CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM
This chapter will cover the background of the study which gives an overview of
the study and the reason why it will be. conducted by the researchers, the statement of
the problem, hypothesis and assumptions as well as the significance of the study
which enumerates the beneficiaries of the study, and its scope and delimitation.
A. Background of the Study
It is already known for a fact that if a certain implemented action is a
management strategy, assessment and evaluation really follow. These assessments
and evaluation are the medium to verify whether or not the strategies that are being
planned and implemented yield positive results and consequently, great benefits. On
the other hand, if the results were negative, there will really be a need for reevaluation and reassessment of the said management strategy. These will be a guide
to determine the impact of the management strategys effectiveness or if further
assessment and a revision of the strategy are needed.
Ever since human beings lived in this world and with the world growing a
year after another, waste management has really been a long-term and an often severe
environmental problem that has not only been observed in communities, but also in
schools or universities such as in the Western Mindanao State Universitys College of
Nursing which with the great initiative of the students and faculty alike, has recently
soft-launched a Zero Waste Management known as the N0W which means Nurses
on Zero Waste. Realistically, the waste management strategy has been the initiative of
two research groups, one implemented in the year 2012-2013 and the other on the
academic year 2014-2015 which aimed to establish a sustainable Zero Waste
Management strategy at Western Mindanao State University College of Nursing and
to strengthen it.
The study of the first research group led by Nurshida Salikala specifically
focused on the following three problems: (1) the development of zero waste
management strategy for the WMSU- College of Nursing, (2) conducting a forum to

introduce the Zero Waste Management Strategy with stake holders (the nursing
administrators and staff, student government and its corresponding student body, and
(3) monitoring and evaluating the outcome of the Zero Waste Management.
Unfortunately only the first and second focus problems were accomplished due to the
unpredicted circumstances relating to the Zamboanga Crisis. Moreover, the second
research group led by Chesylyn H. Coronel with their research adviser Dr. Susan
Dela Cruz originally decided to strengthen the said zero waste management and will
also postulate problems or reasons why the 3 rd focus problem of the first research
group was not met. Their research study was converted into an action research and it
also focused on answering the following questions: (1) What were the significant
changes observed as an effect of the NOW Management Strategy at the WMSU-CN?
(2) What are the perceived barriers to the implementation of the NOW? (3) What are
the practices needed to strengthen the implementation of NOW? And (4) What are the
benefits derived from the strengthened NOW Management strategy. Quite
interestingly, the group were really able to meet the research objectives but through
time, it was realized that there is no sustainability.
Consequently, following the footsteps of the previous researchers and hoping
to leave a legacy to the college, it was decided to continue their initiative and to
further the data gathered regarding zero waste management in the university because
one of its main goal is to be an environmentally-friendly university. The study would
like to focus on the third focus problem of the first group which concentrates on
monitoring the effectiveness of the implemented NOW & the impact that it gave to
the CN populace and to also answer the questions postulated by the second group.
This research study intends to reinforce and determine the impact achieved by
the Nurses on Zero Waste (N0W) Management Strategy at the Western Mindanao
State University- College of Nursing. The main difference between the study done by
the second research group and this study is that this study aimed to implement more
policies regarding environmental concerns in the college and to impose penalties in
case the CN populace would not follow the rules and regulations regarding the
policies. Also, the research study has a goal of serving as a model for other colleges
in Western Mindanao State University, schools, colleges and universities in
Zamboanga City, as well as other aspiring national and international schools that are

planning to implement a Zero Waste Management Strategy of their own. If there is

longevity already and effectiveness on the implementation of the Nurses on Zero
Waste Management Strategy which is implemented on WMSU-CN, it will already be
converted into W0W which stands for WMSU on Zero Waste.
Furthermore, the researchers conducted a dry-run dissemination of the
research instrument to further and strengthen the data for the study. The researchers
utilized the same methodology stated in chapter three and the instrument was divided
into two parts namely the questionnaire checklist and the interview guide. Based on
the results of the first part of the survey, it was concluded that among the four
divisions namely the classrooms, the comfort rooms, the surrounding environment
and the reinforcement of N0W, the comfort room has the lowest overall mean score
which basically led the researchers to conclude that the comfort room is one of the
main problem of the college populace. Among all the items of the survey, the item
no.10 which is stated as no foul odors (urine, feces, menses, etc) are observed
garnered the lowest mean score which means that aside from having a dirty comfort
rooms as shown in the results of the survey, the college also has a problem in terms of
the smell of the proximate CRs. The researchers also interpreted that there really is a
need to hire a separate employee to maintain the cleanliness of the comfort rooms. On
the bright side, the last part of the first part of the survey got the highest mean score
and when the results are interpreted, it can be observed that there really is a need to
add more policies to strengthen the N0W Management Strategy, Task Force N0W
(TFN) is also needed to regulate and monitor the status quo of the management
strategy and there really is a need to impose sanctions to those who violate the
implementing rules and regulations of the N0W. As for the qualitative data of the
research, majority of the respondents answered that N0W is an effective waste
management strategy but cooperation and discipline must be instilled on the students
so that it will be reinforced. Moreover, it is evident on the results of the survey that
65% of the respondents said that not everyone is helping on the effective
implementation of the waste management strategy. Also, majority of the respondents
answered that indeed, adding more policies will be an effective approach for the full
implementation of the waste management strategy. Lastly, majority believes that
giving sanctions to the violators of the implementing rules and regulations of the

