Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Transmission & Distribution Of Electrical

Power
by P. Jain1
Created by
Harpreet Singh
B TECH
Electrical Engineering
Vyas Institute of Engineering & Technology
College Teacher
NA
Cross-Checked by
K. V. P. Pradeep
June 1, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Transmission & Distribution Of Electrical Power
Author: P. Jain
Publisher: Ashirwad Publications, Jaipur
Edition: 1
Year: 2012
ISBN: 978-93-80343-73-0
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Supply System
2 Distribution System
3 Mechanical Features of Overhead Line
15
4 Transmission Line Parameters
27
5 Performance of Short and Medium Transmission Lines
40
6 Performance of Long Transmission Lines
57
7 Corona
79
8 Insulators
85
9 Underground Cables
91
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1
Exa 1.4
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
1.5
2.1
2.2
2.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
Exa 3.13
Exa 3.14
Find the copper saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Calculate volume of conductor required in 1 phase 2 wire
and 3 phase 3 wire system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate DC supply voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the most economical cross sectional area . .
Calculate the most economical current density . . . .
Calculate the most economical current density and diameter of conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
calculate the weight of the conductor required . . . . .
Calculate the max sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the hieght above ground at which conductor
should be supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate horizontal component of tension and max sag
Calculate the max sag in still air and wind pressure . .
Calculate the max sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the vertical sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the minimum clearance of conductor and water
Calculate sag from taller of the two supports . . . . .
find the clearance of conductor from ground . . . . . .
Find stringing tension in the conductor . . . . . . . .
find the clearance of conductor from water level at mid
point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
find the clearance of conductor from ground 1 At its
lowest elevation 2 the min clearance of the line . . . .
Determine Sag and Tension under erection conditions
4
5
5
7
9
10
10
11
12
13
15
16
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
23
24
25
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Exa 4.8
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
5.1
Exa 5.2
Exa 5.3
Exa 5.4
Exa 5.5
Exa 5.6
Exa 5.7
Exa 5.8
Exa 5.9
Find the loop inductance and reactance . . . . . . . .

Find the loop inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate GMR pf ACSR conductor . . . . . . . . . .
Find the total inductance of the line . . . . . . . . . .
Find the loop inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the inductance per phase of 30 km line . . . . . .
Find the inductance of a 3 phase line situated at cornes
of a triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the inductance of a 3 phase line arranged in horizontal plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the loop inductance per phase . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the loop inductance per phase . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the inductance of an ASCR 3 phase line . . . . .
Find inductive reactance of 3 phase bundled conductor
Find the capacitance of 1 phase line . . . . . . . . . .
Find the capacitance of 2 wire 1 phase line . . . . . .
Find the capacitance of 3 phase line . . . . . . . . . .
Find the capacitance of 3 phase 3 wire line . . . . . .
Find the capacitance and charging current . . . . . . .
find capacitive reactance to neutral and charging current
Calculate the capacitance per phase . . . . . . . . . .
Find voltage at sending end and percentage regulation
and transmission efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
voltage at sending end and percentage regulation and
total line losses and transmission efficiency . . . . . . .
find sending end voltage and regulation . . . . . . . .
Find sending end voltage and power factor and efficieny
and regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find load end voltage and efficieny . . . . . . . . . . .
Find current and voltage of sending end and percentage
regulation and line losses and sending end power factor
and transmission efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
regulation and transmission efficiency . . . . . . . . .
regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find current and voltage of sending end . . . . . . . .
27
27
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
40
41
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Exa 5.10
Exa 5.11
Exa 5.12
Exa 5.13
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.14
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Exa 6.10
Exa 6.11
Exa 6.12
Exa 6.13
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.14
6.15
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Exa 7.7
Exa 7.8
Find regulation and charging current using nominal T

method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
find sending end voltage and current and power and
efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find ABCD parameters and sending end voltage and
current and power factor and transmission eficiency . .
find sending end voltage and current and power and
efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine ABCD constant and sending end power factor
Determine auxiliary constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine sending end voltage and current . . . . . .
Determine percentage rise in voltage . . . . . . . . . .
alculate constants of equivalent circuit of line . . . . .
calculate constants of equivalent circuit of line . . . . .
calculate Ao and Bo and Co and Do constants . . . .
calculate equivalent T and pi constants . . . . . . . .
find sending end reactive and active power . . . . . . .
find sending end voltage and regulation and recieving
end rective and synchornous power . . . . . . . . . . .
find sending end voltage and charging current and power
Determine sending end voltage and current and power
factor and MVA and power angle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find sending end voltage and current and power factor
Find characteristics impedance and propogation constant and ABCD constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine recieving end voltage and current . . . . . .
Determine the induced voltage in the telephone line .
Determine line voltage for commencing of corona . . .
Determine whether corona will be there or not . . . .
Determine critical discruptive voltage for line . . . . .
Find spacing between the conductor . . . . . . . . . .
Determine critical discruptive voltage for line . . . . .
Determine critical discruptive voltage for line and corona
loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine critical disruptive voltage and Visual critical
voltage and Corona loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find corona characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
49
51
53
54
57
58
60
61
62
63
65
66
68
69
71
72
74
75
77
79
79
80
81
81
82
82
83
Exa 8.1
Exa 8.2
Exa 8.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.8
8.9
Exa 9.1
Exa 9.2
Exa 9.3
Exa 9.4
Exa 9.5
Exa 9.6
Exa 9.7
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
Exa 9.12
Exa 9.13
Exa 9.14
find voltage distribution across each insulator and string

efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
find max safe working voltage and string efficiency . .
find ratio of ground to mutual capacitance and system
line voltage and string efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . .
find system line voltage and string efficiency . . . . . .
find max safe working voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find the values of line to pin capacitance . . . . . . .
find string efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate voltage on line end unit and capacitance Cx
required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine insulation resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine resistivity of dielectric in a cable . . . . . .
Find max and min electrostatic stresses and capacitance
and charging current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Find max electrostatic stresses and charging kVA . . .
Determine internal diameter of shealth D and diameter
of conductor d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine most economical value of diameter and overall diameter of insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine most economical value of diameter of single
core cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
find safe working voltage of cable . . . . . . . . . . . .
find radial thickness and safe working voltage of cable
find the voltage on the intersheaths . . . . . . . . . . .
find the position and voltage on the intersheaths and
max and min stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the charging current . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the kVA taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calculate the charging current . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
86
86
87
87
88
88
89
91
91
92
93
93
94
94
95
96
96
97
99
99
100
Chapter 1
Supply System
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Find the copper saving

