos gene Engyuticyhowere, should also be mendoned. Lint "ERrntp pros great rom deep ond insight fl analysis SAviae vary of languages To a lowest degree, such ana false been centred in recent years on various Indo Europes Tinouages, wheres work on move "exle” tongues has tendodw before supercial Becase of e vast material valle od fovtons tention o€ Natu echolrship, ths language prob Shy holds the greatest penta) fa te American Indian renjuapes for tly insight analysis, parcaary in te aes cot eyniae and semantis, ‘AU T'alcated previously, however, many ofthe most imo tant problems of moder lingsuss can be fully weasel nly i tno ofebeterogeneous body of data that slows ona View the lingutstic phenomena in diachronic, Sislacal, sci Und contextual perspective, Such data i the nique conrbaton fof the present volume, and i offers the lingtst an oppor to make signitant contributions & such domains as socoin {hulsties, dalegology, language, change, language universal, She sya and seman the a Types and Conventions of Colonial Nahuatl Documentation In this section we present « brat guide rote main gonsst of Nahuatl documentation, at least those preseniy known #0 us ‘and represented in thie volume We desenbe somo. of the Conventions of the documents organization and expression, and ‘we discuss matters elated to thelr transcription and translation 4h o doing, se both explain our procedures and ty 10 provide readers with the tools for independent work on masters & his Jind. Knowledge of some midiments of Nahuatl grammar, above ‘ll recognition of the pronoun forms, ie » preequlste for such Work! It is our contention, however, that one can loan to “understand aid use these Aighy formulized records long before fchieving fal mastery at) Nahusel grammar, syn, and vocabulay. Goneral Conventions "The quite varied documentation we are dealing with bare was almost all produced by notay-eeneases otached 1 Indian ‘munieipal councils or 10 local parish churches. Thus some common notarial conventions and was of ideafying dates an people rut through the whole comus, whether writen in the Valley of Mexico or the outlying diswits, whether in the six soon century or the eighteenth. Toe notery usually called himself escriuano in some varlant or sbizevaiion, tough ame Hacuilo also ocears ‘Most often ‘be found occasion to. say Cnnitacuilo, "I wrote i” and/or @)aienei, "T verted 1 Running through the texts is (olmowneuh, aforementioned, for flacpac (o)motuneth, "ebovementionsd.” the approximate fequivaien of the Spanish dicho, “sald” The various forming oe ‘owledge ma be sous inte szxceaicl sch nc in Simao’2. 2 ‘Tures Axo conven ens used in speaking of signing can be recognized by the usual presence f the Spanish Zana Dates cause relatively few problems, belng predominant in Spanish, with liberal use of Arable and Roman numerals. Day, month, and year a/0 given, with any Nahust! corms usually repeated in Spanish, except often the number giving the day of ‘the month. Toward the end of the documents one fas (00 Chiu, “dove,” or "dated," followed by the place and either the full dato or reference to a date previously” piven. "Wien alwaps in Spanish (ostigoy "before" or "in tho presence of is Ixpan, with ono ofthe possessive pronouns atixed in fon. ‘As {© names, ACS names and ules are of Spanish orn, ‘weed and writin ih the Spanish fasmion, eutept tat Nata ‘usage demanded something less than the non consistency of the Spaniards Inthe application of tilek.? in the early period many rnames are Nahuatl; these cide over lime in favor of Common Spanish surnames (or Christian names $0 used), Principals in. all Mats. o€ daciments as afin sith = place of residence of origin, This is most equonty signaled by {he tem chano, “householder” or “ltizen.” Nican michave Atc- pac, I (am) a eitzon hee in Atcpac” Actually, chane gaems in ferain instances t refer more t0 place of bith than to place of present residence. Spaniards someuimes translated it ea natural Ge, “native of" and in some of our documents person appears {o be chano at a place where he Is not now living. In view of lanceralntes which we cannot resolve without mich more eat textual information, we have consistentiy tansisted ano a5 ‘itizn.” An altemative expression was alcan nochan Adcpac, which wosans "iy nome (ls) hee in Aticpac” not “here at my home.” Ciaenship was primarily in an altepet, the name fr any organized municipality fom Mexico City to the smallest Indian town; the Spanish status, vila or he Uke, might also be given. Afr this often came some formslation relnted to daz! Talli, que the pereon's aster or istics within ie ies ality’ At this point or later in the document any of @ Auber Of relatives may be mentioned, rater hard for ® neophyte t© recognize bactuse they invariably appeat In the poseossed fox ‘The: accompanying table gives the lexical or abso form at ‘uum someting nar unsbie ina Spain acumen ots te i ‘Tvs AND CONVENTIONS 2 ‘well a6 the form actually expectod in the documents for the "ems most commonly Sean, ‘Testaments [Nahuatl wis, lke those in other languages, have the advantage for the scholar of conveying very individual, intimate tnforma- tion Jn a systematic coherent, ussble way: furthermofe, thoy fxist not only forthe nobility, but for poor people who had only ‘2 small house and one or two strips of Tana. It is not hard fxtract the substance from them, since they are so standardized and follow Spanish models so closoly. When it comes to subtle- "ies an detals, hough, wils can be the most effet of doce ments. AS a rostlt of their noncontinuous structare, ranging ‘widely from item to item, a chance debt ean plunge te read Into some unexplored technical specialty, S27 maguey culture, giving two or thee terme not to be found in the dictionaries, ‘ratuaut any epettn or explanatory center’ Wills bepin with the traditional paragraph invoking the daity and reciting some tenets of falth, declaring the speaker 10 be ill ‘of body but sound of mind, and commending his soul to God. ‘A glance at our samples will show that the words varied lithe ‘rom the siateanth century to the eighteanth though allght radi fications brought @ change In flavor. After this introduction, the will proceeds item by ite, one order of Dequert at 2 ume, fianaled usually by @ dash oF indentation, plus ordinal num bering like that often seen in the Florentine Codes: inic, fol. lowed by the number proper in short oF assimilated form, followed by the classifier Uamant, Writers apparently viewed the whole thing as one unity usually instead of ie etlamant, “thied" they pot iniquerlamants, Many individual items tenmt tate with an exhortation for the command to be cated out My command” (nodatol,otlanahuati) “is 10 be rallzed” (nel {tr oehibuan) ‘The frst items refer commonly to burial and masses; they are relatively easy to comprehend because they are liberally sprin- lod with ‘Spanish religious terms and names of churches. and sodalites. If Indians were exempt from cerain pious bequests ‘mandatory for Spaniards, gue would nsver know i from the testamonts, Toca (or fica, "to bury” also tlamanalll ana uentl, ‘oflring” are of frequent occurence, as is cua, often "YO™ "Tynes axD convesions Some Nahuatl Kinship Terie agli ‘Nanustbaric ‘Nana tei lesa forme ‘ermeas founda grandmother! eu oc soca? rand alc) ogo nocalein moter anc onan nonantzin father ea ota notin une sie) au nui ‘uncle au ‘ote, nodaein wife husband antec? onamie,nonamicat (elder) ater! Teaedeashtaeh-_otearheaay (cousin) aah ‘ota ‘younger! beaut, ican alent ‘coxsin) Teemu (olde sine taba), pit) noweitu, demsia coves) ‘ioxn, aap opt Gommgensters seat lew, nits densiacovsit) er phn ad aera wr ecu "rhe hes scampi y ert,” Le ‘an pst san ny og ns and Young man |i spar ey acho ‘akan on nn on no pry ere {TPIS Axo CONVENTIONS = Some Nahuatl Kinship Terms (Continut®) English Nahvattbesic [Nahuatl derived lexical forme formsasfound in ‘documents cenila(ofewomsn) cont) oconeah, oconetin fitgceramamor la? opin woman) ceaughter teapocbop? ochpoeh, noe son tween? sotlpoe, nol ‘cain rephow, niece(ots pilot opi nopiorin ‘rome nephew, niece(ofa macht) omac, somachis| man) grancenita rane noruiuh oxutain otter iniaw ssonne) ‘pomonnan, noma fathersn-tow mone oman remon. slater erate) ‘owe, noueuatln (efewoman) slsterorbrotherto- wap) oweplnouepotein Taw Cota personof theopposte sa Drotherincew (ers tex) notes, otextin man) son-inlaw mone) ‘pomon omontsin augiterininw —ebuamon() rechaon stepmotner nouananct) oenauanan, ocbauenantsn stoptamer oepatac otlaceata rotacpts% "Tes AND cosvENTONS leave” but here meaning in effect t give or make ax offering? WNohventin mocabune mahul tomin’ “my lfering will be four ‘omines.” Wills abound in important worde related tO the root ‘aus this macasaa ia ditint fram eabuiia, “to bequeath.” Also ‘Hoquent are (con}eauta (concauts is "he is to uae ite. be let with 1 ang caubrie, to leave @ perton of persons behind at oath, ‘Ar ths, the body of most wills concerns real estate being Doqueathad to rolaves: oases, gardens, and folds the last named above all. They are most often called ali, or sometimes ‘cuomiel oe mili, terms with special reference to lands under Cultivation. The feds are Lined one afer another, often enuns erated by the formule inie (aumber>can.* For "Bost, tvastne ments are given in terms of length and widin (hula, hueyac is “long; plac or sometimes coyauac Is "wide"; necac 1s "on both’ sides” or “square”. ‘The number can ether follow oF recede the dimension. Rathor than the EnglisH "10 long by 7 Wide” te Nahuatl is "how long 10, how wide 7" (ale huise ‘matlacel ini patiausc chicome. ‘The unit of ‘measurement ‘often fails to appear, in which case the goveming local standard unit is meant an apparently ready varying quamiy, Sst nd Ing, it would soom, to hover Betwoen six and ton fet. Some- times, at tho end of @ document, there fg a mote sxact definition of the unit used. The principal unite appeering are the quaut, ‘actually vefersing to the stick seed’ In measurement, whateret Tenge that might be, and the mat! (rom the word for "hand”) ‘often meaning the dietance betwoon the ulstetched hands Some five oF sx fort, the sume asthe Spanish "bras (fathom), Which itself appears in some late texts, Ot the one oeeation ‘when. we have seen the (Wo measurement. distinguished, the Gquauitl was the Isrger. The units canbe hard to racogninn, Preceded by an assimilsted numeral, followed perhaps by overential: cemmatintl, "one braza” Wa have uniformly tens lated quauitl a "ro," that being an analogovs term though the ‘English unit is mach large, snd mat! as "braza ‘Often @ field will be associates with ofa, to, or even yoo place names; in the central Mexican countryside evay meadow and grove seams to have had ite special name. A” cermin problem arises because many or most of these ae the-nam® of Some physical feature characenisie of the placa; olamaxalco (could be a setlement of that name ata road erossing or simply 3 crossing of roads. But one will not go fr wrong in gonerousky ‘Beep tte at inochi eqn if caer 80080. oy ‘Topas aa comvaeioNs 2 Interpreting words which combine unclear reference and loca- tive endings as place names In the early texts thero aro few rferances to noeth or south; the terms’ for east and wost, however, ae of foquent occurrence ané quite involved: fonauuh yealaguiyampa (latica), "on the west.” “Uacing) toward where the sn goes down,” and tonatiuh yquicayampa (Vsti), “on the east" "(lacing) toward whore the sun comes up.” For "house" the wellknown calli was. the weit commonly sod. Sometimes it seems to mean the main, sizable living and Sleeping room, which In a sense was dhe house, plus caltzinth fo smaller structures and tecopayot! or storage places. These may in effect have been individual rooms built against the wall Of the largor room oF ealnepanoll! bullt on the Tool, as in a ploture accompanying the original of our Document 11. Far Permanent, Duitup garters oc orchards, an im vary frequently Appearing, some form of the Spanish huerta is eonms8. ‘Another standard item in wills Is mention of debts owed or bbe collected, Some of the words Used in this connection can be found readily inthe dictionaries. But as Nahustl originally had tho general word for "money" It aso lacked @ succinct expres- jon for owing it. By the Inter sixteonth cenrury pialia, given in ‘he dictionaries as "Yo keep Tor someone,” was taking