I 8 CS a = .— = ye 6 Ba i nicalTable of Contents : [Chapter 1 : Power System - An Overview and Modeling 1-4) to(4 = 42 Chapter 2 : Representation of Power System - Per Unit Quantities _ (2-1) to (2-48) ‘Chapter 3 : Power Flow Analysis G- 1) to(3-90) | ‘Chapter 4 : Fault Analysis - Balanced Fault (4-1) to (4-96) Chapter 5 : Symmetrical Components 6-1) to (6-52) ‘Chapter 6 : Fault Analys's - Unbalanced Faut (6-1) to (6-88) ‘Chapter 7 : Stability (7-1) to. (7 - 104) Unitwise University Questions with Answers (P-1) to (P-72) Features of Book %* Written in a simple language. * Large number of carefully selected worked examples with step by step procedure followed after explaining theory part. % Simple and clear explanation of concepts. 3 Unitwise 2 Marks questions added at the end. Solved University Question Paper. 3 Lucid presentation of bus impedance algorithm and stability studies. Best of Technical Publications As per Revised Syllabus of Anna University - 2006 Course Power System Analysis Power System Analysis Measurements and Instrumentation Digital Signal Processing Microprocessor and Microcontroller Principles of Management Solid State Drives2s [el Power System Analysis ISBN 9788184315615 {Al rights reserved with Technical Publications. No port ofthis book should be reproduced in any form, Electronic, Mechanical, Phetocopy or ary information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in writing, from Technical Publications, Pune. Published by : Technical Publications Pune” ‘#1, Amit Residency, 412, Shaniwar Peth, Pune - 411 030, India. Printer Alert DTPrinters Sino. 10/3,Sinhayad Road, Pe - 411 041aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Table of Conten 1.2 Power in Single Phase AC Circuits 1.2.2 Average Power 1.4 Complex Power and Power Triangle ..... 5B 3P Circul 12 1.6 Modern Power System ... 1.6.1 Three Phase Synchronous Machine 1.6.2 Transformers ......... estes 1.6.3 Transmission and Sub-transmission 1.64 Distribution 1.6.5 Loads .. 1.7 Per Phase Analysis .. 1.7.1 Generator Representation .... 1.7.2 Per Phase Analysis-Transmission Line 1.7.2.1 Equivalent Network of Uniform Long Line (T-model) . . . . 1.7.2.2 Equivalent Network of Long Line (.- Model)... 17.2.3 Equivalent Circuit for Medium Lines... 2. 2... 1.7.3 Per Phase Analysis-Transformers . 1.7.3.1 Two Winding Transformer 17.3.2 Tap Changing Transformer 1.7.3.3 Representation of Transformer with Nominal Tums Ratio 1.7.34 Phase Shifing Transformers... . ss. 1.7.3.5 Three Winding Transformer. 1.7.4 Per Phase Analysis-Load Formulas... ExerciseChapter - 2 Representation of Power System - Per Unit Quantities“ (2=11)to (2-48) 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Single Line Diagram ... 2.3 Impedance and Reactance Diagram 2.4 Per Unit Quantities 2.4.4 Per unit System Applied to Single Phase Circuits . 2.42 Per unit System Applied to Three Phase Circuits 2.5 Selection of Base Values 2.6 Changing the Base of Per Unit Quantities . 2.7 Merits and De-merits of Per Unit System ... 2.8 Network Reductions - A/A Transformation .... 3.6.1 Line Flows and Losses inthe System ...... 0... sss esse sesee sees seeeeeeeeeeees 3-11 3.6.2 Flowchart for Gauss-Seidal Method... BF 3.6.3 Step by Step Procedure for Load Flow Analysis using Gauss - Seidal Method......... 3-14 3.7 Newton-Raphson Power Flow Method... 3.7.1 Application of N-R Algorithm to the Power Flow Method 3.7.2 Flowchart For Newton-Raphson Power Flow Problem. . .. 3.7.3 Step by Step Procedure for Load Flow Analysis using Newton - Raphson Method. 3.8 Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution... 3 - 53 3.8.1 Flowchart for Fast Decoupled Power or Load Flow.....................sseeseee 3-56 as3.8.2 Step by Step Procedure for Load Fiow. 3.9 Comparison of Load Flow or Power Flow Solution Methods. Eormulas. Exercise. 4.1 Introduction .... 4.2 The Need for Calculating Fault Currents .... 4.3 Transient due to Short Circuit 4.3.1 Transient on a Transmission Line : 4.3.2 Transients due to Short Circuit in a 3-Phase Altemator at No-load .. 4.3.3 Internal Voltages of Synchronous Machine under Loaded Condition . 43.34 Three Phase Synchronous Generator 43.32 Synchronous Motor 28 wee @ wit 4.4 Synchronous Motor ... 4.5 Concept of Short Circuit Capacity of a Bus ... 4.6 Balanced Three Phase Fault .... 4,7 Analysis of Symmetrical Faults in Power System Network 4.7.1 Network Reduction Technique (using Kirchoff's Laws) 4.7.2 Thevenin's Equivalent Circuit and its Application . . 4.73 Consideration of Prefault Load Current ..............-02005 # 4.7.4 Symmetrical Fault Current Estimation using Thevenin's Theorem . 4.8 Digital Computer Approach Employing Bus Impedance Matrix 4.8.1 Bus Impedance Matrix 4.9 Z,y. Building Algorithm 4.9.1 Addition of a Branch . 4.9.2 Addition of a Link . 4.10 Step by Step Assembly of Zaus, 4.10.1 Type 1 : Modification (Addition of a tree branch to the reference) 4.10.2 Type 2 : Modification (Addition of a tree branch from a new bus to an old bus),. 4.10.3 Type 3 : Modification (Adding of a link between an existing bus with reference bus)... 4-34 4.10.4 Type 4 : Modification (Addition of a link between two old buses) . . . . vee 4235 eae aly EN me4.11 Flow Chart... Solved Examples Formulas... Exercise 5.1 Introduction ...... 5.2 Symmetrical Components Fundamentals .... 5.3 The Sequence Operator “a” .... 5.3.1 Concept of Symmetrical Components 5.3.2 The Symmetrical Component Transformation Matrix (OR) Matrix Notation . 5.3.3 Power Considerations 5.3.4 Nature of Sequence Currents 5.4 The Concept of Sequence Impedances 5.5 Three Sequence Impedances and Sequence Networks .. 5.6 Sequence Impedances of Power System Elements . 5.6.1 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Line .. 5.6.2 Sequence Impedances of Transformers . §.6.3 Sequence impedances of Synchronous Machines . 5.7 Sequence Networks .. 5.7.1 Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machines (Unloaded) . 5.7.2 Positive Sequence Network 5.7.3 Negative Sequence Network 5.7.4 Zero Sequence Network ... . 5.8 Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines .. 5.9 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers .... 5.10 General Observations on Zero Sequence Currents .. 5.11 Construction of Sequence Network of a Power System. 5.11.1 Sequence Impedance and Network of Loads.......... 0... ececesseeeee eee e eens Solved Examples....... Formulas... as LEE ae EeChapter- ult Analysis “Unbalanced Fault (@- 4) to(6 = 88): 6.1 Various Types of Faults at the Terminal of an Unloaded Alternator Introduction ..... — 6-1 6-2 6-8 6-13 wee 6 - 58 + 6 - 63 6.2 Single Line to Ground Fault on an Unloaded Alternator 6.3 Line to Line Fault on an Unloaded Alternator .... 6.4 Line to Line to Ground Fault (or) Double Line to Ground Fault .... 6.5 Short Circuit Studies of a Large Power System Networks ..... 6.6 V-I Relation of a 3 Phase Element in abc Form ... 6.7 Algorithm for Calculating System Conditions after the Occurrence of Faults ... 6.7.1 Single Line to Ground Fault using Zs. 6.7.2 Line to Line Fault using Zeus 6.7.3 Double Line to Ground Fault using Zug. « 6.7.4 Bus Voltages and Line Current during Fault 6.8 Step by Step Procedure to Find Out Fault using Zan Matrix Formulas... Exercise . Chapter- 7 7.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions .... 7.2 Rotor Angle Stability and Synchronous Machine Characteristics 7.3 Power Vs Angle Relationship 7.4 The Stability Phenomenon .... 7.4.4 Small Signal Stability 7.4.2 Transient Stability .. . 7.5 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse ... 7.6 Classification of Voltage Stability 7.6.1 Large Disturbance Voltage Stability . 7.6.2 Small Disturbance Voltage Stability ............. 6.60.02 7.7 Mid Term and Long Term Stability 7.8 Classification of Stability .. CEE7.9 An Elementary View of Transient Stability ..... 7.10 Review on Principles of Mechanics ... 7.10.1 Angular Velocity, Angular Acceleration and Rotational Angle 7.10.2 Torque and Moment of Inertia 7.11 Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine 7.12 Swing Curve 7.12.1 The Swing Equation 7.12.2 Swing Curve Application 7.13 Steady State Stability 7.14 Power Angle Equation 7.14.1 Simplified Machine Model . 7.14.2 Power Angle Curve . 7.15 Response to a Step Change in P,, 7.16 Equal Area Criterion ..... 7.17 Effect of Sudden Increase in Load ..... 7.A7A Critical Clearing Angle... 7.17.2 To Find Critical Clearing Time . 7.18 Response to a Short Circuit Fault ... 7.19 Factors Influencing Transient Stability ... 7.20 Transient Stability in a Multi Machine System 7.21 Numerical integration Methods 7.21.1 Euler's Method 7.21.2 Modified Euler's Method . .. . 7.21.3 Computational Algorithm using Modified Euler's Method 7.21.4 Runga Kutta Method 7.21.5 Runga Kutta Fourth Order ppproxinetion . 7.21.6 Computational Algorithm using R-KMethod.........0000ceeceeeeseeceeeeeenee Solved Examples .. Formulas... 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this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-14 ~ Per Unit Quantities +o. Z, ~ 726 = 0.082645 p.u Case 2 : Considering low voltage side as base values. Kilo volt base (kV,,) = 6.6 kV Kilo volt Amphere Base (kVA), = 1500 kVA = 1.5 MVA 2 Base impedance per phase = Z, = Gryah = (69) 29.04 a/Phase , > Transformer line voltage ratio = (K) = i 2 02 Total leakage reactance referred to secondary = Xj, = X, + X; Xq = KX, +X, Xq = (02)? 10+ 2=24 2/4, _.y __ Total leakage reactance Pu. reactance per phase Xj, = FS Simpedance Xe _ 24 a og = 0.082645 p.u. By referring case 1 and 2 we conclude that the p.u. reactance of the Transformer is same when considering either primary or secondary side. Note : In case of 3 identical single phase transformers is given instead of 3 phase Transformer, multiply the KVA rating of single phase Transformer by three and star side line voltage rating has to be multiplied by V3 and continue the problem as stated above. => Example 2.7 : A portion of power system consists of two generators in parallel connected to a step-up Transformer that links them with a 132 kV transmission line as shown in Fig. 2.6. The rating of these components are, Generator G, : 40 MVA, 15% reactance Generator G, : 25 MVA, 12% reactance Transformer : 75 MVA, 10% reactance Transinission line : (10 + j 80) Q at 132 kV. Where the percentage reactances are computed on the basis of the individual component ratings. Express the reactances and the impedance in percentage with 75 MVA as base value.Representation of Power System Powor System Analysis 2-15 - Per Unit Quantities Solution : a 6 Percentage reactance for generator G, = 15 x a = 28.125% Percentage reactance for generator G, = 12 x 3 = 36% T Percentage reactance for transformer = 10 x (8) 10% 2 and for the transmission line from equation 2.15 and 2.20. Bl 25 percentage impedance = (10+ j80) x —25* 10" 109 Ey re (132x 10 °y" Fig. 2.6 = (43+ 34.4353) % |z| = 347% wm Example 2.8: A 3 phase alternator having synchronous reactance Xq = 0.2 Q is rated as 100 MVA, 11 kV. Calculate base current and base impedance. Also calculate the synchronous reactance on the base of alternator rating. Solution : Base MVA = 100 MVA Base KV = 11 KV Synchronous reactance (X¢) = 0.2. The base impedance is given by (Base KV)? _ (11x105)? % = “avy, = top = 1219 Base MVA Base current (I) = P&Se¢MVA YaxtkY), 100%10° 1, = ~=———> = 5248.64 Amps. & WBx11x10° ® Synchronous reactance (in pau.) = Ss. = PR = 01653 pu. i ‘mp Example 2.9 : A 80 kW three phase star connected load is fed by a 100 kVA transformer with voltage rating 11 KV/415 V through a feeder. The length of the feeder is 808 meters and the impedance of the feeder is (0.2 + j 0.8) 2 / kM. If the load pf is 0.9 calculate the pu. impedance of the load and feeder. Solution : Let us choose the low voltage value transformer as base values. (kV), = 0415 kV (kVA), = 100 KVARepresentation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-16 - Per Unit Quantities (kV)§_ 0.17225 (MVA), 01 Base impedance per phase (Z,) = kV /415V = 1.722259 = 3 A T de @ cut impe one Zion = (20 + 08) x 08 2 of feeder ae 3 = (0.16 + j 0.64) @ / phase é p.u. impedeance} 3 _ Acutal impedance (6c) of feeder purDa ~ “Base impedance 80 kW _ 0.164) 0.64 0.9 PF © T7835 Fig. 2.7 = 0.093 + j 0.371607 p.u. Given that P = 80 kW and pf = cos = 09 sin 9 = sin (cos”' 0.9) = 0.43589 tan @ = S89 _ 0.43589 _ 5 seuay 09 (415)? x 10° 172.225 Load impedance), _ per phase © = Poi ~ BO — j3874578 ~ 86.888804 [_ 25.842 = 1.9375 | 25.842 Ziufuy = 174378 + j 0.84455 O/phase pou valueof |, _ Load impedance 2, _ 1.74378+ j 0.84455 load impedance[“ Ups) ~ Base impedance ~ Z, ~ T7225 Zug ~ (1.0125 + j 0.4904) pu. wm Example 2.10 : A generator is rated 1000 MVA, 33 KV. Its star connected winding has a reactance of 0.9 pu. Find i) Ohmic value of reactance of the winding if the generator is working in a circuit for which the bases are specified as 250 MVA, 22 kV i) The p.u. value of reactance of generator winding on the specified base. Solution : (kV), = 33 KV (MVA), = 1000 MVA Zp = 09 pu. ‘To find actual reactance : (MYA), Zpy = Zx ye ™ (kV),Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-17 - Per Unit Quanti (KV) (33)" b= 99x23 ~ osgor ay Zz ‘pu. % (VA), 0.9 x 000 0.9801 Q/ph (V)ynow = 22RV (KV) gig = 33 KV (MVA), ne. = 250MVA (MVA), yg = 1000 MVA Z, pucks = 09 px. To find punew = Zou (oid) Vas | [MIVA now (KV now (MVA), oa 2 09x (3) x (itn = 0.50625 p.u. Example 2.11: A 120 MVA, 19.5 kV, generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.15 pu. and it is connected to a transmission line through a transformer rated 150 MVA, 230 /18 kV (star / delta) with X = 0.1 p.u. i) Calculate the p.u. reactance by taking generator rating as base values ii) Calculate the p.u. reactance by taking transformer rating as base values iii) Calculate the p.u. reactance for a base value of 100 MVA aid 220 kV on HV side of transformer. (AU: May/June-2007, Nov/Dec.