1 // Find t h e c o p p e r s a v i n g
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 // g i v e n
6 v1 =240; // v o l t // i n i t i a l v o l t a g e o f t h e s y s t e m
7 v2 =500; // v o l t // f i n a l v o l t a g e o f t h e s y s t e m
8 printf ( Volume a t 240 v o l t s ( v o l 1 ) = ( 4 P2 d l ) / (%d
9
10
11
12
W) \n , v1 ^2/4) ;
printf ( Volume a t 500 v o l t s ( v o l 2 ) = ( 4 P2 d l ) / (%d
W) \n , v2 ^2/4) ;
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e s a v i n g i n c o p p e r = ( ( v o l 1 v o l 2 )
1 0 0 ) / v o l 1 \n ) ;
s = (((1/ v1 ^2) -(1/ v2 ^2) ) /(1/ v1 ^2) ) *100;
printf ( The p e r c e n t a g e s a v i n g o f t h e c o p p e r i s , %. 2 f
p e r c e n t ,s ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Calculate volume of conductor required in 1 phase 2

wire and 3 phase 3 wire system
8
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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23
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25
26
// C a l c u l a t e volume o f c o n d u c t o r r e q u i r e d i n 1 p h a s e
2 w i r e and 3 p h a s e 3 w i r e s y s t e m
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l u t i o n
// g i v e n
pf =0.8; // power f a c t o r
pMVA =(2.5*10^6) ; // v o l t ampere
v =(33*10^3) ; // v o l t s
l =50*10^3; //m// l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e
p = pMVA * pf ; // w a t t s // power t r a s m i t t e d = power i n MVA
p. f .
w =0.2* p ; // w a t t s // l i n e l o s s e s = 20% o f power
transmitted
d =2.85/10^8; //ohm m e t e r // r e s i s t i v i t y o f aluminium
printf ( 1 p h a s e 2 w i r e s y s t e m \n ) ;
i1 = pMVA / v ;
a1 =(2* i1 ^2* d * l ) / w ;
printf ( Load c u r r e n t i n 1 p h a s e 2 w i r e s y s t e m= %f
ampere \n , i1 ) ;
printf ( C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f 1 p h a s e 2 w i r e
s y s t e m= %f m2\ n , a1 ) ;
vol1 =2* a1 * l ;
printf ( Volume o f aluminium c o n d u c t o r r e q u i r e d i n 1
p h a s e 2 w i r e s y s t e m = %f m e t e r c u b e \n\n , vol1 ) ;
printf ( 3 p h a s e 3 w i r e s y s t e m \n ) ;
i2 = pMVA /(3^0.5* v ) ;
a2 =(3* i2 ^2* d * l ) / w ;
printf ( Load c u r r e n t i n 3 p h a s e 3 w i r e s y s t e m= %f
ampere \n , i2 ) ;
printf ( C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f 3 p h a s e 3 w i r e
s y s t e m= %f m2\ n , a2 ) ;
vol2 =3* a2 * l ;
printf ( Volume o f aluminium c o n d u c t o r r e q u i r e d i n 3
p h a s e 3 w i r e s y s t e m = %f m e t e r c u b e , vol2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 1.5 Calculate DC supply voltage