N0W should be imposed so that there will be less violators and adherence to the rules
and regulations of the said waste management strategy will be achieved. With all
these said, the researchers decided to continue the waste management strategy.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the outcome of the N0W (Nurses on Zero
Waste) Management Strategy at the College of Nursing of Western Mindanao
State University. Intrinsically, the research study intended to answer the following
questions:
1. What are the significant improvements observed as an effect of the Nurses on
Zero Waste (N0W) Management Strategy at the WMSU-CN?
2. What are the perceived barriers to the implementation of N0W?
3. What interventions are needed to reinforce the implementation of N0W?
C. Assumptions
There were significant improvements observed pertaining to the
environmental sanitation status at the Western Mindanao State University
College of Nursing because of the proper N0W project implementation. With
continuous monitoring, reassessment and re-evaluation, the desired outcome of
the Zero Waste Management will be achieved.
The cooperation and students behaviour of the Western Mindanao State
University, College of Nursing and the lack of information and knowledge about
the NOW project are the perceived barriers to the full effectiveness of the
implementation of the project.
Better dissemination of information, soft launching and particular
imposition of the implementing guidelines will be a help in strengthening the
impact of the NOW project. Adding policies is of utmost importance and creates
an impact to the implementation of the NOW.

D. Significance of the Study

Stepping out of the hospital doesnt mean the end of a nurses duties in
promoting health and prevention of illness. As nurses in the future, establishing
an attitude that would be effective in leading other people to follow advocacies
must take place in an early stage. The change in oneself must be the core in
every practice to encourage people a simple start for a better development of
oneself, and the other aspects of their lives would follow.
The significance of reinforcing Nurses on Zero Waste Management
Strategy is beneficial in many ways on the different beneficiaries:
For the students- to develop a more disciplined attitude when it comes to
the cleanliness of their own environment and to maintain a good impression to
other colleges in the university which may ultimately influence them to
participate in their respective colleges.
For the teachers- to have an atmosphere conducive for teaching and to
encourage every student for an independent resolution in pursuing an
environment conducive for learning.
For the utility workers of the college- for them to have lesser concerns
when it comes to the maintenance of the cleanliness of each classroom.
For the College Administration- to utilize the development of this study in
the implementation of a better college in the maintenance of cleanliness and
orderliness.
The different organizations in the college- for them to show their
contributions as an organization which would help the students achieve the
desired cleanliness and orderliness.
For the future researchers- to be able to work hand - in - hand with the
other colleges in regard of the cleanliness and orderliness desired for the
university to achieve.

E. Scope and Limitation

This study will focus on the impact of the N0W (Nurses on Zero Waste)
Management Strategy that the previous research group implemented which was
on November 2014 at the WMSU- College of Nursing in Zamboanga City.
A survey with a questionnaire checklist with interview guide will be
disseminated to evaluate the impact of Nurses on Zero Waste Management
Strategy. Two sets of the questionnaire checklist and the interview guide will be
given to the students, the first ones distributed before the implementation of
N0W and the second one will be filled-up by the students after the N0W has
been implemented. The purpose of giving two sets of questionnaire checklist
and interview guide is to assess and evaluate the knowledge of the respondents
before and after the implementation of N0W. Furthermore, the first set aimed to
assess the current knowledge of the students regarding the previously
implemented NOW Project and the status on the environmental condition of the
WMSU-CN and the second set of questionnaire checklist and interview guide
will be distributed to evaluate the knowledge base and effectiveness of the
newly implemented N0W Management Strategy. Also, aside from the checklist
and interview guide, the researchers would also schedule a proper one-on-one
interview with the faculty assigned in the N0W Management Strategy which is
Professor Agnes Castillo. The respondents of the research study are the members
of the College Administration such as the Dean, Associate Dean, College
Secretary, Clerks; Faculty (regular teachers and visiting lecturers); utility
workers; the students from level II, III and IV of the SY 2016-2017. This study
will be conducted at the WMSU- College of Nursing, Zamboanga City during
the first semester of SY 2016-2017.

CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
6

This chapter discusses the review of related literature, the related studies, the
theoretical and conceptual framework and defines some salient terms utilized in the
study.
A. Literature Review
Zero Waste is a goal, a process, a way of thinking that profoundly changes our
approach to resources and production. Zero Waste is not about recycling and diversion
from landfills but about restructuring production and distribution systems to prevent
waste from being manufactured in the first place. The materials that are still required in
these re-designed, resource-efficient systems will be reused many times as the products
that incorporate them are reused (Towards Zero Waste, 2015. Retrieved from
http://web.calstatela.edu/library/guides/3apa.pdf)
Furthermore, Zero Waste refers to waste management and planning approaches
which emphasize waste prevention as opposed to end of pipe waste management (Snow
& Dickinson, 2001; Spiegelman, 2006). Zero waste encompasses more than eliminating
waste through recycling and reuse; it focuses on restructuring production and distribution
systems to reduce waste (C.Y. Young, 2010). An important consideration of the zero
waste philosophy is that it is more of a goal, or ideal rather than a hard target. Even if it is
not possible to completely eliminate waste due to physical constraints or prohibitive
costs, zero waste provides guiding principles for continually working towards eliminating
wastes (Snow & Dickinson, 2001) and there are many successful cases around the world
which resulted from the implementation of the zero waste philosophy (Townend, 2010).
The zero waste philosophy has been adopted as a guiding principle by several
governmental organizations as well as industries (Snow & Dickinson, 2001; Townend,
2010).
According to Connet & Sheeehan (2001), because the focus of zero waste is on
eliminating waste from the outset, it requires heavy involvement primarily from industry
and government since they are presented with many advantages over individual citizens.
In fact, zero waste will not be possible without significant efforts and actions from
industry and government. Industry has control over product and packaging design,
manufacturing processes, and material selection (Townend, 2010). Meanwhile,
7