-2007) Solution : c T 2 3 é Transmission Line ante 120 MVA 4150 MVA 19.5 kV X=0.15 pu. i) Taking Generator rating as base values (MVA),,.. = 120 MVA (KV) pace = 19.5 KV x 19.5 ¥ (120 parc = 5005 (225) (2) 3 ram =jo1 x(a55] ~{ an = 0.0sens pu x, 015 pu. X pau transformer) 195 } “| 150 ii) Taking Transformer rating as base values (MVA) pase = 150 MVA (KV) pase = 18 KVRepresentation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-18 - Per Unit Quantities " 195)" (150) _. Xu. (Generator) = § 0.15 x (32) «(a) =i 0.22 pv. 18)? (150) _ Xp. Transformer) = j 0-1 x (8) «(p) =o pa iii) Considering (MVA), as 100 MVA and (kV), = 220 kV on HT side of Transformer (MVA), = 100 MVA (kV), = 220 kV (HT side) To find out base voltage on LT side of Transformer (KV), LTside | _ ((kV),on)) / LT Voltage rating of Transformer] ~ (HT side )“( HT voltage rating 2 18 = 200 x a55 = 17.2174 KV New (KV), = 17.2174 kV aisy (195), (100 pu canenen = 018% (575757) x(F5)=j 016 pa. ‘ 18) (100) _. = j01« (wan) (Bp) =i 0.07286 pu. x x, ‘peu. (Transformes) Case (i) Reactance diagram 0.06816 p.u. Fig. 2.9 Case (ii) Reactance diagram Case (Iii) Reactance diagram ' j0.1p.u, Bios pu : 007286 pu ‘ & ©) t0nu Fig. 2.40Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-19 - Per Unit Quantities ym Example 2.12 : A 250 MVA, 11 KV, three phase Alternator has a subtransient reactance of 15%. The generator supplies three synchronous motors through a 25 KM Transmission line having Transformers at both ends as shown in the Fig. 2.10. Here T, is made of three identical single phase Transformers of rating 100 MVA, 11/76.211 KV 5% reaciance T, is a Three phase transformer of 250 MVA. Series reactance of the Transmission line is 1.2 QM. Draw the reactance diagram with all the reactance marked in p.u. select Generator rating as base values. 100 VA BBRVIO% jog Tj Ty 75MVA © a 25M a 8.6 kV 20% a jt 20h a ¢ 2) Y 250 MVA ¥ or ey. acto Mva 250 MVA qe 11/7621 kV 6.6 KV on 8% 8% am, 7S KIVA 6.5 KV 25% Fig. 2.14 Solution : Base mega voltampere (MVA), aw) = 250 MVA Base kilo volt (KV), jai) = 1 KV Reactance of Generator ‘G’ Since the generator rating and the base values are same the generator p.u. reactance does not change. pu reactance of generator = 15% = 0.15 p.u. Reactance of Transformer T, The transformer T, is a three phase transformer bank formed using three identical single phase transformers with voltage rating 20/76.211 kV. {Moa |, VAY» nn PED” TEV) new | | (MVADS ora ‘The new p.u. reactance] of Transformer T, = 0.05% (By x (30) 0.041666 pu Reactance of Transmission line : Reactance of transmission line = 1.2 9 / kM Total reactance of transmission line = 1.2 x 2.5 = 30 2resentation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-20 ~ Per Unit Quantities HT voltage rating = Base kV on LT side x ‘TT voltage rating Base kV on HT side of transformer T, =x Tere 3. pony Be in di Z, = (KV) = (32) _ 65.696.0 ave impedance 2, = Tyra = aR = Actual te Per unit reactance of Transmission line = Actual reactance __ 30 _ 9 43044 p.u. Base reactance 69.696 Reactance of Transformer T, LT voltage rating SF SiC ASO aa = Base kV on HT side x > 98° TANS. Base kV on LT side of transformer T; = Base kV on HT side x Fr Chtage rating = 132« SS... 6.6kV 132 The new p.u. reactance) _ (KV)y aut FP [OMVADy new of Transformer T; © PDO), new (MVA)s ota By above using equation 132)? 250 Zou ¢new) = 0.05 x (3) x (3 0.05 pu Note : We can also consider secondary voltage as base value. Reactance of Synchronous Motor M,, M, and M, The new p.u reactance of motor M, = 0.1 x ( ? y The new p.u. reactance of motor M, = 0.2 x (3) x (2 ) = 0.6666 pu. The new p.u reactance of motor M, = 0.25 x Reactance diagram Xr x Xz Fig. 2.12Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-24 - Per Unit Quantities mp Example 2.13 : A single line diagram of a three phase power system shown in Fig. 2.12 select a common base of 150 MVA, and 33 KV. Draw an impedance diagram with all impedances including the load impedance marked in per unit. The Data of each device is as below. Generator: 80 MVA, 22 kV, X = 02 pu. Transformer 1 : 100 MVA, 22/110 kV, X = 0.1 pu. ‘Lransformer 2 : 80 MVA, 22/66 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. Transformer 3 : 80 MVA, 110/6.6, X = 0.125 p.u Transformer 4: 90 MVA, 66/6.6 X = 0.2 p.t. Motor : 40 MVA, 6.6 kV, X = 0.175 pw. and a 3phase toad of 40 MVA at 0.85 pf load at 6 KV is connected at bus 2. Line 1 and line 2 have reactance of 40 Q and 60 Q respectively it % fe Line 1 = j 402 —e 40 MVA_ 100 MVA 80 MVA Gov 22/110 kV 110/6.6 kV ATER 2©)— 40% 125% t—() Y 80 MVA Ty Ms 22 kV 20% }e— Line 2 = | 602 —>| | oe. Bus 80 MVA. 90 MVA ia iV 22/66 kV 66/6.6 kV Example 2.14: Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50 MVA and 13.8 kV on generator G, for the diagram given below : (AU : May/June-2006; Nov/Dec.-2007) Ya A = i800 5 20 kV & 1-8 po oH 3 xX" = 20% e ‘Section 1 j10.0 . = 20MVA 25 MVA Section 2 13.8 kV eee ‘e 13.8/220 220% Xo | 2 A Ye | ¥ 35 MVA Tz 3x10 MVA Xo to%. se Saanew X= 10% 30MVA 1BKV Ye X" = 20% Fig. 2.16 Solution : Let the Base MVA 50 MVA and Base kV be 13.8 KV Reactance of Generator (G1) 2 [MVA) Generator Gy (New p.u. reactance) = Xp. oo fee fava | kV, OVA aa Vn new Reactance of Trasnformer T, Transformer T, x xf Mp oia 7 f(MVA),, #610" Vga | LOVA)e as 2 50 j{B)-o2ps (new p.u.reactance) = 01 +( Reactance of Transformer T, Here Transformer T, is three single phase transformer bank with primary voltage rating (phase to earth) star connnected 127 kV and secondary Delta connected 18 kV. so, to convert phase voltage to line voltage multiply star connected primary voltage by V3. Now the transformer T, voltae ratio is 127 x J3 / 18 KV. is OV yaa P [OAD ‘Transformer T, (New p.u. reactance) : X,. ao [Eo * Mavay 220 _Y (50) 1 (inn | “(5 | = 0.16667 p.u.Power System Analysis Reactance of Generator G, Base KV on LT side of transformer T, Reactance of Generator Gy (New p.t.reactance) Reactance of Transformer T, Reactance of transformer T, (New p.u. reactance) Reactance of Generator Gs Base KV on LT side of Transformer T, = Reactance of Generator G (New p.u. reactance) Reactance of Transmission Lines (Section Base kV on HT side of Transformer T, Z,on HT side of . Transformer T, Section 1 p.u. reactance Section 2 p.u. reactance = = Base kV on HT side x [ = yaa eee] = = Xp ww [eo 4 Representation of Power System er Unit Quantities LT voltage rating HiT voltage rating 20x 3, = 18 KV (KV) ois] .[ (MIVA) new (MVA) yore 02 »(By (33) 0.33334 pu 8 22 (5° on » (2) Ga) 0.1429 pau, Base kV on HT side, 22 220 [LT voltage rating HT voltage rating 20 «(; )=22 Kv (KY) oa | eer | *VOIVA) yout 50 5) 0.2755 p.u. 20} 20 x | am (33) *( and Section 2) HT voltage rating OV) sue ON LT sides rs Shege Tats 13.8 x = 220 kW kV) (220)? = a brew = = 968 WMVA) vw 80 Actual Impedance _ Base Impedance = oe =O, 0826: pay Actual impedance _ 100 “Base Impedance ~ 968 ~ °1093 p&Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-26 - Per Unit Quantities Reactance diagram (with values in p.u.) j0.1033 —j0.166687 50.0826 sao [0.1429 3g 4033334 0.2755 ef Bus Fig. 2.17 Example 2.15 : A 20 MVA, 11 kV Three phase synchronous Generator has a subtransient reactance of 10%. It is connected through three identical single phase A- Y connected Transformer 5000 KVA 11/127.02 kV with a reactance of 15% to a high voltage Transmission line having a total series reactance of {180 Q. At the end of HT transmission line, three identical single phase star/star connected transformer of 5000 kVA, 127.02/12.702 kV with a reactance of 20%. The load is drawing 15 MVA, at 20 KV at 0.9 pf lagging. Draw a single line diagram of the network choose a common base of 15 kV and 25 MVA and determine the reactance diagrant Solution : The single line diagram corresponding to the given problems is shown below. 1kV. 3x5000 MVA_ 20kV 10% 11/927.02 KV 127.02x12.702 O.9 pf 15% 20% Fig. 2.18 Base values Base mega volt Ampere (MVA), = 25 MVA Base voltage (kV), = 15 kVRepresentation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-27 ~ Per Unit Quantities Reactance of generator = Xow. cold) New p.u. reactance of Generator KV),ua 1 | [(MVA KVenew | LOMVA, 0 (ly. (25)_ > oax(75] x (3p ]= 9.06722 pa. Reactance of Transformer T, New p.ut. reactance (RV) [OMVA Di now = Xu colay * ( of Transformer T, CV), new (MVA), oa ny (25 = 0.15 x (3) x (]- 0.1344 p.u. Reactance of Transmission Line Voltage rating of line voltage (Three phase transformer sacssh = 43«12702 /11-=220 KV /1L RV = Base kV on LT side x H17_voltage rating LT voltage rating Base kV on HT side of Transformer 220 15x a? 300 kV Base impedance on a (KV) new (300)? side of Transformer © = TMVA),. 7 5 7 36008 Actual impedance __j180 pu. reactance of Transmission line = Fe ance” | 3600 = 0.05 p.u. Reactance of Transformer T, Base kV on LT side| of Transformer T; LT voltage rating = Base kV on HT side x ‘Hi vollage mating. V3 x 12.702 = 300 x ao 30kV New paw. reactance} x [EMvae |, [OMVAI». of Transformer T, f ~ “P% (ld “| (EV), (MVA Dp oa = 02% (BY «(B)=ormas puRepresentation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-28 - Per Unit Quantities Load : This can be represented as constant current load pf of load = 0.9 lagging pf angle = — (cos 0.9) = -25.842° Complex load power = 15 2~25.842° Actual load in MVA _ 15 2~25.842 Px. value of load (power) = GO = 5 = 06 £~25.842 Actual load voltage _ 20 Pa, value of load voltage = eS otage = 3g = 0.666567 pu. Let ‘T’ and ‘V’ are load current and load voltage in p.u. We know that Vx I = p.u. value of load (power) p.u. value of load _ 0.6 Z -25.842 we 0.66667 I= = 09 2-25.82 pu. = (081 ~ j 0.3923) p.u. “ Reactance diagram The reactance diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 2.19. 0.1344 p.u. {0.05 p.u. 0.17926 pu. 1=0.92-25842 BESS $0500 Le 3 L 19 v= 0667 pw. 3° gi 0.06722 p.u. 9 Fig. 219Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-29 - Per Unit Quantities im Example 2.16 : Draw a per unit reactance diagram for the system shown in Fig. 2.20. Yo 10 MVA 10% 2 Ty T, we j60n Yo 10 MVA 20 MVA 10% Kv BUS 11 11 kV 30 MVA 30 VA Ty 15% 11/68 KV 66/11 kV 15% 15% ‘To Load 2.5 MVA 11/68 KV B% Fig. 2.20 Solution : Choose generator values as Base values (KV), = 11 kV (MVA), = 20 MVA Generator Since the generator rating and base values are same the p.u reactance does not change P-u. reactance of generator = 15% = 0.15 p.u. Transformer T, The new p.u. reactance] ny 20 of Transformer T, }- One (3) ~(3)= 01 pw Transmission line Base kV on HT side] of Transformer T, HT voltage rating _ 4), 66 _ Base kV on LT side x ‘Li voltage rating 1? ii = 66 kV oe = 21782Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-30 - Per Unit Quantities Transformer T, % ax we [Meo | [OMVAD new pastrew) P(e) "Tyner | | OMVA)s oa 66y (20 0.15 x (e] x (33)= 0.1 pu. Motor M, and M, Base kV on _, _ LT voltage rating oe } = Base RV on HT side x Fp eee u = 66x ~e- 11kV Perunit new 5 reactance value $= M, & M,= 01x (i) x (i)- 02 p.u. of Motor 1 and 2 Transformer T, ny , (20 Xsaneay 2 00x (7) x(q] 08 pu. The reactance diagram is j0.2p. Fig. 2.21 mm) Example 2.17 : Draw a single line diagram for the system shown in Fig. 2.22 and mark all reactances in per unit on 20 MVA, 6.6 KV basis Generator C, = 10 MVA, 6.6 kV, 0.1 pu Generator Gy = 20 MVA, 11.5 KV, 0.1 p.u. Transformer T, = 10 MVA, 3 phase, 6.6. kV/115 kV 0.15 p.u. Transformer T, = Three single phase unit each 10 MVA, 7.5 KV/75 kV, 0.1 pat. (AU : April/May-2004)Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-31 - Per Unit Quantitios somva 6.6kV 10% y AL ® j100 Ya 4OMVA K 6.6115 o a {75a j500 20MVA 15% es 1 11.5kV, 2 yy 10% © ge 1502 3x 10MVA © 7.508 175«.8 10% Fig. 2.22 Solution : Let us choose (kV), reactance of Generator Gy = reactance of Generator Gy reactance of transformer T; reactance of transformer T Transmission line AF Ac BF (MVA), = 20 MVA 6.6 kV (Generator) 115 kV (Tr. line) = {75x ae = j100« = = j 0.15123 pu. = {20x = = j 0.30246 p.u. = j 150 ( 3) x lip |= 1 028086 pu.Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-39 - Per Unit Quantities Motor : : UY (100) _. Xpaiwiwy > ioa(7) (Sri 06 pu. Reactance diagram (values in p.u) jo.375 jo.1033, jos TTS TES SOS Xr 1 Xe vo.2seoe Xe Xn 3 j06 Eo Q © Ens Fig, 2.33(a) m= Example 2.23: The single line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in Fig. 2.34. below. Reactances of the two sections of the transmission lines are shown in the diagram. The generators and transformers are rated as follows : Generator 1: 20 MVA; 11 kV; X4 = 0.25 p.u. Generator 2: 30 MVA; 18 KV; X% = 0.25 p.u. Generator 3: 30 MVA; 20 kV; X% = 0.21 p.u. Transformer T, : 25 MVA; 200 | 13.8 kV Y/A X = 0.15 pu. Transformer T, : 3x10 MVA; 127|18 kV Y/4 X = 0.15 p.u. Transformer T, : 35 MVA; 220 | 22 KV Y/AX = 0.15 pu Draw the impedance diagram with all reactances marked in per unit. Choose a base of 50 MVA, 11 KV in the circuit of generaior 1. (Nov./Dec.-2007-R 2004, 16 Marks)Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-40 = Per Unit Quantities Solution : Let us choose (MVA), = 50 MVA (KV), = 11kV Reactance of generator G, : (Vy ] [MYA new Xpuicr) = Xuan fee VA a = j0.25 8] 3] = j 0.625 p.u. Reactance of transformer T, : Xouage= ioase( 38) (3): j 0.472165 pu. Reactance of transformer T, : | 50)_, = i015+(ipSaues ) (3 }= oats pa. Note : (KV) ,ga = 1273 = 220 kV x paul) (2) gygey = X29 = 175.3623 KV Reactance of generator 2 (G,) : . 18_ YF (50 Xue) = 10254 lh) ($8) = 008570Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-4 - Per Unit Quantities Note: (KV) ney) = 175.3623 yy0 = 14.3478 KV Reactance of generator 3 (T;) : . 220 \(50 Xsan = i015 soeszas) (33) 0337261 pu. 220 Note: (kV)yiany = Ux igg = 175.3623 KV Reactance of generator 3 (G,) : . 20 ¥(50)_, Xpucs) = j02%( waren} x{ in Jo 05256 pau Note: (KV) ew) = 175.3623. 22. = 1753623 kV Transmission line 4 (T,,) : gw a EO IO a pw: P. 2, (kv), (175.3623)? Transmission line 2 (T,,) : j100x50 Zou, = Do, = j 0.1626 py pu 75.32)? ae Reactance diagram : The reactance diagram is shown in Fig. 2.34(a) (in p.u.). j0.472165 — j0.13 j0.1626 (j0.3136 “0505 “50 : Xr x {0569 $$§ B50 Tu : . m2 2 j0.625 3 Xx, ° wosen Bee . Oe Ey OQ Fig. 2.34(a)Representation of Power System Power System Anal: 2-42 ~ Per Unit Quantities wm Example 2.24: A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 kVA. Leakage reactance measured from the low voltage side is 0.06 Q. Determine leakage reactance per unit, (Nov/Dec.-2007-R 2004, 8 Marks) Solution : Let us choose (MVA), = 25x10 MVA (KV), = 0.11 kV 25 Base current (y) = Ga = 2272707 A Base impedan (Zs) = abbas = 4840 jase impedance Ze) = aararF = : z, pu. impedance ze = 0.0124 p.u. % Formulas : . Actual KVA Per unit KVA = “Base KVA oa _ Actual Impedance Fer unit impedance =~ iimpedance (KVA)p Base current = ———"$— V3x(KV)y, Base impedance = We 8 Per unit voltage = Actual voltage ‘8° = “Base voltage Actual current Per unit current = oe % Per unit value = Actual value, 199 Base value Z, |(MVA),I Z,, = Zul 2x A mm aMe ot TRV (VA), } Note : The above formula is used to find out impedance in p.u. only if z value in ohms is given in the problem. The above formula is applicable for transmission line, cable, load with power factor.Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-43 ~ Per Unit Quantities Viva | [OVA encn Zowgson = Zpaccuy ‘eve RIVA) a Note : The above formula is used to find out new impedance value in pu. from existing impedance value given when (KV), and (MVA),, differs. Exercise 1. Draw reactance diagram for the systemt shown in Fig. 2.35 below. 1MVA ATKV Z=j0.1 pu Z=(10+/20)0 0.5 MVA & 3 4.2 MVA kV 2MVA 3MVA Tk 2=j0.15 pu. 14183 kV 33/14 kV 2=}005 pu. 2=j0.15pu. 2=/0.01 pu. Fig. 2.35 2. Two Generators G, and G, feeding power to three motor loads M,,M, and M, through transmission line as, shown in Fig. 2.36, Assuming 100 MVA and 33 KV are used as base values, Obtain all the reactances as per unit values. 30 MVA 20% 100 MVA 20MVA 600 ae OKV 15% Binh 400 MVA 400 MVA © ihe ‘30 KV 3370 kV 110/33 kV ok iy 0.08 pu 0.08 pu Fig. 2.36 3. A three phase Y-A transformer is constructed using three identical single phase transformers rating 200 kVA, 63.51 KV / 11 kV transformer. ‘The impedances of primary and secondary are 20+ j450 and 0.1 + j 0.2 Q respectively. Calculate the p.u. impedance of the transformer. 4. A 50 KW, three phase star connected load is fod by a 200 kVA transformer with voltage rating IIKV/400V, through a feeder. The length of the feeder is 0.5 km and the impedance of the feeder is 0.1 + j 0.2 Q/ km. If the load power factor is 0.8. Calculate the p.u. impedance of the load and ‘peder. 5. Draw the reactance diagram for the power system shown in Fig. 2.37 below. The ratings of ‘generator, motor and transformer are given below. Neglect resistances and use a base of 50 MVA, 138 kV in the 40 Q line. Generator G, and G, : 20 MVA, 18 KV X" = 20%Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-4 ~ Per Unit Quantities oy 02 oF ©-4 Lo1—@) 150 a 4 j60 z ot ”v A Te: be XS 4 Fig. 2.37 Synchronous motor : 30 MVA, 18 kV X” = 20% 3 phase Y-Y transformer : 10 MVA, 138 / 20 kV X” = 10% 3 phase Y-A transformer : 15 MVA, 138 / 118 kV X = 10% A three winding three phase, 68 MVA, transformer is connected as follows : Winding 1: 120 LV Y 68 MVA rating 3.2kV A 34 MVA rating B.2KV 8 34 MVA rating 3: Three short circuit tests revealed the following percent reaciances. All values are on a 34 MVA base. Xq = 0161 pu. X,y = 0.161 pu. Xp = 0.346 pu. 4a) Find the px. impedance of the three winding equicalent circuit on 34 MVA base.Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-45 - Per Unit Quantities 7. Fig. 238 shows a power system having three generators, four transformers and a transmission line. Take base MVA as 30 and rated voltages as base voltage. Draw reactance diagram indicate the reactances in pu. on the diagram. 20 MVA Ga) 1 kV x 5%. Tg wale 60MVA | g—-r load 11132 kV Line X=6% 5 MVA 1116.6 KV 50 MVA SeBe 14132 kV X= 6% 10 vA 3 8 toss At kV X= 10% 40 MVA. 11/6.6 kV X= 4% Fig. 2.38 8 Fig. 239 shows a single line diagram of an unloaded three generator power system with interconnection between the generators by means of three transformers and a transmission line with two sections, with their impedances marked on the diagram. The ratings of the generator and transformers are given below. Draw an impedance diagram and mark all values in p.u. choosing @ base value of 30 MVA, 6.6 kV. 15 MVA 6.6KV H 15% 45 MVA 6.6 KVV115 Y KV 10% 1002 Mma 6 axtomva 30 NVA 25 MVA ee 30MVA 6a/6gKV 13.2 KV BSW ceavar 115 YRV 10% 15% 10% Fig. 2.39Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-46 + Per Unit Quantities 9. Fig. 2.40 shows a multimachine 33 KV power system where in the rated output of each mackine and its percentage reactance are also indicated. Draw a p.u. reactance diagram for the entire system with all reactance values on a common 20 MVA rating. 10 MVA 75% 10 MVA 75% 12% Fig. 2.40 10 Draw the p.u. impedance diagram for the power system shown in Fig. 241 Neglect resistance and use a base of 100 MVA, 220 kV in 50 9 link. The ratings of the generator, motor and transformer 10 MVA, 25 kV X” = 20% : 50 MVA, 11 BV X" = 30% 240 MVA, 33 KV Y - 220 kV Y X = 15% 130 MVA, 11 kV A - 220kV Y X = 15% KO geome Teele Or, Fig. 2.41 11. Two generators rated 10 MVA, 13.2 KV and 15 MVA, 13.2 kV are connected in parallel to a bus bor. They feed supply to two motors of expacities 8 MVA and 12 MVA resp. The operating voliage of the motor is 12.5 kV. Assuming base quantity as 50 MVA and 138 kV. Draw the reactance diagram. The % reactance of generator is 15% and that of motors 20%.Representation of Power System Power System Analysis 2-47 - Per Unit Quantities 12. A 120 MVA, 19.5 EV generator has X, = 1.5 p.u. and is connected to transmission line through « transformer rated 150 MVA, 230 KV / 18 KV (A) with X =0.1 p.u. If the base to be used in the calculations is 100 MVA, 230 kV for the transmission line, compute p.u. values to be used for the transf. and generator reactances in the reactance diagram. 13. A one line diagram of a power system is shown in Fig. 2.42. Draw the pu reactance diagram choosing a base of 100 MVA and 33 KV in the generator circuit. My GOMVA 6 ie json tts X"= 20% 40 MVA 400 MVA a 33kKVX" = 15% ete HoMva “10 Mva 32/110 kV 110|32 kV dy X=8% X= 8% Bus Fig. 2.42 T4, A 25 MVA, IT RV, 36 alternator has a subtransient reactance of 20%. The generator supplies two motors over a transmission line with transformers at both ends as shown in the single line diagram. The motors have rated input of 15 and 7.5 MVA both 10kV with 25% subiransient reactance. The 39 transformers are both rated 30 MVA 10.8 / 121 kV A/ — with leakage reactance of 10% each. The series reactance of the line is 100.2. Draw the reactance diagram with reactances marked in pas. on 25 MVA, 11 kV bases. —@) Y ay ©-—3 is : e+ 4 Fig. 2.43 Qo00(2 - 48)Power Flow Analysis 3.1 Introduction We have studied the modelling of major components of an electric power systems in previous chapter. In this chapter we are going to discuss the power flow analysis in the steady state of an interconnected power system during normal operation. Assumption 1. The system is operating under balanced condition. The three phase system is represented by a single phase network. ‘The network is represented interms of nodes and branches. ‘The impedances of the network are represented interms of per unit values. For nodes, the powers are known and the resulting equation interms of power is called as power flow equation. seen The mathematical formutation of the load flow or power flow problem results in a system of non-linear equation. These equations are written interms of bus admitiance matrix or bus impedance matrix. Load flow studies are essential in planning the future development of the system that is when new loads or new transmission lines are added or installed, we can find out the effect of these additions on the network and find a suitable operating condition. The purpose of the study is to compute the steady state operating condition like voltage magnitudes and phase angles at the buses of the particular system. Therefore, with these value other quantities like line flow, real and reactive power flow supplied by generators can be calculated. Apart from these quantities we can also find the overloaded condition, poor voltages in any parts of the system, and voltage problems which can be solved by introducing devices like capacitors, reactors and static VAR compensators. (3-4)Power System Analysis 3-2 Power Flow Analysis 3.2 Bus Classification Generally four quantities are associated with a particular bus. These are voltage magnitude |V|, phase angle 3 injected real power P, injected reactive power Q. The injected real power P at a particular bus generally can be represented as P.; ~ Pp. When P;, is the real power generated by the generator at the particular bus and P, - real power used by the loads at the particular bus. Similarly Q is represented as Qc - Qy where Qc is the reactive power generated by the generator at the particular bus and Qp is the reactive power used by the load at the particular bus. Example : Refer the diagram shown in Fig. 3.1. Subscripts G —= Generator D — Load or Domans Se1= Peri Ger 1. => Bus number G,— Generation at bus 1 D,—= Demand at bus 1 bus@ V4. 84 Spr = Port Qos Fig. 3.1 The bus power 8, = Sor ~ So = (Par + §Qar) — Por + §Qor) ABA) = Por ~ Por + i(Qcr ~ Qni) we(3.2) ‘The system buses can be classified as 2) Slack bus : It is also known as swing bus or reference bus. In general, one bus is taken as a slack bus for the entire network upon which the load flow is conducted. The usual quantities specified for the slack bus are voltage magnitude and the phase angle of the voltage. This bus is used to make up for the I? R and I? X losses in the entire network. Hence it is called slack or swing bus and is represented by subscript ‘S’. Generally, slack bus is chosen with bus having the largest generation. 