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27
// f i n d t h e DC s u p p l y v o l t a g e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
// c o n s i d e r 1 p h a s e AC s y s t e m
pf =0.8;
v =(33*10^3) ; // v o l t s
r1 =0.15; //ohm// t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e 1 p h a s e l i n e
PD1 =0.2; // p e r c e n t a g e v o l t a g e d r o p i n 1 p h a s e AC
system
Vd = PD1 * v ; // v o l t // v o l t a g e d r o p i n t h e l i n e
I1 = Vd / r1 ; // ampere // l o a d c u r r e n t
p = v * I1 * pf ; // w a t t s // power r e c i e v e d by t h e c o n s u m e r
P = p /10^8;
printf ( 1 p h a s e AC s y s t e m \n ) ;
printf ( V o l t a g e d r o p= %d v o l t s \n , Vd ) ;
printf ( Load c u r r e n t= %d ampere \n , I1 ) ;
printf ( Power r e c i e v e d by c o n s u m e r= %d w a t t s o r= %f
1 0 5 kW \n\n ,p , P ) ;
// c o n s i d e r DC 2 w i r e s y s t e m
r2 =0.1; //ohm// t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e DC 2 w i r e l i n e
PD2 =0.25; // p e r c e n t a g e v o l t a g e d r o p i n DC 2 w i r e
system
printf ( DC 2 w i r e s y s t e m \n ) ;
printf ( Load c u r r e n t i n DC s y s t e m= %f /V \n ,p ) ;
printf ( V o l t a g e d r o p= Load c u r r e t l i n e r e s i s t a n c e =
I 2 R2= (%d/V) %f \n , p , r2 ) ;
printf ( Given v o l t a g e d r o p i s 25 p e r c e n t a g e o f max
v o l t a g e= . 2 5 V \n ) ;
V = sqrt (( p * r2 ) / PD2 ) ;
printf ( E q u a t i n g a b o v e e q u a t i o n we g e t V= %f KV ,V
10
/1000) ;
11
Chapter 2
Distribution System
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Calculate the most economical cross sectional area
1
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3
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5
6
7
8
9
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13
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15
16
17
// C a l c u l a t e t h e most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
id =0.15; // i n t e r e s t & d e p r e c i a t i o n c h a r g e s
i =260; // ampere //max c u r r e n t
d =0.173; //ohm// r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r
cst =.03; // r s // c o s t o f e n e r g y p e r u n i t
t =(365*24) /2; // t i m e o f e n e r g y l o s s
printf ( Annual c o s t o f 2 c o r e f e e d e r c a b l e i s Rs ( 9 0 a
+10) p e r m e t e r \n ) ;
P3 =(2* i ^2* d * t * cst ) /1000 //kWh// a n n u a l c o s t o f e n e r g y
loss
printf ( Energy l o s s p e r annum= P3/ a= %f / a \n , P3 ) ;
P2 =90*1000* id ; // e n e r g y l o s t p e r annum
printf ( C a p i t a l c o s t= P2 a= %d a \n , P2 ) ;
a = sqrt ( P3 / P2 ) ;
printf ( Economic c r o s s s e c t i o n o f c o n d u c t o r i s =
(
P3/P2 )= %f s q u a r e cm ,a ) ;
12
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Calculate the most economical current density
1
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18
19
// C a l c u l a t e t h e most e c o n o m i c a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =1.78*10^ -8; //ohm m// r e s i s t i v i t y
R =( d *1000) /10^ -4; //ohm// r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r
t =(365*24) ; // t i m e o f e n e r g y l o s s
lf =.7; // l o a d f a c t o r o f l o s s e s
printf ( Annual c o s t o f c a b l e i s Rs ( 2 8 0 0 a +1300) p e r km
\n\n ) ;
printf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r= %f / a \n , R ) ;
P3 =( R * t * cst * lf ) /1000; // I 2 / /kWh// a n n u a l c o s t o f
energy l o s s
printf ( Annual c o s t o f e n e r g y l o s s = P3/ a= ( %f I 2 ) / a
\n , P3 ) ;
P2 =2800* id ; // e n e r g y l o s t p e r annum
printf ( Annual c h a r g e on a c c o u n t o f i n t r e s t and
d e p r e c i a t i o n on v a r i a b l e c o s t o f l i n e = P2 a= %d a
\n , P2 ) ;
J = sqrt ( P2 / P3 ) ; // c u r r e n t d e n s i t y I / a
printf ( Economic c u r r e n t d e n s i t y o f c o n d u c t o r i s %f
A/cm s q u a r e ,J ) ;
Scilab code Exa 2.3 Calculate the most economical current density and
diameter of conductor
13
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24
// C a l c u l a t e t h e most e c o n o m i c a l c u r r e n t d e n s i t y and
diameter of conductor
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =0.173; //ohm// r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r
pf =.8; // l a g g i n g
P =1500*10^3; // Watts // l o a d
V =11000; // v o l t s // s u p p l y v o l t a g e
t =200*8; // h o u r s
printf ( a n n u a l c o s t o f 3 c o r e f e e d e r c a b l e i s Rs
( 8 0 0 0 + 2 0 0 0 0 a ) p e r km\n ) ;
printf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r= %. 3 f / a \n , d )
;
i = P /( sqrt (3) * V * pf ) ; // ampere
printf ( C u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r= %. 3 f A\n , i ) ;
P3 =(3* i ^2* d * t * cst ) /1000; //kWh// a n n u a l c o s t o f e n e r g y
loss
a = sqrt ( P3 / P2 ) ;
(
P3/P2 )= %f s q u a r e cm \n ,a ) ;
printf ( D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r= %. 1 f cm \n , sqrt (4* a
/ %pi ) ) ;
printf ( C u r r e n t d e n s i t y= %f A/cm s q u a r e , i / a ) ;
1
2
// C a l c u l a t e t h e most e c o n o m i c a l c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
clear ;
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7
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25
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
pf =.8; // l a g g i n g
P =10^6; // Watts // l o a d
d =1.75*10^ -6; //ohm cm// s p e c i f i c r e s i s t a n c e
l =1000 //m// l e n g t h o f t h e c a b l e
t =3000; // h o u r s
printf ( Annual c o s t o f 2 c o r e f e e d e r c a b l e i s Rs ( 3 0
+ 500 a ) p e r m e t e r \n ) ;
R =( d *1000*100) ; //ohm// r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r
printf ( R e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r= %f / a \n , R ) ;
i = P /( V * pf ) ; // ampere
printf ( C u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r= %f A\n , i ) ;
P2 =500*10^3* id ; // e n e r g y l o s t p e r annum
P3 =(2* i ^2* R * t * cst ) /1000; //kWh// a n n u a l c o s t o f e n e r g y
loss
a = sqrt ( P3 / P2 ) ;
(
P3/P2 )= %f s q u a r e cm \n ,a ) ;
printf ( D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r= %f cm \n , sqrt (4* a /
%pi ) ) ;
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2 // C a l c u l a t e t h e most e c o n o m i c a l
3 clear ;
4 clc ;
5 // s o l t i o n
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cross s e c t i o n a l area
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// g i v e n
pf =.85; // l a g g i n g
Pm =10^3; // Watts //Max Demand
Pt =5*10^6 //kWh// T o a t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n
t =(365*24) ; // t i m e o f e n e r g y l o s s
printf ( Annual c o s t o f c a b l e i s Rs ( 8 0 0 0 0 a + 2 0 0 0 0 )
p e r km\n ) ;
lf = Pt /( Pm * t ) // Annual l o a d f a c t o r
printf ( Annual l o a d f a c t o r = %f\n , lf ) ;
llf =.25* lf +.75* lf ^2; // L o s s l o a d f a c t o r
printf ( L o s s l o a d f a c t o r = %f\n , llf ) ;
i = Pm *1000/( sqrt (3) * V * pf ) ; // ampere
printf ( C u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r= %. 1 f A\n , i ) ;
printf ( C a p i t a l c o s t= P2 a= %d a l \n , P2 ) ;
R = d *100*1000; //ohm
P3 =(3* i ^2* R * t * cst * llf ) /1000; //kWh// a n n u a l c o s t o f
energy l o s s
printf ( Energy l o s s p e r annum= ( P3 l ) / a= ( %f l ) / a \n
, P3 ) ;
a = sqrt ( P3 / P2 ) ;
(
P3/P2 )= %f s q u a r e cm \n ,a ) ;
//THERE I S TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR IN THE ANS IN BOOK IT
I S 0 . 2 4 0 4 cm2
1 // C a l c u l a t e t h e most e c o n o m i c a l
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
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cross s e c t i o n a l area
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// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
p1 =1500 // k i l o w a t t s
t1 =8 // h o u r s
pf1 =.8 // power f a c t o r
p2 =1000 // k i l o w a t t s
t2 =10 // h o u r s
pf2 =.9 // power f a c t o r
p3 =100 // k i l o w a t t s
t3 =6 // h o u r s
pf3 =1 // power f a c t o r
t =365 // no . o f d a y s
i1 = p1 *1000/( sqrt (3) * V * pf1 ) ; // ampere // c u r r e n t a t t i m e
t1
t2
t3
R = d *100*1000; //ohm
P2 =8000* id ; // L o s s l o a d f a c t o r
printf ( Annual c o s t o f c a b l e i s Rs ( 8 0 0 0 0 a + 2 0 0 0 0 )
p e r km\n ) ;
printf ( C a p i t a l c o s t= P2 a= %d a l \n , P2 ) ;
P3 =(3*(( i1 ^2* t1 ) +( i2 ^2* t2 ) +( i3 ^2* t3 ) ) * R * t * cst ) /1000;
//kWh// a n n u a l c o s t o f e n e r g y l o s s
printf ( Energy l o s s p e r annum= ( P3 l ) / a= ( %f l ) / a \n
, P3 ) ;
a = sqrt ( P3 / P2 ) ;
(
P3/P2 )= %f s q u a r e cm \n ,a ) ;
17
Chapter 3
Mechanical Features of
Overhead Line
Scilab code Exa 3.1 calculate the weight of the conductor required
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// c a l c u l a t e t h e w e i g h t o f t h e c o n d u c t o r r e q u i r e d
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
p =30*10^6; // w a t t s // power t o be t r a n s m i t t e d
v =132*10^3; // v o l t s // L i n e v o l t a g e
l =120*10^3; //m// l e n g t h o f 3 p h a s e 3 w i r e l i n e
n =0.9; // e f f i c i e n y o f t h e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e
pf =.8; // power f a c t o r
d1 =1.78*10^ -8; //ohm m// r e s i s t i v i t y o f c o p p e r
d2 =2.6*10^ -8; //ohm m// r e s i s t i v i t y o f aluminuim
D1 =8.9*10^3; // ( kg /m 3 ) // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f t h e
copper
D2 =2*10^3; // ( kg /m 3 ) // s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f t h e
aluminium
printf ( Weight o f t h e c o n d u c t o r r e q u i r e d \n\n ) ;
printf ( W=(3 d l 2PD) /((1 n ) V2 p f 2 ) kg \n\n\n ) ;
W1 =(3* d1 * l ^2* p * D1 ) /((1 - n ) * v ^2* pf ^2) ;
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printf ( Weight o f c o p p p e r r e q u i r e d= %d kg \n\n , round

