AN ENERGY AND EXERGY BASED ANALYSIS OF A

TURBINE CYCLE IN A 500MW COAL BASED THERMAL

POWER PLANT

Submitted by :
SAYANTAN MANDAL
SAYANTAN BISWAS
KOUSHIK GHOSH

Under the guidance of

Prof. Malay Kanti Naskar
HOD,Mechnical Engineering Dept.

INTRODUCTION
The energy supply to demand narrowing down day by day around the
world, the growing demand of power has made the power plants of
scientific interest, but most of the power plants are designed by the
energetic performance criteria based on first law of thermodynamics
only. The real useful energy loss cannot be justified by the fist law of
thermodynamics, because it does not differentiate between the quality
and quantity of energy. Exergy is never in balance for real processes.
Energy is a measure of quantity but Exergy is a measure of quality
and quantity. Power plants are normally examined using energy
analysis but, as pointed out previously, a better understanding is
attained when a more complete thermodynamic view is taken, which
uses the second law of thermodynamics in conjunction with energy
analysis via exergy methods.

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PROJECT SUMMARY
The objective of the present work is to energy & exergy based
analysis based on operating data of a 500MW thermal power plant at
different unit load like 100%, 80%, 60% to design a model which
helps us to determine different losses and irreversibility of different
components of the turbine cycle. Based on these determinations, it is
possible to take different measures to increase the efficiency the
turbine cycle. For this purpose, Mejia Thermal Power Station of
Damodar Valley Corporation is taken into consideration.

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REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY

Reversible work Wrev: The maximum amount of
useful work that can be produced (or the
minimum work that needs to be supplied) as a
system undergoes a process between the
specified initial and final states.
As a closed
system expands,
some work needs
to be done to push
the atmospheric
air out of the way
(Wsurr).
The difference between
reversible work and
actual useful work is the
irreversibility.
For constant-volume
systems, the total
actual and useful
works are identical
(Wu = W).

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EXERGY: WORK POTENTIAL OF ENERGY

The useful work potential of a given amount of energy at some
specified state is called exergy, which is also called the
availability or available energy.
Exergy represents the upper limit on the amount of work a device
can deliver without violating any thermodynamic laws.

The immediate surroundings of a hot

potato are simply the temperature gradient
zone of the air next to the potato.

The atmosphere contains a tremendous

amount of energy, but no exergy.

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EXERGY ASSOCIATED WITH KINETIC AND

POTENTIAL ENERGY
Exergy of kinetic energy:

Exergy of potential energy:

The exergy of
kinetic and
potential energies
are equal to
themselves, and
they are entirely
available for work.

The work
potential or
exergy of
potential energy
is equal to the
potential energy
itself.

Unavailable energy is
the portion of energy
that cannot be
converted to work by
even a reversible heat
engine.

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Thermodynamic Analysis

Mass balance:

m m
in

Energy balance: Q W

out

h m in hin

out out

Exergy balance: X heat W m out out m in in I

Irreversibity rate or Exergy destruction rate:
I T0 S gen

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Thermodynamic Analysis

Specific exergy of a flowing stream of matter is calculated as :

phy k .e p.e chem

There is no change of the chemical compositions of the working fluid
in the turbine cycle. The change of the kinetic and potential exergies
are negligible, only the physical exergy is considered.

phy
where phy h h0 T0 ( s s0 )
Total exergy rate of a fluid steam becomes

X m m h h0 T0 ( s s0 )
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PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF A THERMAL

POWER PLANT

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TABLE 1: FLOW AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY DATA AT 500MWE, 0% MAKE UP

WATER AND 0.1033ATM. BACK PRESSURE FOR THE PLANT OPERATING AT 60% LOAD
FLOW

PRESSURE

TEMP

ENERGY
FLOW RATE

EXERGY FLOW
RATE

(s)

SPECIFIC
EXERGY
()

()

( x)

kJ/Kg

kJ/Kg-K

kJ/Kg

MW

MW

250.73
229.67
20.14
229.66
194.69
12.41
23.01

3392.35
3055.78
3055.78
3544.83
3049.52
3292.08
3049.52

6.40
6.67
6.67
7.42
7.48
7.46
7.48

1489.65
1073.51
1072.62
1337.27
823.87
1073.50
823.87

850.58
701.81
61.53
814.12
593.72
40.85
70.18

373.51
246.55
21.60
307.12
160.40
13.32
18.96

DRYNESS
FRACTION

MASS FLOW
RATE
()

