FilterConceptPvt.

Ltd

ReasonsForFiltration
Removal of fluid contaminants
Eliminate costly problems
Filtered product more valuable
Increase product yield
Collection
C ll ti off suspended
d d solids
lid
Catalysts recovery
Reduce operating cost

DrivingForces
Filtration
The removal of a suspended particles from fluid, liquid
or gas by passing a fluid through a porous or semi
permeable medium
Separation
The removal of dissolved substance from a carrier
fl id stream
fluid
t
Cartridge
g filtration
Pressure driven

OtherDrivingForces

Gravitational
Settling
Settling
Centrifugal
Vacuum

Advantages

Greateroutput
Greater
output
Smallequipmentrequired
Easeinhandlingvolatileliquids

PressureDrop

Systempressuredrop
Cartridgepressuredrop
Housingpressuredrop

FiltrationVariables

Flowrate

p
Differentialpressure

Viscosity

Contaminants
Contaminants

Flowconditions

C
Compatibility
tibilit

Area

FlowRate

Sizedeterminedbythecartridge
In most of the cases, the flow rate and /or capacity needs of
the application will be used to determine the appropriate size
of cartridge. The housing will then be sized to fit the selected
Cartridge

Inlet/Outlet
The inlet /outlet pipe size is also selected to meet the flow
rate requirement. In most cases this is already determined by
the pipe size in the system

DifferentialPressure

Difference in pressure between the inlet & outlet sides of a

filter

Measured as PSI or kPa and referred to as PSID P, pressure

drop or differential pressure

For applications sensitive to pressure drop, housing &

cartridge need to be considered

P= P Cartridge + P Housing

Location

The size of the housing may be influenced by the amount of

space available for the installation

Location and product selection can also be influenced by the

surrounding environment

DirtHoldingCapacity
Dirt holding capacity is measure of the weight gain of a
filter during its useful (as measured by pressure drop at a
given flow rate ) life.

Systems
Open
Open

Effluenttoatmosphere

Parallel
ll l

Twoormoresystems

Higherflowrates

Reducedpressuredrop

Series

Twoormoresystems

Stepfiltration

ParallelSystem

SeriesSystem

Mechanicalcapture
Directinterception
Physicalbarriercapture
y
p

Bridging
Twoparticleshittingthefiltermediumat
thesametimecreatingasmallerpore

MechanicalCapture
Sieving
Particletoolargetopassthroughpore

Inertialimpaction

Inertiaprinciple
Diffusioninterception

Primarilyfoundingases

MechanicalCapture
Electrokineticeffects
Electricallychargedfiltermedium

Gravitationalsettlingg
Heavierparticlessettledatbottom

MeansOfRetention
Mechanicalretention
Particlerestrictionfrompassingthrough
medium

Adsorptiveretention
Adherenceofparticlestomedium

MediaMigration&ParticlesMigration
g
g
Mediamigrationisthesloughingofthefiltermedium
Media migration is the sloughing of the filter medium
intothefilteredfluid

Particle migration is the sloughing of filtered particulate

matter from the filter cartridge into the filtered fluid.
This occurs most often due to changes in the flow rate or
excessive pressure drop

Cartridge flow
Cartridgeflow
Radialflow
Pleated
Stringwound
Polypropylenespun
Polypropylene spun
Papercarbon
Carbonblack
GranularCarbon
Specialty

CartridgeFlow
Upflow
Granularcarbon
Granular carbon

Specialty
Softener
Softener
DI
Iron reduction
Ironreduction

Meansofretention
Surface
Particlesonthesurfaceofmediumformingacake

Surfacefilters
Surface filters remove particulate
matter via a sieving mechanism.
(you cant push a basketball through
chicken wire.)
The media is usually pleated to
provide the maximum amount of
surface area.

Meansofretention
Depth
Particlestrappedthroughoutthedepthofmedium

DepthFilters
Depth filters remove particulate matter
via a tortuous path. The fluid travels
racially

through

the

depth

of

the

cartridge.

Depth cartridges normally have a graded

density. They have larger openings at
their surface and smaller openings near
their center.

Surfacevs.depthfilters
In theory a surface filter will work better when the
particulates matter in the water are of the same size.

A depth filter will work better when the particulate

matter has abroad range of sizes and the filter truly
has gradient density.