2) Voltage-controlled bus : It is also known as generator bus or P-V bus. A P-V bus is one where real power injection and the voltage magnitudes are specified. The practical cases where the values can be known for a load flow are given below.Power System Analysis 3-3 Powor Flow Analysis Possible known variables before load flow Bus type RR Qo Pe Q Phase angle of voltage, Slack bus # * = = Load bus = = = = Voltage control bus 3) Load bus or P-Q bus : A P-Q bus is one in which the total injected power (active or real and reactive powers) ice. specified. The unknown values are |V| and phase angle (5) of voltage. At a particular bus “i. vi = 5, =P + 1Q) P, = Real (V, If) Q, = Imaginary (V, 1/) (* denotes conjugate of V/1) 3.3 Bus Admittance Matrix Notations The impedance of the line is represented as = ny + ix (3.3) where ‘r' refers to resistance. ‘x! refers to reactance. refers to bus numbers. “if refers the bus i and j. 1 yp = Eyam 7 Bu + iy G4) where y, is the admittance between two buses or nodes (i and j), "g' refers to conductance and 'b’ refers to susceptance. yy) (3.5) i) Slack bus (or) Swing bus (or) Reference bus ii) Generator bus (or) P-V bus (or) Voltage controlled bus iii) Load bus (or) P.Q bus Yj = Gy +jBy =Power System Analysis 3-4 Power Flow Analysis Where (i - j) element of Y, is the negative of the sum of the admittances connected between nodes (i and j) and it is called as transfer admittance Dd yy +other admittance connected to bus ‘i! (n = Number of buses) ay w= (36) The (i - i) element is the sum of all admittance connected to node (i) and is called as self admittance. Yj = Gy + By (Complex or rectangular form) = Yj; 20; (Polar form) The bus admittance matrix is obtained through the node-voltage equations. Consider the power system where impedances are provided interms of per unit on a common MVA base. Usually resistance is neglected. The nodal equation are based on Kirchhoff’s current law. The total number of equation depend on the number of buses in the system. Consider a 4 bus system, with impedances consisting of two generators as shown in Fig. 3.2 below. Fig. 3.2 The circuit is redrawn with admittances and transforming the current sources, thus we get,Power System Analysis Power Flow Analysis Yaa Fig. 3.3 Consider the (0}'" bus as reference and it should not be considered while other buses have considered. By KCL, for 4 buses we obtain the equation as T= Yio Vi + Yin (Mi ~ V2) + Yn (Vt ~ Va) +13 (Mr - Va) Tz = yao Va + Yai (V2 - Vi) + You (V2 ~ Va) At node 3, 0 = yar (Vs Vi) + yas (Va ~ Ws) At node 4, 0 = yar(Va ~ Vi) + yaa(Vs ~ Va) + yas (Va - Vs) The equation we get interms of V,,V2,Va and Vy h=(0 + Yn + Yu + Ys) Vi ~ ¥2 V2 - Ya Va - Yu Ve 1, =(yn + Ya + Ya) V2 -y¥a Vi- YuVe en O=-yaVi Hymn +¥ a4) Vay anVe _ O==yar Vi ~ Ya2V2 - Yas Va + (Yar + Yar + Yas) Ve The node equation are formed as such = YY + Yi2 Va + ¥is Vs + M+ Yas Ty = Ya Vi + Yoo Vo + Ys V3 + Yu Va In general for n bus system we can write the node-voltage equation asPower System Analysis 3-6 Power Flow Analysis i Yn Yu Yin | [Ys In} |Y Ya = Yon |] Ve I, . Ya Yin || Yi Ta} UX Yeo You | L¥n «. It is represented as Ipus = Yous Vius 3.4 Tap Changing Transformer Consider a transformer with admittance y, it in series with an transformer representing the off-nominal tap ratio 1: a. Where a is the per unit off-nominal tap position allowing for voltage adjustments of + 10 %. y, vy, f y 1 ok ge 4 ia Fig. 3.4 Consider a fictitious bus x, whose voltage is represented as 1 Yas (3.8) and (3.9) The current 1, is given by hey - Vy) From equation (3.8) From equation (3.9)Power System Analysis Power Flow Analysis (3.10) ‘The equation can be represented as x model. Non tapside yg Tap side — es ye Fig. 3.5 If the transformer is referred to the tap side then the equivalent circuit is given hy Fig. 3.6 Then requivalent becomes, ayy J ata—t)y; (1-a)y, Fig. 3.7 Problems mm Example 3.1: Consider the 4 bus network with the given impedances below. Find the bus admittance matrix. The lines 1-4 and 1-3 have half line charging admittances of j 0.01 p.x. and j 0.003 p.u. respectively. The shunt capacitor at bus (4) has an admittance of 7 0.03 pa. The line data is given below. The left bus is taken as the tap side of the transformers.Power System Analysis 3-8 Power Flow Analysis V,= 120 jos a) (2) 50) =_S4 Fig. 3.8 Half line charging | Tap position Susceptance B1 (p.u.) Solution : The network solution is obtained through the admittance diagram as given below. -j 1.6667Power System Analysis 3-9 Power Flow Analysis . The Yj, is obtained as | FAB 725+13.3334-1.6667+j0.003+ jor + 43.3334 5 is j + 9.3334 ~ R33M~ j1O~ j1.25 o =e ' | | . 5 | Pp 0 a5 1 il 25 10 ah -i0-125+ jon onl where is «af 1-0.968 % Yy3 = -j5- -j5 + 50.003 33 = “I~ Tgp 7) ce) J =j5 0.968, = __i5 and Vy = ~j 10 ~ j25 + 5001 + j003- Gey - — 12.4871 53.3384 i 5 y,. = | 7133884 -7145884 0 he j5 0 10388 55.1653 | j25 j10 j5.1653 -j 17.46 3.5 General Form of Power Flow Equation From equation (3.7), The current in a bus (i) can be represented as aM Dyy- By Y imo et i G11) jti jei i refers to i'* bus, j refers to j*" bus and i, j refers between i" and j'* bus. The net injected complex power of bus i is given by R+jQ=V or R-jQ=eWeh (3.12) (3.13) © Equating equation (3.11) and (3.13) we getPower System Analysis 3-10 Power Flow Analysis B+ j “. e IS. ev Sy, - Svs, (3.14) BR -jQ@= (3.15) This is the general form of power flow equation. 3.6 Gauss-Seidal Power Flow Method Equation (3.14) can now be written as, P-jG , . ate iY uy fet (3.16) Since the power flow equation are non-linear we can solve the Gauss-Seidal method using iterative sequence, where Ps -jQe og yt) yet yi VEN a I (3.17) 2, Yu -, From equation (3.15) we can find per? = Real fv} v.% Fy, -Sy, ve? (3.18) j Ie! jel beiPower System Analysis 3-41 Power Flow Analysis 7 | and Qh) = Imaginary 1 vi" |v ¥ y, - DY yy vie (3.19) where k refers to number of iteration (k'" iteration). "sch". refers to scheduled power. i,j refers to i'" bus or j! bus and Yj refers to admittance between i and j. The equations (3.17), (3.18) and (3.19) can be represented interms of the Bus Admittance Matrix as given below. From equation (3.17) Bet - iQ ve dy i vier (3.20) From equation (3.18) PO) = Reali v; [VM y, - x Ya veo (B21) By} Qh? = = Imaginary }v/"} vy, 3 yyve? (3.22) Vet 3.6.1 Line Flows and Losses in the System Consider the x representation of the line. This is also represented as yil w a xi —J]Jo Yi Yy roo Ze OFYo Fig. 3.10 (b) » Current from bus (i) to bus () is given by ly = yy Vi - Vi) + vio Vi --(3.23) and Ii = yy Vi - Wty Y (3.24) «. The power from bus i to j SVG and S = YT in The total line loss in the line i - j is given by Sy Loss) = Sy + Sj Pi toss + jQi,toss = Vi fy (Vi - Vi) + Yio Vil + Vj ly (Vj - Vi) + Yo Vil Thus we can find out the solution for load flow analysis using Gauss-Seidal method. But the rate of convergence is very slow and it can be improved by providing a factor called the acceleration factor a. Using this acceleration factor, the voltage solution iteration can be reduced by ViRPD Vv) 4 D — vib The acceleration factor value depends on the system and is usually in the range between 1.4 and 1.7.Power System Analysis 3-13 Power Flow Analysis 3.6.2 Flowchart for Gauss-Seidal Method ‘Read the system data, check f the intial values ate set ie. voltage & angles ‘and obiain number of buses as n. Form the Bus. admitance matrxfY ud] Set the keration count k = 0) Set Bus count = 4 bus isPV bus oF PQ bus or slack bus, Calculate air Replace V! by vi"*") iavl =v? Fig. 3.11 (a)Power Systom Analysis 3-14 Power Flow Analysis Test for convergence Max ivi" -viM ise No ke Ket ‘Compute the siack bus power P, -iQ, Find the fine current with tine charging capacitors neglected and line flows S = VxIt & line losses Display the results Fig. 3.11 (b) 3.6.3 Step by Step Procedure for Load Flow Analysis using Gauss - Seidal Method Step 1: Assume a flat profile 1 + j0 for all buses except slack bus. Step 2: Form the Y bus admittance matrix using the data given in the problem. Step 3: Assume a suitable value for ¢ (called convergence criterion) where € is a specified change in the bus voltage that is used to compare the actual change in bus voltage between K" and (K+1)" iteration. Step 4: Set iteration count K = 0 and voltage profile of the buses V", vi"),.........V except slack bus. Step 5: Set bus counti = 1. Step 6: Check whether i! bus is PV bus (or) PQ bus (or) slack bus. If it is slack bus then go to step 5. Increment the bus count i = i + 1 otherwise, go to next step. Step 7: Check for generator bus. If it is_generator bus, go to next step otherwise go to step 10, (in case if it is decleared it as PQ bus). Step 8: Temporarily Set | Vi| = |Vilsec calculate the reactive power of the generated bus using equation below.Power System Analysis 3-15 Power Flow Analysis Step 9: Step 10 : Step 11: Step 12: Step 13: Step 14: Step 15 : Step 16 : ( Qf? = tmag| v2) vey, +E yeu | =i \ Bi If the calculated reactive power Qk *! is within the specified limits, "designate it as P-V bus and set Qi," = Q, then go to step 11 otherwise go to next step. Pe JQ Bw wey “i view Ea vitt = imag If Qi"? is greater than Qjinax- then set Q**? = Qimay- If QE*?! is less than Qiminr then set Q**” = Qimax- Then treat the bus as load bus and take actual value of V* for (k+1)" iteration. POF wy eS VET = — t Yi 3 I+ ® py vie? Replace V" by An acceleration factor o. can be used for faster convergence. If specified, modify the (k+1)" iteration value of bus i voltage using the equations, +1) yi, ytkD yi 61) yee) vet) =v saqviit vl) then set viKt? vio Calculate the change in bus ‘i’ voltage using AV"! = vi" — Check i2n if ‘No’ go to step 5 and increment the bus count i to next step. + Lif yes go Find the largest AV**” value (i = 1, 2, ... n) and check for convergence. Max vi«+0 _v)| Example 3.2 : Consider the three bus system, where bus 1 is the slack bus. The line and bus data is given as. Bus data Bus number Base MVA : 100 MVA Line data baste] cone ee 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.025 0.034] 0.05 300 MW lo.025+)0.04 —_0.02440.01} _» ys9 mvaR 9 40 V3 = 1.0420? Q3 = 10420205 Fig. 3.12Power System A\ Power Flow Analysis Solution : The network for the given problem is given by The Bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting @" sh [-—> 8: =-(3+j1.5)pu.= Pp +10) 8.8235-/14.706 @ p&h= 2 pu) INal= 1.044)0.0 Fig. 3.13 other values to p.u. we get, 50 © = In bus 3, Quox = 75g = OS PL Vv = 1.04+j00pu. Assume vi? = 1.0 + j 0.0 (Since load bus) 20.0595 - j 32.6667 -(8.8235-j 14.706) -(11.236~j 17.98) Yous = | (8.8235 - j 14.706) 48.8235 -j34.706 — -(40-j 20) | = (11.236-j1798) -(40-j 20) 51.236~j 37.98 Since the network consists of one slack bus, one P-V bus and one P-Q bus, for each bus the analysis requirement is different. Iteration 1: For P-Q bus From equation (3.17), |V| must be calculated, since P and Q are specified. iQ o 0 rg ta MP + Yas VP Ya + Ya + (8.8235 — j 14.706) (1.06 + | 0.0) +(40-j 20) (1.04 + j 0.0) (68235 — 514.706 + 40-20)Power System Analysis 3-18 Power Flow Analysis = 3+ j 15+(9.3529—j 15.588) + 41.6—j20.8 yO) = 4 3 0631" Vy) = FSIS —j 34706 ——— = 0.9899 —j 0.0109 = 0.98996 2-0.631 For P-V bus Q must be calculated and depending on the value of Q, new voltage is calculated which must be approximately equal to the initial voltage specified. ie. For bus 3 i=3, j=1,2and k =0 From equation (3:19), QY = -img tvs VY yor + VS? ye —¥a Vi ~ Yo VEO But we have already found a new value for V; ie. VS? «The equation becomes, QS = ~img Vs IV) yat VP ye ya Mya VPN = ~img (1.04 -j 00 [(1.04-+ 0.0) (11.236—j 17.98) + (1.04+ j 0.0) (40-j 20) ~ (11.236~j 17.98) (1.06 + j 0.0) — (40 j 20) (0.9899 - j 0.0109)}} = ~ img { 1.04—j 0.0 [11.685-j 18,6992+ 416-208 ~(11.910 ~j 19.0588) ~(39.378~j 20.234)}} = img [( 1.997-j 0.2064) x 1.04-j 00} QY = - img [ 2.0772 - j 0.2147] = 0.2147 p.u. ‘The value of Q{) is within the specified limit. Hence bus 3 is a P-V bus. «Using Q", we can find V9). ‘The initial voltage is designated as V‘)’. From equation (3.17), i= 3 j=1,2 and k=0 i=3 j=1,2 andk=0 teh Fe Oe ey ty avy? yo. Ys) - 3 7 Yu t¥n But V{” is already known, O") is known. Pet _j9@ 2 ty aV ty VS? yo 2 3) is = Ya t¥aPower System Analysis 3-19 Power Flow Analysis + (1.06 + j0.0) (11.236 —j17.98) + (40 -}20) (0.9899 —j0.0109) ~~ 11.236 =]17.98 + 40 -j20 Vi) = 1.0391 — j 000069338) Since | V,| is provided as constant, the imaginary part is used to calculate the Vi). Vg) = Ivo) ~img ev) = (L0H (0.00065) = 1.04 2 0.038" Iteration 2 () For P-Q bus From equation (3.17), ch -j SR ) » tynVi tyaV$ Oo v@ = Yatya 5) ‘ . arpa + (8:8235~ j 14.706) (1.06+ j 0.0) + (40—j 20)(1.04 - j 0.00069) 48.8235 —j 34.706 vi?) = 0.9892 — j 0.0099 (2) For P-V bus For bus 3 i=3 j=12and k=1 QP = ~img (V9 [VI (Va tym)-ya Vinye Vl = — img { 1.04 + j 0.0069 [ (1.04 — j 0.00069) (11.236 — j 17. 