governments have the ability to form policy and provide subsidies for better product
manufacturing, design and sale; and the ability to develop and adopt comprehensive
waste management strategies which seek to eliminate waste rather than manage it (Snow
& Dickinson, 2001). Due to the heavy involvement of industry in eliminating waste,
extended producer responsibility is often an essential component of zero waste strategies
(Spiegelman, 2006).
On the other hand, waste management is a refined terminology that refers to the
garbage or trash management. As long as humans have been living in settled
communities, improper waste management has always been an issue. Industrialized
nations can generate in pounds of solid waste per consumer thus making it a big problem
for the worlds undying waste destitution.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.7 billion people lacked
adequate sanitation worldwide in 1988, and the UN estimated in 1990, that population
increases alone would add almost 900 million people to this number by the end of the
century. Excreta from most of this segment of the world eventually reaches the marine
environment via rivers, streams, canals, gullies, direct discharge, and percolation through
soils with ground water.
Primary cause of this is the fact that there are too many people living in too
unequal societies who are making use of too many unsustainable technologies and are
consuming too many resources, which eventually produce too many waste. Sustainability
may be brought about through smaller populations living in relatively equal societies,
making use of appropriate green technologies, consuming responsibly, reusing waste, and
producing less waste.
Waste problem being one of the foremost and mounting problems in other
countries have been hazardous not only on human health but also causes depletion for
lands which is why solid waste was generated. It is a system for handling all of the
worlds trash, be it municipal waste collection, recycling programs, dumps and
incinerators (WHO, 2012).
Since human cities began to be more rigorous, solid waste management became a
serious matter and because of this, solid waste management is a multimillion dollar
business in some industrialized nations today. Most cities require citizens to disburse for
8

waste collection to live up with the goal of garbage reduction. Solid Waste Management
is also focused on developing environmentally sound methods of handling garbage.
There are lots of methods proposed in order to have proper waste management but
few of which are no longer wanted like recycling. There are processes which are more
applicable and did not fit in anymore like recycling, for we all know not everything can
be recycled. Nevertheless, it may reduce the amount of waste but still fail to the band end
solution denominator.
Governments around the world have become aware that fast solutions to the waste
management that relies on landfills and and incineration or the burning of waste. This
cannot offer a sustainable solution in a world with growing population. Not to mention
the negative impacts it may cause to the atmosphere. Nevertheless, there are technologies
invented which diminishes waste in a cost effective manner without polluting the
environment like gasification technology. Waste will always be around while humans
exist, it is just a matter of proper waste disposal along with a little care and a kick of
initiative to give resolution to this undying problem (Lenhart, 2011).
Solid waste management is a challenge in cities in developing countries. Past
research has identified that stakeholders or people or organizations that may have an
interest in adequate waste management. The stakeholders reported are the national and
local government (Shekdar, 2009), municipal authorities, city corporations, Nongovernment Organizations (NGOs), households (Sujauddin, 2008), private contractors,
Ministries of Health, Environment, Economy and Finance (Tai, 2011).
Some scholars have identified factors influencing the elements of the waste
management systems.

According to Sujauddin (2008), the generation of waste is

influenced by family size, their education level and the monthly income. Household
attitude related to separation of waste are affected by active support and invesment of real
estate company, community residential committees involvement for public participation
(Zhuang, 2008) and fee for collection service based on the waste volume or weight
(Scheinberg, 2011).

Gender, peer influence, land size, location of household and

membership of environmetal organization explain household waste utilization and

separation behavior (Ekere, 2009).

With the Earths human inhabitants being the way they are, however,
environmental deterioration continues to increase. The rapid depletion of natural
resources is happening in all nations and significantly straining the quality of the planets
water, soil, and air. It is estimated that the Earths renewable natural resources has
declined by over thirty percent over the last thirty years while the demands on them has
increased by fifty percent (Strategies, 2001).
This environmental deterioration is made worst by the indiscriminate disposal of
waste materials. Whenever something is thrown out or is considered to be waste,
resources are lost. This called for the extraction of more natural resources to replenish our
societys never ending need for more products. Inevitably, these new products are used
and eventually thrown away as waste and the cycle continues. As our waste piles up to
infinity, the Earths natural resources only become more noticeabe & finite.
According to Solid Waste Management Strategy (SWMS of 2006, part 7),
members of the public are supposed to be educated in matters of waste management such
as sorting or reparation of wastes according to their categories of organic and inorganic,
waste recycling, home composting, waste minimization and adherence to waste
management laws.
A significant component to successful waste reduction programs is public
participation and recinizing and understanding the factors that influence participation is
important in the effort to identify and promote sustainable solid waste management
solutions (McKenzie-Mohr, 2000).
The Philippine government drew up a decree to further the environmental cause.
Last July 24, 2000, the Philippine Congress enacted RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act. This Act provides for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necesssary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring
certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds thereof, and for other
purposes.