PerformanceFactors
Filtrationefficiencyandmicronrating
Filt ti
ffi i
d i
ti
Dirtholdingcapacity
Pressuredrop
Mediamigration&particlesmigration
Chemical
Chemicalcompatibility
compatibility

Parameter

SurfaceFilters

DepthFilters

DeformableParticles

Mayblind offpleats

RecommendedAdsorptive
retention

Nondeformable
Particles

Removesnarrowrange

Removesbroaderrangeof
particles

Rating

Absoluteornominal

Absoluteornominal

Classification/
Clarification

Classification

Clarification

Flowper10
equivalentPSID

Recommended10gpm

Recommended5gpm

EconomicsParticle
Retention < 10micron
Retention<
10 micron

Holdsmoredirtthandepth,
handles higher flow rate
handleshigherflowrate

Moreeconomicalthanpleatedat
greater than 10microns
greaterthan
10 microns

CartridgeCost

Moreexpensive initiallythan
depth,fewerreplacements,
holdsmoredirt

Moreeconomical initiallythan
pleated,holdslessdirt

Housing Cost

Fewercartridgessmaller
housing

More cartridgesbiggerhousing

Type of
cartridge

Description

Benefits

TypicalApplication

YarnWound
Yarnoftwistedstaple
(
(Depth)
)
fiberswoundarounda
centercore .

Inexpensive, broad
chemicalcompatibly,
numerousmaterialoptions
formanyapplications.

Chemicals, magneticcoatings,
Cosmetics,oilproduction
,foodandbeverages,potable
water,photographic
applications

NonWoven
Non
Woven
(Depth)

Depthmediacratedby
Depth
media crated by
layeringmeltbrown(
extruded)fibers

Graded pore structure

Gradedporestructure,
chemicallyinertmaterials,
Noextractable
downstream.

Photochemical,potable
Photo
chemical potable
water, solvents,ultrapure
water,chemicals,beer&
wine,foodandbeverages
enzymes,resins

Non Woven
Pleated
(Surface)

Pleatedmedia;spun
bondedormeltbrown
sheets,paperlike

Widechemical
compatibility,largesurface
areaper 10cartridge,
highdirtholdingcapacity
,cheaperthandepth,
h
h d h
cartridgeatlowmicrons

DIwater,Processwater,
electronics ,winefiltration
,photographicapplications,
magneticcoatings,chemicals,
cosmetics.
i

Membrane

Polymeric sheets
containingsymmetricor
asymmetric pores ( RO
asymmetricpores(RO
membraneandmostUF
membranesdonthave
pores)

Asymmetricpores,
Positivemechanical
retention ,highflowrate,
high flow rate
absoluteratings
,resistancetobacteria,
ultrafinefiltration

DIwaterapplications,
electronics,plating,chemical
process power generation
process,powergeneration,
photographicapplications,
foodandbeverages,various
etchbaths.

Type of
cartridge

Description

Benefits

TypicalApplication

Resin
Bonded

FibersTreatedwithresinto
enhancerigidity

Rigidforhighviscosity,
g
g
y,
nocentercore,noglues
orepoxies,littlemedia
migration,onepiece
construction,highflow
rates
rates

Paints ,,inks,coatings
,
g
,adhesives,oils
,sealants,resins,
petroleum,Pesticides,
saltwater,varnishes

Sintered
Metal

Porousmediaformedbysintering
thinlayerofmetal

Absoluterating,
strength,porosity,
Cleanability,highflow
and dirt holding
anddirtholding
capacity,nonfiber
releasing

Hightemperature, high
pressureapplications,
corrosivefluids,
polymer filtration
polymerfiltration
,processsteam,gas
filtration,catalyst
recovery

WovenMetal

Fibrousmediawovenintodistinct
pattern

g , cleanability,
y,
Strength,
highflowporosity,dirt
holdingcapacity

SameasDynalloybut
y
y
at muchlargermicron
ratings.
Usedmoreasssieve

Granular

Porous carbonactivatedto
developlargesurfacearea

Removesdissolved
organicsfrom gasand
liquids

Potablewater,reverse
osmosis,organic
removal ,instrumentsir
platingsolutions.

Fiberfiltration
Fiber
Fiberdiameter
diameter
Thinnerfibersequalfinerfiltration

Porosity
Ratioofvoidvolumetototalvolumeof
medium

Thicknessofmedia
Thickermediumequalsdecreasedporesize

Industrialwaterrequirement
Product

UnitProduced

Gal./Unit

Waterrequired /Gal./Day

Office

Person

27to45

Hospital

Bed

130to350

Hotel
Hotel

Guest room
Guestroom

300 to 525
300to525

Commercial

1b. Workload

5to8

Institutional

1b Workload
1b.
Work load

1 to 4
1to4

Restaurants

Meal

1to4

Packinghouse

100hogskilled

550 600

Slaughter house

100hogs killed

550600

Stockyard

1acre

160200

Poultry

1Bird

100bbl

75000 to80000

Buildings
ld

Laundries

Meat

Oil
OilRefining

Product

UnitProduced

Gal./Unit

Waterrequired /Gal./Day

1b S
1b.Sugar

1ton

40,000

Groundwood

1ton(dry)

5000

Soda

1ton(dry)

85,000

Sulfate

1ton(dry)

65,000

Sulfite

1ton(dry)

60,000

Cotton Bleacheries

1lb.double boil

25to40

Cottonfinishing

1Yard

10to15

SilkHosierydyeing

1lb.