on the ‘meaning of “owe” while sil vetaiaing much of the earlier sense, since the two can overlap in many ceses. BY the seventeenth fantury It 1s oscureing in positions where anly “owe” Is appl fable (seo Doc. 4). Huigulll, "Wo cerry for,” was another con ‘mon word for “owe” by she Seventoonth century. There was also the expression itech ca, “he is charged with” or “he Se owing” (it, "with him is). The commen word for ‘pay Was Lau, which Uundsrwent only a slight extension of itp oripinal meaning of "pay back” or "restore "Towards the end of the will there is mention of the executor, usually the Spanish alBaceas, The whole last section ie full of Spanish terms and proper names, and with these puideposts this part presont ile culty.” [Land Documentation ‘The wills we have Just discussed are very neasiy land docs rents in many cases; we have already teated the basic manner= {vPts ano CONVENTIONS of the description of land holdings, his being the same in the Sastruments for eontimation or transfer of ownership which were issued by the municipal councils or the notaries In this documentation there is greater emphasis on the stse of the land, Some of the more common terms are: callall, “nouseland” eld appertaining t0 & porson's house for the familys Princ pal sustenance; cihvadall, land connected in sore way with the woman of th fel, in effect porhaps dowryland, oF land Inherited through the female line Gwe have soen an example bt which a man teers to "his" cihuataln;® dalcoall, land. pur: chased individually and which therefore can be sold; dalninae 1, land acquired by inhertance or sonetion; calla ed attepeat, land belonging respectively to the ealpullt (however defined) and the town Che two categories not mutually: a elusive). Wamings to respect the owner's rights are standard fare in these documents; usually they begin with ayac (n0 one): ayBc Guieuilz (20 one is to take st tom hit), (quia Cs to ‘uarm or violate 10; CquDguialie (is to evict him); Cqudixtoaulie is to claim it fom iss) Alga in constant use are torm® fot Aistefbution and division: quDmamsca, (quiexeion, wad Yar Because of their great variety and specifiy, land investion- tions and confimation procedures cam be diffcslt to tend. But the most common item, the Bll of sle, is highly convetiona 1 says, at greater ot lesser length: "Lat all who see this ow that Ef a certain name, town, and dlstict, voluntarily sol 0 so-unt-ao land so described and to which Ihave full right for 8 certain amount which T have rece sn my hand; Ihave given possession and now T cannot reve the agreement.” Donations Yary more, but tond to run along the lines of sale, and indeed “donations” to church entities expecially were sometimes Neither more nor less than sales, ‘Municipal Documentation ‘This branch of Nahuatl writing, Inetuding municipal council ‘minutes, sternal tax records, and many land docamests, tends to “wt Tends Fin, Copoacan 1579. Mchte Coleen, UCLA Research “TPES AKO CONVENTIONS ” consist to a large extent of Hsts of Spanish names and offices. If 4 is not Immediately apparent who tohueytatocau Is, It be- comes clear when one sees the following Rey Jn su mag! nro In this context, audiencla uoually refs to mambers of the ‘own council In session, rather than the high court in Mexico Cry, the Real Audioncia, A great verry of related forms based on ‘tech Gteckpatzinc, ietzince, and 80 om) occurs on every ‘hand, mesning “in the name of” or “on behalf of” some higher authority, ftencopa, “by word or command of" has. much the samo eft. A repertory of reverential adjectives applid to off lal recurs, tho equvalems of the Spanish Jluste and mag- hifico; several ae combinations with mauiz- “honored, feared” and wecapa, "high." A frequent stem, not in the dletlonares, (s yorna, meaning "in person.” It appears 10 be a variant of (pnoma, a8 though Nahuatl speakare had sterprted the nat {rst person possessive, which would leave the root oa. "As to taxes, here too, much is in Spanish. Tlacaloguils is ‘eibuts, especially in the sense of anything more or less tangible that 1s delivered, and’ tequit! also means tribute, especialy in ‘ie senso of allounent, assessment, quota, Or set task” Tribute lists (and other lists) frequently begin with nican seuiliuheoe hore is inserted" elated to Ieuioa, "to inseribe or write” ast ally seen in the form Qaculoa, Tha onl¥ similer form in the Gictonarles ig Siméon’stcullotoe, bat the form with =nah, aaa fon the intransitive tcuiluy, is the one used in documents. Tix entries IKE those for the royal tribute of the munkipality of ‘Tehuacen (Doe. 28) re so uniform that if one can read the Fst age ono can read the whole mantseript. “Many of the special names for offices and taxes, in both [Nahuatl and Spanish, cen be foun, clearly organized anc well defined, in Crates Gibson's Aztecs under Spanish Rule. ‘The picture is ferent when one comes to tax Lists for local ‘market producers, specialists, and the lke, stich as those in our Document 25. In this mundane, halt-nidden sphere, Molina and Siméon are not adequate. To compensa, one must be sure to Search the analogous parts of Sahagun, comb through the Eetudios de Cultura Nahuatl for some similar ists, consult Gibson, sd use Imagination "hearing ho word go freon bu ncartnay se efengPetitions, Correspondence, and Other Direct Sttoments ‘These documents are generally longer, more wido-anging and varied then the preceding types, since they are dlieced to a ‘tain person or Instance rather than being records for the future, confined vsithin © set form. Therefore they cannot be rwadily reduced t0 a standard iormula, though they do contain ‘many of the formulas of the documents we have test above Thoy also have their own clear conventions and vocabulary, but those are of sich @ nature that elucidating them would be tants: ‘mount t0 the close study of whole ramjle document, to which the render Js encouraged. We might mention that almost all ‘messages begin with reverential salutations like nimiemonepec- tequilla, "T bow down to you," and nlenotennamiguilla In mo. ‘matsin in moceizin, “I kiss your hands and feet” The end ie ‘almost always signaled by ye laguich, That i all" of "enough" ‘There are. two principal branches of this. Uterature One, salnly in leterpeitions of the large towns to king or vice and in the comespondence of high nobles among themeelves, 1 essentially the polished ‘Aetece of old Tenochtitlan and Tor: 2c0, the style of the erations of Kings and. prnsts in Sahapun, ‘The vocabulary and idioms ere quite fully teated in the tic. Wonaries, except that dificlties grow when the langage De- ‘comes more oblique and alusive in prvatacoespondence, ‘Tho second branch consists of petitions and naratves fom ‘smaller outlying towns. The style I colloquial, with a restricted Vocabulary and simplined or regularized forms; one gets at times almost the feoling of a lingua franca, and indeed in the ‘west and south, some of the people who produced the dock ‘ments may not have been native speakers of Nahuat ‘Spanish Worde im Nahuat! From the earliest time, Nahuatl Socumentation js riddled with terms taken trom th Spanish, a fact wich al inal ucligtes its study by scholars who usually already know Spanish, other Fomance languages, and the European tradition in gooeral. Yet there are some pitfall. One must be prepared for the changes caused by the difference baoween the Spanish and the Nahuadl Phonemic inventories. Nahuall lacked several sound distinctions ‘made in Spanish. Above allt had no voiced stops and no labial frcative, causing the characteristic substitution of the neatest ‘equivalent unvoiced stop: in writing, this meant puting t for Spanish d, and p for Spanish b and £ Aso te only lguld tn Preseli gp peeldcaric alleen, Herat a "TYPES AND CONVENTIONS a froquantiy se0s such forms as cApiltocn) for cabildo, plima for ‘rma, vices for vigas, or poticalio for Doticari. The change, howovee, went beyond these relalvely straightforward equiva: lences. Nahuatl speakors did not readily hear any ciference betweon (U1 and fa yot the walters of our documents knew that the Spaniards had lottor d and that many sounds they heard a5 [) were to be so writin. It Is natural that they should Proceed through hypercorsction sometimes to waite d for Span Ish fas well a g or c and for even though (t,(k), and (0 ated in their own language; hence desdigo for tetigo oF (eravajar for Carzraal. Nabuatl writers were as prove to add @ Sllablefinal nto a Spanish word, ato subtract one, as With {he words of their own taditional lexicon: tue calla for ‘candela, catalinan for Catalina, erancio for oaciaa. The accom Danying table gives somo idea of the most common subs 'Nahust! spenkers ware likely to incorporate # word in the form ‘thoy most requanty heard. Thus instead of huerta one may ste Aalahuerta or alaberda; instead of villa, alavlla. Some writers of [Nahuatl understood te operation of the Spanish plural and used the singular aad plural sn the stondara Spanish fashion But more fequanty the -s ending was perceived as a singular and an additional Nahuat! plural in -me might be «sod onus flealdes (generally wetten alles), “one judge,” and alcaldesme, “judges.” The monerary tems peso or pexo and romin ot domin id not vary according to number. Each wsiter would generally use either the singular or the Spanish plural forall eases. Most Common of all ware the abbreviations ps and ts: pe 1105? "1 peso and a tom” ‘Gnce established in the Nahuatl lexicon, toan words from Spanish could tako the usual affises and endings, making them harder to recoghlze Spanish nouns almost never recelted the bgolutive suff in tf but could take plurals, as we havo soen, fand also fequently appear in possessed form (nocaualo, "my horse’), In one testament there is the focm moflemetique, "thoy signed," in which firma appears between a reflexive pronoun fant a. veibe! ending indicating the causetive in the. protet plural. Even when iean words appear exactly a8 in the Spanish, 4 corain alertness is required to cecognize them. Thus we hesitated (or a time when confronted. with the sting comula Defore recognizing it as ce mule, “a mule.” "The great dictionaries are not mich belP with Spanish loan words tn Nahuat Molina recognized thelr importance and thelr status ag @ valid part of the language, yot he did his work at an ama ed eee eed ee aea ‘Fem aD convening Expected Equivalences for Spanish Letters in Netoat Spanish Epectedprimary Expected secondary ‘Nabua Nabuadeabatintes | sabatntion| ‘trough bypercorectin ‘ornondinincion Dory nat . 