This act mandated the Department of Education (DepEd), the Technical

Education and Skill Development Authority (TESDA), the Commission on Higher

Education (CHED), the Depatment of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and
other concerned government agencies to incorporate ecological solid waste management
in the school system at all levels (RA 9003, 2000).
10

This trend towards enlisting educational institutions had been taken up by private
organizations after the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC)
established a comprehensive approach in Mainstreaming Ecological Solid Waste
Management in the Philippine Education System Project. Through the implementation
of the DENR, the project sought to enhance the capacity of students waste management
through an Ecological Solid Waste Management Training Program (Ecological, n.d.).
In 2004, a total of 103 cities responding 94% of the total 109 had organized their
Solid Waste Management Board (SWMB) in accordance with the provisions of RA 9003.
Of this number, however, only 49 cities or 44% had effective SWMBs.
In 2004, a total of 91 cities or about 85% of the total 107 urban centers had
formulated their respective 10-year Solid Waste Management Program (SWMPs). Of
this number, only 67 cities had formulated quality SWMPs in accordance with the
minimum requirements of RA 9003. Another 25 cities had demonstarted high
performance level of formulating quality SWMPs. Furthermore, the remaining 15 cities
had within and below benchmark capacity levels in preparing their respective SWMPs
(Torres, 2009).
In Zamboanga City, large percentage of solid wastes normally comes from
domestic sources and the rest come from industries. Not all solid wste generated are
collected and properly disposed; only about 70% to 80% are collected and the balance are
either left on the streets, dumped into storm drains, esteros, canals, creeks and rivers.
Others are burned, thereby creating air pollution, or recycled by scavengers. Residential
wastes, which is about 505 of the total waste generated, constituted the single largest
source of solid wastes.
It is estimated that around 350 to 450 cubic meters per day (m3/day) of solid
wastes are generated by the city, out of this generated solid wastes, around 705 to 72%
are collected everyday (ZC Public Service Office, 2008).
Based on the statistical record of ZC Public Service Office from October 1996 to
January 1997, garbage collected and disposed per month by City Public Services
averaged 8662 cubic meters while that of the Private is equal to 12,654 cubic meters. It is
noticeable that the increasing amount of garbage collected every month indicates that
waste generation has correspondingly increased.
11

To overcome the problem of solid waste management, the members of the

Sangguniang Panlungsod of the City of Zamboanga passed Ordinance 92-013, in which
guidelines are prescribed to regulate the mode of operation of the City garbage collection
system and imposing a fee in the disposal of garbage in the City of Zamboanga and
providing penalties for violations of such.
Thus, environment education among the people would generate environment
concern which should lead to the formation of groups concerned with how to protect the
potentials of the environment and avoid or minimize the hazards of the environmental
pollution or degradation. For instance, environmental groups in the more advanced
countries like the Green Peas, The Friends of the Earth, The Sierra Club, etc., have fought
great battles to preserve and protect various species of plants and animals (Agukoronye,
1994).
In a nutshell, environmental education and public participation in the long run can
be cost-efficient wherein if a positive attitude and a strong commitment to the
environment is integrated, the possibility of pollution jeopardizing the lives of people will
greatly be reduced.
B. Related Studies
According to the study entitled: School-Based Solid Waste Management
(SBSWM) Initiative in the Philippines: Lessons and Experiences of the Toyota Auto Parts
and Sta. Rosa City Partnership by Enrico U. Baula from De La Salle University Manila
on September 2010 which assessed the first year implementation of the SBSWM program
in Sta. Rosa, Laguna. It looked into the experiences of the students, teachers, and school
administrators in their SBSWM development.
Specifically, the study aimed to: a) identify the perceptions of the different
stakeholders on the SBSWM; b) identify the roles of the stakeholders in the
implementation of SBSWM program; c) analyze the issue and challenges encountered in
the course of pilloting and mainstreaming; and d) identify the SBSWM best practices that
emerged in the schools programs.
Effective school performances had more comprehensive SBSWM programs.
Schools which engaged in SBSWM for a while managed to get their Solid Waste
12

Management (SWM) initiatives to the next level or to weave a more comprehensive

and logistically complex program. This could also be seen as a marker of how much the
schools SWM program has progressed through the years.
When standards and objectives are met, new standards were created and more
complex objectives were set. Change was constant and necessary. It is not enough for the
next batch of students to simply replicate the SWM initiatives set by their predecessors. It
is their responsibility to learn from past experiences and make the necessary changes to
improve upon their own SBSWM programs.
SBSWM in schools became more effective with multiple activities/initiative.
Schools ranked 5th and 6th had a smaller number of SWM initiatives. Schools ranked 1 st to
4th had more than ten initiatives implemented in their own schools. It is important to make
use in varying and interesting initiatives. Multiple initiatives on SWM could cater to the
interests of a wider audience.
A heterogenous group of students intersted in SWM means a more participative
student population. SBSWM in schools became more effective with multiple
activities/initiative.
Also, the University of the Philippines Diliman spearheaded by the Vice
Chancellor for Community Affairs, Cynthia Grace C. Gregorio, imposed guidelines for
the waste management systems to all UP colleges or units. The guidelines, as
disseminated to all UP Colleges/Units, are as follows: (1) education (2) waste receptacles
(3) sorting area (4) disposable holding area (5) recyclables area (6) biodegradables area
(7) yard wastes area. The following are the basic components of the Waste Management
System when explained in further details: EDUCATION- The head of unit should seek to
promote waste minimization, reuse, waste reduction, segregation, recycling, composting
and general sanitation in their unit. The Dean of college shall see to it that solid waste
management is included in the school curriculum. Proper solid waste management should
be included in the freshmen orientation program. All units and dormitories should use
other information materials like posters, signages, memo, trainings, etc. The Building
Administrators shall regularly inspect the physical components of the waste management
program. Janitorial personnel who fail to comply with proper solid waste management
procedures will not be hired by the college/unit. All janitorial agency personnel are
13

required to submit a certificate of completion on waste management training by the UP