SPECIFIC
ENTHALPY

SPECIFIC
ENTROPY

(h)

kg/s

bar

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

170.00
28.09
28.09
25.32
4.53
10.99
4.53

537.00
332.70
322.70
537.00
292.10
413.70
292.10

0.10

0.94

171.98

2446.13

7.70

155.28

420.69

26.71

0.23

0.96

4.79

2531.98

7.60

271.68

12.13

1.30

10
11
12
13
14

0.97
1.80
27.36
10.62
4.26

11.67
6.45
20.14
12.46
10.58

2748.37
2859.68
3055.72
3292.00
3049.61

7.56
7.53
6.69
7.48
7.51

499.99
620.24
1067.93
1067.48
816.60

32.06
18.44
61.53
41.03
32.25

5.83
4.00
21.50
13.31
8.64

15

0.23

4.79

2526.74

7.62

261.37

12.11

1.25

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

0.93
1.74
187.39
187.39
26.15
26.15
26.15
0.10
26.15
26.15
26.15
26.15
4.11
187.39
187.39
187.39
187.39
187.39
3.91

11.67
8.12
20.14
32.54
6.45
18.11
23.05
207.61
207.61
207.61
207.61
207.61
250.73
250.73
26.39
224.34
224.34
224.34
12.44

2748.33
2859.60
804.62
645.00
416.36
270.88
263.36
193.03
197.39
259.18
402.89
478.80
605.97
633.51
633.51
633.51
795.05
997.66
3049.50

7.58
7.55
2.19
1.83
1.29
0.88
0.86
0.65
0.66
0.84
1.26
1.46
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
2.17
2.59
7.55

493.98
614.58
157.54
105.64
35.66
12.51
11.87
2.94
5.68
13.36
33.04
49.11
80.17
102.20
102.20
102.20
154.16
231.23
804.96

32.06
23.21
16.20
20.99
2.68
4.91
6.07
40.08
40.98
53.81
83.65
99.41
151.94
158.84
16.72
142.12
178.36
223.82
37.93

5.76
4.99
3.17
3.44
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.61
1.18
2.77
6.86
10.20
20.10
25.63
2.70
22.93
34.59
51.88
10.01

135.70
194.00
321.90
413.40
291.80
0.97
135.50
193.80
187.40
150.30
98.90
64.20
62.40
46.10
46.60
61.40
95.70
113.70
143.90
147.60
147.60
147.60
185.20
230.80
291.30

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DEAD STATE
A system is said to be in the dead state when it is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with the environment it is in.

At the dead state, the useful work

potential (exergy) of a system is
zero.

A system that is in equilibrium with

its environment is said to be at the
dead state.

Dead
state

Temperature
(oC)

Specific enthalpy
(kJ/kg)

Specific entropy
(kJ/kg-K)

25.00

104.93

0.37

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Rate of exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of the

components in the turbine cycle

Rate of Exergy
Turbines
Pumps

Destruction
I
X X
turbine

in

out

2nd Law Efficiency

W turbine

I pump X in X out W pump

I turbine
II ,turbine 1
X in X out
I pump
II , pump 1
W
pump

Heaters

I heater X in X out

II ,heater

Condenser

I condenser X in X out

II ,condenser

Deaerator

I dearator X in X out

I heater
1
X in
I condenser
1
X
in

II ,dearator

I dearator
1
X in

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DATA ANALYSIS

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GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF IRREVERSIVILITY

20

IRREVERSIBILITY

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

IRREVERSIBILITY

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GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF EXERGY

EFFICIENCY
2ND LAW EFFICIENCY(%)
120
100
80
63.33

60
38.05

40
20
0

80.14

82.41

95.56

90.15

76.1

68.21

94.38

89.42

43.95

90.22

2ND LAW EFFICIENCY(%)

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GRASSMAN DIAGRAM FOR EXERGY FLOW

THROUGH THE TURBINE CYCLE AT 60% OF RATED
UNIT LOAD

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CONCLUSION
In this study an energy and exergy analysis of design and off design
condition of a 500MW coal fired thermal power plant has been
carried out based on mass, energy and exergy balance equation.
The thermodynamic states of the plant components are shown in
Table1. Exergy destruction, exergy and energy efficiency of the
boiler components are presented in Table2. It has been found that
maximum exergy destruction occurs due to combustion process. It
has also been found that exergy efficiency is lower than energy
efficiency.
According to the table-2 we get LPH-2 exergy efficiency or 2 nd law
efficiency 38% which is really poor. To overcome this problem some
precaution should be taken and these are air venting and retubing.
After doing all this operation if we did not get our desired efficiency
then we have to replace the heater, but it will increase the overall
cost. The performance can be improved maintaining an optimum
excess air level and also with change in ambient temperature.
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THE END ? NO !!!

BECAUSE

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THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNING

As we know this types of project is new to India so there are a lot
of scope to improve power plant efficiency by doing energy and
exergy analysis of a thermal power plant.
Thank you very much to the project supervisor and the
presentation attendees, we wish good luck for the carrier of all
classmates. Thank you to the department of mechanical
engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College to unleash our
potentials and let us prepare for the participation in the
professional industry .

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THANK YOU

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