( W1 /1000) *1000) ;
19 W2 =(3* d2 * l ^2* p * D2 ) /((1 - n ) * v ^2* pf ^2) ;
20 printf ( Weight o f aluminuim r e q u i r e d= %d kg \n\n\n ,
round ( W2 /100) *100) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.2 Calculate the max sag

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// C a l c u l a t e t h e max s a g
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
W =.6; // kg /m// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w i e g h t
L =300; // m e t e r // s p a n o f t h e l i n e
T =1200; // kg //max a l l o w a b l e t e n s i o n
printf ( Max s a g= (WL 2 ) / ( 8 T) \n ) ;
sag = ( W * L ^2) /(8* T ) ;
printf ( Sag= %. 3 f m , sag ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Calculate the hieght above ground at which conductor should be supported
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// C a l c u l a t e t h e h i e g h t a b o v e g r o u n d a t which
c o n d u c t o r s h o u l d be s u p p o r t e d
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
W =680; // kg /km// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w e i g h t
U =3200; // kg // U l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h
sf =2; // s a f e t y f a c t o r
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T = U / sf ; // kg //max a l l o w a b l e t e n s i o n
gc =8; //m// g r o u n d c l e a r a n c e
w = W /1000; // kg /m// Weight o f c o n d u c t o r i n m e t e r
printf ( Max s a g= (WL 2 ) / ( 8 T) \n ) ;
sag = ( w * L ^2) /(8* T ) ;
printf ( Sag= %. 2 f m\n , sag ) ;
H = gc + sag ;
printf ( H e i g h t a b o v e which c o n d u c t o r s h o u l d be
s u p p o r t e d \n= g r o u n d c l e a r a n c e+ s a g= %. 2 f m ,H ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Calculate horizontal component of tension and max
sag
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// C a l c u l a t e h o r i z o n t a l component o f t e n s i o n and max

sag
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
W =750; // kg /km// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w e i g h t
w = W /1000; // kg /m// Weight o f c o n d u c t o r i n m e t e r
printf ( Max s a g= (WL 2 ) / ( 8 Th ) \n ) ;
x = ( w * L ^2) /(8) ;
printf ( Sag= %. 1 f /Th\n\n ,x ) ;
printf ( Max t e n s i o n= Th + wS\n ) ;
Th =( T + sqrt ( T ^2+4* w * x ) ) /2;
printf ( H o r i z o n t a l component o f t e n s i o n ( Th )= %. 3 f
kg \n , Th ) ;
sag = ( w * L ^2) /(8* Th ) ;
y = sag /2;
z = sqrt ((2* Th * y ) / w ) ;
printf ( P o i n t a t which s a g w i l l be h a l f = %. 3 f m\n ,
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z);
//THERE I S TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR IN BOOK DUE TO THAT
THERE I S A VARIATION
// IN BOOK Th = 3 4 4 8 . 1 9 1 kg
//MAX SAG= 2 . 4 4 6 m
// P o i n t a t which s a g w i l l be h a l f = 1 0 6 . 0 4 5 m
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Calculate the max sag in still air and wind pressure
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// C a l c u l a t e t h e max s a g i n s t i l l a i r and wind

pressure
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
Wc =1.13; // kg /m// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w e i g h t
P =33.7 // kg /m 2 / / Wind p r e s s u r e
fu =4220; // kg // U l t i m a t e s t r e s s
f = fu / sf ; // kg // w o r k i n g s t r e s s
D =1.27; //cm// d i a o f c o p p e r
r =1.25; //cm// R a d i a l t h i c k n e s s o f i c e
a =( %pi * D ^2) /4; //cm 2 / / a r e a o f c r o s s s e c t i o n
printf ( Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n= %3f cm2\ n ,a ) ;
T = f * a ; // kg //max a l l o w a b l e t e n s i o n
printf ( Working t e n s i o n= %. 2 f kg \n ,T ) ;
sag1 = ( Wc * L ^2) /(8* T ) ; // s a g i n s t i l l a i r
printf ( Sag i n s i l l a i r = %. 2 f m\n , sag1 ) ;
Wi =2890.3* r *( D + r ) *10^ -4;
printf ( Weight o f i c e c o a t i n g= %. 2 f k g \n , Wi ) ;
Ww = P *( D +2* r ) *10^ -2;
printf ( Wind f o r c e = %. 5 f k g \n , Ww ) ;
Wr = sqrt (( Wc + Wi ) ^2+ Ww ^2) ;
sag2 = ( Wr * L ^2) /(8* T ) ; // s a g i n wind + i c e
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printf ( Max Sag= %. 3 f m\n , sag2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Calculate the max sag

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// C a l c u l a t e t h e max s a g
clear ;
clc ;
Wc =.85; // kg /m// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w i e g h t
P =39; // kg /m 2 / / Wind p r e s s u r e
D =19.5; //mm// d i a o f c o p p e r
r =13; //cm// R a d i a l t h i c k n e s s o f i c e
Wi =910* %pi * r *( D + r ) *10^ -6;
Ww = P *( D +2* r ) *10^ -3; // Wind f o r c e /m l e n g h t
Wr = sqrt (( Wc + Wi ) ^2+ Ww ^2) ; // r e s u l t a n t s a g
sag = ( Wr * L ^2) /(8* T ) ; // s a g i n wind + i c e
printf ( Max Sag= %. 3 f m\n , sag ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Calculate the vertical sag

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// C a l c u l a t e t h e v e r t i c a l s a g
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
W =1170; // kg /km// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w i e g h t
P =122; // kg /m 2 / / Wind p r e s s u r e
A =1.29; //cm 2 / / c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
U =4218* A ; // kg // B r e a k i n g s t r e n g t h
22
Wc = W /1000; // kg /m// Weight o f c o n d u c t o r i n m e t e r
D = sqrt ((4* A ) / %pi ) ; //cm// d i a m e t e r o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
printf ( D i a m e t e r o f t h e c o n d u c t o r= %. 2 f cm\n ,D ) ;
Ww = P *( D ) *10^ -2; // Wind f o r c e /m l e n g h t
Wr = sqrt ( Wc ^2+ Ww ^2) ; // r e s u l t a n t w e i g h t
printf ( R e s u l t a n t s a g= %. 2 f k g \n , Wr ) ;
sag = ( Wr * L ^2) /(8* T ) ; //m// S l a n t s a g
printf ( S l a n t Sag= %. 2 f m\n , sag ) ;
Th = atand ( Ww / Wc ) ; // d e g r e e // a n g l e b e t w e e n s l a n t s a g
and v e r t i c a l s a g
23 Vsag = sag * cosd ( Th ) ; //m// V e r t i c a l s a g
24 printf ( V e r t i c a l s a g= %. 3 fm , Vsag ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 3.8 Calculate the minimum clearance of conductor and
water
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// C a l c u l a t e t h e minimum c l e a r a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r and
water
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
W =1.5; // kg /m// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w i e g h t
T1 =30; //m// h e i g h t o f t h e t o w e r 1
h = T2 - T1 ; //m// d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e b e t w e e n s u p p o r t
printf ( D i s t a n c e o f s u p p o r t T1 from O( Lowest p o i n t )
be x1 \n ) ;
printf ( D i s t a n c e o f s u p p o r t T2 from O( Lowest p o i n t )
be x2 \n ) ;
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printf ( x1+x2= %dm\n ,L ) ;