Waste Management Committee; WASTE RECEPTACLES- Provide separate receptacles
with clear labels for paper, recyclables, biodegradables, and disposables. Segregated
receptacles should be placed at strategic places in offices, and corridors. Provide single
receptacles in small spaces and parking areas for general sanitation. Provide single
receptacles with plastic lining in comfort rooms. All receptacles should be regularly
emptied and well maintained. During collection, segregated wastes should be placed in
separate containers; SORTING AREA-Each college / unit should designate a waste sorting
area. It should be well situated, spacious, ventilated, secured and not unsightly. Mixed
wastes from single receptacles should be brought to a sorting area for proper sorting. All
recyclables and biodegradable wastes should be removed in the sorting area. The
Building Administrator should see to it that janitorial personnel have enough time to sort
wastes on a daily basis. After sorting, all disposable wastes should be placed in a garbage
bag or suitable container and properly stored in the disposable wastes holding area to
facilitate efficient collection. Wastes from the comfort room should not be included in the
sorting area; DISPOSABLES HOLDING AREA- All disposable and hazardous wastes
should be properly stored in the wastes holding area. Wastes should not be poured inside
the wastes holding area. Disposable wastes will be collected regularly by the EPWMD
garbage truck. Unsegregated wastes will not be collected by the QC-EWWMD. Holding
area should be well maintained, protected from rain, scavengers and is always closed. No
wastes should be thrown outside the holding area. Holding area should be disinfected at
least once a month or as needed; RECYCLABLESAREA- The college/ unit should decide
for a centralized or decentralized storage of recyclables. Recyclables storage area should
be free from unpleasant odors and pests. Recyclables should be regularly sold. The
college / unit should keep a record of the sales of their recyclables. Part of the sale of the
recyclables should be used for the maintenance and operation of the solid waste
management program of the college / unit; BIODEGRADABLES AREA- Food scraps,
including tissue papers should be placed in a secure container and be brought to the Task
Force on Solid Waste Management Materials Recovery Facility, Balagtas Street for
proper composting. Building Administrators should coordinate with the TF-SWM if
biodegradable wastes are to be hauled or collected. Units / Colleges that opt to compost
14

their biodegradables should make sure that proper composting procedures are observed.
Storage containers of biodegradable materials should be regularly rinsed and disinfected;
and YARD WASTESAREA-Swept leaves could be placed in the base of trees or in a
suitable corner of the backyard decay. Leaf piles should not be too big so as to become a
fire hazard. Burning of yard wastes is not allowed. Swept leaves and branches from
trimmings or typhoon debris shoud be placed where it could be easily hauled away by the
Campus Maintenance Office trucks (Gregorio C.G., 2009. Memorandum No. CGCG 0963. Retrieved from http: / / iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/index.php/ Guidelines_for_Waste_
management _System_for_UP#.VsmiMfl97IU).
C. Theoretical Framework
The Change Model
Kurt Lewin highlights the human aspect of change. His interests in groups led to
research focusing on factors that influence people to change, and the three stages needed
to make change successful. The three stages in his model are the Unfreezing, Change and
Refreezing Phase.
Stage 1: Unfreezing is probably one of the more important stages to understand
the world of change we live in today. The stage is about getting ready to change. It
involves getting to the point of understanding that change is necessary, and getting ready
to move away from our current comfort zone. The first stage is about preparing ourselves,
or others, before the change. The more we feel that change is necessary, the more urgent
it is, the more motivated we are to make the change.
Stage 2: Change or Transition to change is not an event but rather a practice
called transition. It is the inner movement or journey we make in reaction to a change.
This second stage occur as we make the changes that are needed. This stage is often the
hardest as people are unsure or fearful.
This is not an easy time as people are learning about the changes and need to be
given time to understand and work with them. Support is really important here and can be
in the form of training, coaching and expecting mistakes as part of the process. Using role
15

models and allowing people to develop their own solutions also help make the changes.
Its also really useful to keep communicating a clear picture of the desired change and the
benefits to people so they dont lose sight of where they are heading.
Stage 3: Freezing or Refreezing is about establishing stability once the changes
have been made. The changes are accepted and become the new norm. People form new
relationships and become comfortable with their routines. This rigidity of freezing does
not fit with the modern thinking about change being a continuous, sometimes a chaotic
process in which great flexibility is demanded.
So popular thought has moved away from the concept of freezing. Instead, we
should think about the final stage as being more flexible. Permanency of the new level or
permanency for a new desired period, should be included in the objective. Reinforcing
the change and ensuring that the desired change is accepted and maintained into the
future. Without this, people tend to go back to doing what they are used to doing.
PREVIOUSLY IMPLEMENTED NURSES ON ZERO WASTE (N0W)
MANAGEMENT PROJECTS
The first part of the implementation was done on June 2013 and the second one
was on October 2014.

Adopt a
Classroom
Policy

Task Force
Now

Nurses on
Zero Waste
(N0W)

Clean as You
Go Policy

No
Loitering
Figure 1: N0W Conceptual
Framework (2013 & 2014)
Policy

16

Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the Nurses on Zero Waste (N0W)
implemented last November 2013 at WMSU-CN. The original concept consisted of four
core components namely: Adopt a Classroom, Clean as You Go, No loitering Policy and
the Task Force N0W. The initial steps taken were a series of conferences with the College
Administration, the College Student Board and their Coordinator, and the Quality
Assurance Office. The implementing guidelines was critiqued by the University President
and the Administrative Officer. Utilizing the comments and suggestions portion, the
Implementing Guidelines underwent another revision.
On the scheduled implementation on September 09, 2013, the project was held in
abeyance because of the Zamboanga Seige where all classes at all levels on the entire
city were suspended for the safety and security of students.
With the very limited time upon the resumption of classes, it was too late because
it was almost the end of the semester and all that was left is to recommend for the
extension of the study by another group. Thus, the project continues.
On the second time around, the research design was then converted into an action
research to appreciate its full implementation. Revisions on the implementing guidelines
was done again and several rendezvous was held with the College Administration and the
CSB Officers, Staff & Adviser to strengthen the action research and to determine which
features of the management strategy must be eradicated and which features must be
retained. Although series of reinforcements were done for the project and proper
implementation was done, it was observed that the last phase of the change model which
is the freezing stage, was not fully met. Thus, there was a need to continue the deed of
the previous researchers.
PART III: June 2016
Having been converted into an action research, the third research group vie for a
more sustainable Nurses on Zero Waste Management Project. Consultations with the
College Dean, faculty and staff and the College Student Board (CSB) officials with the
Mayor and the CSB Coordinator was done to maintain the orderliness and cleanlines of
the facilities in relation to the Eco-Friendly project of the university.

