CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled Implementation of Micro-Grid concept

and Balancing Energy produced by Renewable Resources, submitted by, Pankaj
Kumar (Roll. No. 1205220027) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering during session
2015-2016 at Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow. A bona fide record
of research work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. The
candidate has fulfilled all the prescribed requirements. The Thesis which is based
on candidates own work, has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree/diploma.

Place: Lucknow

Surya Bhushan Dubey

Date:

Electrical Engineering Department,

Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Lucknow-226021.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to articulate my sincere gratitude towards all those who have
contributed their precious time and helped me along in my project work. Without
them it would have been a tough job to complete and understand this project work.

I would especially like thank to Mr. Surya Bhushan Dubey, my Project

Supervisor for his firm support and guidance and invaluable suggestions
throughout the project work.

I express my greatest appreciation to Prof. Kuldeep Sahay, Head of the

Department, Electrical Engineering, for his encouragement, comments and timely
suggestions throughout the course of this project work. I express my indebtedness
to all the faculty members and staff of the Department of Electrical Engineering,
for their guidance and effort at appropriate times which has helped me a lot.

(Pankaj Kumar)

ii

ABSTRACT
The electric power system is an enabling infrastructure that supports the
continuous operation of various mission critical facilities, both at the component
and the systems levels. At present, there is a need to build an extensive library of
Micro-grid components in the standard simulation environment. This involves the
development of adequate models for simulation the operation of a variety of
distributed generators (Diesel Engine, Fuel Cell, Photovoltaic Cell) and short-term
storage (Battery Storage), including the corresponding control and power
electronic interface. The thesis also compares the characteristics of different
technologies for providing local generation and energy storage, along with the
modeling of loads, utility grid and transmission lines.
This project work studies the generation power-time characteristics, the load
power-time characteristics, and battery power-time characteristics and along with
the modelling of the various moicro grid components and simulation of the same
using MATLAB-SIMULINK.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

S.No.

Page No.

Certificate

Acknowledgement

Ii

Abstract

Iii

Chapter 1- Introduction

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition

1.3 Scope of work

Chapter 2- Renewable energy resources

2.1 Introduction

10

2.2 Wind Energy

11

2.2.1 Introduction

12

2.2.2 Economics of wind energy

10

13

2.2.3 potential for wind energy , technical resources

11

14

And environmental issues

15

2.3 solar photovoltaic cells

12

16

2.4 hydropower

13

17

2.4.1 Introduction

13

18

2.4.2 Capacity and potential

14

19

Chapter 3- Microgrid modelling

15

20

3.1 Introduction

16

iv

21

3.1.1 Load and utility modelling

17

22

3.2 Transmission line modelling

18

23

3.3 DG modelling

19

24

3.3.1 Photovoltaic cells (PV cells)

19

25

3.3.2 Diesel generators

22

26

3.3.3 Fuel cells

23

27

3.4 Battery storage

27

28

3.5 Fuel cell battery storage dynamic load Hybrid system

32

29

Chapter4 - Demand side management

39

30

4.1 Introduction

40

31

4.2 Time of use and real time pricing

41

32

Chapter 5 - Simulation

44

33

5.1 Microgrid model

45

34

5.2 Description

47

35

5.3 Simulation

47

36

5.4 Simulation Result

49

37

5.5 Conclusion

54

38

Chapter 6 - Conclusion and future work

55

39

6.1Conclusion

56

40

6.2 Future work

56

41

Reference

57

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no.

Name of Figure

Page no.

1.1

Microgrid architecture diagram

2.1

Trends in wind energy costs

10

3.1

120kV utility grid model in Matlab/Simulink

17

3.2

Three phase load model in Matlab/Simulink

18

3.3

Three

phase

PI

section

line

model

in 18

Matlab/Simulink
3.4

Equivalent circuit of PV cells

19

3.5

PV cell Simulink model

20

3.6

P-V curve of Siemens Bin1/SP75 PV cell at 298K

21

3.7

Transfer function of the actuator model in diesel 22

engine

3.8

A typical U-I curve of a PEM fuel cell

25

3.9

The equivalent circuit of the dynamical fuel cell 26

model

3.10

The Thevenin equivalent circuit of the battery 28

model

3.11

The equivalent circuit of the rechargeable battery

28

3.12

Voltage change of a 240V, 8Ah lithium-Ion battery 31

3.13

SOC change of a 240V, 8Ah Lithium-Ion battery

3.14

Discharge curve of a 288Vdc, 13.9Ah Nickel- 33

32

Metal-Hydride battery
3.15

Simulation results of a 288Vdc, 100kW PEM fuel 34

cell stack

vi

3.16

Matlab/Simulink model of the fuel cell-battery 35

hybrid system

3.17

Reactive power output of the required load, fuel 36

cell and battery

3.18

Battery SOC in of the fuel cell-battery hybrid 37

system

3.19

Reference and measured DC/AC converter

38

current
3.20

Stack consumption of air(blue) and fuel(red)

38

4.1

Simplified effect of DR on electricity market price

42

5.1

Model of small scaled Micro Grid

45

5.2

primary power vs time

49

5.3

secondary power vs time

50

5.4

load power vs time

51

5.5

Battey power vs time

52

5.6

SOC( state of charging) vs time

53

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

Name of Table

Page No.

3.1

Summary of chemical reactions in different fuel cells

23

3.2

The key parameters of common batteries

30

viii