dif =(( h *2* T ) /( W * L ) ) ; // x2x1
printf ( x2x1= %dm\n , dif ) ;
x2 =( L + dif ) /2; //m
x1 =L - x2 ; //m
printf ( x1= %dm, x2= %dm\n ,x1 , x2 ) ;
sag = (( W * x1 ^2) /(2* T ) ) ; //m
printf ( Sag ( From t o w e r 1 )= %d m\n , round ( sag ) ) ;
C = T1 - sag ; // C l e a r a n c e
printf ( C l e a r a n c e o f t h e l o w e s t p o i n t from w a t e r
l e v e l = %dm\n ,C ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Calculate sag from taller of the two supports
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// C a l c u l a t e s a g from t a l l e r o f t h e two s u p p o r t s
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
Wc =1.925; // kg /m// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w i e g h t
h =15 //m//T1T2
Wi =1 // kg // Wieght o f t h e i c e
Wr = Wi + Wc ; // r e s u l t a n t w e i g h t
A =2.2 //cm2
U =8000* A ; // kg // B r e a k i n g s t r e n g t h
printf ( x1+x2= %dm\n ,L ) ;
dif =(( h *2* T ) /( Wr * L ) ) ; // x2x1
x2 =( L + dif ) /2; //m
x1 =L - x2 ; //m
printf ( x1= %dm, x2= %dm\n , round ( x1 ) , round ( x2 ) ) ;
sag = (( Wr *( round ( x2 ) ) ^2) /(2* T ) ) ; //m
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printf ( Sag ( from t a l l e r o f t h e two s u p p o r t s )= %. 3 f m

\n , sag ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.10 find the clearance of conductor from ground
// f i n d t h e c l e a r a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r from g r o u n d
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
W =1; // kg /m// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w i e g h t
T1 =22 -2; //m// e f f e c t i v e h e i g h t o f t h e t o w e r s
g =1/20; // s i n
// g r a d i e n t
h = L * g //m// v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two t o w e r s
printf ( x1+ x 2
%dm\n ,L ) ;
dif =(( h *2* T ) /( W * L ) ) ; // x2x1
x2 =( L + dif ) /2; //m
x1 =L - x2 ; //m
printf ( x1= %dm, x2= %dm\n , round ( x1 ) , round ( x2 ) ) ;
sag = (( W * x2 ^2) /(2* T ) ) ; //m
T2 = T1 + h ; //m// h i e g h t o f t h e s e c o n d t o w e r
gf = x1 * tand ( asind (1/20) ) ; //m// e l e v a t i o n o f t h e
g r o u n d a t max s a g
22 OG = T2 - sag - gf ; //m// g r o u n d c l e a r a n c e
23 printf ( C l e a r a n c e o f t h e l o w e s t p o i n t O from g r o u n d
i s %. 2 fm , OG ) ;
24 //SINCE THERE I S NO REFRENCE OF WATERLEVEL IN THE
QUESTION THEREFORE THE EXTRA SOLUTION I S AN
TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR
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Scilab code Exa 3.11 Find stringing tension in the conductor