98 + 40 - j 20) - (11.236 - j 17.98) (1.06 + j 0.0) - (40 -j 20) (0.9892 — j 0.0099)}} = — img (1.8172 — j 0.6265) = 0.6265 Q% value for P - V bus is found to be 62.65 MVAR (0.6265 p.u.) which is more than the maximum given value Q{? > Qhax Hence set the Q{? value = 0.5 p.u.Power System Analysis 3-20 Power Flow Analysis Using QY) we can find V? pgh (2) FE eva Vt ve VE vo vO. 3 ° Ya * ¥a2 20-j05 ? ‘ ‘ , Tore 0.000gs + (11236-}17.98)(1.06+ 0.0) + (40—}20)(09852—j 0.0099) 11236-51798 + 40-720 VQ = 1.0410 - j 0.0035 Since | V,| is constant, only the imaginary part is used to calculate the V?. v® = vQ) = 1.04 -j 0.0035 The process is continued. But since the difference is smaller, we can take this value as. V, = 0.989 —j 0.0099 = 0.989 - 0.5735° p.u. V3 = 1.04 -j 0.0035 = 1.04 Z 0.1928" pu. From equation (3.15), We can find out S = FR ~jQ. = WM (yi2+yi3)-¥2 V2 -Yis Val S, = P ~ jQ; = 1.1093 -j 1.3621 Sy = 20+j05 The line flows are obtained as S2 = Vi Ib Ta = Yan (Vi ~ V2) = In = (0.7588 —j 0.9647) p.u. Siz = 0.8044 + j 1.0226 Sx = Vo Ij = 0.7592 - j 0.9473 Sis = Vilis Us = yas (Vi ~ Vs) = Sis = 03049 + j 0.3395 I, = 0.2877-j0.3203 Sy = V3 Ih = - 02874 -j 03142Power System Analysis 3-21 Power Flow Analysis Sx = V, Tis Tis = Yn (V2 ~ V3) = 215 + j08 Sy, = — 2.279 - j 0.848 Sx The line losses are Sun Sus Sus wmm> Example 3.3 : Bus data V3 Th = 2.1336 + j 0.7719 Sa + Sa 0.0452 + j 0.753 Sis + Sq = 0.0175 + j 0.0253 Sx + Sx = - 0.1454 -j 0.0761 Consider the three bus system, where bus 1 is slack bus. The line and bus daia are given below. Base MVA Line data : 100 MVA Obtain the power flow solution by Gauss-Seidal method and the line flows.Power System Analysis 3-22 Power Flow Analysis Obtain the power flow solution by Gauss-Seidal method and the line flows. Vy =1.02 Co—- 0.024+)0.35 o.orsoog) Y24 109 P, = 200 0.0114) 0.018 V3 =1.0 275 200 Fig. 3.14 Solution : The network for the given problem is The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting 5.8824-|23.5294 13.3259-] 19.4336 31.7917 -j 43.3526 3 sch (2.754) 2) = 8§ Fig. 3.15 other values to p.u. we get. Yous is found out as 19,2083 -j 42.9631 - 5.88244 j 235294 13.3259+ j 19.4336 Yous = | —3.8824+j 23.5294 37.6743} 66.8820 ~31.7919+ j 43.3526 ~ 13.3259+ j 19.4336 -31.7919+j 43.3526 45.1178 - 62.7862 Since the network consists of slack, P-V and P-Q bus, each bus has to be dealt with different analysis. Iteration 1 (i) For P-V bus Q® = ~img (Vj [V Yp + Ya Vi + Yos VEO) QM) = ~ img { 1.0430 - j 1.5819} = Q{) = 1.5819 Using QS” we can find V2.Power System Analysis 3-23 Powor Flow Analysis joe? + ya Vi + yo, VO Vi (0) ya Vi Yar"s 1) vO = 2 Ya + Yo Vv = 1.0359 + j 0.010546 = vO = |v] ~ img (V2) = (1.03)? - (0.010545)? = 1.0299 vi) = 1.0299 + j 0.0105 (2) For P-Q bus Pst —j Qs wish tya Vy tye Wo a V3 vO = ya + ¥x = 0.9935 ~ j 0.0124 Iteration 2 () For P-V bus QP = img 1V;0 [V9 Yo + Yo Vy + Yas VPI QY = - img ( 2.5247 -j 1.0789) Q® = 1.0789 Using Q®, we can find Vi. pst ~j0%) pont ya Mi + Yas VP VO = & Yn * Yas Vv) = 1.0267 + j 0.00473 vi (4.03)? 473)? = 1.03 vO = 1.03 + j 0.0047 (2) For P-Q bus pet jos He ai0e ty Vt yo VE Vv. ve = = 09931 ~j 0.0162 Ya * YaPower System Analysis 3-24 Power Flow Analysis The process is continued. But since the difference is smaller, we can take this value as V, = 1.03 + j 0.0047 = 1.03 20.26" V3 = 0.9931 -j 0.0162 = 0.993 2 -0.9345 From equation (3.15), we can find out 8 = R-jQ = WM De tysl-yn Ve-ys Vs) = 0513 -j 0.1022 S_ = 200 -j 107.88 The line flows are obtained as Sy = - 17.347 -j 21.135 (MW) Spy = 0.17419 + j 0.21423 (pu) Si = 68.644 + j 31.951 Su = ~ 67.331 ~j 29.436 Sy = 213.745 + j 97.281 Syp = ~ 208.027 - j 89.483 The line losses are Siz = 0.072 + j 0.287 Sus = 1314 +j 1916 Sis = 5.718 +5 7.798 wm Example 3.4: Consider the two bus system, where bus and line data are provided as given below. Bus data Base MVA : 100 MVAPower System Analysis 3-25 Power Flow Analysis, Line data Bus [Rk x 4728, | Tap position 1 2 [orz 0.16 0 1 Obtain the power flow solution by Gauss-Seidal method and line flows. Solution : The network for the given problem is given by Vy = 1.03, A 0.12+/0.16 = 100 TY a0 Fig. 3.16 The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to p.u. we get, The Y,,, is found out as Kteration 1 For P-Q bus Iteration 2 For P-Q bus Iteration 3 Yous vp ve vf v, 3-j4 Sy" =-(1+0) 3) .03 2 4 Fig. 3.17 3-j4 34 jf ~ [-34j4 3-j4 = 0.8620 - j 0.1240 beh - js" yo + ya Vi Ya pg —jQs* eee +ynVi = 0.8188 - j 0.1135 Ya se saat ya = 0.8081 ~ j 0.1207Power System Analysis 3-26 Power Flow Analysis From equation (2.15) we can find out P -7Q = Wi IY, [viel -¥i2 Val 1.1829 - j 05413 S " The line flows are obtained as Siz Su 4 118.295 + j 54.132 = 99.152 — j 28.608 The line losses are Sti. = 19.143 + j 25.524 mp Example 3.5: Consider the 4 bus system, whose bus data and line data are given below. Bus data Reactive power limit Base MVA : 100 MVA Line data Obtain the power flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method and line flows.Power System Analysi 7 Power Flow Analysis Solution : The network for the given problem is given by 1 My=1.04 2 0.024) 0.05 6 2 |» 135, 0.0154) 0.04 0.017+)0.026 0.024) 0.05 4 3 V3= 1.03 120 =-—_} nl TOT OSS Fig. 3.18 The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting values to p-u. we get 6.p966—j17.2814 7 S22 (1.74) 1.35) oH 17.6166~j 26.9430 8.2192-| 21.9178 8966 | 17.2414 4 10.8035 -j 23.6327 Fig. 3.19 The Vix. is found out as ‘32.7323—j66.1022 ~6,8966+j17..2414 -8.2192+j21.9178 -17.6166 + j26.9430 6.8966 +j17.2414 13.7931 -j34.4828 -6.8966 + jl7.2414 0 8.2192 +j21.9178 -6.8966+j17.2414 —25.9192—j62.7919 —10.8035 + 23.6327 —17.6166 + j26.943 0 ~10.8035 + j23.6327 28.4201 -j50.5757 | Since the network consists of slack, P-V and P-Q bus each bus has to be dealt with different analysis. Iteration 1 D For P-Q bus Pyh je" vy,0 _ Yu +Vos+You +yaVi +yzV9) tya0Vy” vy = = 0.9843 - j 0.0290Power System Analysis 3-28 Power Flow Analysis 2) For P-V bus QS) = -img V3 OVS) ly. $Y t¥ul-yaVi-¥aV9?-yu VEU) QW = - img (1.0892 —j 1.1110) = 1.1110 Using Q%), find vf). pet 39? Os ty aVi tynV) ty ave v0 yo = Yatyntyn vi} = 1.0337 + j 0.00886 v@® = f@.03)? + (0.00886)? = 1.03 VS) = 1.03 + j 0.0089 (3) For P-Q bus prt jose ‘ tya Ve + ya VP) + yes VP? vp = _ Ya + Ya + Yo = (1.0152 - j 0.0078) p.u. Iteration 2 () For P-Q bus Pie =jQx* PEE ty Wit yes VO + yn VP y@ - 2 s Yat ya t+ Yu 0.9826 - j 0.00235 (2) For P-V bus QP = ~img (ViOV) tye + ¥0tyul-yanVa-¥e VP -yu VW QY = - img { 1.5916 - 0.4975} = 0.4975 pu. Using QY, find Vv). Pst -jQ? woo tyaM tye V+ ya VI? yo = —Ys e Yat yn +¥uPower System Analysis 3-29 Power Flow Analysis v2 = 1,0309 +; 0.01109 ve vP = (3) For P-Q bus VP = Yat Ya * Yo Vi? = 1.0155 -j 0.0065 ‘The process is continued. But since the difference is smaller, we can take this value as V2 = 0.9826 —j 0.0235 = 0.98288 < ~1.37° V5 = 1.0299 + j 0.0111 = 1.0299 2 0.6175° V, = 1.0155 -j 0.0065 = 1.01552 2 - 0.3667" From equation (3.15), We can find out S}= Py = jQ) = Wi [Vi lym + ¥ia ys F¥i2 V2 ~¥as Vs Yas Vad = (1.2960 ~j 1.7535) pu The line flows are obtained as (in p.u.) Sj. = 0.83291 j 0.86083 S., = — 0.80638 +j 0.79451 Syy = — 0.16693 -j 0.32415 Ss) = 0.16877 + j 0.31924 Sy, = 0.62998 - j 0.56852 Sy) = — 0.61366 + j 055121 Sm = - 0.92031 + j 0.54603 Sm = 0.94402 ~ j 0.60530 The line losses are (in p.u.) Stay = 0.02653 - j 0.06633 Sus = 0.00184 - j 0.00492 Stig = 0.01632 - j 0.01731 0.02971 ~ j 0.05927 SirsPower System Analysis 3-30 Power Flow Analysis 3.7 Newton-Raphson Power Flow Method N-R Algorithm Consider the n-dimensional equation given by fOr arm Xn EG fy (M1 Xap er Xn EC faa} fyi Map rq) EC The aim is to find a suitable solution of the n-dimensional equation. Assume an initial solution for the n-dimensional solution as x. But ax( is error from the correct solution. F(X 44x) = ¢ If we expand a function ‘f using Taylor's series, assumed i 26 00) + Axil (#) +h (3) (ax) 4.026 Since Ax( is small the higher-order term can be neglected. o f(x) +(4) Ax = = £(x() af Cc) Add this value with the Taylor's series Ax = (3.26) ie. x 4 Ax = x c= f(x) df (a) When we repeat this procedure, we yield the solution of the n-dimensional equation. Now consider equation (3.25), expanding the (left hand side) using Taylor's series with an initial estimate and neglecting the higher order terms we get the partial differential equation as.Power System Analysis 3-31 Power Flow Analysis ar, a af, Y? 40) a (0) h (0) L (0) fx) + (se) Ax + (=) Ax? + e ax? \ ae ‘ af, \” a a, _. (0) fn 0) In 10) fn O _ fx) + (5s) Ax + (52) xy) + AR AK 4 «Representing the above equation in a matrix form we obtain, am at, \” af | fax ex = 0) (=) (=) » (5) : = : i (3.27) cy — fy x) a, (af, \ af, OI]: hs ge) (2) ~ (Sy [lax fac] = YO] ax] +-@.28) x)= gO fac] (3.29) Thus using Newton-Raphson algorithm, we obtain the solution using xeD = xO 4 axh where J“) is called the Jacobian matrix. 3.7.1 Application of N-R Algorithm to the Power Flow Method The Newton-Raphson technique converges equally fast for large as well as small systems, usually less than 4 to 5 iteration. Therefore it has become very popular. The current entering bus i is given by equation (3.6) in admittance matrix ie. 1= db, (3.30) is Equation (3.30) when represented in polar form we get, = Su) Mie -Spullvipes = 31) The complex power at bus i is given by R-jQ swt . Substituting I, from equation (3.31) we get in polar form.Power System Analysis 3-32 Power Flow Analysis P -1Q = pita | Salli es +s] = Livy Villy +3) (3.32) ma — The real part SIMI {¥4) | Vil cos (04 + 5) ~ 3) (3.33) in and Ys [Vj] sin (; + 8 - 8) (3.34) z. Equations (3.33) and (3.34) are functional equation of a power system network ie. equation (3.33) is a function interms of real power and equation (3.34) is a function of network interm of imaginary power. These equations are non linear because of the cosine and sine function. The important variables in each of these function are the voltage magnitudes and the phase angle between voltages (5). Now we can expand these equation using Taylor's series with an initial guessed values and neglecting higher order terms. Remember for a load bus (P-Q bus), two equations are given by equation (3.33) and (3.34) and for a P-V bus, one real power equation is given. :. When we expand with respect to: voce magnitude and phase angle @ we get, ar, ar oP, oP, ©), FP so) 4 (0) (0) (0), yO = {+ Sp avs 38 +. +e AQ + Sra IVS + +a Ive B and 1), Ringo , GQ ps0) Qi 910) (0) 9Q: (9) AD + Seba + SE aa + + TE + jy |+. eal Al Vsl = Q, = (3.35) where f, = Function in real power p 8, = 0 (For slack bus) £ and £0 are initial guessed values when voltages are set initially. rp - 6 sap Oe ! (3.36) ~ =aQ0 Q = fy) = AQ; where P, = Py** (Power scheduled) sy = Pf! (Power calculated)Power System Analysis 3-33 Power Flow Analysis «. Equation (3.36) can be represented as ret — pl 2 ap af - OM = aah 8.37) «Equation (3.35) can be represented in the matrix form as, ar, — (ar. \” Iraq, yH aa, wo] [GS - T [BB = GT] poe : wr, "fap yw 20, (k) 2, : ape | (se) . (3) ( 1) - (28) a5! (2.38) aoe | (33: p (32: f ( aP, ys - (ae "| aiv@y, 0d, (08, af Vad ay, ; 2Q, Hy aQ, 17 ap, *) ap, \” ale soo] [EP ~ (EY Metta” - Galo . The equation (3.38) is represented as, AP Ji Jz] fas aal ci fr al le ee) Us kJ Jacobian matrix It is also known as the power mismatch equation. To find J,, J2/J3 and J,, we expand the equations (3.33) and (3.34). R= [WPL Yul cos@y + D1 Vs |¥y]] Vif cos (0, + 8, - 8) (3.40) i Q = -/ViP] Yel sin Oy - Y] Vill Yl [Vif sin (04 + 6, - 8) (3.41) oa jr To find J, = . {-S)vibvalwlsin, «8, ~o} z i : Simul sin (8, + 5,-8) i‘ jaiPower System Analysis 3-34 Power Flow Analysis To find J, To find J, To find J, xe = {vil ¥iff vl sin Oy + 8, - 8} jek (42a) oui = ZVI Yl cos 8, + T [Vil] ¥| cos (@, +3, - 6) h ic i mW = {|ViI] Xj feos (05 +8,-3)} j ei «-(34200)) i oe = 4-3 vila Vi cos (0, + 8, -3,) i a = Es villysll vi cos (0) + 8 — 8) jel e = £-1¥il] Yul] ¥)] co» (+ 8 - B yp jes 1-BAZ(O)) Spay 7 wz Pal st Bb sin (0 + 5,~ 8) aQ Set = {Vil [% sin (8, +3, - a)} jti «.