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AreaMoments
MDME:MANUFACTURING,DESIGN,MECHANICALENGINEERING
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2ndMOMENTofAREA
TheSecondMomentofAreaIisneededforcalculatingbendingstress.Itisthespecial"area"usedincalculatingstressinabeam
crosssectionduringBENDING.Alsocalled"MomentofInertia".
LectureNotes: AreaMoment.pdf
AreaMoment.one
Image
VideoLessonDescriptionandLink
Duration
Date
Download
AreaMoments(part1)Simpleshapes
9:27min
20140821
AreaMoments(part2)Combinedshapes
21:21min
20140825
Part1:SimpleShapes
2ndMomentofArea(Part1)
Area Moments
Definition
Thesecondmomentofareaisalsoknownasthemomentofinertiaofashape.Thesecondmomentofareaisameasureofthe
'efficiency'ofacrosssectionalshapetoresistbendingcausedbyloading.
SymbolisI.Unitsaremm4
Bothbeamshavethesameareaandeventhesameshape.
Beam1isstrongerthanBeam2becauseithasahighersecondmomentof
area(I).
Orientationcanchangethesecondmomentofarea(I).
Forarectangle,
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AreaMoments
Wherebisbreadth(horizontal)andhisheight(vertical)iftheloadis
verticale.g.gravityload.
(Image:TimLovett2014)
SecondMomentofAreaofacrosssectionisfoundbytakingeachmm2andmultiplyingbythesquareofthedistancefromanaxis.
Thenaddthemallup.
SecondMomentofArea(Definition)
I= (A*d2)
Unitsaremm4
(Image:TimLovett2007)
SothebestwaytogetahighSecondMomentofAreaistogetasmuchareaaspossiblethelongestdistancefromthecentreaxis
(Calledthecentroidalaxisorneutralplane).
AnIbeamhasahigh2ndMomentofArea.
Mostoftheareaisconcentratedasfarawayaspossibleawayfromthecentroid(middleofarea).
However,theupperandlowerflangesmustbeheldtogethertopreventslipping.(shear)
Theupperandlowerflangestakemostoftheload(tension/compression),andtheverticalwebsimplyholdsthe
twoflangestogether(shear).
Exampleofaloaderarmoptimisedforbending.
Thecrosssectionofthebeamisincreasedwherethe
amountofbendingishighest.
Thisdiagramshowsacomputeranalysiswherecolours
representdifferentstresses.Anidealdesignwillhave
stressesasunifromaspossible.
Note:Thisoptimiseddesignisquitedifferenttothearmin
thephoto,andwouldneedtobemanufactureddifferently.
(E.g.Castingratherthancutfromplate)
ForstandardformulastofindIforsimpleshapes(seeIvanoffp372).Alsobelow...
SecondMomentofAreaforStandardShapes
Shape
Ic
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Centroid
Area
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(Images:Wikipedia2012)
AreaMoments
(Centroidal2ndMomentofArea)
(CentreofArea)
Atcentre
A=b*h
Atcentre
A=*r2
Rectangle
Bendingaboutcentroid(centre).
b=breadth,h=height
Circle
Bendingaboutcentroid(centre).
r=radius
Triangle
Bendingaboutcentroid.
Xc=h/3
Yc=b/3
A=0.5*b*h
b=breadth,h=height
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moment_of_areas
RectangleCalculator(Javascript)
Breadthb:
Heighth:
Area
Ic Reset
Note:ThiscalculatorusesJavascript.Ifitremains
blank,youmayneedtoticksomethinglike
"enableactivewebpages"inyourbrowser.
Total:
Part2:CombinedShapes
2ndMomentofArea(Part2)
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Area Moments 2
Centroid
Thecentroidofamultiplecrosssectioncanbefoundusingtheformula:
CoordinatesoftheCentroid
Yc=(Ay)/(A)
Yc=ycoordinateofcentroid
(Ay)=Sumof(eacharetimesitscentroidycoord)
(A)=SumofAreas
Xc=(Ax)/(A)
Xc=xcoordinateofcentroid
(Ax)=Sumof(eacharetimesitscentroidxcoord)
(A)=SumofAreas
yc=(Ay)/(A)xc=(Ax)/(A)
y1=412/2=206mm
y2=(615412)/2+412=513.5mm
A1=335*412=138020mm2
A2=130*(615412)=26390mm2
A1y1=138020*206=28432120
A2y2=26390*513.5=13551265
(Ay)=28432120+13551265=41983385
(A)=138020+26390=164410
yc=(Ay)/(A)=41983385/164410
=255.3579mm
(Image:TimLovett2007)
Tableformat:ThepreferredwaytoshowworkingforCentroid(Wellsuitedtousingspreadsheet:e.g.Excel)
Element
A*y
A*x
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AreaMoments
mm
mm2
1 138020 206
2 26390
mm
mm3
Total 164410
Centroid
mm3
7125300
41983385
30243650
255.35786
183.9526
SothecentroidislocatedatXc=183.9526,andYc=255.35786mmfromthebottomleftcorner.