7 | Bervimedia! Story But infact all these variants havea phonetie dimension, Syleble- ‘nal ismore lksy tbe omited befor a consonant and even moe \ely before anower nasal; itis doubled ony Letwwoen vowels, For standard tn tacat, the person” snd in atl, "the paper? some waters wil quite regularly podice{ scat! and in eat others, with equa regulary, put In acad! and innamat Also, '€ appears that Nahuatl speakers were prone to inset glides be. tween almost any two stllabic vowels. The dictionaries. do ft always recognize them, but glides may be expected whenever wo wel ect: [0] ater (or) Tatra fore Thus Uatous = ean ard tata, puhua = poa tlayocoll = tnecol miyee = mica tet = teot Conversely, words witout glides in he texts may apreat with them inthe dictionaries: tecotia instead of the dictionaries! Uayecoia, ‘aiTb ladon wortonan,amncon pyri aca, nc croc. Thee SSE eu an ne pcos “oe oo ‘een iene = rena am Beyond this, the best way to cope withthe endless variants in the texts is to adopt, for pragmatic purposes of locating words in the ictonaris, the principle thatthe ters equal sound sapmants, and {hat say segment in a punting word may comespand toa phone tally nalghboring segment in the word's dictionary form. Take the set offrcatives and aricates [s),(6, [ts], and (€) which ae standardhy ‘wetten¢ or and ch. Almost any on0 of this closely related {group can be a variant of any other: Standard Variant cotaua ota, can an Texica rmechica ‘zontaqui omtequt meta meat! etal meal mie mich colon ‘polos postin powlan “hare also much interchanging ofmasals, ven in syabesnil Pnifion, ano the members ofthe ares and Wit sabe omels tore is fay beoreenhorderog and g oad. a Troms oven more manted between and nsf ay ate Phenomenon tenor purely enograpsi). in ouruanecipions we have nocatamptodtoreprodve the word Spanish von hr que ssa ene ue oat endo deat} gato stn yoo salon nas de tebe. "Se ea, een' gradelron” wo fa ARC come ‘ject oout obo ester oe wet cane 02m teins {hey at soured ar oe sey tea tae ey ones ‘Tele Sean sri, tm 2 Io whch do Jan de a Hosa ma Ma [Gotan frag que dawn expen As joe ae I the rans tor on sin ante nord uae mast "Sa Sp eet bane ay ange argent wet heal st, nso etree yt Sanh Hansaa wus AND RELATED DoceMenTs = 0: no oncan qupi baptist cuemitlonpouallganyano ixguich yn ehiconmatl ae = ‘aut in calahcuomit wep ya yech poubtea in bento tequacul Ganiuhguipaiyee yuan one! cal — Au inueycalpo inst oc mixpen veti* noteachcaudiogo ‘amiztiato yuan baptistaniecauh yehuan tlahmataue qven quiche vague ~ Auh in ipl benito tequitotel yoca mii yn quanin quipiya ‘cvemitl ma ganiuhtiye gan tel noch quimoculllitah ayac quimacse ‘uh in solar ipaneatca oncan tatenconehuall nipatlac Yee total lath can oncan toontelica in bento tequitotl sh in axcan mote ‘ie cagal vtec poulz yn is macvilmat! aul yn oc chiguaceamat ‘ican pouiz nochan onpoualinatl ye wevae — Ahn amiztlato**achionictapan inotlalyn oncan yeomotal ‘eporpltagulganish quipiiyer* a nanmat ye pattavac an quto- cativez™ napa yahtiyex yeb daha ye oquinacse! eal bee ee ‘Rpantziny Entemo ynigulutn tt doe onean tne oncan machintin toctitoque notatzin noteachcahuan moteyoce Juan tocahuaz buena yuh ea Uatespantt yuan Menke Tah htt Siac aspen acme al wuicallo vez in cali yhuan oncan quigas ye nitlaxtiahuar notesh Beer alpaca act otis ysabel mnicatzinti quauhtitlan cihuapilli yuan ypamnpe vee mic catca don hemando estrada ee il oe Ra a such ne tonton Sen ‘WILLS AND RELATED DOCUMENTS “s In tho name of our Lord God, may all persons know how f am fseuing this memorendum and testament aa my lat willy Y don Juan de Guzman, ctzen here ia the city and town of Coyoacn, in the district of Santiago Xochac, declare that T belive inthe most ‘oly Trinity, God the father, Ga the son, God the Holy Spi, yet ‘only one true God omnipotent who created ané fashioned’ the heaven and the earth, al thai geen and Bot Seen Believe achat four mother the holy Catholic chusch dooms te. [Now Iam very sick my body is very il and not healthy, But my ‘understanding is very sound, as our Lord God gave itto me, and I Ihave not lost it If God now takos me away ant T de, {leave may ‘plete ard sou? in he ane: aay he take i 10 Rimselt, for} grvatly Imploze the dear lady St Mary, eternal virgin, to speak on my behalt Defore her doar son our Lora Jesus Chest; may he view me compas Sionately, ecausa he died for me; he was stretched out on the cos land spied his precious blood so that I might be redeamed; and ‘ay also St. JOh® the Bapust, my saint, speak for me before God, ~ First command and declare that when Iie 1 am tobe butiog| at the main chuteh of St John the Baptist, tere facing the Buriat ‘ang death of our Lord God; ther ix our burial place where they all Iie buried my father and my older and younger brothers. The otfr- ing is tobe as is aranged, and one of te pros wll come weacing 49 cloak to take me: and the offering usually given to the chusch people will be made to ring the bells; and (whe money { (wil) have] isto come fom the sale of « house thereat Teta behind the Inoue of efor don Juan Cortés; ad dis land made into a cul- ‘vated fied,” on which are zapote tone and raaguey and (1° and ‘here are peach tees there and a well it will petal tothe House, And from there will come the mess for me to pay for te masses {Incumbent oa me: sx high masses tobe sung for the soul of dona Isabel, deceasod, lady of Quaulitln, and fo her husband, who ‘was don Hernando Extrada. ‘Seaton osc bow “He manus Pa gna ce a a of. ge ad ap 31 ‘ne baening oe see“ ‘WILLS AND es247eD DocuErs ee parmesan att eta qe ee fa ety mean eta vAnimnan Ye hueceu omniguit a cae ene sm ei se mii dt ®t svaiol Iu hialgo mocahuesfeupan chiquecen por ies ok EERE bt ems ee ee ong mui np anche Fs nina tc ene ns 205 ee al tne etuonlan ca Yometn queue ‘quimonepantlaxeihuizgue a ae — yan milanahatia itech cali Huhtes yeegmanca huerta tea ganna aocayotoe pert Yous manent epoch don orenco de gurmen queue yan nicest niga d 2 a 4 domingo taxipan sebastian ‘ex bomac ¥ebans® caine nechpisia mecull poe ye aetecae toni lemamace que = van alauitohus niemelahey yebust Jue hui? . n yebuat! Ju? thea 8 catalina homac ychan ompa qusemiti chiquaces aon co ‘mala yuo Techical ama an ml uh ys yo moth! qurtahuaeshe compat eabe Mactl reemoa Yenotlacal gan tech quits? ceva Yate aca” quitlanie yas nicpilia tomines oma ps a Desde Sultans yl pala tomines ee pes aga yl os ‘Momacaz au yn o¢ cegu! missas, ‘imat ymoslbaceasnuan niguimisquctaay {> isan nltanahuaianigutohua yenuat juan de eruzpla- — And 1 declare, explain, an acknowledge that an old woman “whose name was Ana lent 8 pesos tomo.* She's dead now; she was 2 widow, citizen of Tlacopac And declare and acknowledge tat my older sister was doka Juana de Guzman, who was maried in Xochimaco; her husband ‘was don Pedro de Sotomayor. Three masses are tobe sung for her oul she died lang 290 ‘—" And I doclae tat my wie was doa Francisca, who died tong ‘ago; she owed monoy to Magdalena, whose husband was & Span- fare, Luis Hidalgo. Six pesos are to be givs® «che church for ‘masses 10 be said forthe efieigentioned Magdalena "And 1 pronounce and declare that thare at Teta i an orchard, were there ar poars and avocados and figs; itbepins there as You ‘90 down toward something lke a water hole” itraaches the stone ‘wall thro. twas the eld of Mighel Ayeuntzin, and 1 bought it rom hh. My to daughters are to have , doa Ana and dofa Maria at ‘Tepotzonlan;taeyare bothto ako js oe dividewamong themselves. Sand {pronounce that adhering to and united with the Tela orchard is another stand of pear oes; T give it to-my son don [Lorenzo de Guz; e isto take it "And explain and declare that Domingo at Tlaxopan, brother {nay of Sebastidn, whose home isin Santa Catalina Homae, wes re 5 pesos that I gave him at timay with which to da his ware "And I declare and explain that a Juan Tlaxcalchiahaul whose ome isi Santa Catalina Homac, maintained a mule there {or six moaths with ts hamess end packsaddlef new cloth. 1 gsv0 him 3 pesos when the agreement was made, ae he was fo pay 90 altogether, Because he is poor person he 1s pay only 16 pesos. If ‘anyone should demand any money Lowe bir, (up 10) two or three ‘pesos, heist be paid back: with only taking an oath to cents {0 be given to him. And ae tthe adtltional low masses tobe $a, ity executors know about {leave them in charge of “Zand I pronource and declare that a Juan de la Cruz, Moorish silveremih, Wes my; he owes me 80 Besos; 1 gave him good money An he took it in is hand; several mes I gave him money, and he Isto pay t back Ang there isa tliguary of lw-rade goid worth 25 pesos. He iso py ial back and my exeestors are 2 derma fromm him; Feharge dhe wih it‘WILLS AND naLaTED DoctnetTs — Yuan nigutohen ca nicotade 5! Vere ce hua Enero dex0 ya use ninomicole a ae {ent anabat ym exon ep yruas manne ae Inoquilizque quice cera candelas fe ninotocas — ye tnguteh m ng ‘notestam'® nictalia ot testigo fr alonso de paredes 5: Testament of Angelina, San Simén Pochtian, 1695! esas Ma® y jucoph fistoat! angelina nican notexaca lauitohua yo axcan note quota otlstoca Dios cena ye yotalo schleltica uh yehica yn aca noeenyollocacapa netlanceny Uatca yc niallenotetamentoauhoern es “macayac quitlacoz neltiz mochihuaz mnocamaic niautor ian san simon pochtlan i ym usticiatan ynotaotzin ogoquio auh ynanimentain \WnLis AND RELATED pocunENTs ie: — And {declare that Ima member ofthe sodalities ofthe Holy ‘True Cross and the Rosary and the Burial of Christ; when I dle an fering of four tomines is 1 be given to exch of the three, ? peso land 4 tomsines; perhaps they will dese thatthe wa candles for my burial will come toa! eis TNs is all that | am writing, wherewith I pronounce that in this my testament set forth my last wil. Is to ba eared out and performed, and I revoke any other staments, memoranda, or odicils I may have issued; they are to have no validity; the one T ‘ow issue is to bo caried out. “And T say and pronounce that dofia Agustina de Guzmin, ‘who died long ago ané whose husband was dan Constantino® Hus: tuimengar, rile of Michoacan, ordered in her testament that | was to be given 16 pesos ftom waich was to come the price ofthe fut tees to make the greater royal house's orchard, and don Felipe de CGuzmiin, whose fst oie she was, owes me this aforementioned ‘money; my efector are to request eI Teave don Lorenzo de Gus: ‘mn and do8a Ana, my chien, in charge of In tho presence of ‘the witnesses Molehor dan snd Juan Franleco, citizens here in the ‘ly and town of Coyoacan, Imad this my last wil and testament 1 ‘ive power to my aforementioned children to do all that needed for the ald of my sou! and to take and request what is Owed te What [have saie here Ihave seid rly Tocayon the 12th day a the ‘month of June of the yar of 1622. ‘As witness: Fray Alonso de Pardes. Jesus, Mary, and Joseph 1, Angelina, my district being here in San Simén Pochtlan, declare that now God my divinity and rer has issued his Sentence upon se, My earthly bady has grown very heavy, yet my spice ie Sivare; wherefore now it swith ol my haart anvoston that Forde In testament, od Jer ao one go aginst what I shall say with my auth; ite 0 be cared out and batormed Taina of Menon maa wasn he ing amy af Cneacan[WILLS anD RELATED DoctneeNTS a femdananesninitohaa onc ce noxuitn yoce tomas de los sane auh higutohua yo sacay semanas Ynotlacomahuisnantzin candeiaria? quimotequipanilhuiz Yate ‘Rochicatuls io ain note nels moceay as cagranant ngutehoa neg at eponutpa anpatsinco Yeolacmabutin 0 dings oe pBBssa alata ano hosts nienomageee ate mann cadre wlncogpaninas posal nlcene voc mas don sant Ys moccasin <~ Saute ngutobua yo yehuatin i aaa vnicaeyenpoch 28 gtalina nlciomagultuh yc ome nowhere treaa de jesus quimotequipanithuiz ynftla). ie d tios, Ynln notatal amo ydacahuiz nels mochihas shes erat {stunt ompotoal niccomaqultiun metarearen Ge lina ye quimotequipanithutz yn 2 toes jesus ele mchuae = yrauhtlamanttnigutohua actly facato ventura facion auh miquiton acto (sied yuan tloce quan! lo earura sn on prin eerste nace ie sacs ties Spice alt ee oe pt oe ars a Se Toe cdi Pa = vole macuillamentitniguitohua cot oncatqut contet! caltzitlt Mscope{colpa esticke nicmacatiuh yn toca juceph sled ae te Faparmacion weeh poubgulayae Ruel quits yam noviaon Yale chiquacentiamand sett auitobua nican mant catatttontt fa Yh axcan nicmacativh ynoxhuluhtain a fecinta ye quimotegulpaailnuls yaotlagoma huiznantzin Rosario sch pout nodaolaas are Mech pouha nec hue Gugui yin ‘TGS ls cane ae name pene i STIR erate ech cae te ter ns meta ane Wits AND RELATED DOCUMENTS . ~~ Fist, I docave thet thre sa grandehid oftine named Tomés 4 og Santos, and T declare now I am ofving him to (the cua: aia of my dear hanored mother (of) Candelaria; he sto work forit God gives him strength. Ths sy command Is to be eared out and performed. — "Second, I docire that thar 2 smal plo of land of 40 rods ‘here behind (he church of) my dear honored father St. Dominic, land I now declare that Iam also giving that to my dear honored ‘mother (of) Candolaria so that my grandson whom I mentioned, ‘named Tomas de lox Santos, wil Work (the land fr the cofrads Godt gives him strength. This my command is to be carried out "Third, I declare tho! 10 (he church of) the coletial vega St Catherine I'am giving © second grandchild of mine named ‘Teresa de Jess, who isto work lor #) if God gives hee strength, ‘his my command Is not to be vliated iis to be carried out 304 performed. And thor is small piec of land of 40 (rods) that Iam ‘iving to my dear mother St Calierin go thatthe prandetild man. toned named Torose de fends will wore there (lot 1), This i 9 De carried out and performed. Fourth, I daclare there are two smal children the est named Jacimo Ventara, the second naried Jorefe dela Incernacign: and declare yhat now there isa small ple of land here near the house, ‘rods long, 11 wide, thet am glving tothe aloremancioned grand children of mine named Jacinto Veatica and Josefa dela Inearae- ién to belong to them; they azo to have it; no one may evict them, ‘This my command isto be performed an eatied out — Fits, declare there ie a small house looking toward Tacuba; ive if tothe ane named Josefa de In Incarnacis, to belong to (hel 2Bo ote may