Description of a Roman House.

Romans learned much from the

Greeks.They borrowed the slanting roof and the columns.But they added the arch
thus adding much strength and beauty to their buildings.In Rome bricks were used
for building ad houses were often finished with pilaster in both inside and outside
walls.The center of family life was a garden-courtyard,surrounded by columns
and with rooms opening out into it.The architecture of the ancient Roman Empire
is considered one of the most impressive of all time.The Romans had a fine
selection of building monuments in the city of Rome including the forums for
civic services,temples of workship and amphitheaters for recreation and play.The
Romans made great use and pioneered great architecture mechanism like
arches,columns and even some like early elevators.In those days in Rome,the
focus was not only on religion but especially on leisure and activites that were
held in amphitheaters like horseracing,gymnastics,fight between man and between
both men and animals.
Describe the Egyption House.Most Egyptian peoplelived in small houses like
this one. The house was built out ofmudbrick, with wooden beams holding up the
flat mud roof.The type of the building was a simple one by present standarts,also
there were pyramids,sphynxes monunuments.Material used wre mud and reeds
and dried briks in the sun.The roofs of house were flat,and columns.The Greeks
learned much from Egypt.However they did not borrow the fat roof.They built a
slanting roof becouse there were much rain in their country.The Greeks made the
roof slant in two directions from the middle.Also they improved Egypts columns
ad soon became the teachers of the world in column making.
List the steps in house building.Acquairing the plot for future
construction.Inviting specialist to examine the geology,landscape.Making the
house plan.Getting constructuin authorization from local authorities.Signing a
contract with a specialized in constructuction company.Site preparation.Laying the
foundationa and setting the plumbing.Construction the framework.Raising loadbearing walls.Installing the roofing.Building interior walls.Setting doors and
windows.Insulatig the house.Wiring and plumbing.Installing heating and cooling
system.Interior and exterior wall finishing.Cleanup and landscape.
Chinese roof.The most distinctive kind of Buddhist building are the stupa and
pogoda.The pogoda was mainly used to house sacred objects and these temples
can take form of storied towers or more like an upturned bowl.Roof did not only
protect residence from the outside elements,they also had a deeper
meaning.Temple roof were curved becouse budist believed that it help ward of
evil spirits wich were believed to be straight lines.One perfect example of a
splendid roof is located inside the Forbiden Palace.
The description of old Chisinau.1817-the neter of townss was clarified,nwe
districts and quarters were planned,the building of large houses was launched.34the general plan of chisinau made on the basis of its topographica survey was
approved.Catedral and Bell tower erected,the triumph arch was build,The streetss
paving begun and the city water pipe was set up.In 1910 was The golden age.In
second mondial war chisinau lost 78% of its housing.The general plan of
reconstruction and building was elaborated under the direction of Schusev.The
first new building was the railway house.in 1986 Chisinau received the status of
historical city.
The steps building a skyscraper.The central support is its steel skelton.The main
tehnological advacement that made skyscrapers possible was the development of a
mass o iron and steel production.Metal beam are riveted end to end to form
vertical columns.At each floor level,these vertical columns are connected to
horizontal girder beams.Many buildings have diagonal beams running between
the girders,for extra structural support.In this giant three-dimension grid called
superstructure-all the weight in the building gets transferred directly to the vertical
columns.In a typical skyscraper substructure,each vertical columns sits on a
spread footing,The column rests directly on a cast iron plate,wich sits on top of a
grillage.The grillage is abasically a stack of horizontal steel beams lined side by
side in 2 or more layers.This structure expands lower in the ground the same way
a pyramid expands out as you go down.This distribution concentrated weight from
the columns over the wide surface.Ultimately,the entire weight of building rests
directly on the hard clay material under the earth.On major advantage of steel
skeleton structure is that the outer walls-called the curtain wall,that need only to
support their own weight.
Speak about the evolution of tunnel building.Since the dawn of civilization
people have been building tunnels for accessing tombs or underground quarries,or
in the hill slopes for allowind the flow of water from porous rocks.Romans were
skilled tunnel builder,who made several kilometres long undergrouns passages
using the work of slaves.Moder construction started in England,were constructed
for inner transport.most of the work were done manually and the dug materials
were removed using horses.For construction long tunnels,wells were made along
the route,so that work could be started in several places.One of the first under
river were built beneath the Thames River.Before builing a tunnel,detailed ground
analyses and probe drills are made.Sometimes small exploration tunnels are made
near the main route of the tunnel so that the rock layers can be checked and
investigated,but currently the builders use to drill just a little further from the main
front of the tunnel for testing eventual signs of possible problems.Small tunnel are
excavated generally using tunnel diggind machines with simple rotative
head.Larger tunnels are carved using road header,having cutting rotative head on a
spire with hydraulic command which allows it to reach all the parts of the tunnels
front.Tunnels dug in stone are excavated through perforation and dynamiting.