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// Find s t r i n g i n g t e n s i o n i n t h e c o n d u c t o r
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
W =0.7; // kg /m// L i n e c o n d u c t o r w i e g h t
Tm =45; //m// h i e g h t o f midway b e t w e e n t h e t o w e r s
hm = Tm - T1 ; //m// midway p o i n t b e t w e e n t h e two t o w e r s
Lm = L /2; //m// h a l f o f t h e s p a n
printf ( We know t h a t \ nh=(WL ( L2x ) ) / ( 2 T) \n ) ;
printf ( For t h e two t o w e r s \n%d=(%. 1 f %d(%d2x ) ) / ( 2
T) \n ,h ,W ,L , L ) ;
printf ( For t h e mid p o i n t \n%d=(%. 1 f %d(%d2x ) ) / ( 2
T) \n ,hm ,W , Lm , Lm ) ;
x = -(2* L ) +(2.5* Lm ) ;
printf ( By a b o v e e q u a t i o n x= %d m\n ,x ) ;
T =( W * L *( L -2* x ) ) /(2* h ) ;
printf ( S t r i n g i n g T e n s i o n (T)=%. 2 f kg ,T )
Scilab code Exa 3.12 find the clearance of conductor from water level at
mid point
// f i n d t h e c l e a r a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r from w a t e r l e v e l
a t mid p o i n t
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
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// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
x = L /2 -( T * h ) /( W * L ) ;
printf ( D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n m i d p o i n t and l o w e s t p o i n t=
%. 2 fm\n ,( L /2) -x ) ;
Smid =( W *( L /2 - x ) ^2) /(2* T ) ;
printf ( H e i g h t b e t w e e n m i d p o i n t and l o w e s t p o i n t= %
. 3 fm\n , Smid ) ;
S2 =( W *( L - x ) ^2) /(2* T ) ;
printf ( H e i g h t b e t w e e n t a l l e r t o w e r and l o w e s t p o i n t
= %. 3 fm\n , S2 ) ;
C = T2 -( S2 - Smid ) ;
printf ( C l e a r a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r from w a t e r l e v e l a t
mid p o i n t= %. 3 fm ,C )
Scilab code Exa 3.13 find the clearance of conductor from ground 1 At
its lowest elevation 2 the min clearance of the line
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// f i n d t h e c l e a r a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r from g r o u n d i ) At
i t s l o w e s t e l e v a t i o n i i ) t h e min c l e a r a n c e o f t h e
line
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
T1 =30; //m// h e i g h t o f t h e t o w e r s
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g =1/20; // t a n
// g r o u n d s l o p e
h = L * g //m// v e r t i c a l d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two t o w e r s
T2 = T1 + h ; //m// h e i g h t o f t h e t o w e r a l o n g t h e s l o p e
x1 = L /2 -( T * h ) /( W * L ) ;
printf ( D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t o w e r on g r o u n d and s a g=x1=
%. 2 fm\n , x1 ) ;
S1 =( W * x1 ^2) /(2* T ) ;
printf ( Sag f o r t o w e r on g r o u n d ( S1 )= %. 5 fm\n , S1 ) ;
S2 =( W *( L - x1 ) ^2) /(2* T ) ;
printf ( Sag f o r t o w e r on h i l l ( S2 )= %. 5 fm\n , S2 ) ;
C = T1 - S1 - x1 * g ;
printf ( C l e a r a n c e o f c o n d u c t o r from l o w e s t e l e v a t i o n
= %. 5 fm\n ,C ) ;
x = poly (0 , x ) ;
C1 = poly ([ C -g W /(2* T ) ] , x , c ) ;
d = derivat ( C1 ) ;
xa = roots ( d ) ;
Ca =C - g * xa + W /(2* T ) * xa ^2;
printf ( Minimum c l e a r a n c e from g r o u n d= %dm , Ca ) ;
Scilab code Exa 3.14 Determine Sag and Tension under erection conditions
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// D e t e r m i n e Sag & T e n s i o n u n d e r e r e c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
a =2.40*10^ -4 //m 2 / / a r e a
D =19.5 //mm// d i a m e t e r
P =38.5; // kg /m 2 / / Wind p r e s s u r e
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T1 = U / sf ; // kg //max a l l o w a b l e t e n s i o n
E =9320*10^6; // kg /m 2 / / Young s Modulus
alp =18.44*10^ -6; // 1/ C // L i n e a r e x p a n s i o n
t1 =5 // C // t e m p e r a t u r e u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n
t2 =35 // C // t e m p e r a t u r e u n d e r w o r s t c o n d i t i o n
dt = t2 - t1 ; // C // d i f f e r e n c e i n t e m p e r a t u r e
f1 = T1 / a ;
Ww = P *( D ) *10^ -3; // w e i g h t due t o wind
Wr = sqrt ( W ^2+ Ww ^2) ; // r e s u l t a n t w e i g h t
C1 = W ^2* L ^2* E /(24* a ^2) ;
C2 = - f1 + Wr ^2* L ^2* E /(24* f1 ^2* a ^2) + dt * alp * E ;
p = poly ([ - C1 0 C2 1] , f 2 , c ) ;
r = roots ( p ) ;
f2 = 11951292; // a c c e p t e d v a l u e o f f 2
sag =( W * L ^2) /(8* f2 * a ) ;
printf ( Sag a t e r e c t i o n = %. 3 fm , sag ) ;
// The book h a s u s e d i n c o r r e c t v a l u e o f f 2 and i n i t
t h e s a g i s 2 . 1 2 1m
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Chapter 4
Transmission Line Parameters
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Find the loop inductance and reactance
// Find t h e l o o p i n d u c t a n c e and r e a c t a n c e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =(1.213*10^ -2) /2; //m// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
d =1.25; //m// s p a c i n g
f =50; // Hz // f r e q
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
L =4*10^ -7* log ( d / re ) ;
Lkm = L *1000;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e p e r km( L )=%. 2 f 10 4 H/Km\n , Lkm
*10^4) ;
13 X =2* %pi * f * Lkm ;
14 printf ( R e a c t a n c e (X)= %. 1 f ohm/km ,X ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 4.2 Find the loop inductance
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// Find t h e l o o p i n d u c t a n c e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =(1*10^ -2) /2; //m// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
d =2; //m// s p a c i n g
u =50 // r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f s t e e l and c o p p e r
L =(1+4* log ( d / r ) ) *10^ -7*1000;
LmH = L *1000;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e p e r km( L ) c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r=%. 3 f
mH\n , LmH ) ;
12 Lr =( u +4* log ( d / r ) ) *10^ -7*1000;
13 printf ( I n d u c t a n c e p e r km( L ) s t e e l c o n d u c t o r=%. 3 f mH
\n , Lr *1000) ;
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Scilab code Exa 4.3 Calculate GMR pf ACSR conductor

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// C a l c u l a t e GMR p f ACSR c o n d u c t o r
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =3; //mm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d11 = re ;
d12 =2* r //=d17=d16 ;
d14 =4* r ;
d13 = sqrt ( d14 ^2 - d12 ^2) ; //=d15
Ds1 =( d11 * d12 * d13 * d14 * d13 * d12 * d12 ) ;
Ds1_ = Ds1 /( r ^7) ;
printf ( Ds1= ( %f ) ( 1 / 7 ) r \n , Ds1_ ) ;
d71 =2* r ; //=d72=d73=d74=d75=d76
Ds7 =( d71 ^6* re ) ;
Ds7_ = Ds7 /( r ^7) ;
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18 printf ( Ds7= ( %f ) ( 1 / 7 ) r \n , Ds7_ ) ;

19 Ds =( Ds1 ^6* Ds7 ) ^(1/49) ;
20 printf ( GMR= %. 4 fmm , Ds ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Find the total inductance of the line
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// Find t h e t o t a l i n d u c t a n c e o f t h e l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =1.4; //cm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d12 =20; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 1&2
d11_ =20+120; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 1&1
d12_ =20+120+20; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 1&2
d21_ =120; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 2&1
d22_ =20+120; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 2&2
Dm =( d11_ * d12_ * d21_ * d22_ ) ^(1/4) ;
printf ( Mutual GMD= %. 2 fcm \n , Dm ) ;
Ds = floor (( re * d12 * re * d12 ) ^(1/4) *100) /100;
printf ( S e l f GMD= %. 2 fcm \n , Ds ) ;
L =0.4* log ( Dm / Ds ) ;
printf ( Loop I n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e = %. 5 f mH/km ,L ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Find the loop inductance

