Sensation And

Perception
Prepared by:
Sarah Mae Saringan
&
Jake Christian Guinto

Meaning and Nature of

Sensation and
Perception

Sensation

Is the process of receiving, translating and

transmitting messages from the outside
world to the brain.
Process of detecting physical energies with
sensory organs

Perception

Mental processes of organizing sensations

into meaningful patterns.
Is the set of processes by which , we
recognize, organize, and make sense of the
sensation we perceive from environmental
stimulation
The process and interpretation of a given
stimulus or sensation

Sensory System

Process information reaching to the brain.

Is a part of the nervous system responsible
for processing sensory information

General Properties of Sensory

Systems

Stimulus is any change in physical energy

that activates a receptor.
Receptors a highly specialized group of
cells that respond to a given stimulus.
Threshold refers to the level of stimulus
energy which must be exceeded before a
response occurs.

How the Sensory System work?

Visual Sensation(Sense of sight)

Sense organ: Eyes

Stimulus: Light waves

Light Control

Cones:Visual receptors for colors and bright

light
Rods:Visual receptors for dim light; only
produce black and white
Blind Spot:Area of the retina lacking visual
receptors

Light Control (continuation)

Visual Acuity:Sharpness of visual perception

Fovea:Area of the retina containing only
cones
Peripheral Vision: vision at edges of visual
field; side vision

Vision Problems

Hyperopia (Farsightedness): Difficulty

focusing near objects
Myopia (nearsightedness): Difficulty
focusing near objects
Astigmatism: Corneal, lens or eye defect
that causes some areas of vision to be out of
focus; relatively common

Color Blindness

Inability to perceive colors

Color Weakness: inability to distinguish some
colors

- Red and green is most common; much more

common to men than women

Ishihara Test: test for color blindness and

color weakness

FIGURE 4.12 A replica of the Ishihara test for color blindness.

Audition Sensation
(Sense of hearing)

Sense Organ: Ear

Stimulus: Sound waves

Sound waves: Rhythmic movement of air

molecules

Pitch: Higher or lower tone of a sound

Loudness: Sound intensity

Auditory defects

Tone Deafness: Inability of a person to

differentiate tones
Conduction Deafness: Poor transfer of sounds
from tympanic membrane to inner ear
Nerve Deafness: Loss of sensitivity of the
receptors due to infection or injury

- Cochlea Implant: Electronic device that

stimulates auditory nerves.

Stimulation Deafness: Damage caused by

exposing hair cells to excessively loud sound

FIGURE 4.20 The loudness of sound is measured in decibels. Zero decibels is the faintest
sound most people can hear. Sounds of 110 decibels are uncomfortably loud. Prolonged
exposure to sounds above 85 decibels may damage the inner ear. Rock music, which may be
120 decibels, has caused hearing loss in musicians and may affect audiences as well. Sounds
of 130 decibels pose an immediate danger to hearing.

Olfactory Sensation (Sense of

smell)

Sense Organ: Nose

Stimulus: Odor

Olfaction: Sense of smell

Anosmia: Defective sense of smell

Gustatory Sensation (Sense of

taste)

Sense Organ: Tongue

Stimulus: Flavors of Food

Gustation: Sense of taste

Taste Buds: Taste-receptor cells

- Four taste sensation: sweet, salty, sour,

bitter
- Most sensitive is bitter, least sensitive is
sweet
- Umami: Possible fifth taste sensation

Cutaneous or Skin Sensation

(Sense of touch)

Sense Organ: Skin

Stimulus: Various stimuli for pressure, pain
and temperature
Kinesthetic Sense: Sense of active
movement
Vestibular Sense: Sense of passive
movement

Perceptual
Concept

James Gibson provided a useful framework for

studying perception.
1.Distal object object in the external world.
2. Informational medium event of the object
that leads to environmental stimuli.
3. Proximal stimulation when the
environmental stimuli come in contact with the
appropriate sensory receptors.
4. Perceptual object perception occur when
the perceptual object is created in you that
reflects the properties of the external world.

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Types of
Perception

Hearing (or audition)

Is the ability to perceive sound by detecting
vibrations. Frequencies capable of being
heard by humans are called audio or sonic.
The range is typically considered to be
between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Frequencies
higher than audio referred to as ultrasonic,
while frequencies below audio referred to as
infrasonic.

FIGURE 4.15 Anatomy of the ear. The inset in the foreground (Cochlea Unrolled) shows that as the
stapes moves the oval window, the round window bulges outward, allowing waves to ripple through fluid in
the cochlea. The waves move membranes near the hair cells, causing cilia or bristles on the tips of the
cells to bend. The hair cells then generate nerve impulses carried to the brain. (See an enlarged cross
section of cochlea in Figure 4.16.)

Speech Perception
Is the process by which the sound of language
are heard, interpreted and understood.
Research in speech perception seeks to
understand how human listeners recognize
speech sounds and use this information to
understand unspoken language. The sound of
the word can vary widely according to words
around it and the tempo of the speech, as
well as the physical characteristics, accent
and mood of the speaker.

Haptic Perception
Is the process of recognizing object through
touch. It involves a combination of
somatosensory perception of pattern on the
skin surface and proprioception of hand
position and conformation.

Taste

Gustation is the formal term

Is the ability to perceive the flavor of
substances including, but not limited to food.
The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste
receptor cells on each of its roughly ten
thousand taste buds

Forms of Extrasensory
Perception (ESP)

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

- is the ability to perceive objects or events in
ways that cannot be explained by known
sensory capacities.
- involves reception of information not gained
through the recognized physical senses but
sensed with the mind.
- the term was adopted by Duke University
psychologist J.B Rhine to denote physic
abilities.

Parapsychology

Is the study of paranormal psychic

phenomena, including ESP.
Generally regard such test as the ganzfeld
experiment as providing compelling evidence
for the existence of ESP.

Telephathy

From the Greek word 'tele', meaning

distant , and 'patheia', meaning feeling.
Purported ability to read someone else's
mind.
Is the claimed ability of humans and other
creatures to communicate information from
one mind to another without the use of extra
tools such as speech and body language.

Clairvoyance

From the French word 'clair' meaning clear,

and 'voyant' meaning seeing.
Purported ability to perceive events
unaffected by distance or normal physical
barriers.
Is the purported ability to gain information
about an object, location, or physical event
through means other than the known human
senses.

Precognition

From the Latin word 'pre' meaning prior to,

and 'cognitio' meaning getting to know.
Purported ability to accurately predict the
future.
Is a form of extrasensory perception in
which a person is said to perceive
information about places or events through
paranormal means before they happen.

Psychokinesis (Mind over matter)

From the Greek word 'psyche' meaning

mind,soul,heart, or breath, and 'kinesis'
meaning motion or movement - - literally
mind movement.
Purported ability to influence inanimate
objects by willpower.
Also referred to as telekinesis (literally
distant movement)
Strictly describes the movement of matter.

References

General Psychology with Drug Education by

Cornista and Lupato
Basics of Psyhology by Psychology Writing
Team
General Psychology: GuangDong Universities
of Foreign Countries

Www.wikipedia.org

Www.google.com

Thank You Po!! ^-^