17

Figure 2 shows the revised conceptual framework of the Nurses on Zero Waste
Management Strategy. Along with the three core concepts of the original N0W Project
which are the Adopt a Classroom Policy, Clean as You Go Policy and the No Loitering
Policy several other policies were added such as the CR Policy, Adopt a Bulletin Board
Policy, and We ORG You Policy.

Task Force
N0W

Adopt a
Bulletin Board
Policy

Adopt a
Classroom
Policy

Nurses on
Zero Waste
(N0W)

Clean as
You Go
Policy
No
Loitering
Policy

We ORG You
CR
Policy
Policy
Figure
2: Revised N0W Conceptual Paradigm
Moreover, Figure 3 describes the different phases of the process undertaken for
the research project. Utilizing the Change Model on the framework, this gave a better
direction and a clearer understanding as to what steps to follow. It involves three stages
of the process which includes the Unfreezing Stage which to aimed determine significant
changes observed from the previous implementation of the action research; to elicit
perceived barriers to the implementation of the NOW Project, to determine the practices
as suggested by respondents and to strengthen the implementation of the NOW Project as
perceived by its populace.
The Change or Transition Stage starts with the revisions on the Implementing
Guidelines of the Nurses on Zero Waste Management Strategy based on the comments
18

and suggestions elicited from the results of the assessment made from the first
implementation. It also involved intensified information dissemination and mobilization
of the WMSU-CN populace for a more positive collaboration and cooperation and the
integration of the project in the existing program of activities of the CSC
(institutionalization) to achieve better outcome and sustainability of the project.
The Refreezing Stage ensures the sustainability of the Nurses on Zero Waste
Management through the Adopt a Classroom project where the students of different
levels will have an area of assignment where they can adopt a room to maintain
cleanliness and orderliness conducive for learning. Another strategy is the Clean - As You - Go policy which the students and other occupants in the building will have to take
care of their own garbage. Instructors together with the class officers take charge of
reminding the students to carry with them whatever garbage are found in their
surrounding before they leave the classroom. The No Loitering Policy was included to
keep non-resident students off the premises except on official business, not only for
safety but for the purpose of the project. And also, the creation of the Task Force Now
which will comprise the CSB, the level and class officers, the faculty, and the utility
personnel for monitoring so that their active involvement becomes a part of individual
responsibilities in sustaining the project. Additionally, the following are other integrated
policies for the N0W Project: CR Policy, We ORG You Policy and the Adopt a Bulletin
Board Policy. Being one of the main problem of the college in terms of cleanliness, the
CR Policy was added to solve the unhygienic measures of the CN populace in terms of
the cleanliness of the comfort room. Next, the We ORG You Policy covers the adoption
of a certain area in the College of Nursing of a college-based organization from the
college. They will have the responsibility to beautify their assigned spot and they are also
obliged to help the Task Force N0W to disseminate and create posters in the college.
Lastly, the Adopt a Bulletin Board Policy encourages each level to adopt and design a
Bulletin Board and to persuade them to keep the information posted up-to-date.

19

Information
Disseminati
on

Perceived Barriers
to the
implementation
of N0W

Revision on the
implementing
guidelines of
N0W

STAGE 1:
UNFREEZI
NG
Signicant
improvements
observed on
N0W

Institutionalizat
ion of the N0W
Project

Intervention
Management
Strategies needed
to strengthen N0W

Task Force
N0W

Adopt a
Bulletin Board
Policy

STAGE
2:
ACTIO
N

Adopt a
Classroom
Policy

STAGE
3:
FREEZIN
G

Clean as
You Go
Policy

No
Loitering
Policy

We ORG You
CR
Policy
Policy
Figure 3: The Change Process Flow Chart

20

Mobilizing the
WMSU-CN
Populace

D. Conceptual Framework

NURSE
S ON
ZERO
WASTE

SIGNIFICANT
IMPROVEMENT
S
PERCEIVED
BARRIERS
PRACTICES FOR
EFFECTIVE

IMPAC
T

IMPLEMENTATI
ON

E. Operational Definition of Terms

To facilitate better understanding of this study, the following terms were operationally
defined:
Adopt a Bulletin Board Policy. This is a strategy designed to encourage each level to
adopt and design a Bulletin Board and to persuade each level to keep the information
posted up-to-date.
Adopt a Classroom Policy. This is a strategy planned to maintain the cleanliness of a
classroom. Each section that occupies the classroom must be held responsible in
maintaining the cleanliness and orderliness of the classroom to make it conducive for
learning.
Clean as You Go Policy. This is a policy in which all occupants of the classrooms of
the College of Nursing will have to take care of their own garbage.
College Administrators. They are composed of the dean, associate dean, college
secretary, librarian, guidance counselor, and clerks.