ParallelAxisTheroem
Whenacrosssectionofabeamisunderbendingfromabove,everythingabovethecentroidisincompression,andeverythingbelow
thecentroidisintension.
Whenshapesarecombinedtogether,thecombinedcentroidalplane(neutralplane)nowdefinestheoverallcompressionabove/tension
below.Thismeansthateachelementisbeingforcedtobendaroundanothercentroidalaxisnotitsown.
Whenthishappens,theSecondMomentofAreamustbeadjustedusingtheParallelAxisTheorem:
ParallelAxisTheorem
ThecontributionofIforeachelementis
I=Ic+Ad2
I=ThesecondmomentofareaofthatelementaboutthecombinedcentroidalNeutralplane(xx)
Ic=Thesecondmomentofareaofthatelementaboutitsowncentroid
A=Areaofthatelement
d=DistancefromcombinedNeutralplane(xx)tothecentroidofthatelement
Continuingtheaboveexample:
Nowthatwehavefoundthecentroid,wenowtakeallourmeasurementsfromtheNeutralplanexx(ingreen)
ContinuedTableformat:
ThegreysectionwecompletedpreviouslytofindtheCentroid(weonlyneedtheYctofindIxx)
ThenwecanextandthetabletocalculatethetotalIxxforthecombinedsection,tosolveI=Ic+Ad2foreachelement.
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AreaMoments
Element
A*y
mm2
mm
mm3
1 138020 206
Ic
Ad2
Ixx
mm4
mm
mm4
E6mm4
Total 164410
Centroid
41983385
4137.768
255.35786
NoticethatthesmallerElement2hasanIxxof1849E6mm4whichisalmostashighasElement1at2288E6mm4.Thisshowsusthat
theAd2termisverylargewhenanelementisfarawayfromthecombinedNeutralplane(xx)
Ifloadingfromabove,thisbeamwillbeincompression
throughoutthewholecrosssection,becauseitisbeingforced
tobendabouttheNeutralPlaneNN.
Example
(Thiswouldoccurifthecrosssectionwascombinedwith
otherbeams,seebelow)
Ic=bh3/12(Thisisthenaturalbendingaboutit'sown
centroidh/2)
=18*4.9^3/12=176.4735mm4
I=Ic+Ad2
=176.4735+(18*4.9)*(6.2^2)
=3566.9mm4(ThisistheforcedbendingabouttheNN
axis)
NotethattheAd2termincreasesIdramatically.Thisisagood
waytoincreaseSecondMomentofArea.
ExampleofaIjoistorFlangeBeam(H20woodbeam)
Thewebkeepstheupperandlowerflangesapart,butmust
alsokeepthemtogetherwithoutslipping.Thisiswhythereis
afingerjointedconnectiontoallowalargesurfaceareafor
effectiveadhesion.
Theflangestakemostofthetensionandcompressionso
thesemustbecontinuousforthelengthofthebeam.
Specificationforthisbeam:
Mmax=5kNm,Qmax=11kN
WhereM=BendingMoment,Q=ShearForce.
Laminationsthatdonotslip(Glulam)
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Thebeamisstronginbendingbecauseitisdeep.
Eachpieceofwoodmustbethoroughlygluedtoensurethey
donotslip(shear)againsteachother.
Smallersizesareeasiertodry(season)andanylocalized
imperfections(knots,splitsetc)canbecarriedbyadjacent
sections.Aglulambeamislesslikelytobendandwarp
becausetheindividualpiecesarelaidupinopposite
directions,cancellingouttheirwarpingtendencies.
Glulambeamscanalsobeformedincurves,andverylong
lengthscanbeachieved.
Laminationsthatslip.
Inaleafspring,thelaminationsformabeam,buteach
lamination(leaf)isdesignedtoslipagainsteachother.
Thismeansthesecondmomentofareadoesnotequalthetotal
depthofthebeam.
Aleafspringwith4leavesis4timesasstiffasasingleleaf.
Butifeachleafwasweldedtogethersomehow,then4leaves
wouldbe43=64timesstifferthanasingleleaf.Accordingto
equation..
Asingleleaf.
Acomposite(fibreglass)leafspring.
Fibreglassnotasstiffassteel,yetthiscompositebeamhas
lessdepththanamultileafsteelspringofthesamestiffness.
Thisisbecausethecompositebeamisonepiece,sothefull
depthofthebeam(h)goesintothesecondmomentofarea
Weightsavingwillbesignificant.
Whiteboard
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Questions:
Assignment:Doallquestions29:129:3(CentroidsandAreaMoments)
RelevantpagesinMDME
SimpleStress
Elasticity
BoltedJoints
WeldedJoints
PressureVessels
WebLinks
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