(3.42(d))Power System Analysis 3-35 Power Flow Analysis 3.7.2 Flowchart For Newton-Raphson Power Flow Problem Read the system dala, check if he lial voltage and voltage angles are set ang, ‘obtain the number of buses as. n V5 [Convert the Yous nm complex form] {0 polar fom zo ‘Set teration count k=O “Test whether ° * basis B-V (01) P-O bus oy slack bus, Genet wing the equation (3.3) Calculate a PC” using the equation (3.37) Sale? using the equation (3.33) 7 Coosa art using the equation (3.37) a Calculate Q; using the equation (3.34) = Calculate a0) using the equation (3.37)| No Fig. 3.20(a)Power System Analysis 3-36 Power Flow Analysis Find the line current without ine charging capacitors and also find the line flows and line losses. Display the result Initialize the Jacobian matrix J = 0 Calculate the Jacobian matrix ‘yu day dy and Je using the equation (3.42\(a) (b) (c) & (d) Form the power mismatch equation] Typ] _ [sy sz] [as jaa] ~ | ¥3 ¥e |Lav ‘Calculate state correction vector a8] [4s Je av] “| ds Js Slack bus Caloulate IMA} = V+ aly, Fig. 3.20(b)Power System Analysis 3-37 Power Flow Analysis 3.7.3 Step by Step Procedure for Load Flow Analysis using Newton - Raphson Method Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7 Step 8 : Step 9: Step 10 : Step 11 Step 12: Step 13 : Step 14; Step 15: Step 16: Step 17: Assume a flat profile 1 + j0 for all buses except slack bus. Form the Y bus admittance matrix and convert the values in complex form to polar form |Y¥| 20 Assume a suitable value for € (called convergence criterion) where € is a specified change in the bus voltage that is used to compare the actual change in bus voltage between K" and (K+1)" iteration. Set iteration count K = 0 and voltage profile of the buses V/ vil w yo Vg poe except slack bus. Set bus count i = 1. Check whether i‘ bus is PV bus (or) PQ bus (or) slack bus. If it is slack Lus then go to step 5. Increment the bus count i = i + 1 otherwise, go to next step. Check for PV bus / PQ bus. If it is P-V bus go to next step. Otherwise go to step 11. Check for P-V bus. If it is P-Q bus go to next step otherwise go to step 11. Calculate real power P® and AP using the equations (3.33) and (3.37). Check for Q limit. DQM! >Qimy Se QW" =Qmov Hi) QP 50 MVAR 2 1 Fig. 3.21 The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to p.u. we get, V, = 1.02 © 28-195 1 1 2 sy" =-(1.5+ 50.5) Fig. 3.22 The Y,,,, is given by, yi. = | 28-196 -28+)9.6) ws [4284596 28-j96 |Power System Analysis 3-39 Power Flow Analysis Converting into polar form with angles in radians we get, — |10L1.2870 10|1.8546 | 10.8546 10). 1.2870 The required power mismatch is given by, Yous SR] [a In (22) 424 av,| _e Represents o power misroaich 6@) Ur tea Bit une Le Mairix position (1) To find AP and 4Q? From equations (3.33) and (3.34) PL) = [Vel] Youll Vil cos(@2, + 8, ~ 82) +] V2l"| Yop] €08(O22) = ~ 0.0501 QS = {Vol | Youll Val sin (Oar + 8; ~ 8:) ~ | Val? | Vox] sin (8.,) = ~ 0.1970 The power residuals are calculated as, ap = py — pl = 15 + 00561 = - 1.4439 4Q@ = Qs" - QM =-0.5 + 0.1920 = - 0.3080 To find the element of the Jacobian matrix we have to find. Jian = 5g = {Val | Youll Val sin(@a + 8 - 82) = 9.7920 Jaa = a = 2] Va] | Yoo] cos O23 +| Vi} | Ya] cos (82, + 5, ~ 6) = 2.7439 a Jaa = S22) val] Ya il os (On, + 8 ~ 8) = = 28561 3Q, Joa = Gy, =~ 21 Val | Yaa! sin Om —( Vil [You] sin (Oa + 8, — 82) = 9.4080Power System Analysis 3-40 Power Flow Analysis The power mismatch equation is given by, 1.4439] _ [9.7920 2.74397 [ a5 0.3080} ~ |-2.8561 9.4080] | av. 8. 9.7920 2.74397" [~ 1.4439 Avg? | ~ [2.8561 9.4080] |- 0.3080. The solution is obtained by taking inverse of 2 x 2 matrix and multiplying with changes in AP and AQ. «The change in angle and voltage is obtained as, Abs? = - 0.1274 avi = ~0.0714 941 ~ 0.0275 Tnverse of J la 0286 0.0980 | ‘The new bus voltage and angle after first iteration are 80 = 8 + a8” =0-0.1274 = - 01274 vi = vi? + avi? = 1- 00714 = 0.9286 Second iteration The value of real and reactive power are obtained as, Pf = -13719 Qe) = - 0.4042 «The power residuals are calculated as AP?) = py - pf? =-15 + 1.3719 = - 0.1281 ao! = Qs - Qf) =-05 + 0.4042 = - 0.0958 To find the element of the Jacobian matrix, we have to find oP, = =.* = 8.6817 Ja = 558 OP; Jan = a = 11225 a Jan = SS = - 3.7862 222 _ 5.4799 Jan = 5e2Power System Analysis 3- “1 z.The power mismatch equation is given by 0.1281 8.6817 1.1225] ~ 0.0958 ~ 3.7862 8.4790. Th Feeyacouan 0.1089 — inverse Jacobian is = © sawerse on the Jacovian 'S = 19.0486 04115 asf) = - 0.0126 avs? = -0.0169 1s] in| «The new bus voltage and angle after second iteration are. 8M = as@) + a8 =~ 0.1274 - 0.0126 = - 0.14 Power Flow Analysis VP = vf? + avi? = 0.9286 - 0.0169 = 09117 Using the two iteration the line flows are obtained as, P, = 15806 Sy = 168.039 + j 66.1 m> Example 3.7 : Q Sa in 0.7849 — 159.264 - j 36014 Consider a 3 bus system whose bus data and line data are given by below. Bus data in p.u. Bus | Type Generator Load Voltage| Angle | Reactive power number limit Fo GC Q rin Qaax 1.01 oO o Tap position Base MVA : 100 MVA Solve power flow using (N-R) method i.e. find all the parameters.Power System Analysis 3-42 Power Flow Analysis Solution : Remember the data is. provided interms of p.u., which has a Base MVA of 100 MVA. The network is given below. Vy 21.01 Vp =1.03 ® 0+j0.2 4 0.024)0.08 0.084) 0.025 Sy = (6+) 4) Fig. 3.23 «The Bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram given below. Fig. 3.24 10-j25 +45 -(10-} 20) Yous =| j3 16-13j - 16+ 8j -10+j20 -16+8j 26-28) Converting into polar form with angles in radians. 26.926] — 1.19029 5[1.5708 22.36) 2.0344 ‘Yeuge= 3[1,5708 20.615| — 0.6823 17.88|2,678 22.36| 2.0344 17.88[2.678 38.209] ~ 0.8224 26.9258| ~ 1.1903 5[1.5708 22.3 607| 2.0344 51.5708 20.6155| - 0.6823 17.88 85| 2.6779 22.3607[ 2.0344 —17.8885|2.6779 38.209] — 0.8224 1 YbusPower System Analysis 3-43 Power Flow Analysis The required power mismatch is given below, 121 ‘ap [Jn Iz > Tans} 452 Represents J, of 2 Vie Tiax Tan | | 485 power mismatch J = | . Bus number 903} hey tao Taos LOVs L___.. stix postion (Q) To find Api” AP” and aQ\? From equation (3.33), PAD = | Va|| Yl] Vil €09 (81 + 8, ~ 82) + | Val? | Yaz] €09 (O22) +1 Val [Yast [Val cos (@33 + 3s ~ 32) =1.03 x 5 1,01 x cas(1.5708) + (1 03) x 20.6155 « cas(— 0.6823) + 1.03 x 17.8885 x 1.0 x cos(2.6779) = 0.4950 p.u. PA? = |V5!| Yall Vi] cos (a) + 8, ~ 83) +] Vall Yall Vol £08 (Bay + 8, ~ 83) +|Val?| Ysa) cos Ay = ~ 05782 pu. From equation (3.34), QQ? = =] Vs}| You] | Val sin (8s, + 8, ~ 83) -| Vol] Ysa] Vo} sin (Oy + 8; ~ 83) —|V3["] Ya) sin Ox = - 04417 pu. The power residuals are calculated as, apt = pst — pl = 4 - 0.4950 = 3.5050 p.u. ap?) = pst — po 6 - ( - 0.5772) = - 5.4218 p.u. QW = Qs QM 2-44 04417 = 35583 pu To find the element of the Jacobian matrix we have to find, i=2, j=lto3 j#2 Jaay = SPE =| Vali Yall il sin (Om. + 8 ~ 82) + {Vall Yasl] Va} sin (23 + 85 ~ 82)Power System Analysis 3-44 Power Flow Analysis Ji = Jisz Jan Jas Jas © Bs = 1.03 x5x 1.01 x sin(1.5708) + 1.03 x 17.8885 x 1.0 x sin(2.6779) = 13.4422 oP, Jian = gy = 71Vall Yall Val sin (Ox + 85 ~ 82) ~ 1.03 x 17.8885 x 1 x sin(2.6779) = ~ 8.2407 OP, co a, =| Voll Ysall Val sin (832 + 3; - 63) = — 8.2407 =| Vsl] Yailf Vil sin(@s +8; -85)+| Val] Yael] Ve] sin (8x2 + 3: - 83) 28.4412 oP, OV) oP af V3} + [Val | Ysa} cos (Oxy + 8, — 85) = 25.4223 a ={Vall Yas] c05 (a5 + 85 ~ 8,) = - 16.4796 = 2|V5|] Vaal cos Gas + {Vill Yuu] cos(®n + 8, ~ 85) = -]Vsl] Yaoll Val cos (O49 + 8 - 83) = 16.4796 a com (5, +8) = 85) + {Vall Yool] Val 08 (O32 + 8-85) = — 26.5787 2Q3 , ‘, ‘. % we =-2)V3|] Yas) sin O43 -| Vil] Yar) sin(@s, + 8 — 83) — [Voll Yao] sim(85. + 8: — 83) = 27.5578 ‘The power mismatch equation is given by 3.5050 13.4422 - 8.2407 - 16.4796] | a8{” ~5.4218] = |-8.2407 28.4412 25.4223 |} a8” — 3.5583 16.4796 | ~ 265787 27.5578 || Av. 1 5s” 13.4422 -8.2407 - 16.4796)" [ 3.5050 a8” | = |-8.2407 28.4412 25.4223 | |-5.4218 av? 16.4796 -265787 275578 | |~3.5583. «The solution is obtained by taking inverse of the 3x 3 matrix and multiplying with changes in AP and 4Q.Power System Analysis 3-45 Power Flow Analysis The change in angle and voltage is obtained as, Ad” = 0.0319 A860 = - 0.0263 av? = - 0.1735 13.4422 -82407 -16.4796 -82407 284412 25.4223 16.4796 26.5787 27.5578 | x " 0.07933 0.0361 0.0141 } Inverse of x = | 0.0351 0.0349 -0.0112/ -0.0136 0.0120 0.0171 | The new bus voltage and angle after first iteration is, 8 = 8? + a8{ = 0 + 0.0139 = 0.0319 3) = a? + a6)? =0 + ( - 0.0263) = - 0.0263, vl) = vO + ave = 1- 0.1735 = 0.8265 Second iteration The expression for real and reactive power is given by, Pi? = 3.9396 PY = - 5.0155 QY = - 3.3524 «The power residual are calculated as, AP!) = psc — pl) = 4 ~ 3.9396 = 0.0604 ap?) = Pgh — PO - 6 + 5.0155 = - 0.9845 QW = Qs - OW =-4 + 3.3524 = - 0.6476Power System Analysis 3-46 Power Flow Analysis, To find the elements of the Jacobian matrix we have to find, @, Jin = G2 = 12.7808 in ag P, Jim = 42 =~ 7.5909 1m ~ 3 Jia = Gg = 6.0074 Jan = SE Jon = = 198 Jan = Se 13.9927 Jose = Rs = = = 19.0843 Jan = 592 «The power mismatch equation is given by 0.0604 12.7898 ~7.5909 15.9726] [ aa) 0.9845] = |~6.0074 22.4773 15.4198 |] a8) - 0.6476 13.9927 - 22.7750 19.0843 || av) A8t) 0.0757 0.0493 0.0235 ][ 0.0604 a8 | = | 0.0321 0.0454 - 0.0098 | - 0.9845 ave) -0.0172 0.0180 0.0235 | |-0.6476 «The change in angle and voltage is obtained as, As) = - 0.0592 a8” = - 0.0364 AV® = - 0.0339 2: The new bus voltage and angle after second iteration are, 8 = a + 06) = 0.0819 - 0.0592 = - 0.0273 a® = af) + as@) =~ 0.0263 - 0.0364 = - 0.0627Power System Analysis 3-47 Power Flow Analysis Q ve vg? + avi? = 0.8265 - 0.0339 = 0.7926 «Using the two iteration we get, R Qa Q The line flows can be IM? | Yul cos On + {Va [Mall Val cos(12 + 82 ~ 8) +111 Yial| Val cos (Bia + 83 - 5) 3.3565, = -|Val?|Yarlsin®,, ~|Vill Yell Val sin (812 + 3, - 8) {Vill Mall Vs] sin (813 + 85 ~ 8) = 38235 = = Vall Yall Val sin (83 + 8, — 82) = V2)? Yoo] sin Ox: ~ {Vall Yasll Ws] sin (823 + 53 - 8,) = 16035 obtained as, = 13,795 -j 10.1 = 13.795 + j 10.673 346.142 + j 375.982 = 294.36 — j 273.569 424.059 + j 126.303 — 331.854 —j 80.201 ‘=> Example 3.8: Consider a 3 bus system whose bus data and line data are given below. Bus data Load Reactive power limit Py (MVY)} Q p(MVAR) nin ‘| Qnae 0 0 Base MVA : 100 MVA 200Power System Analysis 3-48 Power Flow Analysis Line data Solve the power flow using (N-R) method i. find all the parameters. Solution : The network the given problem is given as z = 1.06 ae 2 0.03+) 0.05 Fig. 3.25 The Bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to p.u. we get, om 7.3486 ~ | 22.6116 8.8235 ~j 14.7059 44.9438 j 28.0899 Vg = 1.08 Pao tT Fig. 3.26 The Yu, is given as, 16.1723-j373175 ~8.8235+j 14.7059 ~7.3488+ j 22.6116 Yous = | 8.8235+j14.7059 53.7673} 42.7958 ~ 44.9438+ j 28.0899 ~7.3A88+ j 22.6116 - 44.9438+j 28.0899 52.2926 j 50.7015 Converting into polar form with angle in radians,Power System Analysis 3-49 Power Flow Analysis 40.6711, 1.1619 17.1499[21112 23.7759] 1.8850 Vous = | 17.149912.1112 68,7198L.06723 52.9999) 2.5830 | 23.7759 11,8850 52,9999| 25830 72,8365|- 0.7700 The required power mismatch is given by, y PJ Siz f Jon] [48 Matrix position AP; } a | 2 7 p, | =f Jue | Jas] /455 Bus number Hoe Represents Js of power mismatch Jor Soe AV,] 322 (1) To find, Api”, AQ” and apt” «From equations (3.33) and (3.34) Pi) = — 1.4298 = | Vall Yaul| Vy) cos (O25 + 8 ~ 82) + | Va|? | Yaa} cos (022 ) + 1Val| Yas}| Va] cos (O23 + 85 ~ 82) QS” = -{Val| Yarll Vl sin (On. +3, ~ 8.) -| Val] Yo! sin(@z2) ~| Vall Yasl| Val sin(@x3 + 83 ~ 82) = - 14420 PAY = | V4il Yar] Vil cos(@q, + 8 ~ 85) + [Vall Yul] Veleos(@az + 82 ~ 83) + {V5}? | Yss| €08(0.5) = 0.6149 The power residuals are calculated as, aPh? = psh — pl? =~ 2.2 4 1.4298 = - 0.7702 Apt? = px — pl = 170.6149 = 1.0851 aQ® = Qs - QM =-12 + 1.4420 = 0.2420 To find the elements of the Jacobian matrix we have to find, 4 ar, ee . Jian = ye =1 Vall Yall Vai sin (@ar + 8 ~ 82) + [Val] Yasll Val sin (@,3 + 8s — 3_) = 44.2398 P. 5 hia = 3gr *1Vall Yall Val sin (85 + 83 - 8) = — 28.6514 4aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Power System Analysis Power Flow Analysis Jan = Jon = Jan = — 55.0901 Jan = ae = 45.8336 Jan = Gye = 412426 > R. Therefore two approximation are made a) Real power change AP is more sensitive to AS (phase angle) b) Reactive power charge AQ is more sensitive to voltage magnitude than A & «The power mismatch equation can be set with J, and J, matrix set to zero. «The equation (3.39) can be represented as, AP] _ J; O}f a8 [iol = ff alla 4.43) oP | AP =J a6=[35) a3 ‘ on (3.8) agai, atv! =[ 29] atv These equations require less time compared to other methods available. J, is Found as ap, Tivlpaly sin (6; + 8; -5;) (a jet It can also be represented as a, _ se DIvill sll sin (04 + 8; - 6) i Iai Add and subtract L¥i[ {Yall Vi sin (04) in RHS.Power System Analysis 3-54 Power Flow Analysis = Elva sin (6) + 8 - 8) -|VA[Iull Vi sin 0, Comparing equation (3.34) with above equation we get, e — QO) -[ViP 1 ¥al sin 04; (G45) where [Yq] sin 0, = B B, is the imaginary part of the diagonal elements of bus admittance matrix, B, 0 o B 0 0 In a typical power system We can write equation (3.45) as ‘Assume IVP =Lvl IP; = yi) By 8.46) Similarly an, 0 ~ {MI Yl] vj] sin (0, + 8, - 8) } j# i, G=2 ton) Since 8, ~ 8, being small, 8, + 6,-6, = 6; and |V|=1 Shr an be sepresented as a = Milly, Cy B (where B, sin 04) But Therefore GAN) Jq is Found as sin (0; + 8 -8;) 22-21 vi val sino, - SB] al ia AQ: iY) = -{VilMal sin 8, [Vill Yel sin 6, sin (8, + § — 8) = -[ViIl¥a) sin ©, - SI) %l sin (05 + 8 ~ 8) jetPower System Analysis 3-55 Power Flow Analysis Comparing equation (3.34) with the above equation, av 7 -]Viif Yul sin 8, + Q; But [By = [¥u] sin O,1 >> Q 2.Q; can be neglected. = Vi) By Similarly, -|¥ill Yi] sin (8), + 8 ~ 8) AViE By The difference between 8, -5, is very very small and negligible. 