21

 CR Policy. This is a policy implemented to preserve the cleanliness of the comfort

room in the college of nursing. Posters will be provided and an employee will be
hired to regulate the cleanliness of the CR.
Impact. This refers to the effects produced by the Nurses on Zero Waste (NOW)
Management Strategy towards its recipients.
No Loitering Policy. This is a policy in which no outsiders/visitors are allowed
within the CN premises unless there is permission from the Dean. Nursing students
are also not allowed to occupy the rooms if they have no classes.
Nurse on Zero Waste. This is a strategy implemented in the WMSU- College of
Nursing which aims to sustain a Zero Waste Management integrating various
environmentally-related features to maintain a surrounding that is conducive for the
nursing students learning.
TASK FORCE NOW. A task force created to sustain the Zero Waste Management
Strategy implemented in the College of Nursing.
We ORG You Policy. This is a policy that covers the adoption of a certain area in the
College of Nursing of an organization from the college. Each organization will have
the responsibility to beautify their assigned spot and they are also obliged to help the
Task Force N0W to disseminate and create posters in the college.
Year Level. CN students from second year to fourh year.
Zero Waste Management. A unifying concept for range of measures that aims at
eliminating wastes and allowing the CN populace to challenge their ways of thinking.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter covers the study design, study population and sampling procedure,
inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample size computation, research locale, data gathering

22

procedure, validity and reliability of research instrument, plans for data processing and
analysis, ethical considerations.
A. Research Design
The research study will use multiple ways for data gathering techniques in order
to extend the opinions and theories regarding the N0W Management Strategy.
Furthermore, the study is an action research, specifically an extension study with
one-cycle process to determine and strengthen the full impact of Nurses on Zero Waste. It
will utilize a quantitative method of research with qualitative and quantitative data. The
researchers will distribute questionnaires before the implementation of the study to
survey the opinions of the CN populace regarding the impact that the previous NOW has
made upon them or simply to survey the College of Nursings opinion regarding the
general cleanliness of the college. An interview will also be scheduled with the faculty
assigned for maintaining the N0W Management Strategy before the actual
implementation which is Maam Agnes Castillo so that the researchers will have a
broader idea regarding the project. Also, the interview will aim to know the opinion of
the officer-in-charge of the N0W project and to allow the OIC to express the status quo of
the Nurse on Zero Waste Management Strategy.
The process involves three stages namely the Unfreezing Stage which involved
the assessment of the observed changes, perceived barriers to implementation, better
practices and foreseen benefits of the implementation of the Nurses on Zero Waste
project at the College of Nursing of the Western Mindanao State University.
The Change or Action Stage involves the modification of the processes involved
to strengthen the implementation of the project like intensified information
dissemination, mobilization of the CN populace to work together for a common goal and
institutionalizing the project through its integration in the CSB program of activities,
active involvement of the administration, faculty, staff, and students are essential to
ensure the sustainibility of the project.
The Freezing stage involves strategies to ensure the sustainability of the Nurses
on Zero Waste Management Strategy which include the following core components:
23

Adopt a Classroom; Clean as You Go; No Loitering Policy, Adopt a Bulletin Board
Policy; We ORG You Policy; CR Policy; and the Creation of the NOW Task Force.
B. Sampling Design
This study will be conducted at Western Mindanao State University College of
Nursing, Campus A, located at Normal Road, Baliwasan, Zamboanga City on school year
2016-2017.
The respondents must embody the characteristics of one of the studys target
population in Western Mindanao State University- College of Nursing: a.) Administrators
b.) Regular faculty members c.) Visiting lecturers d.) Utility workers who are involved in
the cleanliness of the college d.) II, III and IV nursing students of the AY 2016-2017.
These respondents must be a certified member of the WMSU-College of Nursing, 20162017. Regardless of the respondents age and sex.
However, the following will be excluded from the study for a valid reason: a.) the
incoming freshmen b.) The graduated students (alumni) c.) The retired and newly hired
teachers d.) Administrative Staff or any personnel leaving or incoming in the coming
school year. Considering the fact they were either not present before the implementation
of N0W.
To determine the sample size, the study will use the Gays Formula ( N x 0.20 =
n) for the sample size computation. In which afterwards, the stratified random sampling
was used because of the heterogenousness of the respondents so that each subpopulation/strata (class sections, faculty, etc) will be well-represented.

TABLE 1
Population and Sample Distribution of Respondents (SY 2016-2017)
RESPONDENTS

POPULATION

FRACTION

24

SAMPLE SIZE

College

100

(100/700) x 140

20

Administrators and
Faculty
Second Year
Section 2-A

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 2-B

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 2-C

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 2-D

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Third Year
Section 3-A

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 3-B

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 3-C

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 3-D

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Fourth Year
Section 4-A

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 4-B

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 4-C

50

(50/700) X 140

10

Section 4-D

50

(50/700) X 140

10

TOTAL

700

140

Formula: Sample size of the strata = (size of the entire sample/ population size) x layer size

Utility Personnel

N/A

As evident above, Table 1 shows the population and sample distribution of the
respondents from second to fourth year and the employees of the college, school year
2016-2017. Furthermore, to determine which among the sample size will be the specific
respondents for each strata, the researchers will use the Fish Bowl Technique in which a
container is provided where numbers will be picked and the researchers will base the
respondents from their assigned numbers in a random order wherein a masterlist of all the
employees, the sections from second to fourth year will be retrieved from the collegestudent council and the secretaries or staff of the college by the researchers.

