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ISSN 1392-3110

Socialiniai tyrimai / Social Research. 2010. Nr. 2 (19), 3746

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Latvian State Institute of Agrarian Economics
Struktoru str. 14, LV-1039 Riga, Latvia
E-mail: ligita@lvaei.lv

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independent hotels offering holidays based on environmentally friendly tourism and organic products,
available in many different regions in Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain and Ireland. Through alliances with local organic farmers and constant developments and improvements in their product ranges,
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