evict het. This my command i to be cafied Out and perform, “—"Sirth,I declare there js 9 small bit of land here with buildings font And I deciare that am now giving ieto my grandchild st Tian. {quiztenco, Nicolasa Jacinta, to work on it for (he coftadin 0 my Gear honoved mother (of o> Rosary, belong to her: no on may ‘ovict her. This my command is to be carried ovt and performed, ‘ohangd fr alta oharen [Wms AND RELATED Docs = mnie 7 contamantniltobus ya eatin ypan mant ma ‘tacguahi Jhuan taco yate Bulga ine acopancope uh ye patiahuae chicuoquabuit'yhuan taco yn qaauntecape apa ‘Dal ash yn ancan oncan ica Yaomontin yn sca ‘oma petes yuan name anceca eco aya hol quingust ect ‘pauhqui ynin notlatol mochihuaz noltiz ae seni ama ugatohua yo Uayrpan call yn quauttacopa iit cn ocan nish ea hon {talon fan feantno er eae uel Guia yn neat ‘mochibuaz neltiz ae yee ehicunauhslantnigttohus yo panpateteo ssn nicolas yo ompa guimopieli Domingo Ramostainquimochbati Cente mien cantata yotec pouie mimieststsn yan Molt! mo hibuas nel "e nitlamiiayotltl ale ma la alcnopielia 8 ga aquich yacan enetenegh cn nlcnotacatanyiepan temo te Uacatl proce aceph andiwe yi ome sca! ytoet jan mains ‘niqueytacatlyoca peo de ls angeles yc nat! Uacatlyoca Juan andes ciantin ana ge Inert pedena ‘i teiantin tones 8 yl acl tixan omochiuh fn frestamanto contestant oicagiique ym siatal Ye Uenatia ‘can tetas toe toma axcan mate a 16 de agonto de 169% ‘Don Diego [areca dela yea. ju domingo topan topie|vante mi Don cols pipe eaetrao Hes dea 6. Testament of Miguel Jerénimo, Metepec, 1795! Jesus Maria ¥ Joset Alo de 1795 00s ‘Axcan Mieteulas a 9 de DOF Xiubtiapaalt 1795 3%» ninomach! tia yea slasomahuistoctzn Dios tetatain Yhuan Dios tepitzin ‘Yhuan Dios Espiritu Santo Ma yn mochihua Amen Jesus Maia y Jovet NaCl, Ut Ree an, Sil aon A | | | ui An RELATED DOCUMENTS n = Seventh, { declare thatthe small house i land) 10% ods Jong toward Tacaba, and BM rods wide toward Quauhta ans be fund of Taipan ana nove leave there my son-inaw named Tomé ‘éees and his wile Francisca Jacinta. Noone may viet tem ts belong to them. This my command is toe performed and caried ont Y ighth, 1 dacare that I am bequeathing the house infront, ooking toward Quaubtla, to (the ehutch of the celestial virgin 5t Gathering; it will be her own house; no one may evict her. This fny command is to be perfonnod and carried ot 7 xin, T deciare that (in) (he church of St, Nicoiés where atm Sunday is kept, a mas i to be sung, daceated tothe dead ‘Tals my command is tbe performs and cried out With this end my words, May 1 keep nothing to myst have smrniioned everything here, for am a poor person In the presenoe bf itnesses, the first named Josef Andrés, the second named Juan Matias the third named Podro de los Angeles, the fourth named yan Andrés, and tho wotnen Aaa de Ia Cruz and Peroni, ‘We the fiscales An whooe charge I the holy chure, before ws the sick peron’s testament was mde, we heard her words. To atest © itr pace here our names end signatures, today, Tuesday, ne {oth of August of the yoar 1699, ‘Don Diego Susnes, fiscal ofthe holy church, Juan Domingo, church constable Before me, Don Nicole Felipe, royal notxy of the counet jesus, Mary, end Josep. oor of 1795, re eee? the ah of Dacember fe cal yor of 17961 [ake as my sign the dear honored name of Gos the father and {God the won and God the Holy Spit. May @heir wild be done, ‘Amen. Jesus, Mary, an2 Joup8,| = rts aso RELATED BOCES Ya sigan mtoumans cate ntece ap ane taan none meses ces poe ee {xican cursbin Sn aug ee ee ah an Sia crams seat a st fon na sonolo pe wcrancn el at ao. ‘et nachna acta nsec ee YtenbctinconnoCahle Ye ose to "Sian ses Ca hua aN es an Jerusalen motemace = Yan capa odo le ong Capa topn Cae ‘Youan noguimiluhea Yes Ca Dios quimovenfia Yemen Yulthllaca yr oyun nesimase eet tid d Cops pane echontossttaa eh = Yuan nigittos Cattsnui muchica Solar Ynuan Yeipac YoUuin Dios Caoncan (nina Omentn msanoan se 3H ACstonio Huan oc se fora Rais Belen Sebi ee anuPanfosgus nye Dias qumoomalis Ya none mocap 0 motte as mecibgy eeu — Vaan nun se al aust man Once ce Lega at aabuae J de Ds Bariage Ce See Hut Yoin matnehaue Anno Yhuan Batt Age Ba Atoqupanosq Onan Clic nls notanshon <=, "Ruth shoe oes ton ee mctacgmtOnean osm se ant Cn eh oes Feo trina tam pena ee hen noma ina "Yn ntuos Ole mater Onean noe Captian} Gt hans eo aes ae noctooePetona Marine Mehmet as mec =, tual niguttos Oc seal senpoal mani Qncar Onoc toloca ‘QhiltYmilnahuac Dionisio Cosme lid Ca nicCabullieh nothel ‘Ytoca Rafe! Balentin nets machihtas nelanahet an niguitioa Ca onquinCaunt nomontzin Yhuan nock= ‘Boch ¥toca Petona Martina OnniguinCeubtiPan call Para quinine CephatIaue' Minas Die qumoashis sete oss ‘notlatol : — = “Uh Yhusn Yoni Roa Mara? Aho guia ten qubtos ‘Mostlatu(ptla neltis mochihuas notlanahost : REST gunmscatagce ia arma amacaarmeneaaeeeeeeseey eee assusieeeesvesTeeeEEEET ‘ws AND ABLATED Docuneents ~ Here commence my testament My name is Miguel Jerénlao an sy late wife's name was Pascunia Joets; we are ciene of Sat Joon Bautista Metepec, and our dismict is Sana Cruz Tianauit- funco. { dectare that my earthly body is very I, but my mind is perfectly sound. If God my divinity and sovereign hs condemned fe, I leave mysolf in the hands af aur Lora Josts Christ. = And declare tat one haleatomit) of given rte Holy ces of frusaiem “Sanda to whee my srh bay 0a tai tat coche ie Andy Dui cthing wil bet Ged met ff And I clve tat thea forms and sal il bo igh mass tn the presencr ofthe dy ta hey wl dome Charity of pertorming iy cmd oo be eae pu An I dorare srl hows wth lot anda nage of Go share Ihave Left myo gatdsone, on nate Aston ae {ther one named Ror Yate Thy ae oa up ges them ifr IC perbepe God shosld tek ane ack {evel foto, hy command i ob etre ut promod “Anil! decare tha thr i pc fan ood eat thao a the Capen rnd nxt 08 tt of oon se Dae Vio. ano, which Tam baguesthing to hte freeones Gi Amon tnd Rast Antonio [cso ta ay ail Kop th howe, Command i to be ned oe “Bian decor that athe fall pee od of 10 so is shoe nent to 8 et of don rund os Santos, rng tte ‘anger named Petrone Martine sate il umber the future, My comma i be crn oat *INAai I declare that another piece of and of 10rd there at sho Cat palin? rod ne to te fl of Fence ses wi STusise ving toy raphe owen arn My commen arbe feed out and pevormed wrAnd T declare thre is note pice of nd of 29 ods) locates thereon the Toluca oad notte fd of oi Comm, tannic enn on a aa ‘Vantin ty comand ie tebe eating oan pero semana dla that have et sn te 08 my anor named Fetrons Narr atthe Bou fr hem have Wile Go ‘out give thom ie oder fe cae ot an Pore. — And no one is to make any objections to {hls moter), Rafina Maria,® in the fitere My command fe to be ceed out and performed, See ee ae(OILS AND RELATED DOC eer — Auth Ybuem niguittoa Canpa niguincAubet Nochpoc omental Cayetano Salvador Oncan Caltech Mochantoges et? ‘uinlenqltos mostahuiptlanelis mochihuas nottananeeg™? fh Ca swanichauichOnicmachist Yzpantzines Dios guinqu nopan motatoksque noalbasees Ca, Yeneey en aslo Antonio Yuan Pasqual de los Reyes Ya qua hibuiisque Ce Dog quinMotantahullmageit nen ‘otalautiie Mahuillmagulis nels mochiinas 4e a Santa Ye ju? de pe 0 — And declare that at the place where Ihave lat my daughter and my son-in-law Cayetano Salvador, they an to dwell hae athe house; 20 one is to make any objections to them in the future. My ‘command fe to be cared out and performed, “And this is all that Ihave stated before Goa and whore who are 10 speak for me, my @ecuors, ete Marcelino Antonio and Pascual de los Reyes f they do this well forme, God wil give them the reward, Aly request tbe eazlcd on and performed. [And we in whose presence this testament was made are the ft cales ofthe holy eure; ehiet Sse Juan de Leén; Mexican ial Teonardo Antonio; sat for Ehocatepec Antonio Lait. wrote I, notary ofthe oly church, Juan de Dios Vitra, — Hire I make manifest when Juana died the time she dled was on the 21st day of March ofthe year 1629, and her busband Gabriel Rafael paid the tute forsyoar: he alone made the payment, and hon he died then he lett the tibut to me, Juan Bautista, chlo ‘councilman, and to my wife Susana Maria and we have made the Pavament for him together = Now is made manifest hoe tha when be died a debe of 12 pesos was incumed for him to be buried, and to make i good 10 (reas) of maguay land wee given wp and witht mssse8 costing 10 pesos, which Juana Maria abd fee husband Gabriel Rafe! naa reserved for themes, were eld en the 4th day ofthe month of Docombor ache year 1630, and then there were 3 pesos, mines to mse good the (royal eibut, then 6 amines to make good the [cor ‘munity fodder supply dus? and 24 pesos to make good the tla) ‘community works obligation for one Year, and 6 tomines to make {00d the egg dy "ie rome that cage anaapas cont” as A tarp cocina = Aacan nlcan momachsta yn iquae Ochish y inisae grablel Raphael yey inamic Juma mo pos ma te al ye optic 399s 4 te nian Cohan ye oun ae hull moceniaia 24 phe ‘niman cohuetar yo pace 7 nimaa ttle! pate 61 ah yn cane oasis cee ‘mimigue ye nail ant meu mayo 191 ee Fy yhkcin ican nicmachiyoria ynic omochiuh in misses gra: Le Rapheel yhua yn inamie Juana m# oconcahulgue 10 pos sisnes 2¢ eepa ocalac 5 ps yhuan Yotech pugul guimocuilice yo sca jlma ytatsi ynantl yous ycoltzin ete yotech pou 8 pos {gmechiu yomissas yn mochint uh niman lacelaquill ye ope {94s niman cobuscacatl 7 ts niman totltell ye opati 6 nis ‘obiuatequtl ye opatic yn co xihutl mocendalle 24 pes aun ae ‘quac omochiun missas a7 dias det mes de Julio Leah anos — auh niman Omonee pa 7 ps ye Oquichitonique metzontel yaa Ye oeaguigue metl yhuan ye onicanato Yu BitOM fen ‘ine eenotoes Oop Oicnao oye 3 ps Youn 2 ah na eres ‘Santiago? onenca a yatapa ye a Rey oor ae ta GU ates fe Axcan (53 tonai febrero yn adhutl de 652 anos omochlhua ynin ce a Pa a pa ee Fe lat ncn 8 eneban clomente rane” erhanden ee eon eliphe prioste ju? pensar Be ‘atheo testigo por tes? Don diego min de oeomarT 2 nn he te moat ne tytn an posh Seago site hese bor abe ne ren Ol hebojeeac eet tan e ‘i, though tat ao nan cca cea ht In ao ou ed Wis AND RELATED pocuMEETS eo — Now is mad manifest here thac when the massa» of Gabriel Rafoe! and his wife Juana Maria were hele, {twas 10 pesos; thon {¥ pesos, 4 tomines to make good the (royal tribute; then 24 potas 0 ‘make good the total community works abligation for one year; then 7 romines to take good the (community fodder supply duty): then {6 tomines to make good tne og duty and the time the massos or the ‘deceased were held ras on the 4th day ofthe month o€ May ofthe ‘year 1631. ‘S ‘Nove lmake manifesthere now thotr masses that Gabriel Rafoel land te wife Juana Maria had reserved for themselves were held, Costing 10 potes; then came in additionally & posos belonging to ‘them that the fiscal took then with 5 peyos belonging to his father and mother and his grandfather and grandmother, were held masses for allof them; and then 3 (pasos), Atomines, make good ths royal) tribute; then 7 tomines (community fodaer supply duty then 6 tomines to make good the egg duty; hen 28 pesos to make good the ‘otal community works obligation for one year; and the Uma the ‘masses were held Was on the 7th day of the month of July of the ‘your of 1652. — ‘And then at the field 7 pesos were spent with which they lwimmed the maguey growin and transplanted magaey, and foe me to take the boy [san Jacinto to Ocholloca where we west to take the spring waters, twas 3 pésos,2tomines; and then wher his younger brother (Santiago? came who Aad Boon living in ragged clothing ‘dressed him up for 9 pesos. ‘odes, ho (518 day of February of the year of 1652, thls momoran dum was made belore the alealdes ordinarios in this town of ‘Analcotitan of San Francisco, oncoming what tho late deceased Francisco Felipe possessed; to verily it hey sign here. Jan Martin de Céspedes, Alcalde. Juan Bernabe, Alcalde. Diego Lees, witness. Esteban Clemente Francisco Heménder. Juan Ber nabs, cofrada steward, Diogo Felipe, cofradia swat, joan Mateo, ‘witness. Asa witness: don Diogo Martin de Guzman,” "McktClactn, UCLA Rach ora, Spit Callens Toe Se day of Fabrany Soe nny ve, noel th st Ag canna poe reer Mea. ‘us Axo Ler Soc = fel schtopa mopiyat co call yealnahuse (man? sew a co call yesinahuse (man?) jagtinia ~ o yhuan mopiye matacti yuan ome yehuss mop = no yhuan