3to5

1 lb

Sugar
S
SugarRefinery
R fi
Paper
Paper mill
Paper Pulp
PaperPulp

Textile

Knitgoodsbleaching
hi

Chemicalcompatibility
Several sources are available to check the compatibility of
housings for use with fluids other than water.
Remember to check all materials in the cap, sump, Oring,
and cartridge.
cartridge

Chemical

Temp

%Conc.

PPTP

SAN

NylonGP

ABSGP

Delrin

BunaN

Silicone

Viton B60

300 SeriesSS

Acetic Acid

125

90

Acetone

125

100

Ammonium
Compounds

125

100*

A*

Ammonium
Hydroxide

125

10

Beer

125

Any

Benzene

72

100

Calcium Compounds

125

Any*

B/C

Calcium Hypochlorite

68

20

CitricAcid

125

10

CottonseedOil

125

Detergents

125

EthylAlcohol

125

96

Freon

68

25

Fruit Juices

125

Gasoline

125

100

Glucose

125

20

Glycerin

125

100

Glycol

125

Hexane

125

100

HydrochloricAcid

125

20

HydrofluoricAcid

68

40

Chemical

Temp

%Conc.

PPTP

SAN

NylonGP

ABSGP

Delrin

BunaN

Silicone

Viton B60

300 SeriesSS

HydrogenPeroxide

68

30

Inks

125

Ketones

68

LubricatingOils

125

100

Mercury

125

100

MethylAlcohol

125

100

Mineral Oil
MineralOil

100

100

Naphthalene

125

100

NitricAcid

68

10

Olive Oil

125

100

Plating Solutions
PlatingSolutions

125

A/D*
A/D

SodiumCompound

125

Any

A/C*

Sodium
Hypochlorite

100

Sugar & Syrups

Sugar&Syrups

125

SulfuricAcid

68

25

Toluene

100

Water(hot)

200

100

DI Water
DIWater

125

100

Sea Water

125

100

Whiskey/Wine

125

Xylene

100

100

Temperature
Standard

polypropylene

housings have

maximum

temperature rating
i off 125F (52C).
(52C)
Glass reinforced nylon housings have a maximum
temperature rating of 165F (74C).
All Housings should be protected from freezing.

Temperature
Gasket Material

FilterMedia

Housingmedia

Buna N

250F(121C)

Eth l
EthylenePropylene
P
l

350 F (177C)
350F

Viton

450F (232C)

Teflon
Teflon

500FF (260
500
(260C)
C)

Polyester

300F(149C)

Polypropylene

200F(93C)

Nylon

300F (149C)

CarbonSteel

300F (149C)

304 St i l
304Stainlesssteel
t l

300 F (149C)
300F

316Stainlesssteel

300F (149C)

PVC

150F
(65C)
( )

Polypropylene

125F(52C)

Filtrationefficiencyandmicronrating
Thereisabigdifferencebetweenabsoluteandnominalrating
Inmostcasesanominallyratedfilterisadequate.
Afiltersefficiencyisthepercentageofparticlesofaspecificsize(microns)
thatitwillremove
Filterefficiencyisdependentonflowrate
Anominalmicronratingisgenerallyacceptedtomeantheparticlesizeat
which the filter is 85% efficient
whichthefilteris85%
Anabsolutemicronratingisgenerallyacceptedtomeantheparticlesizeat
whichthefilteris99.99%efficient

MicronSize
74Microns

Particle

Size

Table salt
Tablesalt

100 microns
100microns

HumanHair
Talcum
Powder

40 70
microns

2Microns

44Microns
325Mesh

5Microns

10microns

200Mesh
8Microns

Finetest
dust

0.5 microns

Pseudomon
as diminuta

0.3 microns

145Microns
100Mesh
25
Microns

Magnified500times

FilterEfficiency

Beta
ratio

%
Efficiency
y

Afiltersefficiencyis
afunctionofthebeta
ratio

50

75

80

10

90

20

95

50

98

75

98.67

100

99

1000

99.9

5000

99.98

10000

99.99

Infinity

100