25

C. Research Instrument
The survey that will be distributed is divided into 2 parts namely the questionnaire
checklist and the interview guide portion wherein the respondents are free to express their
opinions regarding the specific questions of the N0W Project.
Moreover, the instrument will be an improved and revised questionnaire checklist
to gather the needed data that includes the use of questionnaires as the main datagathering instrument for this study.
The questionnaire consists of a checklist to determine the impact of NOW in
terms of cleanliness in the following areas of WMSU-CN: 1.) Classrooms 2.) Comfort
rooms 3.) CN surroundings/environment and 4.) The Reinforcement of N0W (for the
assessment). The respondents will answer 25 items for the assessment and 22 items for
the evaluation with the following scale and its equivalent using the 5-point likert scale:
Always (5), Often (4), Sometimes (3), Seldom (2), Never (1). Furthermore, some items in
the assessment survey are omitted for the evaluation because they will already not be
applicable since these items aim to just gather baseline information regarding the
reinforcement of N0W.
To justify the responses to the checklist, an open-ended options will be provided
to take in to the own personal views of the respondents related to the study. The draft of
the questionnaires will be discussed and after finalizing, it will already be entitled to
obtain valid responses from the students. In addition, the instrument will be approved by
a consultant and an adviser before it is laid on to the study.
D. Reliability and Validity
An evaluation of the research instrument will be made to ensure its adequacy and
appropriateness and to determine its credibility. The group's research adviser provided
corrections and modifications to further improve the selected research instrument. The
corrections, modifications and improvements provided by the group's research adviser
was essential to ensure the appropriateness and adequacy of the questions and checklist to
be able to elicit the information needed to answer the research questions.
The evaluators will also supply conducive and helpful comments, suggestions and
recommendations that will be utilized for the revision and improvement of the research
26

instrument. Thus, the research instrument will undergo content validity. To ensure the
validity and reliability of the research instrument, a dry run will be conducted to selected
students in all three respondent categories.
E. Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will submit a letter of permission to the Dean of the College of
Nursing for approval for the conduct of the study through the questionnaire checklist and
interview guide. The instruments will be personally distributed to and retrieved from the
respondents.

The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire and
interview guide. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related
research and individual questions formed by the researchers. The survey was comprised
of 25 questions, which were related to the participants perception on the impact of
Nurses on Zero Waste (NOW) management strategy.

In the questionnaire, the respondents will be asked to check options in the

questionnaire according to their experience and their own perception on the impact of
NOW Management Strategy. These will be distributed to the second year, third year and
fourth year nursing students of Western Mindanao State University of the Academic Year
2016-2017. They will also be asked to answer the interview guide truthfully and honestly.

F. Data Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation

After the administration of the questionnaire checklist and the interview guide
questions, data collected were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted. To answer Problem 1,
frequency and weighted mean was used. For Problem 2 & 3 frequency and percentage
will be used. The following are the formulas:
27

1. Weighted Mean

fx
~
x=
f

2. Percentage

f
n

%=

x 100

Using the formula R= (Highest Number Lowest Number ) / Total Range, the resulting
weighted mean was categorized by the following scale:
4.21 - 5.00- Fully Implemented
3.41 - 4.20- Well Implemented
2.61 3.40- Fairly Implemented
1.81 2.60- Insufficiently Implemented
1.0 - 1.80- Not Implemented
G. Ethical Considerations
Ethics review of the proposal emphasizing on the research instrument will be
subjected for a review by the Ethics Review Committee of the college to ensure that no
rights of the respondents will be violated ethically and morally. Research will involve
collecting data about given subject directly from the real world. The researchers will
make sure that the researchers own personal biases and opinions do not get in the way of
their research and that they give both sides fair consideration. Also, the researchers will
make sure that the respondents have the right to withdraw. The researchers will not take
interview responses out of context and will not discuss small parts of observation without
putting them into the appropriate context. To maintain anonymity of the responses,
confidentiality of responses and sources of information will be ensured. No pressure will
be applied to encourage the respondents of the study to answer the research instruments
as honestly and as appropriately as possible.

28

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet:

Republic Act No. 9003 (2000). The ecological solid waste management Act 2000.
Retrieved February 10, 2016 from http://www.emb.gov.ph/laws/solid%20waste

%20management./ra9003.pdf
Strategies for Sustainable Development. (2001). The Dac Guidelines. Retrieved

February 8, 2016 from www.oecd.org/dateoecd/34/10/2669958.pdf

Torres, E. (2009). The Solid Waste Management in the Philippines. Retrieved
February 15, 2016 from

http://www.fukuoka.unhabitat.org/kcap/activities/egm/2009/pdf/torres_en.pdf
WHO (2012). Solid Waste management. Retrieved February 1, 2016, from

http://www.who.int/en/.
ZC. Public Service Office (2008). The Physical Enviroment. Retrieved February
8, 2016, from http://www.dipolognon.com/zamboanga.sepvol2chap4b.htm

Unpublished Studies:

Ahmad, A. (2013). Waste Management Disposal Practices of the Residents in

Barangay Talon Talon, Zamboanga City: Its implication to Community

Development.
Laracochea, J. (2013). Sustainable Zero waste Management Strategy at WMSU

College of Nursing.
Ledesma M., (2012). Waste Disposal Management of the Residents in Barangay

Campo Islam, Zamboanga City: Its Implication to Community Development.

Ukpong. B. (2006). Strategy for Sustainable Solid Waste Management in the

Federal Capital Terriorty (Garki,Wuse and Karu). Unpublished Msc Thesis.

Cabidog, N.A., Canoy N., Coronel, C., Deza, K.R., Edding S., Elnas, A.,
Hassan, S.P. (2014). Strengthening the Nurses on Zero Waste (N0W)
Management Strategy at Western Mindanao State University- College of
Nursing.

29