6; +5, -6 =; and |¥,| sino, = By Equation (3.46) and (3.47) can be represented as AP (3.48) iFor P-Q buses} ag 7 1M BI AP ~ = -[B] Ad (3.50) Mil «Equations (3.48) and (3.49) can be represented as, AQ 1 o AQ = -| VIB ayy 7 WIE AQ - . oS = -[B] 4 |v] (3.52) Mi where (B’]is of order n~ 1, 1 represents the slack bus. [B’ is of order n~1~m, m represents the number of P-V buses. «The fast decoupled algorithm is obiained by successive changes in AP 48 = - [By Ae (8.52) Br Ay 852) 1 AQ At] = -1By? AS (3.53) IVE = BT AR (8.53) ‘The technique is useful for contingency analysis. This type of power flow requires more iterations than the Newton-Raphson method.Power System Analysis 3-56 Power Flow Analysis 3.8.1 Flowchart for Fast Decoupled Power or Load Flow tees tho system date, check fe nal vatage and vllage ‘anges are set er abla the nuoer of buses as n. ‘assume bus vatagesV} for! = ftom not applicable fr sack bus) nt For PV andP-O bos oan Fe wyranx a ey" Fa PObus, soln he (BT Natee & (0°? Catulate 6, using No. ton) <> Catia sch =” at aa! wv Fig. 3.273-57 Power Flow Analysis Find the line currant For P-V & P-Q bus form and obiain AS without line charging capacitors A8= 6 [4P] and aiso find the line |(Remember |Vj is already divided in the previous step)) flows and line losses Display the result For P-Q bus form and obtain AjVi A\V,=-[BT' 40-8 T"140] (Remember |V/ is already divided in the previous step) Set bus count Calculate ADP sas” Fig. 3.27(a)Power System Analysis 3-58 Power Flow Analysis 3.8.2 Step by Step Procedure for Load Flow Analysis using fast decoupled power flowed method Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8 : Step 9: Step 10: Step 11 Step 12: Step 13 Step 14: Step 15: Step 16: Step 17: ‘Assume a flat profile 1 + j0 for all buses except slack bus. Form the Y bus admittance matrix and convert the values in complex form to polar form |Y} 2@ Assume a suitable value for ¢ (called convergence criterion) where ¢ is a specified change in the bus voltage that is used to compare the actual change in bus voltage between K" and (K+1)"" iteration. Set iteration count K = 0 and voltage profile of the buses Vi"), vi, except slack bus. ye) Set bus count i = Check whether i'* bus is P-V bus (or) P-Q bus (or) slack bus. If it is slack bus then go to step 5. Increment the bus count i = i + 1 otherwise, go to next step. Check for P-V bus / P-Q bus. If it is P-V bus go to next step. Otherwise go to step 11. Check for P-V bus. If it is P-Q bus go to next step otherwise go to step 11. Calculate real power P” and AP! using the equations (3.33) and (3.37). Check for Q limit. QP >Qieenasy 7 Set QY? =Q max HH) Qf 30 MVAR Vy = 1.0420 4 b4 Fig. 3.28 The Bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to p.u. we get, 1 2 Yip = 30.4878 —j24.3902 Se tijoajeu 1.04 Fig. 3.29 y= [ 304878 — | 243902 —30.4878 + j243902 bus * | 30.4878 + j 24.3902 30.4878 — j 24.3902Power System Analysis 3-60 Power Flow Analysis [B']is found except the slack bus as. [B'] = ~ 24.3902 and [B"] is for P-Q bus [By] = - 243902 The expressions for real power and reactive power at bus 2 is given by Py” = [Val] YailfMi] €08 (821 + 8, ~ 82) + | Vol] Ya] cos O22 =~ 1.2194 QP = =| Vall Youll Val Sim (Bar + 8, ~ 82) —| Val” [Yer] sin Ox, = ~ 0.9757 The power residuals are calculated as, APL? = pst — pf? =~ 1-(- 1.2194) = 0.2194 4Q?” = Qs* - Qi” =-03- (09757) = 06757 z. The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, (aa?} = -[By" +5 | = -[-0.0419] x “4 o2394 = 0.0090 fav] = -[B’y' x [ = = ~ [-0.0410] = 0.6757 = 0.0277 :. The new bus voltage at first iteration are A8.” = 0.0090 p.u. Ads = 0 + 0.0090 = 0.0090 p.u avs? = 0.0277 p.u. Vv) = 1 40.0277 = 1.0277 pu. Second iteration The expression for real power and reaction power is given by, Pf) = - 0.1494 pu. Q® = - 0.6004 pu.Power System Analysis 3-61 Power Flow Analysis The power residuals are calculated as, AP! = ph — pl) =— 1 + 0.1494 = - 0.8506 p.u. 4Q = Qs" — QW =— 03 + 0.6004 = 0.3004 p.u. ‘The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by a As?) = -| = -[-0.0410] x - 0.8277 = - 0.0339 tl ! 1 fag® av?) = -[py" x |5 =? 2 [5°] Tal = -[- 0.0410] x [rae = 0.0410 x 0.2923 = 0.0120 The new bus voltage at second iteration are given by 48%? = 0.009 + ( - 0.0339) = - 0.0249 AV!) = 1.0277 + (0.012) = 1.0397 Third iteration The expression for real and reactive power is given by, PO = - 0.6572 QY = 0.8223 ‘The power residuals are calculated as APS) = Pyh — p?) =1 40.6572 =-0,3428 4Q9%) = Qs" -QP =-03-0.8223 =-1.1223 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by (2) 48? = -[B}? x (erPower System Analysis 3-62 Power Flow Analysis a) Avy? = = -(-0. o110)+(Sipar_) 0088 The new bus voltages of third iteration is given by, Aas” = — 0.0249 - 0.0135 = ~ 00385 AVS? = 1.0397 - 0.0443 = 0.9954 . Therefore the slack bus power is calculated as, P, = 2.4074 Q) = - 0.0645 » The line flows can be obtained as, = 238.866 -j 8891 = 239.03 2 - 2.13166° MVA (MW) (MVAR) Sz = — 228.301 + j 17343 = 228.959 2 175.656° MVA (tw) (MVAR) ‘The losses are 10.565 + j 8.452 = 13.5298 2 38.669 MVA mp Example 3.10 ; Consider the three bus system, whose bus and line data are given below. Bus data Bus No.| Type | Voltage | Angle Load Generator | Reactive power innit Be Qo Pa. Qe | Amin Qrnax 1 Slack 2 Pa 3 Pv Base MVA : 100 MVAPower Sysjem Analysis 3-63 Power Fiow Analysis Line data Obtained the power flow solution by fast decoupled method for 2 or 3 iteration. Solution : The network diagram for the given problem is given below. oO ® © 003+) 0.05 270 Mw 130 MVAR 1.06 0.024) 0.04 (0.02+j 0.018 Fig. 3.30 The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to pu. we get, QD sars-jr7060 © eo— [—= si"=-(2.74)1.3) = 1.06 27.6243-~j 24.8619 10-20 @ Pe = 1.04Power System Analysis 3-64 Power Flow Analysis The Y,,, is given by [18.8235-j34.7059 - 8.82354 j 14.7059 10+ j20 Ypus = |-8.8235+ j 14.7059 36.4478-j39.5678 —27.6243+ j 24.8619 ~10+ 520 ~27.6243+j 24.8619 37.6243 —j 44.8619 [B'] is found as py = [7295678 24.8619 (BT =| oag610 — 44.8619 (B’] = [ - 39.5678] The expression for real power and reactive power at bus 2 and real power at bus 3 is given by, PA = | Vall Yoxll Vil cos (21 + 8, ~ 82) +| Vel? [Ya c08 (B22) +| Vall Yozl| Vs] cos (823 + 83 ~ 52) = — 16346 QS? = -[ Vall Yarll Vil sin (Bar + 8, ~ 82) - | Val?| Yea] sin (O22) ~|Val] Yasll Val sin (82s + 3 - 82) = — 1.8767 PA? = | Voll Youll Mi] 08 (8, + 8, ~ 83) + | V3lf ¥aa|| Vol cos (832 + 8; — 85) +] Vs|7 [Yas] cos O55 = 0.9410 The power residuals are calculated as, AP? = Pgh — pl) =-2.7 + 1.6346 = - 1.0654 4Q0” = QS - QW =~ 1.3 + 1.8767 = 0.5767 ar? = Pgh - pl = 2~- 09410 = 13590 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, ap anid _ |r 430 | 7 “7 i sp IVsf5 Power Flow Ai __ _ [= 9.0388. -0.0215] f-1.0654] __ [-0.0132 * “1 -.0215 -0.0342}| 13067 | * | 0.0218 i) and avi) = - By! [er] = -[-0.0253] x 0.5767 = 0.0146 The new bus voltages at first iteration are 8? = 0+ (- 0.0132) ~ 0.0132 80 = 0+ 0.0218 = 0.0218 vs? = 1+ 0.0146 = 1.0146 Socond iteration The expression for real power and reactive powers are pf) = — 2.2987 Q” = - 0.1552 Pt? = 1.9420 The power residuals are calculated as, aps) = py - pf? =-2.7 + 2.2287 = - 0.4713 ag! = Qs — Ql) =~ 13 + 0.1552 =~ 1.1448 ap?) = ps — pf) = 2- 1.9420 = 0.3580 ‘The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, ap? a) 4] 2 py [| _ [0.0388 0.0215] [- 0.4645] _ [-0.0106 aso | ~~ ~ [-0.0215 - 0.0342] | 0.3443 | ~ | 0.0018 api) 3 1Val o and avg) = -[B")? [ea = —[- 0.0253] x — 1.1284 = - 0.0285Power System Analysis 3-66 The new bus voltages at second iteration are 80 = — 0.0132 - 0.0106 = - 0.0238 8) = 0.0218 + 0.0018 = 0.0236 Vi = 1.0146 — 0.0285 = 0.9861 «The slack power is now calculated as, P, = 0.7558 Q, = 16273 Q, = - 0.5894 The line flows can be obtained as Sy. = 106.33 + j 92.962 Sz, = - 101 -j 84.084 Sy = ~ 28.8 +j 674 Say = 29.756 —j 65.488 Soq = ~ 263.294 + j 3.322 Sx = 27.547 + j 9.506 wm) Example 3.11: Consider the 3 bus system, whose bus and line data are given below. Bus data Reactive power limit Base MVA : 100 MVA Line dataPower System Analysis 3-67 Power Flow Analysis Bus R x | Bf] Tap From To Position 1 2 0.03, 004 |o 1 0 1 Obtain the power flow solution by fast decoupled method 2 iterations. i 0.03 + j 0.04 2 y= 1.0520 eH L—© = Pi=200 uw Vy = 1.0120 0.024 + j 0,035 6.011 +} 0.015 3 250 120 (MW) (MVAR) Fig. 3.32 Solution : The network diagram of the given problem is given by The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting 16 pene 13.3259- j 19.4336 31.7919- 543.3526 a Sy = -(25+)1.2) Fig. 3.33 other values to p.u. we get, The Y,.... is given by [ 25.3250—j 95.4336 = 124) 16 ~ 13.3259 j 19.4336 You = | -124j16 43.7919-} 59.3526 - 31.7919+ 43.3526 = 13.32504 j19.4336 - 31.7919 +j43.3526 45.1178 ~ [62.7862 | [B’] is found out as 59.3526 43.3526 ] BT =| aa55 43.3526 - 62.7862 |Power System Analysis: 3-68 Power Flow Analysis [B"] = [- 62.7862] The expression for real power at bus 2 and real and reactive power at bus 3 is given by, PA? = | Vall Youll Vil 05 (21 + 8, ~ 82) +1 Val] Yo! cos 3 +| Val] Yosll Vs] cos (@23 + 85 - 82) = 21729 PA? = | Val] You] il €08 (Om + 8; ~ 83) + | Vall YoallVal 608 (O52 + 82 ~ 33) + | Val"| Yaa] c05 (O35) =~ 17231 2 “Ss 1 {Vall Yaull Val sin (8, + 8 ~ 83) ~| Vsl] Yaol | Val sin (O32 + 82 - 85) -|Vsl"| Yasl sin (8.5) = ~ 2.3618 The power residuals are calculated as, Apt? = Pgh — pl) = 2 - 2.1729 = - 0.1729 AP? = Pgh — pO = 2.5 + 1.7231 = - 0.7769 4Q0 = Qe - QW =-12 + 23618 = 1.1618 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, 48 --py la . x 235] [-0.1647] _ [-0.0238 a3 4p 023 -07769| ~ |-0.0288 (2) and av = -[p’y' [3] = —[-0.0159] x 1.1618 = 0.0185 3 The new bus voltages at first iteration are 80 = 0- 0.0238 — 0.0238 89) = 0- 0.0288 = - 0.0288Power System Analysis 3-69 Power Flow Analysis vi) = 1 + 0.0185 = 1.0185 Second iteration The expression for real power and reactive power are Pi? = 1.3866 Pl) = ~ 1.7065 Q) = - 0.6483 The power residuals are calculated as, AP = Pi —p?) 22 - 1.3866 = 0.6134 APs) = pst —pt) =~ 25 + 1.7065 = - 0.7935 4Q9) = Q¥* -Q) =- 1.2 + 0.6483 = - 0.5517 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, a0] at 0.0340 —0.0235] [- 0.5842] _ [-0.0016 0.0235 -0.0321] |-0.7791| ~ |-0.0113 and av? -[-0.0159] x - [ 0.5417] = - 0.0086 The new bus voltages at second iteration are 8 = - 0.0238 + 0.0016 = - 0.0223 8 = - 0.0288 - 0.0113 = - 0.0401 V? = 1.0185 - 0.0086 = 1.0099 The slack bus power is now calculated as P, = 0.7045 Q, = - 14528 Q, = 2.1902 The line flows can be obtained as Sz = - 12.506 —j 91.621Power System Analysis 3-70 Power Flow Analysis So = 217.991 +j 118.352 Spy = 15.020 + j 94.97 Sap = ~ 211.85 -j 109.984 Syx = 78.98 - j 53.8 Sq) = ~ 76.83 + j 56.93 mm Example 3.12: Consider the 4 bus system, whose bus and line data are given below. Bus data Bus No.| Typ Generator Load —_| Voltage active power limit Fo Qo % Qo Qin Qinax 1 Stack |o ° ° o |r06 Jo jo © 2 pv fo o 2m {130 |10 Jo fo 0 3 P-Q 200 oO oO 0 1.04 oO o 0 4 P-Q oO o [120 70 1.0 oO o Base MVA : 100 MVA Line data Bus R x 12 Bt Tap From To position 1 3 0.025 0.04 Oo Ed 3 4 0.026 0.035 0 4 1 4 0017 0.026 o 4 Obtain the power flow solution by fast decoupled power flow method for 2 iteration. Solution : The network diagram for the given problem is given by, The bus admittance matrix is obtained from the admittance diagram and converting other values to p.u.Power System Analysis 3-71 Power Flow Analysis Vy = 108 ‘ ® 0.03 +) 0.05. ® eH |. aro uw P30 nvr 0025+) 0.08, 01710020 cee 10M TOMVAR=—4 @ 0.026%)0.035 © Py = 200 5 = 408 Fig. 3.34 V, = 1.0020° 1 2 8.8235 - j 14.7059 oH 17.6166 — j 26.9430 14,2364 17.9775 40~j 20 4 3 - 13.677- 18.4114 t+) se -(1.240.27) Vy= 10420" The Yiu, is given by 37.6761 ~ j 59.6264 ~~ 8.8235+ j 14.7059 48.8235~j 34.7059 ~40+ 520 Yous = = 11.236+ j 17.9775 = 40+ j20 64.9130 56.3889 [+ 17.6166 + 526.943 0 13.6770 + j 18.4114 [B’} is found out as [ 34.7059 20 0 IB] =| 20 -56.3889 18.4114 | 0 184114 - 45.3544 e ~ 34.7059 0 [B"] 6 ] 0 45.3544) = 8.8235 + j 14.7050 Fig. 3.35 RS ~ 11.2364 517.9775 eh [—— 82. == (2741.3) = 176166 + j 26.9430 0 ~ 13.6774 j BALE 31.2936- 45.3544 |Power System Analysis 3-72 Power Flow Analysis The values for real and reactive power are obtained as, Pro 0 Qs? = Po Po Q” = | Vall Yor] Vslcos(@ar + 8, ~ 82) + | Vol?