Main caracteristic of a cable stayed bridge.is structured similar to suspenstion
bridges.the difference lies in the way they support load.The cables are attached to
the towers,wich bear the load.Two variant are harp and fan.In the harp
design,cables are attached to multiple points of the tower in a parallel manner.In
the fan variant all the cables connect to the tower or pass over it.The cables serve
as a good support for the bridge deck.Also any number of towers can be used and
in requires less cable than a suspesnsion bridge does.
Speak about bridges.Bridges are often build over a huge landmasses or water
bodies.Their design depends on their function.A bridge is not merely a piece of
construction,its a concept.It represents the idea of crossing over large spans of
land or water,thus bridging the gaps spanning long distances.An arch bridge is
arch shaped and has support at both it ends,the weight support at it ends.A beam
bridge is built from shallow steel beams,box girders and concrete.Highway
overpasses,flyovers or walkways are often beam br,the costruction is simples of
all types,the design should be such that it does note bend under load.Cantivelar
bridge consists of cantivelevers structure that projects the X-axis in space.They
are supported on one end only.Bridges intended to carry lesser traffic may use a
simple beams whle those meant to handel larger traffic may use trusses or box
girders.In a typical,cantilever arms extending from opposite ends meet an the
center,while in suspended span design the do not meet.A drawbride is refer to a
bridge that is movable.Typically opens up to extend over the distance it is meant
to span.A castle bridge.A suspension bridge is a bridge suspende from cables thar
are convert into the tension in the cables and its transfered in towers.One
advantage that it can span long distances and resists earthquakes.It requirs less
construction material,which reduces its cost of construction.Truss bridge is built
by connectinff straigh elements with the help of pin joints.
Rock-the hard material substance tha form the main surface of the Earth.Stone-a
hard mineral substance.Marble-a type of hard rock that becomes smooth when it is
polished.Shale-sooft rock made of hardened mud or clay which divides naturally
into thin sheets.Sand-a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely
divided rock and mineral paricles.Gravel-smal stones usually mixed with sand and
used make a surface for path.Pebble-a small roundish smooth stone found esp.on
the seashore.Clay-heavy firm earth that is soft when wet but becomes hard when
backed.
Marble-marmura,shale-marna,gravel-pietri,pebble-prundi,clay-argil,timbercherestea,brick-caramid,lime-var nestins,whiteshas-var stins,gypsumghips,mortar-tencuiala,reinforced concrete-beton armat(stonelike material
strenghed by metal rods placed in it before it hardens and used in
building),plaster-tencuial,tile-plcu de faian,slate-plac de ardezie,binderliant,material de lipire,masonry-zidrie,furnace-igl,kiln-crmid,to extrac-a
extrage,to burn clay- a arede argil,to slake lime-a stinge varul,to crush the
rocks-a sfrma roca,to bind sand cliker into rock- a lega pietriu intr roc, to
mold,to shape-a da o form,to gravel a path-a acoperi cu pietri crarea,to
marbel the stairs-a acoperi treptele cu marmur,to plaster the wall-a acoperi cu
ghips,to whitewahs the ceiling-a vrui tavanul,to lay the first brick- a pune prima
crmid,to squeze concrete-a presa betonul,to conrete the yard-a betona
curtea,porosiy-porozitate,weathering resistance-rezistenta la schimbare
vremii,waterproof-rezistent la ap,water permeaboility-permeabilitate la ap,frost
resitantece-la frig,heat conductivity-conductivitate termic,fire
resitatnce,refractoriness,eco-findly.pediment-fronton,survey-examinare,pavingpavare,pilaster-pilastru,swamp-mlatin,square-pia,lane-ulicioar,wellizvor,pipe-conduct,verandah-verand,trimming-aranjare,ensembe-anamblu,to
inhabit-locui,to drain-a deseca,to enrich-a imbogoi,to set up- a instala,to clarify-a
clarifica,to launch-a lansa,to accomplish-realiza,notable-remarcabil,straitstrmt,indebted-indatorat,crooked-strmb,rectangular-reptunchilar.