Pearson

Product-Moment
Correlation

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 1

Pearson ProductMoment Correlation

Purpose determine relationship between two
metric variables
berarti data nya parametrik: berjenis interval dan ratio
Requirement:
dependent
DV
- Interval/Ratio
variable
independentIV
- Interval/Ratio
variable

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 2

What to Expect?
Strength

kekuatan magnitude/ hub

Describe
Direction
Calculate r
r=

SXY
( SSX ) ( SSY )

Hypothesis Test

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 3

Components of
Pearson r analysis

Pearson corr.
coefficient, r
Descriptive

Direction
Strength/
Magnitude

Inferential

Hypothesis Test:
HO: = 0
HA: 0
> 0
< 0

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 4

Descriptive

Calculate r using the formula

r=

+/-

( X ) ( Y )
n
=
2 ( X ) 2 2 ( Y ) 2

Y
X
n
n

XY

SXY
( SSX ) ( SSY )

Describe the nature of relationship between the two

variables in terms of:
Direction
Strength or magnitude using Guildfords Rule
of Thumb

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 5

Scatter Plot/Scatter gram

Y

Positive
Relationship

x
x

x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x

xx
x x x
x x x
x x
x xx

x
x

x
x

No
Relationship

x x x
x
x
x x x x x
x x x x

x
x
X

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Negative
Relationship

X
slide 6

Strength/Magnitude
Correlation coefficient, r

-1 r 1

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slide 7

Guildford Rule of Thumb

r

Strength of Relationship

< .2

Negligible Relationship

.2 - .4

Low relationship

.4 - .7

Moderate relationship

.7 - .9

High relationship

> .9

Very high relationship

0.00

tidak ada hub

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 8

Inferential
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1.

State the null and alternative hypotheses

HO: = 0
HA: 0
< 0
> 0

2.

Calculate the test statistic

r
t=

1 r 2
n2

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 9

3.

Determine critical value

df = n 2
One-tailed -

t , df

Two-tailed - t /2,
4.

Make your decision

5.

Make conclusion

df

Manual
Criteria
|tcal| > |tcritical|
|tcal| |tcritical|

Decision
Reject HO
Fail to reject HO

Sig-t

Fail to reject HO

Reject HO:
Significant relationship between the two
variables
SPSS
Fail to reject HO:
Criteria
Decision
No significant relationship between the two
Sig-t <
Reject HO
variables

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 10


bas statistics for Social Science

slide 11

Example 1:
Data were collected from a randomly selected sample to determine
relationship between average assignment and test scores in statistics.
Distribution for the data is presented in the table below. Assuming
the data are normally distributed,
1.
2.
3.

Calculate an appropriate correlation

coefficient,
Describe the nature of relationship
between the two variables, and
Test the hypothesis on the
relationship at .01 level of
significance.

Data set:
Assign
8.5
6
9
10
8
7
5
6
7.5
5

Test
88
66
94
98
87
72
45
63
85
77

Data: 5950 Pearson 1 Class

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 12

Example 1 Pearson correlation

1.

Calculate the correlation coefficient

( X ) ( Y )
n
r=
2 ( X ) 2 2 ( Y ) 2
X
Y

n
n

(72) (775)
5,795.5
10
=

(72) 2
(775) 2
544.5
62,441

10
10

XY

215.5
(26.1)(2378.5)

215.5
249.1563

ID
X
Y
1
8.5
88
Summary
2
6stat: 66
n3
10
9
94
4
10
98
X
72
5
8
87
Y
775
62
7
72
X
544.5
7
5
45
2
Y
8
6 62,441
63
9
7.5 5,795.5
85
XY
10
5
77

= .865

2.

Based on r =.865, there is a positive and high relationship

between average assignment and test scores.

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 13

Example 1 Pearson correlation

3.

Test the hypothesis on the relationship between the two

variables at .01 level of significance.
1.

State the null and alternative hypotheses

HO: = 0
HA: 0

2.

Calculate test statistic

r
t=

1 r 2
n2
.865 0

1 .865 2
10 2
.865
=
.1774
= 4.876

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 14

Example 1 Pearson correlation

3.

Determine critical value

Critical t.005, 8 = 3.355

4.

Decision
Since |tcal| (4.876) is bigger than |tcritical| (3.355)
Reject the null hypothesis

5.

Conclusion
Conclude there is a significant relationship between
average assignment and test scores at .01 level of
significance

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 15

Example 1 Pearson correlation

SPSS: Pearson ProductMoment Correlation

Correlations
Average
assignment
scores
Average assignment
scores
Test scores

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N

Test scores
1
.865**
.
.001
10
10
.865**
1
.001
.
10
10

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 16

Example 2 Pearson correlation

Example 2:
Reviews of literature show that anxiety is correlated negatively with
team cohesiveness. To ascertain this relationship, Dr Irman collected
data from a randomly selected sample. Summary of the data follow:
1.
2.
3.

Calculate an appropriate correlation

coefficient,
Describe the nature of relationship
between the two variables, and
Test the hypothesis on the
relationship at .05 level of
significance.

Summary Statistics:
n
X
Y
X 2
Y 2
XY

21
417
446
8,697
9,802
8,566

Data: 5950 Pearson 1 Class

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 17

Example 2 Pearson correlation

1.

Calculate the correlation coefficient

( X ) ( Y )
n
r=
2 ( X ) 2 2 ( Y ) 2
X
Y

n
n

(417) (446)
8,566
21
=

(417) 2
(446) 2
8,697
9,802

21
21

XY

290.2857
(416.5714)(329.8095)

Summary Statistics:
n
21
X
417
Y
446
X 2
8,697
Y 2
9,802
XY
8,566

290.2857
370.6605

= .783

2.

Based on r = -.783, there is a negative and high relationship

between anxiety and team cohesiveness.

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 18

Example 2 Pearson correlation

3.

Test the hypothesis on the relationship at .05 level of

significance.
1.

State the null and alternative hypotheses

HO: = 0
HA: < 0

2.

Calculate test statistic

r
t=

1 r 2
n2
.783 0

1 ( .783) 2
21 2
.783
=
.1427
= 5.487

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 19

Example 2 Pearson correlation

3.

Determine critical value

Critical t. 05, 19 = 1.729

4.

Decision
Since |tcal| (-5.487) is bigger than |tcritical| (1.729)
Reject the null hypothesis

5.

Conclusion
Conclude there is a significant relationship between
anxiety and team cohesiveness at .05 level of
significance

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 20

Example 2 Pearson correlation

SPSS: Pearson ProductMoment Correlation

Correlations

Anxiety

Team cohesiveness

Pearson Correlation
Sig. (1-tailed)
N
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (1-tailed)
N

Team
Anxiety
cohesiveness
1
-.783**
.
.000
21
21
-.783**
1
.000
.
21
21

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).

bas statistics for Social Science

slide 21


bas statistics for Social Science

slide 22