1 // Find t h e l o o p i n d u c t a n c e
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 // g i v e n
6 r =1/2; //cm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
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re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d12 =200; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 1&2
d11_ =300; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 1&1
d12_ = sqrt ((300) ^2+(200) ^2) ; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 1&2
d21_ = d12_ ; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 2&1
d22_ =300; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w 2&2
Dm =( d11_ * d12_ * d21_ * d22_ ) ^(1/4) ;
printf ( Mutual GMD= %. 3 fcm \n , Dm ) ;
Ds =( re * d12 * re * d12 ) ^(1/4) ;
printf ( S e l f GMD= %. 3 fcm \n , Ds ) ;
L =0.4* log ( Dm / Ds ) ;
printf ( Loop I n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e = %. 3 fmH/km\n ,L ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Find the inductance per phase of 30 km line
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// Find t h e i n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e o f 30 km l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =(15) /2; //mm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d =1.5*1000; //mm// s p a c i n g
L =0.2* log ( d / re ) ;
printf ( Loop I n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e = %. 2 f mH/km\n ,L ) ;
Ll = L *30/1000;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e o f 30 km l o n g l i n e = %. 4
f H , Ll ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Find the inductance of a 3 phase line situated at
cornes of a triangle
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// Find t h e i n d u c t a n c e o f a 3 p h a s e l i n e ( t r i a n g l e )
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clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =1; //cm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d1 =600; //cm// s p a c i n g o f t h e t r i a n g u l a r s h a p e d s y s t e m
L =0.2* log ((( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3) ) / re ) ;
printf ( Loop I n d u c t a n c e o f l i n e = %. 4 f mH/km\n ,L ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Find the inductance of a 3 phase line arranged in
horizontal plane
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// Find t h e i n d u c t a n c e o f a 3 p h a s e l i n e ( p l a n e )
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d =300; //cm// s p a c i n g b /w c o n d u c t o r s
C1 =0.2*[ log ( d / re ) +0.5* log (2) ];
C2 =0.2*(( sqrt (3) ) /2) * log (2) ;
La = complex ( C1 , - C2 ) ;
Lb =0.2* log ( d / re ) ;
Lc = complex ( C1 , C2 ) ;
printf ( La= (%. 2 f %. 2 f j )mH\n , real ( La ) , imag ( La ) ) ;
printf ( Lb= %. 4 fmH\n , Lb ) ;
printf ( Lc= (%. 2 f +%. 2 f j )mH\n , real ( Lc ) , imag ( Lc ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Find the loop inductance per phase
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// Find t h e l o o p i n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d =3500; //mm// s p a c i n g
L =2*10^( -7) * log ( d / re ) ;
L_ = L *10^6;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e p e r km( L )=%. 4 f 10 6 H\n , L_ ) ;
printf ( Lav =210 7{ l o g ( dp / r ) +1/3 l o g ( 2 ) }\ n ) ;
printf ( Lav= L\n ) ;
Z =( L /(2*10^ -7) -1/3* log (2) ) ;
dp = re * exp ( Z ) ;
dp_ = dp /1000;
printf ( A f t e r s o v i n g a b o v e e q u a t i o n \n ) ;
printf ( S p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r s i n t h e p l a n e (
dp )= %. 3 fm , dp_ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Find the loop inductance per phase
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// Find t h e l o o p i n d u c t a n c e p e r p h a s e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d =7000; //mm// s p a c i n g
L =0.1* log (( sqrt (3) ) * d /(2* re ) ) ;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e p e r km( L )=%. 4 f mH\n ,L ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 4.11 Find the inductance of an ASCR 3 phase line
// Find t h e i n d u c t a n c e o f an ASCR 3 p h a s e l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =5/2; //mm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
re = r *2.177*10^ -3; //m
dx =6; //m// s p a c i n g i n X d i r e c t i o n
dy =8; //m// s p a c i n g i n Y d i r e c t i o n
daa_ = sqrt ( dx ^2+(2* dy ) ^2) ;
dbb_ =6;
dcc_ = daa_ ;
dab =8;
dab_ = sqrt ( dx ^2+ dy ^2) ;
dbc =8;
dbc_ = sqrt ( dx ^2+ dy ^2) ;
dca_ =6;
dca =16;
Dsa = sqrt ( re * daa_ ) ;
Dsb = sqrt ( re * dbb_ ) ;
Dsc = sqrt ( re * dcc_ ) ;
Ds =( Dsa * Dsb * Dsc ) ^(1/3) ;
printf ( S e l f GMD o r GMR, Ds= %. 4 fm\n , Ds ) ;
Dab = sqrt ( dab * dab_ ) ;
Dbc = sqrt ( dbc * dbc_ ) ;
Dca = sqrt ( dca * dca_ ) ;
Dm =( Dab * Dbc * Dca ) ^(1/3) ;
printf ( GMD, Dm= %. 2 fm\n , Dm ) ;
L =0.2* log ( Dm / Ds ) ;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e o f 100 km l i n e ( L )=%. 4 f H\n ,L
*0.1) ;
31 L_ =0.1* log ((2^(1/3) ) *( dy / re ) *(( dx ^2+ dy ^2) /(4* dy ^2+ dx
^2) ) ^(1/3) ) ;
32 printf ( I n d u c t a n c e ( By a n o t h e r method ) p e r p h a s e p e r
km( L )=%. 4 f H\n , L_ *.1) ;
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Scilab code Exa 4.12 Find inductive reactance of 3 phase bundled conductor
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// Find i n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e o f 3 p h a s e b u n d l e d
conductor
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =1.75*10^ -2; //m// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
d =7; // s p a c i n g
S =0.4; // s p a c i n g b e t w e e n s u b c o n d u c t o r s
Ds = sqrt ( re * S ) ; //GMR
dab =7;
dab_ =7.4;
da_b =6.6;
da_b_ =7;
Dab =( dab * dab_ * da_b * da_b_ ) ^.25;
Dbc = Dab ;
dca =14;
dca_ =13.6;
dc_a =14.4;
dc_a_ =14;
Dca =( dca * dca_ * dc_a * dc_a_ ) ^.25;
Dm =( Dab * Dca * Dbc ) ^(1/3) ; //GMD
L =0.2* log ( Dm / Ds ) ;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e ( L )=%. 4 f mH/km\n ,L ) ;
Xl =2* %pi *50* L *10^ -3;
printf ( I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e= %. 1 f
/km\n , Xl ) ;
r1 = sqrt (2*(( r *10^2) ^2) ) ;
re1 = r1 * exp ( -1/4) ;
Dab1 =7;
Dbc1 =7;
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32 Dm1 =( Dab1 * Dbc1 * Dca1 ) ^(1/3) ; //GMD o f
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s i n g l e conductor
line
L1 =0.2* log ( Dm1 /( re1 *10^ -2) ) ;
printf ( I n d u c t a n c e ( L )=%. 3 f mH/km\n , L1 ) ;
Xl1 =2* %pi *50* L1 *10^ -3;
printf ( I n d u c t i v e r e a c t a n c e= %. 3 f
/km , Xl1 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Find the capacitance of 1 phase line

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// Find t h e c a p a c i t a n c e o f 1 p h a s e l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =15/2; //mm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
d =1500; //mm// s p a c i n g
L =30000; //m// l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e
Eo =8.85*10^ -12 // p e r m i t i v i t y o f t h e a i r
C = %pi * Eo * L /( log ( d / r ) ) ;
C_ = C *10^6;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f 30km l i n e = %f
F , C_ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.14 Find the capacitance of 2 wire 1 phase line
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// Find t h e c a p a c i t a n c e o f 2 w i r e 1 p h a s e l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =0.25; //cm// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
d =150; //cm// s p a c i n g
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h =700 //cm// h e i g h t o f c o n d u c t o r a b o v e e a r t h
C = %pi * Eo * L /( log (120/( sqrt (1+( d ^2/(2* h ) ^2) ) * r ) ) ) ;
C_ = C *10^6;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f 50km l i n e = %. 3 f F , C_ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.15 Find the capacitance of 3 phase line