opine ce capod siglo paza? Man mopita ce capot! yuan topilla yhua Ce aorta fo Yhua ce soon ya solic Yuan ce sonbreto ste no yan meas bordes sole : no Yhuan ce mances aso seul pire ~ fo yhuan ce pares liga ales 80 yhaan ce palona gle moptya 20 Youan ome marti epost” topiga = Ro va co tonaza repost mopiye 8» Youa mopiye chicuacen Hazes topos = m Phan ponsones repost mopliy ~ 80 Yuan ce tenaea mopiya ign 207A laine en oxo sin estrbus yo lo mopiya sn ro ad Pca tehulguiieys yoatoac coin inane ahaa Sais cacamen® ca mo- S18 Tyee 2 te eve Fin 3 Yuan atpet gu — vhuan nel quitehuiquili 1°, taneune sega" Ma Stehuoa manos mathe aiiea Poe ao vcan a i can oguimtique tatuqu ides WAS MN aepetanalotean y hel nell eo eae Pala ingen es Ale bam hse nor ese ate ale pn PED I math tango uo beat ae Fee eae tbl mendes testo apa ake te eas ~ 2 omecobua se ‘aqulch omocoa © conti Re Yhuan omomacaque cantor tim la ya feuge ypan yatiro hus sna sna Yaquich 1p ‘Wn. AND RELATID pacers 8 ~ First ofall, there isa house ner the house of Justina Rete. = And also there are 12 maros; they ave tobe kepg.? 22. = Andalso ther area cloek with doublet anda pairoftousersot ‘wooten stu “oMAnd alo a jocks, aleady used and a hat, used = ‘And also geen hose, use = ‘And also there (a pair of store, of blue satin = And also a pair of bine garters, = And also there is large sot collay* usa ‘And ateo there ae two hammers of meal?” = “and also ther isn pair of 1095, of met = ‘And also there ar files, of meta. —6 And also there are punches, of meta =u = And also there is 8 pair of tongs. = And also theresa riding saddle with sade pad, witnour sie ups, shd a halter without dee — Hore isthe dbtton cofadn othe Most Holy Sacrainent 28 allknow,(itis)atotalof. pvr PHSOR Doane ‘he owes 1 pesos, "tones — Andheowes tetown : pesos = And indeed ne owes to Juan Mateo, who lent Ht im, @ tal of : Spesos Hore nove the lords slealdes and sll the nobles in this town of ‘Analcotitian considered it; in uth here they sign Juan Martin de Céspedes, Alealds. Juan Bemabé, Alslae. Asa witness: dan Diego Maria de Guarda. Juan Mateo, witoesS. Jaa Bernabe, coftedia steward. Diego Felipe, cofradia stoward. Gabeiat ender, witness, Before ms the notary, Juan Baltsar. Expenses, — "Hore isthe Castilian wax bought forthe cecasion ofthe bata ‘thetotal bought van 7 posoe Sandals thesingers were given a donation tualag 1 Paso Fao? poe ie ats aed Teas sen whe scplvlont of eo ota ot 16" Phe 17 pu tn econ wg co8 nts AND RELATED Docu = no yhuan omochinua missa omocavac huencintt wsauich as snauia Yi adn ottemacaque inane conception sat -Axcan 17 tonal motoca metat masgo ym xhuil dei sions yclncuenta y dos aos oncan mochihuac almoneda ira fran® feline lean tecpantoe yn monamicatyaha? tt"? — y huel acho se sabre Sot omonamacac ce peso yuan, no Wah omemaneca cx mario yan yr ence eo hea juan bet® yea peers to hsm omonsnact c sila sina yu sxe hes stnariga ya moch esa ogileamigu onl ea? saad Yea maui pee an macolomiane Soest “FH Tom mamas emia tos The dah poy «7th atta penape posting Sth speech See em — And also a mans was held; an offering was given AeFaiNg on . 7 -Atomines w= And aivo we gave a donation othe cofradias of the Conception and the Solitude totaling, see ONES ‘Today, the 17th day of the month of March ofthe year 1652, en auction was held forthe decaasea Francisco Felipe heres the cour house; what was sold” (vas the following) “pet ofall a used hat was sold for | peso and om N08 oe on oto, 6 torn ‘Sand also a hammer was sold with three chisel; Joan Bernabé tookitfor Stomines “TTAnd sino 2 riding saddle with saddled sus sole, and a ‘halter with all trope; Miguel Angel, notary ofthe Selita, tok it for5 pesos and tomines. ‘peso, Stominesf Se Pe ONS Seepgrat sce poutine se Dosumeet Teaco Joan Fda, San Ral Aes, 1617. Pg Ge etn Ree nf a hae Soke lay saree nad Bien Sects prt Sarwar rte i Caste at = Document 3: Tesument ot ten Pate San Ranson Aen, 61.2Document Tyme fan de Gus Coyencn, 1422, Page Document 4. Test fdr a fe Guy cays 122 Pg 2ocumeot 4, Teta on un ue, open, 1422 Page ‘Documents. Teana of Anping, Sen Sia Poca, 1496. FaCig ont "ea ik a Document Tamir Agta Sah Sign ott Document & Tesamen of niu eno, Mapa, 78. Page.Poser & Teme oan, Maps 175 ag Document ovenin fh t ot rncac Flips win fuera exes en ‘Coon oaths, Asian 18 PapeDocument 17 Sala fan with at he son ant eee’ wl ached agent contain and Decument 17, Ste fad, wi a he aco vein, cman ey atetin ll aout Ancpo, 78 FaeUW. Land Land 16564: ‘nvestigation and distribution at Atenantitian, ce mis tlactehcalet nie ome nat [Been Blas utooa yy campsite a A,RMCUUH c yppa ueenaleyeppaieeanciaa eee Aun Scie nna gel garcia or guns none a exalt ascan moi in ttunt doce noe ‘amarltecpanialitie vuln canal ye omnis oe alec ai coals eS ey ae aN ‘enol oc 20 in vont in eae es geen me {ie ave slat FO np, Facey eee om ald ‘ame: Thoaca, haly atet gee acance,*PRRe hoe parson, Documentation 19 day of Foran, Your of 1554 1 Pedro de ax couniman interrogate Papen elas: te ft Marin iacshcalcn* the soso High Testa oan Tape, Prantaco Moyse, Peron They slow tt Years ao, and fie yey 90, sd tenga gy that webu Tecpenlaa toe so ave itd sperm es day Ads noe Garen cane = hag then fre? ee srarge Recut ug De Satin ene ede fr tae ed Brnaninast a opps Sine ras rages weve ben Slang nat our and sae ateasan Merete Pope Sorting land Gere st rancoce Cualuins ern Juan feral ‘ira, jan Lop our a orphan calla eat ths ito = y interrogated the householders at Atenantitlan, Alonso Tepa- eco quel en, Franc Kc, an Feo Tost Ty tint went lant antgn thin en aga reds ew gen fan Guay ony wear ea hea ‘rent ote county ote ohios And theta co, ‘Shion otAtonca tae to he thelandtofrancs Cant My {dleusall the vale nt cently Francesco ola gound {tina os jean foe te goune tr mye mo ne gave ioe. And the ane 13 Gods) onl Go) Md SER “te ns "seh nt Ta = Poe Hueco sl anton! Oh aan oan {er ting vals he, accel yor Cr Seige Roig ae snr faci’ a set ea Soe ates om es "Shem aor na © a to AGS, Tas 78, 2 (hme apart ead ob bose ea fay eorgiis commen ee Toe fr ana alee saa ape bt was ed eet fr te ees af Oe Re ANA 8 eescy LAND DocuMaNTATION = Oniquiniant in chanegve palpantiancs quloua yn jeune tudaimacoc yncica ed macie min soe Gan mina ete ‘nlesthyonemicnimanconcalaigas ju iene! yeh cod ie quchiua gan quleaualttinem rn etenantiuntlacs Qieen ‘2608 oguimamagul ip daca miguel opochipan topos Ye Hall e vig ax fe palauae ai yeu a °: ‘ust oquipout mia tepantemoe = Quo in plpanaevrgue ym iancuicantedanaoe yeu wns enuevtque ym iancuican td J ‘macs bean cauhl muhnatalpen Ova Yai yea ai ‘man conmacagie 41 minich quimacaco i tyreaic dec tae gman J aan en tn hoe oa cena te quicaila ganuh mont cad Het ‘Concut auh yn thalli inte viac xox fe patlanac xi! ae — Quitoua ymatenantitantlaca te wr yottte atnaa "ac omoteneubque yoni tal- ‘ciguiamnemt ynnaxcan tenn oye gail carat oust guimacsco ju Susnocan yo oni hace it chogulma ypantuipanor elevate a ye ocan ate viac 3 Yeu ep seyeceaaleige cane ‘th ynancanodcmacaqae intl te patna sp pantera alge — Axcan ‘anes ongulatlast yo atenantidantaca yi folc 4 alll Ganiuh veto yo iguich call. yn ae ees Batiaoatc yo tndan in cpa ill onigaimitlquen angie lamechixoquilia in palpantaca cuts 1 itl dias de haber 1554 aos aan aba ‘lali atenantitlantiaca pal ean peal wee iat opouin exc pout vepeea cca opuch eal omacocicpationac xe vac wl ya mil Sia dan ml eat soca cope onpa yr punaninn eee “Ean DOCUMENTATION ” — Linterogated the householders from Palpan, who said that ‘when th land Was assigned to thom, this piece was newly given to “Martin Noch, but then he soon died, and when he had died then ‘they made it the house-land of Juan Tenoyot, All he whe he neve ‘worked ihe just left st abandoned, Tho Atenanttlan people 63, Preiy fk orus olven to 5 Miguel Gpoch to woik one land it 419 long, 12 wide: The person who measured itis Martin Tepantemoc, constable. The Palpan olders sald, when land was newly assigned 10 people, it wa glven to a Bornardino Cuathtl, who went to the Country of Kochimilea; when he wont chen they gave iti Alonso Timich, Juan Hueytectnt,alalde,cizen of Tequemecan,eameto five it. Recantly he Alonso Mich) died. His sa is named Juan, ‘The Atenantitlan people said het no ones taking it om ht, ies fale; since it is bis land, lt him take i And the land is 30 long, A wide. wo The abovementioned Atenantitian poople ssi, this land was ‘nowy given to Martin Aciquihnemi, who now has gone Temio. ‘Wea he went, then twas given o Gabril Cacatznad The person “Who came to give twas jon Hueyeecunt,eeal, cian of Teque- Iocan. He worked itforsixyears Andnovw we have given ittoMartin ‘Choquima to work on. The land is 13 ong, 12 wide. Another places {2 cide), 15 long. The person who measured itwas Martin Tepa temoc, constable. ms poday, Tuesday, I asked the Atonanitlan people why the land thas is ideal the tase, 100 Zong, being 46 wide below 14 above. Said to them: what do you say about this land thatthe Palpan people alm from you? Do your hears desire that you divide i beeen ‘Jou? Then they said: very well oc itbe done thos, distribute 0 us, Baa tet them take tt thon Pinal sido thom: very well so that you “rll not go back on your word again, ake the oath, Ther they di it First Alonso Tepanecoc; Miguel bquen; Francisco Xo; Juan CCuauntl, And they dia this tn the presence of the Falpan elders Martin Tacuchceletl Francisco Moysen; Pedo ins Juan Tzonen. ‘Witnesses were Martin Tepantemos, constable, citizen of Arica, {and Gonvalo Hemandes, cstable, citizen of Chimaliacan. In the presence ofall these, thus spoke th Atenantitlan people. 17h day of February, yoar of 1554, today being Saturday. Todsy the Atenantilan people who belonged to Palpan and now belong 0 “Hueyputeo wre given land we Miguel Opoch was given his house-land, 10 wide, 10 tong where the field of Son Mastin de Paz was. He isnot 10 90 away ‘aga, he is to work om it Anat place is 12 (by) 24« ‘480 DocunantaTON = ttan®9 xico ye acan ital*omacoc x ic palause mie vine — PP toch ye ocan itl xt fe patlauee mx fe vine — mi chogulma ye ocan [lal xl ynie patlase re ema Chama Ye ocan [all yic plac in xntnyn 201 tepsnecoc ye ocan ylel xv Se vine xe patiatacotenoo Miphe cusunet yooocan yal sl fe vac x le palanae in? auacaridancalgal ye oan ital x le vae xi json cova yall ancticentmomacy Fla ie Sec eet mid ps mca pen etapa MEE +, pooch ata yancucaa momaca yal 1monaca a dead ‘eauicpatinac yc acaxipaneqlpananaees 7 miguel ixqven omomacac taltionti apantent vil ini yiaexit x Macatt Netw p° de pax cnicacitian calle yd quineqae inollo © tubal mochiah ve plpamtaca ju? tone iran {apes oon eal olsipouh mi eraser oun min antic aiuan chest ‘oan fran®O metzon chane veipulen, ‘yoan ‘don ds munigurte ‘ayaa Aun yh coautt ye omopouh rece a Yeoman che se a cin rane pce, reals ns 4. faa hon ak ‘an Eng sly peared ate Lap BOCUMENTATION ” = Francisco Xico was given additonal land, 10 wide, 12 long. Pedro Tocht,additanel land, 39 wie, 21 long. = Martin Choguims, additional land, 13 wide, 20 ong) beliw, 13 above, — ‘Alonso Tepanecor, additional tand, 16 long, 11 wide, at the road's edge. ‘= Felipe Cuaubti, additional Ian, 14 Jong 1 wide = joan Auacatitlancalgu, edaitional land, 10 (vide), 14 Long = ‘Simin Couatl was newiy given his house lang; hi ian ig 2 (vide), 29 long, where the eld of don Martin de Pos was; he Is ‘ork here on w= Ped Kochi was newly given Mis houseand where che Gli ‘fox Maztia was; his houseana is 10 wide, 36 ong; heist work fon t,he is got to go away again. “Miguel Tequon was given the end of the old teh ge of the canal, 7 (vide), 13 long. ‘There re) ten people 1, Pedro de Paz, councitman, distributed their land to those _Atenantitlan householders as their hears desired iw this done In order for me to verify it ap thoy requested befor the counel of {Coyoacan; now Ihave come to atest ov I distbuted t 09 be ‘command of lord dot Juat and the lords elealdes don Antoni a Jan de San Ueao, And ln the manner of how I dsibuted #0 ‘them I metly followed their word as te ow they had distributed i famong themselves, in the presence of the Palpan people Juan ‘Teonen; Francisco Moysen Pedro Elits; and Peds, ciizen of Totoltepec. And the person who measured the land was Martin ‘Tepantemoc, constable, citzen of Atiepac, and Francito Metzon, tien of Hueypalc, and don juan de Manique of Cayulan. And ‘the rod with which twas moysured was the ten-oot meagure thats hept here,” Ete, on te above