| Ya 0s 823 +| Vall Yos|| Vs] c0s(@2s + 83 ~ 52) + | Vall Yall Val cos (Oxn + 3, - 52) = — 2.1297 | Vall Youll Vil sin(@2y + 8, — 8: ) -| V2" | Yea! sin ,: =| Val] Yosll Vsl sin(@zy + 85 — 82)-[V2 || You | [Va{ sin (O24 + 8, ~ 82) - 16819 | Vall Yaul] Valcos(O au + 8 ~ 53) + | Vall Yall Vo! 0s (Ox + 8 ~ 83) + | V3)?| ¥33| CO8039 + [Vall Yaul] Val cos (24 + 8, ~ 53) = 1.9992 | Vall Yaui] Vileos(®q + 8, — 8) + | Vail Yaal! Val Cos (8,2 + 52 — 8s) + | Vall Yas|| Val cos (O43 + 85 ~ 84) +1Val? | Yaa} €08 Ou 1.6042 = =| Vall Yar] Vil sin(@q + 8) ~ 54) ~ | Val] Yall Val sin (Op + 3 — 8) —| Vall Yasll Vs} = {Val | Yuul sin Oy in (84; + 3 ~ 8) = — 23530 ‘The power residuals are calculated as AP APO APY aq agi” = Ps — pl) = - 2.7 + 21297 = - 0.5703 = P3h — p = 9 ~ 1.992 = 0.0008 = PEt ~ pi? =~ 1.2 + 1.6042 = 0.4042 = Q3* — QW) =~ 13 + 1.6819 = 0.3819 = Q3* - Qi? =-0.7 + 2.3530 = 1.6530Power System Analysis 3-73 Power Flow Analysis The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is given by, ‘AP, Aa? [Mal 0.0377 -0.0154 -0.0063] [-0.5703] f- 0.0190 Aa | = ~(0'" | 775] = -|-001s4 00267 -0.0109}) 0.0008 | =| -o00s4 a8” AP, 0.0063 -0.0109 -0.0265]| 0.4042 0.0071 1M4l AQ, aii avi? = opr [Mal _ _[-9.0288 0 0.3819] _foo110 avi? AQy L 0 — -0.0220} [1.6530] ~ [0.0364 Tal The new bus voltages and angles at first iteration are 80) = 0- 0.0190 = - 0.0190 8 = 0 - 0.0044 = - 0.0044 8) = 0 + 0.0071 = 0.0071 vf = 1+ 0.00110 = 10110 vi? = 1+ 0.0364 = 1.0364 Second iteration The values for real and reactive power are given as, Pf? = - 2.2090 Qi? = - 05170 PM = 1.0197 PO) = — 0.0395 Qt = - 1.0312 The power residuals are calculated as ap = pst - Pp) =-2.7 + 2.2090 - 0.4910 AP = pgh — pl = 2- 1.0197 = 0.9803 AP? = Pj PL? =-1.2+0.0395 =~1.1605 AQ = Qe - Qf) =- 13 + 05170 = - 0.783 4Q0 = Qe - Qf =-07 + 1.0312 = 03312Power Systom Analysis 3-74 The fast decoupled power flow algorithm is gives by, fart iyo at) el 0.0377 —0.0154 0.0063] [- 0.4856 "0.0108" 48) | = - By Val = -|-0.0154 -0.0267 -0.0109] | 0.9426 | = | 0.0056 ast) a —0.0063 -0.0109 -0.0265| |-1.1197 — 0.0224 APs = [ve | AQ”) aleve ips [vp | 0.0288 0 [er [een ani =- =- = av AQ? 0 -0.0220}| 0.3196 | ~ | 0.0070 ol [ve The new bus voltages and angles at second iteration are 8) = — 0.0190 - 0.0108 = — 0.0298 82 = — 0.0044 + 0.0056 = 0.0012 8f = 0.0071 - 0.0224 = - 0.0153 Vf) = 1.0110 — 0.0223 = 0.9887 vO) = 1.0364 + 0.0070 = 1.0434 The slack bus power is calculated as, P, = 2.1105 Q, = 14162 Q; = - 0.8920 The line flows are obtained as Sj. = 1.19059-j 0.8334 Sq) = - 10792 + j 0.74565 $1 = 0.21559 ~ j 39.525 Say = — 0.21108 + j 0.38804Power System Analysis 3-75 Power Flow Analysis Syy = 0.74509 ~ j 0.18585 Sq = — 0.73617 + j 0.1722 Sos = — 2.6345 — j 0.28796 e o Sq = 2.77810 + j 0.216 Oo 104 => Example 3.13 : Fig. 3.36 shows a three bus power system Bus 1 : Slack bus V = 1.05|0° pu jo. $0.2 Bus 2: P-V bus V= 10 p.u. Py = 3 pt. Bus 3: P-Q bus P,, = 4 pu. Q) +2 pu © Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-seidal method. Neglect limits on reactive power generation. Fig. 3.36 (A.U, : Nov./Dec.-2004) Solution : Data given : 2 =j 04 pu, Zn =j02 pay, Zi = 03 pau. The line admittances are given by the inverse of line impedances. The elements of bus admittance matrix are formed from line admittances as shown in Fig. 3.36. Yu = Ya tyis =~) 25 ~-j 3.93 =~] 5.83 pu. Yo = Ya= ~[-j25)=+j25 pu = Ya 2-¥i =~ (-j 3.3333) = j 3.3333 pu Yatyn =-j25-j5.0=-j75 pu. =-(j5)=j5puPower System Analysis 3-76 Power Flow Anal Yu = Yist¥23 =~ j 3.33 - | 5.0 = —j 8.3333 pu. Yu Yo Ys] [-j583 9 j25 53.3333 Yo Yo Yo3}=] j25 -j75 j5 Na Va: Ves j33333 j5 8.3333 Yous In the given system bus 1 is slack bus, bus 2 is generator bus and bus 3 is load bus. ‘The initial values of the bus voltage are as follows. V) = 1.050 = 1.05 + j 0 pu. (Gpecified) V? = 10|0=1 +0 p.u. (Initial assumption) V3 = 1+ j0 (Assumed value) We know that for slack bus (bus 1) the voltage will not change in any Iteration Vj = Vp = 105 |0° = (1.05 + j 0) p.u. For bus 2 (generator bus) the magnitude of the voltage is the specified value. The phase of bus 2 voltage in the first iteration is given by vki! | (Here P = 2, k = 0). p temp Po-jQ, Ro! 2: ker 2 1 [ip Sp kel k Vids « [EASES yuu B vat] P re q=pel Yop ‘fo calculate the phase using the above estimate, we have to estimate the reactive power P,. The reactive power of bus 2 is given by the equation, “i . - com pr] Yqve"- 5 | ql q=P Qe = (1) Im{(V2)" [Yar Vi + Yn V2 +YosV3]} & at u = (-1) Im [(1 -j 0){j 2.5 (1.05 + j 0) - j 7.5 (1 + j0) + j 501 + jo)}] (-1) Im ( 2.625 — j 7.5 + j 5) => (-1) G 0.125) = -j 0.125 pu. +50 1 Val spec . 1} Pa ~jQ2 Vine = yg [ BEE aut Yat 1 {ou 734[tei0 -tg254005-j01-1050 +501] vy) = 14j0 (V9) =1-j0Power System Analysis 3-77 Power Flow Analysis 5 1 ai = < Veep = yg VE[8+j0-125-72.625 31} 1 1 = 3-jta ajzat Jel 3-7 S)=914j0.4 = 1.077 [21.8° = 218° {Valine = 10 [21,8 = 0.92849 + j 037137 The bus 3 is load bus and its voltage in first iteration is given by the following equation where p = 3, k = 0. The specified powers are load powers and they are considered as reactive power P; = - Py = -4Q,=-Q,=-2 P,-jQ, Ret 2. IO Ey va Fy, > nV nm wi A ara Yu Vj -YxV3 | Z [iF ~13.383(1 .05+j0)—j o.s28i9 037197] -1 = [-4 + j2~j 3.49965 +1. 85685 ~ 4.64245 FEE j2-j i =214315~j6.1421 _ 6-50527| “10224 ace to og ~90 _ The bus voltages at the end of first Gauss-seidal iterations are as follows. (1.05+)0) pu. = 105\0 pu. (0.92849 + j0. 37137) pu. = 1.0/21.8° pw. Va. = (0.73704+)0.25724) pu. = 0.78064|~19. 24° p. 3.9 Comparison of Load Flow or Power Flow Solution Methods Gauss-Seidal Method Advantages of GS method are its simplicity, reliability, easy of program, and low computer memory requirements. However, it is restricled to small power systems having small number of buses. The computation time increases rapidly with the size of the powerPower System Analysis 3-78 Power Flow Analysis system because of the slow and doubtful convergence. The method is the oldest method and is now rarely used in system optimization. Newton-Raphson Method The Newton-Raphson method is the most powerful method for large number of buses. High accuracy is obtained in a few iterations due to its powerful quadratic convergence. It usually takes 3 to 5 iteration to obtain the solution, Disadvantages and Drawbacks i) When an initial voltage is set which is too far from the exact solution, it may or may not reach the solution. But if it is near the exact solution, then the convergence is rapid and accurate. ii) Large requirement of computer memory for large power systems but not with respect to Gauss-Seidel Method. Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method (FDLF) or (FDPF) methods are approximation to the Newton-Rapshon (N-R) method. The Jacobian matrix has an impact on the convergence of the iteration. But it causes a slight increase in the iteration compared to Newton-Raphson method (2 to 5). The convergence is linear compared to (N-R) quadratic convergence, For most practical systems. the method provides rapid solution. ump Example 3.14: Using singular transformation method, determine Ygys for the network shown in Fig. 3.37 below. Where the impedances labeled are shown in per unit, (Nov./Dec.-2007 - R 2004), 16 Marks) ® ® 4128 Fig. 3.37Power System Analysis 3-79 Power Flow Analysis : 6 Solutio Step1: From the figure above draw orientation graph mark the respective nodes. Assign a 1 3 suitable number for each branch as shown in the Fig. 3.38. 0) 3.38 1 2 3 Step 2; Form bus incident matrix. jladale Where 'e’ is the elements and 'b’ is the 0 71 0 total number of buses starting from 7 o [1 Bus No. 1, if the arrow is away from the node, then assign value 1 and if the arrow mark is rowards the node then assign -1. Like that, we have to consider for all the nodes. oan en \ ° Step 3: Form the primitive impedance matrix. The matrix size will be (Total number of elements) x (Total number of elements). In our case since ¢ = 6, the matrix size will be 6x6. Consider only diagonal elements. All other elements are zero. By viewing the orientation graph and the figure given in sum, write the value of the elements in the matrix. Primitive admittance matrix is given by [y] = [2Power System Analysis 3-80 Power Flow Analysis 1.0 0 13 _|0 0 200 Y=lo 0 0 04 0 0 0 0 02 0 0 0 0 0 02 10 0 000 008 0 0 00 _|9 0 05 0 00 Y=lo 0 0 2500 00 0050 00 0005 [pus] = LATIYILA] 10 0 0 0 Off 0 0 008 0 0 0 o}f0 1 0 reel re a 2 aj? 05 0 0 flo 0 4 me ls ee we at we” 0 25 0 olj1 -1 0 ~ “40 0 0 0 5 Olfo 1-4 o 0 0 O 0 5}{1 0 -1 85 -25 -5 [Yous] = |-25 83 5 5 -5 105 Formulas General form of power flow equation = P-iQ, = VV Sys- Day Gauss - Seidal power flow yiPower System Analysis 3-81 Power Flow Analysis Real power PK") = Real] v,"“} vi ¥ yy -Yy,Ve"? ist ni] AK) So ytkD) mag Vi LM YG my Reactive power Q<*? = To calculate § value for P-V Bus (V., refers to calculated i" bus voltage) TRY =F" v® 2 Acceleration factor (0) ve 2 vi gapvee yy (Note : «1 value will be given in the problem. Maximum value shall be 1.6) Convergence check Iv) VS) ce for j = 12,....n but #i Iteration process continues until the value of the change in real and reactive power should not exceed 1/1000" of given specified value. The voltage accuracy will be in the region of 1x10~>p.u. To calculate line losses (Py +Q4) +P +jQ) Real power loss = Py +P Siunote = Sy + Reactive power loss = Qi +Qj Pytow) +iQiqtons) = Wily (Vs -Vi)+ ¥i0Vs + Vly (VY, -Vi) ty pV) 1 flows: Computation of S, = Wily I =yi(Vi-V +yioWe and Sy = MAIN) -VOyi ley IMAP Sy = WL Wit ye TYPPower System Analysis 3-82 Nouton Raphson method (N-R mothod) P, = >} [MM ¥all Vilcos(6, +8; -8,) il 2 ul 2 I VAIL Yl Yj sin(By +8, -3,) it Where Jy, Jo, Ja and J, are the] Ja Ja] [48 elements of Jacobian matrix Js Jal ly. and also ealled as power Jacobian Mais mismatch equation. To find J, = = LIVI Y¥gll Yilsin(@, +8, -3)] ji To find J, are] = LIVIN Yyle0s(6y +3, -8,)) j# i To find J, SOE = LIMA Yull iost0y +8,-8)) j#i To find J, av] = CIV Yl sin(@y +3; -8)] fF i pe —p® 2 ap® and QQ =aQ% ket) Ky agtt ak) = aK) yaa) vis) 2 vy aie For 3 bus system having one type each aP, oP, 1 aP 9, 2B; | IVa] aP, aP;! aPy 8, 0s | IVa 8Q> 0, 05; | A/Va) ‘Bus No. 1~ Slack bus’ Bus No.2- PQ bus Bus No.3- PV busPower System Analysis 3-83 Power Flow Analysis For 3 bus system having one type each a, a, AP, %, 8; Vs) ary ay _aPs 8. 53 A Val 9Q2 9Q3 AQ2 3, 0; AVS) For 2 bus system a, _aPy 08, Of V2] 202 202 08, 9 Vai Ad, =[]]* [AP] where [ J Fast decoupled power flow method ” " jen © " i= [ral [o JL ap Mil AP = J,.48 and ar a where nals | n=[ atv a= IV,1By and Jy a8 = -[B) AP and alv| = -[B"}" mM Bus No, 1~ Slack ] Bus No. 2- Generator bus Bus No. 3- Load bus [Bus No. 1 Slack bus [Bus No, 2- Load | Bus No. 1~ Slack Bus No. 2 P- V bus =F IN %allVjLeos(0, +8,-8) “2 IVI Yul Y{lsin(@, +5, -3,) 4Q= J, AlV| Where B’ is the order of n- 1 (1 represents the slack bus) BY is the order of n-1-m (m' represents the number of P-V bus) j ape"? = pst —p® and ag" = Qs" -Q® Calculate 48/"" and av$**” using susceptance matrix.Power System Analysis 3-84 Power Flow Analysis Exercise 1. The system data for a load flow solution are given Table 3.1 amd Table 3.2. Determine the voltages at the end of first iteration by Gauss-Seidel method table a = 1.6 Bus code | Admittance Bus code] P | Q@ V__| Remarks 4-2 248 1 - | - | 1.06 20° | Stack 13 1a 2 0s | 02 - PQ 23 0.66687,/2.664 3 04 [03 - Pa 24 14 4 03 [04 = PQ 38 28 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Line data @ © ® Ie Fig. 3.39 2. The figure shows a three bus system Bus 1 + Slack bus V = 1.05 20° pu Bus 2: PV bus {Vj = 1.0 pu. ;P, = 3 pa Bus 3: PQhus P,=4 pu; Q, =2p.u Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method. Neglect limits on reactive power generation oO i ¢ @ joa 0.3) (0.2 Fig. 3.40Power System Analysis 3-85 Power Flow Analysis 3. The systent shown in Fig. 341 below. Determine the voltages ut the end of first ireration by Gauss-Seidel method. Take a = 1 and bus specification are given in Table 3.3. Bus code P Q v Remarks 1 ~ = 1.06 20 Sack 2 os jorsas

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