mentioned inom and yee “Saclang The Spanish tae dept gual qu scuba etano pocimeraRo 10. Division ofa plot of land, Coyoacan region, 1554: Pedto de paz Repidor nehuat!ontiacito a Iézao exc 11. Consirmat ogg ation of property rights, Coyoacan region, tenn Yellagarepspa incac ce mat een’ Clnepeallt ‘ont ero mac ah yas eat gy Youn del mes dias dtesiedembre molt es lon juan de guzman juo ga ‘as pocuseraTION “Today, Friday, the first day of June of the year 1554, before us, don Juan, governor in the town, ané Pedy de Paz, councilman, ‘ame the nlece of Julién Ustopoieat, whose daughter is Ane, ‘izens of Tetitlan, hls land belng there st Copia. aivied It Among ther, each taking 10 brazas: Francia takes 10 brazas ‘wide, Ana algo takes 10 brazas (wide), 16 long; Ane tl aa equal staoane giv io Both of tom, whesore Uisopolets daughter ‘ig not claim itagain trom Francie). In the presence of Juan de San Lizaro, alealde; Bartolomé Lede, councilman; Lils Deatel Constable; Diogo Uscamocat; Juan’ Covousn; Diego Rani Daminge Lézare Te porvon who went to measuc the boindaies ‘was Martin Tepantemec, constable, earo de Pax, couneliman, I wees it: Dothngo Lavo, notary Before me don juan de Grams, appeared (e petton name ars ‘taon of Heya. (So tet wil bo a Ped ihuta rd an ee il har the ns] 1 mae Per oF hrs, wherefore | pt be yi nub, and some 1 ard ttle th witessen Diego eer an fn Gare me uanians her unre nied Deming Prd Diego da Sa go, {Gna) Juan Batata, Noone may ham he bows And hcomenon rom rea" the learn fe 31. On tho von te woo facing west soe bans [oy one br) 7end eo cng cat na war saute pt alto rat uae Gh yor Decor ee ‘amily asks were ormod, The Spanish estate gies Oost, “Cin tara nih ‘Motes apr cane anor get ao Da, “uc prt en an rcs as tle ntLao pocuerany 12, Distribution of ana Coven ag OF land to heirs of don Luis Cortis, chat tamstcilo Ym nian lh yntencopatzince yn 90 Ramos esc? ay am tatouant don at de (am faouani don us de ueasco ised Gomes "AON Ties 18 wp 2,611.8 Spanien {LAND nocaeNrATION a 1, don Juan, governor inthe town of Cayoacan, and we alcaldes don Antonie and Marin de Santiago, we officers ofthe raler don Luts do Velasco, viceroy: hor heforeus came te children of don Luis Corts, citizen of Acuecuexco, because hey complained before the judges there inthe Royal ANéienca in Mexico City om account ofall ls? ‘elds tha are his” property; they considered it well, and they deo- {gatod ito us so that we would carey out and divide them among them. His! elds which dod Ans, wile of Juan de San Lizao, takes (aroin) fy places: first at Veiocan, 36 rods wide though on one side ‘only 25, and 143 ods long second atXomacullco, 40 wide, 60 log, third at Chilchoc, 18 rods wide, 20 long: fourth at Chinampan, 20 wide, 0 long; ih at atitacan, Spas wide, 12 reds ong. Thess ‘are all hepiacershoroceies, Shewill be ableto keep it? noone isto ‘take it fom he, sinc we verify what the judgs rulod, so she will be flea esp it thus we divide therein seston befor the regidores Bartolomé Atempanccat, Alonso Daniel, Francisco Flores, Diego ‘Ramirez, Agustin Galego, Domingo de San Sebastiin; also before ‘Torlbio Silvestre, Miguel dela Cru. And ghose who wentro measure he fand personal (ere) Alcalde Martin de Santiago anaFrancisco Flores, Alogso Danie}; notary Martin Javobo. Done inthe month of une, 10th day, Year of 1857. To werify there ‘we place our rubrics, our names, our sianatures, ‘Don Juan si Capoacas. Don Antoni, alealde Martin de Sentiago, alcalde, notary herein Covoacan in the name ofthe very honored ruler don Luis de Velasco, viceroy, Domingo Ramos, court notary Ten smn “se wl ook oie wl ep wall* ao Doosan 18, Municipal grant of land to Jo untepal Joaquin Flores, Coyoe- 1 ipan apt coyobucan yavyihlqutoca y poh petal. ily qullenos ym stensa yr cinco wos Nee 4ontorooon deguzmen Cathar] yun govenador eases ‘inbalasar deo lonsofenbidesaldesyencopan>aeacs ‘hua yo tohuearocaah Rey su matt em Yahoo eas [Mares] chane awputeo ye nica depen chala nln sues falc ctaglan i.) petelomicemea cca ys pores ‘TRateptalzin yo quia onean man tgpaca calla {ech poubalyngamnueetor yl oo nian tan mec ilnonelahuacoyilalacaloque ynhuel nai amoae Rech per 4 ali ipampa yn ancanlemaca tascata Ym yeu em ‘ures yc patios chcahnashganu au ate Maas sol ney guahtl yo tonatchyealaguanpa sah rr tonish Yau, Ye ae chicalctn yo al cenpeuall nome goa le patauacmacallguabat wach et Ym al ytsten oes tonatiuh iquigayanpa pxquichin yn ticmaca huel quimopieliz amo-ac. ‘qstoguls ye ncauncayhunsylguneuliiey pita jade moma cs yah eel faa tice ‘ey sunagt ric tlaoahuaiaponsensionquimacatshfuainonay ‘ay0r luis careajal ynicuenettia penne apr weltia ypanapa nicen tetala toma- “don tengo de aide ‘gutman bal"8t de eon allse Alonso benabides ‘Yntencopan®® sefires gouernadr ald ant see or alldesnlenetit amatiacilo ‘weencopant® su magi eugustin de galas sarees | aK DOCUMENTATION ® Inthe team of Coyoacan onthe third day, following the count of the ‘oath of (December) af th year 1675, don Lorenzo de Guzmn, fuer and governor, and we Baltasar de Lain and Alonso Benavides tales inthe name of our Lord God and of our grea sovereign king Fis Majesty, ete. there came a Joaquin Fores, eitizen of Aepatac, before us here in council to make a... pation with which be ‘greatly implored us concerning a pce of town lana thathe requests {here at Ateputzco,calpul land no longer belonging to anyone at lying ile; a8 also here belore us have appeared leading dwelos is the district! and come toexplain that indeed rly theland belongsto ho one, wherefore now we give it to Joagusn Flores and make Ie is Droperty,9 rods wide and 18rods long onthe west, and onthe est, where the land enters at an angle 22rods an rods wia, reaching the roadnextto thetieléofSusana on the east Allis wegive hi, 0 bbe guarded well, no one st clam it fom him fora long tae © ome, and 0 thatthe will bequeath to his clldven when be des, fr thus we confirm our order oa behalf ofthe king Mls Majesty that we frder the chief constable Lie Carvajal to give him possession, ‘wherefore to verity it-we put here our rubrics and sigaaure. Don Lorenzo dle Gurmén Baltasar de Ladn, Alcalde. Alonso Bena- vides, Alcalde. Ta the name of the lords governor and aealdes I verified i: notary {nthe name of His Majesty, Agustin de Galicia, not. Siz parine na aac banter eh caeloin oahnav snapanonga srt the mn to Sat rater 8 eeee Teateetett . ee sen ecco etm Armas D® mareoz del Castillo oe Casio Juer gor eek eeles Sige megdorer mayoree Don tran nicolas y DP Jot mathiaz en at a cy sp BRI tron, MeN Catcto UL Roma nea tae hay, Sect Cataco. i ‘Notification of penalty? Year of 1708, ete inthe courthouse in council inthe town of Aacapoteleo in ‘tye month of July im the year of 1703, dhre anpeare here ache ats ofthe cstrict of San Simén whoa just bean concade thet lands that they had demanded, vo that before the led Jue nd Governor might be approved what eafor Andrés Gontile had con faded them. Thus now the aforementioned sefior Andris Gansdlee ‘plied hore publicy that they are sleady taking their ands and ‘none of then are to demand anything again ot aispite anything ‘since they have taken what they demanded concerning thle lan, 100 fods). And herewith the ponaltyis Set ee: noone hsd ny demas 9 make claims abou it, because they war aleady lea ‘what belongs to them, and sf anvone, perhaps some of those of he istrict ofSan Sima, should make calm again, be will come hereto Jail and be confined a month in the jal ana will be giswe 6 dae eshos, and will bave to pay 20 pes in cost, becaute toy have ‘ovhing furthertodemeed. And overly tthe very estrecho ‘officiate hare in the town of Azcapotalc affied thai signatures, ‘Thus, seBor Andrés Gonasle isto keep thls documentos hese anced tiem bis and though they should Dave a document speak. Ing about ther land, It has no valaty, because he wil koep tls signed document here. ‘Don Mareos del Castillo, fudge and governor. Den Francisca [ica sac Don Felipe de Santiago, chief eqyneiimen. Don Juan Matias, alealde ordinaro, Wines, juan Soriano, and wimess for Miguel del Castilla. Before mo, ban Antonie Valerano, notary public.LAND Documesranon 16, BIll of sale: land sold by Mateo de la Cruz, Coyaa- ‘can, late sixteenth or early sevent Ma gumatca ym ixquchty qultaaue ybua y quipohuiqa yt ehuatl toca matheo geist namacacuilol cata de benta y quent 16, Sale of land to a Spaniard, Coyoacan, 1673! scan jueves yematlagu ‘matlaguitnitl yo tlapobual YE. 2 de mil y quiniendos y seared oneal Ymetztl de febrero totlatal ym tehuantin, po ay eae ¥ te ais ypan otictlalliqus {te s.iago yuan Deo tchannague sensing i 28 Man Don tori. esas fa ern Seaalietmcy lon ma etDsobeble,Pobatly 2 abe ae piel Aenean bean soi fc rl ‘Moran, ramen nah toni Te Sane teenth century! AND DOCUMENTATION ” know allwho seeand who read this sate eter, this) lof st, how ‘named Mateo dela Cra, and my wife Maria Magdalena, our home ‘eing hore in the city of Coyeacan, my disretTehultzco,docare of ty fee wil and that of my wife, both woluntaiy, and no oe Is fore fing me to, that sell to you and give you posession ofthe land oft, ‘Mateo de la Cruz, that my lat grandmother named JuaraTeR me, Wino ied 20 years ago now. And go we Waly seit say dota. ° Wrhose husband was don Antonio Huitinmecet”becsuse we were biven her money, 2 pesos and 6 (tomines," with which to pay up our {tibute and oUF debte, We receive the money K2OWNgy and therefore we cannot go against our word and we cannot ann tis Dill of alo because the land was already raken and we gave poses- Sion oft, and we give power tothe law aicers to favor 08a =? ‘Today Thursday, on the 10h day of the nount of tie month of February... ofthe year of 1573, we issued our statement that we, edo da Santiago and don TorbioSllvests cidzens of Santiago ‘Xochac, are selling ou land there at Cilehoe, ordering on XoeN- Ileo, We are selling it toa Spaniard named Pedro Pérez de Port ‘al, etizen of Coyoacan inthe ditict of Apcaleos (ts) 20 rods on Doth ies, in longth and width Biri com) ‘ations righ Sou hae Yen 20 nh Naa eet, Tos aed 5 ah tape in rsa se tt ae ar ce ial Cal ASRS Sota(feertara de Bente aio de 1708 mcf ns tesalchtn qutaseue yuan qupohunagu as sen ern ar" pa Lap pocuNsTATION ‘An ort we ook in our hands 10 pasos and 4 tomines and with Ls price?) were sid wo high masses for our dear father. And those Jn whose presence wo ell the land are fist, Rafael de Santiago, citizen of Tetraleo iatlalpsn, and Pedro de Castile, citizen of Xochac; and to verify it we hut hore our namea and signatures. Pedro de Santiago. Toribio Siveste 1 verified the words ofthe hare named, as I stepped forward ang ‘heard swell; i 1 Indgodtheirland and ther Ptopery; wherefore I ‘Put hore my name and signature. Gabrial Moyst, Instrument of gale, year of 1738, Let thove know who should Soe and read this instrumons of sale made byus, Salvador Franciseo and my wfeMaria delaConcepeisn, ur district being Sa Francisco Taapata er Josef de Santago and ‘mY wife Rosa Marin, our district being San Lucas Ateneo, aur town being San Felipe y Santiago Azcapotzalco, subjet to the town of Tacuba, tha allof Us aforementioned declare tat we have epiecect end ehat was given us located thereat the piace called Chimnal- chilelea,* measuring a fll 40 brazas from east © west and in width Ir measures! 20 raaas from north to south. Andis aforementioned land cn th eastabuts on Bartalouaede Vaeyar’ lane, anon the west it abuts on the highway going ts Quauhpanahuasce and with the land ofthe children of the deceased Sefior Andrés Gonzdler, andon the north it abuts onlands ofthe citizens othe district ofSan Simin Pochdan, and on the south It abuts om lands of the citizens of the dlstrictof Santa Domingy Huexotilan. And voluntarily and wilinghy ‘we sel this aforementioned land tothe Castilian SeRor don Antonio “oul enpes'y Aap ii of yo baal, Menge ad Tepe ‘orm af wich te en ues the paca Socane tn Ciaom ate, eas. Despite ohne tote me abe mai, name ie doubt Ccalmatanean so taubne Ogos wl tte ene ona doc| WD cy ‘Lavo Documyriay Gonsalesiersero ce tohuetatzin ,tan€® ana in tl {pau total Ce el ichagath ata pana in tone ipan nest yuan epublica yuan sume tera ot testo poder Jat Soriano Ber ego fa corm ste de Reps resentaion Manuel de Paredae to mi DE Ant Biibaldo ¥ lone beac oe 7 same piensa ene ise cSt a ce ca cede ‘nuan motanahua etl nica que ante HRP8N in tall omoteneis ake Soe Seg Se acon call His Mondera jan Sarno pe ay petra an Seto D0 Aca joan Al ‘ate ms pa Bal Gort “Manuel de Parnas ‘Bibel y flores Es" do paper ca tenon wv neg mean” ‘ano DOCUMENTATION us Gonzales, memtor ofthe Third Order of ou eet father St. Francis, ‘aod be is giving us the price for our land, 8 fall 10 pesos, and we ‘eesive this money, which wewill not eed itis fr sayingmasses “Tt ‘ppears and is sean in the testament of our grandéater don Esteban Diego tn the Secand and tid of is commands that tis indeed or land by ef, and now wo no longer have any demands o make. Out thildren and grandchildren who will be o sould come to be bom will no longer have a voice int, for aly ver willingly we sld itt the aforementioned Castilian Sefor don Astonio Gonases. And i any papor should appear itis notts be believed since twell appears {in the old will tha tis purchased land and oar ind by gi. Ane order co verify it We here issue this instrament of tae, we lve him perpetual ownership and possestion of the elormmentoned p> thaged land, we no longer wil ave any demands to make concem- {ng the aforementianed land, wherewith we sue this instrament of ‘le today on tho 8th ofthe month of December of the yar of 1738; tnd since we do not know Dew to wri on our Tquest our Proxy signed for us. Done fa our tows with the notary publican some wt "AS a witness and the prosy, Ian Soriana. Manuel de Paredes. Asa wimness, Juan de Mora, Before me, dan Antonio Billaldoy Flees, notary public. resentation, In thetoven of Azcapotzalo on the 15h of tho month of December ‘of the year of 1738, here in our Mexican council sppeared the Castilian Sefior don Antonio Gonzdles, member of th Third Oréx, fand notified the very honorable judge Sefor don Vicente Fare Bautista and Alcalde don Marcos Joan and all the town officals about a place of land be bought, as" apgears and fs sean in he {instrument of sale that the sellers of tho land issued; and he demands afimation af possession. And whan the very honorable lords heard the Castilian’ demand, then they adored ana do order that everyone go ovr tothe aforementioned land. And as verification ‘here they pat thelr names and sigatune, with witnesses, ‘As a wimess and the proxy, Juan Soriano, Don Marcos Juan, alcalde, bon Vicente Ferer Bautista, oversor Manuel de Paredes, Before me, don Antoalo Biubaldo y Flotes, notary publ He linn cm oe ea os cca Pn Cnn ‘ed ng hia way abo been” bh eae tom cla1 {ann DocumnATION deterinason Sen0 Ba In tonat met yuan xbut uae exipanege fan naan Canna tp Rens ea Se ‘lle ipan {9 tlali Onemanaioc Onitlanahuat ‘wie jUlanahvatia ma monotacen in dailacaleque $0 Domingos Xo yun Masiaealeie 5" Simon pont uae Bane Canal inte alicia pana a tuzino Caniltecat! ine melatigtngue Cux le nal meen, simanca In 2uinamaCeque anc maven MloamaCaque anose sea laten nose tlastacan a, ah ea gue en haga Caine Sa Mananquilique ahu inic nellistle melahuae mice, firma yCa testigos oo Forest vcr rao Jo Sn caiss ao ano Daa juts As nt ter Raph age 8 ani 8 Aa Bboy fare att, metas Suan Onicha ee a qutamachihan ata noe Snpobtalt brasadas inie Oriente moC {Rolome de Beeps ahi a 800 yhuan Man Sen te huan ponient quip ‘uerohnamigul oa tial ‘ea tn ot shu Guahupana, 106 Oguimohulgui §* Antes li ste” is rot ‘ude angen ce tl a an i tn ere . sey ental ocr eh Lap pocuMeNTATION Demos wie onthe ay, mone, and yar above mentored, we went, ver cote land ofthe Cason Sor don Ano Gone, ‘enero the Tin Oda Sada mete news sown ‘ened and o onan tht the sans of She dnc of Sano ‘Domingo tunstan and th clams he aut fun Sim, Fochtan snd Barolo de Vargas te sll sac is en {hem toe if omy bare ear concern te sored ‘Casta purchased an was the operon slls Of the land ri pethape was sane Ure per or was Stem and An nd Sci ae caren Likewise on te day enone (above chew apne elon ut the ete ofthe diet of Santo Domings Hutotan ond i Sven of eect Pocono Buhne ear he Serato aboot he land of Se dr Aono ona tat Tonos tm those wide ner te cone te arnentot ft whe on taylan te ht ey ow tb Soran propery or lead And ey newt awe ae Seshing to demand conceming tho alcentainond lan und Gat {ay knw that it was indeed he propery ofthese of and thats and given tn and tars yaw oda to vr ante me pure our aumer andr sgn, wih ‘e's wines an te pros, Juan Scan, Don fs an aisle. on Vicente Fee Balsa goveror Mao as Poe Bete on Anno seats ee, nt Pac yt and meres [Eko on th do leaned hen be ju and gover sor and ail he town ffs ha hor the wre the ae ‘Mteenscn sea bor notre onde the equ potsson et ttopurcaseé sumed lend ogee wn poet et ar get sore King us rode hm measure the thre caste wert sums 0 rz om ea cba tngon Btls Vtg and adn he wen on ead ging we'bohunpenchnse te ant fw none Ser As “Aen ct ony emi ca atin wlwe Lax bocumrarIon Gonsalesaxcanguipintcate in iphuantini abu uo ae nore'a Ser Senpomllbradne mechs inte none ica inal aiaeaeque 8° Simon sent’ {moCuavohnaniga ica inal S® Domingo mister Set (me bara yuan tlaco motenehua wennoquscaly chihu Onfcnonochili in ST eae Dn ‘Ant Gonsales tease tan yes in thueitzin fey N. Seni hamoCague inpan netzi in sitasion th momsicon ey tlacalque ah ta ils nth ‘elmoCedcis heal innicemttines ola! motequpaninniwass er tonto ea nica tala eons pen fo neloco in tain aici an onlCaqultngu i oie ome roa ogee Per t90 Aeoderdo Juan Serano 0 Juan 5 hse DF cane tere Bape Got “ano ‘IDA Ant Bald y re ane al pan tapohu Peete mes Sopohal oat of to Netuatl ni Joes Gar bn vn DO Marcos Juma Al Manuel de Pare. isemibre de mit an jpan Casas Reales Mexicapan fa Neonat lena fret Bau roo Ju? in lle moxtintait ia oe i al Olalos do Republicntneoreeeon Ma momacatzing ing an Si DO Ant Gonsales mero iain deniers 40 ipaleustocatsin . ihuan onmargenuat? ah ini nist nie tena mo Seige nwa wy oben a {ap DOCUMENTATION ” Gonzalez, whom God took away, that now hs hildran have, And In width it messured from north to south 20 trzas. eats On the orth on lands of the citizens ofthe district of San Sunn Pochtlan, fd on the south it abuts onthe Lands ofthe citens ofthe strict of Sento Domingo Hivexotilan. And the land rod with which 1 wae ‘oesure is tie one that i yds ong, called “one fll height ‘And when the measurement was finished I summoned Sefer don Antonio Gonziles, membar ofthe Third Ordar, and with the power at {the King ou ora Tieoduce im into powsesslon be thre stone ‘mashed down the grass, and soled about” on is purchased Ind Sanifying thathe yok possession properly noone dita, ere was acceptance" Poseestion. Inthe presence a al the aforementioned district cititns, now and hore wo issue tis document since noone contacted the posses so thatthe Casillan Sofor don Antonio Gontdles took and i lanyone should dispute in any fonure sumo, esis wil bo on hs Sido seberefore he il have no Voie in because tas ask i “anyone had any demands concerblng the norementioned Ia, at they answered no, and declared that twas indeed the propery ofthe sollets ofthe land, ax appears in the citation and deriration hat ie Alisrict citizans made. And fany document should appeaitlsnot te Dobelieved since hat which we ations ofho law herby! make sto ’e accepted, and thowe who come!” yo work art attend wel to out Judgment, with which here we put our names and signatures, vith witmesses. ‘As & witness and she proxy, Juan Soriano, Don Marcos Joa scald, Don Vicente Ferrer Batista, governor. Manual de Paredes. Before me, don Antonio Blibaldo y Flores, notary public. ‘Decroe nthe 20th day ofthe countof he month of December ofthe oar of 1788, hee inthe Mexican council bulldng, hedge and governor ‘don Vicente Ferrer Boutsta andthe lcalde don Marcos juan and all, the town ofiials pronounce that Sear don Antonio GansSley member of he Tid Order, sto be gv these pape whch willbe infssuppore. And os ecfeation we put here our nemes and ig snatres [with * witnesses Uf hada occured ol pape om ar was ng made MD ‘te tee Gnas ws oar eae obasymeant be ea i oa oe incy {ano Documeranon er tsi poder fan Sodan B® Marcos ju use DAM emer opts Gone" ste Fan At et Juan de Mora te mal DP Ano Saat ‘Ante mi D Ant Bilibaldo y foes Yeonine pat et fk et espititon don ame jesos!* lametin nigitohua nots notalco cain niguitohuanotatstnotalcohual onpan mani — yale ot fea os matCen nlgumacaih ym npinen donager Rea coeanhuzaue anima amo ae tafealhus, — rigueti hunt pach Mauobua Bolt ym oe copa tale chiuhcan speeeaGulltiah honatsn me Ya ga na ats a sean nue gs ISN chung le ae Uh jo Materia hEM=2GH ym Dopo ce isan sipuie acme sma nigatohua mezzo copa ocmaing int. omign yaa cou ahilague onan ym Cochin) {lagomahuinatzin Solitaria?) que tera) Haha... gut) onene ies gulase” ‘asp pOCIMERTATION ie AAs a witness and the proxy, Juan Soriano, Don Marcos Jaan, alcade, Don Vicente Fercer Bautista, governor, Masa de Paredes Justa de Mora, Before me, don Antonio Bilibaldo Flows, notary publ Jn the name ofthe Father and the Son and the Holy Spit, amen, Jests.® 1, Esteban Diego, my disc being Santo Demingo Huscoita — The first over I declare (is that) Lanning the small house ‘where lia which faces Tacuba, tomy children a this other who Js to raiso them theo, since they ae stil tle bays who cana et take careof themselves let noone go against my orden ther ae tobe responsible for} a mess for my father ~The second order I declare (is that 1am ving my parchased land thereat Chimalchiuhran to may children Dosninga, Jose, a Juan Mateo. They are to hae It; no one isto go against my ord. — The third order declare is that with) another went (Pods ot purchased land that my mother gave:me[. Jal thereat Chima €cluhean, Lam notyet making masses, (@hough)] would ko make ‘masses; Ou ao (i ay ohare wil Pave one mace aid Wl give ‘hem the land Fourth élare that am giving row of maguoy to my dear father Santo Domingo anim deat honored mosher (Stara?) ty are to ave i (eae with enya — Fith, 1 declare that liom) the afbrementionsd maguey that thoy willdivide there wallbeammass forme anda matharwhomGod took away f1 dic and when i (ssa ie wil bo divided, ‘tf cat br Gea pal fr a pba ed an.° an nocuseATION 18, Don Juande Guzmén donates land to ‘ers, Coyoacan, mid-sixteenth mo nd Yoican ym iculogu y expla ycuycanie ¥ wopa on ntlhimagulyneval yt don uo Yemen curenen Yan qutemacttnqe ycuyeat ym iu anerotc obouk aula 0 don pablo gacancacind yap don uy seeecus ape to Guauhnoc ya banal eoicoora Papen Jodo say hy ‘pe yeevatacinspcato apa amatect tua chloe ta {toa onagte sae vet quis Yoo eva ed don juan ynic oniquinotlaimaquili y teopan y cuycanime ie un ym deat cava tnodainace ye oelnaes tem inampay capil vel euyeaague Yu afc cavenga ch ‘quimotequipovilizque’ mochipa oe vie) CO HEE RE epralcoyeve macinporat yc le de mexico m tan epralcoyavacnapovarvac andes esa age yal epovalayeae apes ode san Jo paisa lah noc eporell, ~ fa Ge lopna ya tal nace epoval eo yah noe epona = BP parr kt epoval Ye vyaeyrech yo abt = rio moiniya yah eporai' Faire = Sova do san gai yo ah opovel eteepevnc = den de sn eae y ah pve Paeoees = temio sn pb tm a opoval coerac anlons de an eco ym iht pond acoarac —~ marcos ‘yn iflaht eae nen ite 7859.21.18 A Spain 48 iso 348 doe Trance #42 ae 3 rr that te gh we became es 7 Sten of anda dat onc hee in qin a in tis . er tating ine ‘Sthsennt ana nance eat a ay ‘ ocean ‘as DOCUMENTATION m Here are inscribed the church choi singers to whom I, don Juan, have given land so that they will always ing a earch and teach inging. As I pronounced it, don Pablo Zacancatl was present (at fhe) pronouncement, inthe presence of don Luis (of) Aeuecueteo, {Lois Quauhnoeht, Baltasar Teyolcncoua, Juan de San Lézare, Yeruauatzin (0) Apealeo, Amatecat! Tequiv; in the presence of wen people I pronounced it. Noone may abrogate the royal com: fuand ef me, don Juan, in giving land tothe church singer, “and was given t0 19 persons. They ware indeed given the land 30 tha thoy will sing well in the choir and never cease, but are to [esteem i greatly? always. “Gonzalo Laper land is $0 wide, 100 long, — Miguel de Maxico's land is 60 wide 0 tng. — ‘Andrés de San Agustin’ land is 60 wide, 80 lon, Anton de San Joan Bautista’ land is 60 square Francisco de Lucena’s lands 60 square. juan Ledn's land is 60 equate, = Peto Pax land is 60 Tong, ner the avin, onbio Motolinsas land is 40 wide Gelstbal de San Gabri's land is 40 wide, — Domingo de San Lézaro's land ie 40 wise — Domingo de San Pablo's land s 40 wide ‘alonso se San Herculio's land is 40 wide = Marcos’. land is Bee ghee penmaen camer atauw 14ND ocommyrarioN 19. Donation of land church, Coyoacan, 1621! Sabato 7 dis de aguto 1621 ao 1 yehuatan staan dildo nleanonlenotahpanli subi aicanompa motuiasy chntinar's fas bane ge Secunia co une qumotacpatiliigse yx ppsionat Fs ohuapahis m hanneo ym otra dn tah Yona ee inca hatin yr Yc cna acl oncan ent a Yiu Yealagivamoa acc le ental nuckepectea a ‘ua yc an mocommatian! aye te guitar Mic acan tant mill ym icine pues ya ee ee Yan comes yates at all capleo ties eat ‘2inco man aluar esea ypan yeae Boone ‘yan yeac yhuan yaqulan mani ymilitesh 20, Juan Atvaro sells or donates tear Algae selle or donates land to church, Coyo- Lanes ye wx diss Del [NEhuat! ju aluaro aisannichane’ a rehuatin ym tot monies seta Yleia Teh volesia ym jpatiah o Doom ie aso DOCUMENTATION 1 Saturday, 70h day of August ofthe your 1621. Thave been sweeping up hero atthe Church of the Most Holy ‘Trinity, and now it isto be moved there w the house of San Joan Bawtista,? whore there is a schoo}, andthe boys who are brought up ‘mero are to sweep the house of my Lord God. Ang alo my howses sre tobebis home; thefistone les tere facing wll ward the west te second facing toward Hveyepec altogether with its houseland ‘pe fe t0 claim anything ot being sit there. And a second ld tha ‘belongs to God my dear father i near thefleldofPedro Comex. And ‘hird plece ofland satCelpilcoand near wherethenhouseieinvehich ‘Alvar Coca lives; andon all sides te next the Geis of juan Mateo, ‘And to my dear fathor San Francisco and San Ness, and (he scofradizg oP Foor Homo, the oly Crucis, and aleo tomy inter essor and mother the Assumption of Mary, and San Jacinto, sd [tary at the Cross) to them wil belong what goss with my howe toward Hueytepac on the eastar side with fit tes, a row of ‘quince, and three napote te. 1 hoaght st for 10 pos. {Bought it fiom Maria; I gave het 4 pesos, and T gave Pevonia 6 pesos. ‘Monday, the 200 day of the month of June ofthe year 1575, 1, Juan Alvaro, cian here In the district of Aprolc, now very voluntarily give everything found a my house, all the subsidiary Buildings and allmy house-iand, to our dear tae oy Frantaeo do ‘Doaysa, vicar, whe guards te oly earch han cakes the price my “house anid house-land made, 140 pests money; have very aay ‘Becta 19 xn) Bocumeat 20 "Menten Coloson UCLA Aer ry, pecs oli{LAND DoctneeNra TION ee resale Pea nS mh conto, Incarnate Rats peat Saeco eset mame Harpe ce he cyan ee lh ona chem mt pean radu, me ae se a ater rset ech on finan Sar or ene es asco Sita mn tol ene Meda eat hae ae ns! ae ener er ane ep cma ce Pec a yt ma Espail vezino eovoacan yh Thuan yispantzinco sefor don teribio {ial seeate Ramiro ba FE eiguanes yea maroon listans ‘ecru yolesia anton sanchesteplagul apcolco Ext aun Yo'ngaacy, Pa fchansau oicpava mn puers conndinas mochi siete 'secmo tleynlcula ga quich agcan ypan o ihuiel yn neces ta). aluaronican nietlaia notes lene ned! thomas fe cms fliia® Escrivano iat dln torblesivoste icant Racnresslgussit Yolesia —_barthasat ge alguan ales se aeURE par etigos fone a BOB of xh ‘hee AG Nhat cn tn ant ery ae den? 19x pocoNENTATIN 16 received al dhe money. And there ar yo children of ming fest fan [vero and Ana Elisa; theyare never again o bring sult borat {s all stil In my hand snd is my propery, I know what will ghe ‘ham, because it isnot theirpropert nd possession, frit was wih ‘ny fatigue sna work that Imade my living andy forte wos ade, {Fooughr everynhing tat Ip ra9y house and land or heist pers, exchanged my land with fay dofaJusna (0 Xochmiico(Omate: ‘quali Second, Tbought land trom Catalina, old woman, citizen ‘of Omec; I gave her son-in-law 7 pesos, Thigd | bought land fr ‘Alonso Pérez, butcher at Apgoleo; I gave him 4 pesos. Fourth, 1 ‘bought Jand at Tenamttln from Migoel Cortés Hueeamecatl aad gare him 22 pesos cash, Fourth 1 exchanged two stipe of my and frit Lorenzo, son of Diego citizen of Gmexse. The Ath person is ‘amed Marcos Feliciano, citizen of Apgolco; Leachanged one tip of ‘ny land with him. CTher are) Ove landowmer rm wom | bought {and and with whom 1 exchanged land; wherelore no one is ever again to lay claims, nor thir enilden far into the fete, forthe ‘thowe-mentioned that have sold all taly my property and posses: ‘ion! and hate indeed taken and rcpved in my hand 140 peso aah; te father vicar gaveittome, andthe mone} was rough outa {ie presence of those who were made witneses, with St Anta Gates, Spaniara,ctinen of Coyoacan. a inthe presence ofr. don ‘Torlblo, fiscal; Vieento Ramite, Baltasar Paez, constables of the church? Morcos Feleiano, notary af the church; Anten Séncbez, lisse office at Apzolen et, And ive up alte Rousahoid gear] had, the doors and locks and eveything an wil no longer take anything, excapt that nw for a oar I will harvest my former hotse land, {Juan Alvaro put here my signatureatacossinarderto verify my words, "Tveifed it Tomés Feliciano, notary 1 tness. Don Torblo Silvestre. Vente Ramire, constable of the church. Baltasar Pées cotable of the chores. Witness, joseph Jacsbo, Toms Feliciano, notary. peri ip on soil ee capri parton te. 2, bbene AND DoctnEeraTtoN 21, Baltasar Esteban and wife sell or donate church, Coyoacan region, 1575! land to seed omg a seen as se Al eta sone yea ape etc sla ee es fun nicn mani Yeattlan joan aluto! yn teh foun es isi patency ema tathararyteess a astlacquahuitl huel achpantl ytenco Ca huel ah tlt ‘qui ym Galtzine ym tomestin yn teoyotioa nonamin ent, DalS® esteban don tor Breage’ 408 toribio svete sca! —dathaaae “Weeeta "on psc RE Ly Spain Cote. ore ahr cata the ani Sony lane Saturday, 6th day of the month of August of ake year 1576, ¢ Baltasar Esteban, clizen here inthe district of Tlalpan, and my legitimate wife named Isabel, cizen of legotian: ths parcel 18 truly her woman's-land? that her father aud mother bequesthed and fave hor which is hero near the house of fa Alvar, that wed belong to him and he sol, and also igh there les the land of the briests; and thor is not muich of our land, 18 ods long 10 rods ‘wida, close tothe edge of tho highwar. The land Ss rly the Sropery Bnd possessian of how of us, arp doginat wie label and pel, And now voluntarily we give ito our dear father fay Francaco de TToaysa, vicar in the holy church ofthe town of Coyoncan: ve nate taken the price of our land, 20 petos in mone, we nave inderd sladly seceived ft. Tao money was brought out iy the presence of ‘those mad witnesses: inthe presence of seBot dan Torbio Sve te, fiscal, of the church, and Vicente Ramer and Balsa Peres, ‘constables ofthe church, and in the presence of Juan Alva eiizon ‘oF Apvalvo, {Baltasar Estoban, in ofdor to very my words, place hhore on the paper my mibHc and signature 60 that no one ill, dgpute anything again afterwards Baltasar Esteban. Don Torbio Sivesr, fiscal. Baltasar Pe, church constable. Vicente Remites, church constable, ‘AC the command of Baltasar Esteban end his legitimate wit Isabel, who were mentioned above 2s havig old tal fend, | ‘Tomas Feliciano, notary, have veried ana writen 0 Akar yd he anya ee tng ce,HL Municipal 22, Municipal souncit records, Tlaxcala, 1547! Viemes il mest de naviegbre 1547 Afos In ncan cab fy ‘mocentlanliqu i gous ragdores yn levatan ages eee stage mane cor por ou mot y nea proal® amet Se ‘monavatilt in gow aides regidares conpuvalilalllane gee 4D tbe gulehivasoe fac teal Sel aan a "av tom onan nese daca inpell ieee cee ee ‘eit tatevengr cng $e ome ea 16 eeNDali Os Cry cea is Year Ge gain oc no Inch tes oar a {ascala cabo hut vaio ii 1a toe ya co XO Ramer ye de ta tone ye abil tlsn fabian ROs os oe nfo YALA it mez yen nv omit ym ipa eabtteo Imoctmtaligue yo sou alder yan tpidony ve nen en {laxcalon {pen mononcaque yn inguichnivan taxcalan res oot Gauacacholnitca into macs tpepulca Yn oe conten {Rasraque guinlequainie tm nican taxcatinn dace {eu quauhsine Uabelogte ym que Yohanan wet eee e mizag sr 0 rami compa sua gemenl aa {Mie snnononera lonetin namectee eo ‘buat! yn quinavatlatavili huis de la tore eee Yan ye mononoeque Ymca exible omy tilde ipanpa yo davanqve yous ae Y sa nlcancovalogue ame fomin Guimeee eeeone Escrvano de estenciaquivcar gan nea pee ‘halts bau ynda ope asec oo eran qagutsaue, Sn yell ago tx hau yntla aes amancecatl yn seman fst sage, lh, decane, 94,9. 14, Documentation Friday the 4th of the month of November ofthe year 1647, there sssembled here in council the goverot,alealdes and counciimen, ‘The magnificent sir Diego Ramer, corregior for His Majesty re Inthe province of Tlaxcala gave orders tombe gover wales, and ounetimen, and crdored them tomake quickly, 220 daye, (sea %0 ‘be of silver (Wwelohing) 4 tomines, on which the ams ofthe et ‘Tlaxcala wil appear with which to seal papers that we issued e eters, et; iit goes beyond 20 days they drew pay 20 pesos in col: half wil belong tozts Msjost’s chamber, andthe sam amount vil belong to the council of Tlaxcala. The interpreter was Li da ‘Tore; the day, month, and year wore mentionod above. Diego Ramirez. Luis dola Tore, interpreter Notary ofthe coun of Tlanrala, Fablin Rodiquce ‘Onthe same sald day, month, and year, the governor, alesis, an councilmen heto in the province of Tlaxcala assombied in council fnd consulted about how all the ousiders, people fm Cholul, Texcoca, Mexico Cy, TepepUlco, and over towns, whe lve here ‘Tiareala, should Galp) fad the masons, carpenter, and painters ‘working here inTancala when they work on eitybullings- Tho mag- nificent si Diego Ramires, comegidoe for his Majesty, oid them: have hosrd what you advo: Monday Iwill answer how ts tobe done. The person who interpreted sar im was Laie do ia Tore ‘And they consulted here in council about the drunks; those who rehired hare willbe given 2omine foreach month they work, and {fits a Spaniard who biges one and might rake him t) an estate somewhere here inthe province of Tlaxcala Gh wil ive him) 3 tomines ad fend ant ithe shred out ihPosbla* thy will give ‘mn 4 tomines and fod him, and ffhe sa crafsman, if hs works masonry or carpentry or he isa panes if he is hired hee they are © "Gartcnapan hy isan, Soe, p12 wat ame soln aan ope te wre he Sp tn Plas on.” MUNICIPAL DOCUMENTATION ovale nai tomin quimecazave auh ytla espaol nila expat quicas chi- qmacenein qaimacez hau yitla onpa cuetlaxcouapan namace co qumacsrqueYpanpayn vl iteulpnor? Yagul gamit nsoage 0 cone yan ott ys Och yen moc ‘coua felix tececepozin don julian ylpitic* eo" seamen eo betasar ores | do juan isc on¥® ynade diego sanchez don mo Cementage don ande paz“ Incas hemandos de la torre ynterpetre Escrivanos de cabiiao’ fae. de soto fabian Rs oe ae Lanes ecco me de nobinne 1647 fs a nea cao msamiatgw yt mag soe rare cn? Dor sug! y ican jos alan wan eran pouerpade alles Feoidres qtinmolhuils in cr in evan gow? ren ies yan ‘hare ona monte vie npn cneecinnion fecocs cu ll ope pan vllora Ye quent monsrt Sinai! i gout aides regideresauicuilnque tinge hire can motateotya altel ipa alley yan 0% guin= alae in lan tal onulsocoique so caceaa quntalizgve to ya bon cate inane oquoque ima pan qu tatigoe 70 mg senor com tan guinonavach Sn gveearma ‘peg erg nina goon y, marr de dad tazcallan yn mayordome nevaglon quant quinmomegut 2m at ch cate qicniva sins sian quinavataque yn quenam™d totzgo aka a0 quicellzque a a0 gulellgueculoeae yn gich yu yan Yge t ee r lupe wanmnc tag a a ee {ene tae Se naa Sansa sac ‘ilk crs ea tee ier ca cases se i gee nae Se ee Sa “Ts pre am tbe pe she ep MHP AL DOCUMENTATION m sive him 4 tories, and ifa Spaniard hire hin, e sw gives pre Mowe and ie is ired out in Pugbla they wil give im peso manic he wil work well” Thos the magnificent sir cotrogidor Gorge to thet, Wwhereon they signed with all their nares, Félix vPro), (dum Swan) Teeecepoain, and don Juin lipite?” ae tea), Rauntee Blas Oserio. Baltasar Comes on juan Maxixaa ‘ain Busnaventura Ute, Diego Sanchet. Don Franeiaco de Mom tuin- Tom Juan de Paz, L8cas Hmander, Lai dels Torre, inter torte, Notares ofthe coancll of Taxes: Diego de Soto; Fabiin Rodrigues. ‘Monday on the 7th day ofthe month of Novem of the wear of ie Ghee assembled here sa council the magaifcet sit Ditgo ea gua corregldor for His Majesty bere inthe province of Tlaxcala amine? Coveror,alceldes, and councilmen; the comepior said to an a igor and atenses and couneen: a o wt hey talked he grPriday conceraing te people of Cholla, Meso City, Tex at others who eto the town and what tobe ordered as,

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