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// Find t h e c a p a c i t a n c e o f 3 p h a s e l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =250; //cm// s p a c i n g
C =2* %pi * Eo * L /( log ( d / r ) ) ;
C_ = C *10^6;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f 100km l i n e = %. 4 f F , C_ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.16 Find the capacitance of 3 phase 3 wire line
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// Find t h e c a p a c i t a n c e o f 3 p h a s e 3 w i r e l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =0.01; //m// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
d1 =3.5; //m// s p a c i n g
d2 =5; //m// s p a c i n g
d3 =8; //m// s p a c i n g
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de =( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3)
C =2* %pi * Eo * L /( log ( de / r ) ) ;
C_ = C *10^6;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f l i n e = %. 4 f
F , C_ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.17 Find the capacitance and charging current
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// Find t h e c a p a c i t a n c e and c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
f =50; // f r e q u e n c y
Vph =220*1000/ sqrt (3) ; // p h a s e v o l t a g e
r =0.01; //m// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
d1 =3; //m// s p a c i n g
d2 =3; //m// s p a c i n g
d3 =6; //m// s p a c i n g
de =( d1 * d2 * d3 ) ^(1/3)
C =2* %pi * Eo * L /( log ( de / r ) ) ;
C_ = C *10^9;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f l i n e = %. 4 f 10 12F\n , C_ ) ;
Ic =2* %pi * f * C * Vph ;
printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e i s = %. 3 fmA , Ic ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.18 find capacitive reactance to neutral and charging
current
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// f i n d c a p a c i t i v e r e a c t a n c e t o n e u t r a l and c h a r g i n g
current
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clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =1.25*10^ -2; //m// r a d i u s o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
f =50 // f r e q u e n c y
drr_ = sqrt (7^2+(4+4) ^2) ;
dbb_ = drr_ ;
dyy_ =9;
Dsr = sqrt ( r * drr_ ) ;
Dsy = sqrt ( r * dyy_ ) ;
Dsb = sqrt ( r * dbb_ ) ;
Ds =( Dsr * Dsy * Dsb ) ^(1/3) ;
dry = sqrt (4^2+(4.5 -3.5) ^2) ;
dry_ = sqrt ((9 -1) ^2+4^2) ;
Dry = sqrt ( dry * dry_ ) ;
Dyb = Dry ;
Dbr = sqrt (8*7) ;
Dm =( Dyb * Dbr * Dry ) ^(1/3) ;
C =2* %pi * Eo /( log ( Dm / Ds ) ) ;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e= %. 2 f 10 9 F/km\n ,C
*10^12) ;
Cr =1/(2* %pi * f * C *1000) ;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e= %. 2 f k \n , Cr /1000) ;
Ic =(2* %pi * f * C *1000) * Vph ;
printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t= %. 4 f A/km , Ic ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.19 Calculate the capacitance per phase

1 // C a l c u l a t e t h e c a p a c i t a n c e p e r p h a s e
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
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// g i v e n
d1 =8; //m// d i s t a n c e s
d2 =6; //m
r =3*2.5*10^ -3; //m// r a d i u s o f c o n d u c t o r i n m
C =4* %pi * Eo / log ((2^(1/3) ) *( d1 / r ) *(( d2 ^2+ d1 ^2) /(4* d1
^2+ d2 ^2) ) ^(1/3) ) ;
12 C_ = C *100*1000;
13 printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f 100 km l i n e = %. 3 f f , C_
*10^6) ;
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42
Chapter 5
Performance of Short and
Medium Transmission Lines
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Find voltage at sending end and percentage regulation and transmission efficiency
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// Find v o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end , p e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n
and t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
P =3300; //kW// power
Vr =33000; //kV// r e c i e v i n g v o l t a g e
pf =0.8; // peak f a c t o r
R =2; //ohm// r e s i s t a n c e
X =3; //ohm// l o o p r e a c t a n c e
I = P *1000/( Vr * pf ) ;
Vs = sqrt (( Vr * pf + I * R ) ^2+(( Vr * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) + I * X ) ^2) ;
printf ( V o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end ( Vs )= %. 3 fV \n , Vs ) ;
Pr =(( Vs - Vr ) *100) / Vr ;
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n= %f p e r c e n t \n , Pr ) ;
Ll = I * I * R /1000; // l i n e l o s s e s
nt = P *100/( P + Ll ) ;
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18
printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y = %. 2 f p e r c e n t , nt )
Scilab code Exa 5.2 voltage at sending end and percentage regulation and
total line losses and transmission efficiency
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// v o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end , p e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n ,
t o t a l l i n e l o s s e s and t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
P =5000; //kW// power
V =22000; //kV// r e c i e v i n g v o l t a g e
R =4; //ohm// r e s i s t a n c e
X =6; //ohm// l o o p r e a c t a n c e
Vr = V / sqrt (3) ;
I = P *1000/(3* round ( Vr ) * pf ) ;
Vs = round ( Vr ) +( I * R * pf ) +( I * X * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ;
Vsl = sqrt (3) * Vs ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e= %. 3 fkV \n , Vsl
/1000)
Pr =(( Vsl - V ) *100) / V ;
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n= %. 2 f p e r c e n t \n , Pr ) ;
Ll =3*( round ( I ) ) ^2* R /1000; // l i n e l o s s e s
printf ( T o t a l L i n e L o s s e s= %. 3 fkW\n , Ll ) ;
nt = P *100/( P + Ll ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.3 find sending end voltage and regulation
1
2
// f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and r e g u l a t i o n
clear ;
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clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
P =5000; //kW// power
V =11000; //kV// r e c i e v i n g v o l t a g e
L =1.1*10^ -3 //H p e r km p e r p h a s e // L i n e i n d u c t a n c e
Ll =0.12* P *1000;
Vr = V / sqrt (3) ;
I = P *1000/(3* round ( Vr ) * pf ) ;
R = Ll /(3* I ^2) ;
X =5.1836;
Vs = round ( Vr ) +( round ( I ) * R * pf ) +( I * X * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ;
printf ( L i n e v o l t a g e a t s e n d i n g end= %. 3 f kV\n , Vsl
/1000) ;
18 Pr =(( Vsl - V ) *100) / V ;
19 printf ( P e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n= %. 3 f p e r c e n t \n , Pr ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Find sending end voltage and power factor and efficieny and regulation
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// Find s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e , power f a c t o r , e f f i c i e n y

and r e g u l a t i o n
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
S =12000; //kVA// power s u p p l i e d
del =1.73*10^ -6;
d =140 //cm// d i s t a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r
l =50*10^3;
Vrl =33000; //V// r e c i e v i n g end v o l t a g e
I = S *1000/( sqrt (3) * Vrl ) ;
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Ll =0.15* S *1000* pf ;
R = Ll /(3* I * I ) ;
a = del * l *100/( R ) ;
r = sqrt ( a / %pi ) ;
re = r * exp ( -1/4) ;
L =0.2*50*(10^ -3) * log ( d / re ) ;
X =2* %pi *50* L ;
X_ = floor ( X *100) /100;
Vs = Vrl / sqrt (3) +( I * R * pf ) +( I * X_ * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e= %. 4 fkV \n , Vsl
/1000)
spf =( Vrl * pf / sqrt (3) + I * R ) / Vs ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r = %. 3 f l a g g i n g \n ,
spf ) ;
nt = S * pf *100/( S * pf +( Ll /1000) ) ;
printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y = %. 3 f p e r c e n t \n , nt )
Pr =(( Vsl - Vrl ) *100) / Vrl ;
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Find load end voltage and efficieny
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// Find l o a d end v o l t a g e and e f f i c i e n y

clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
P =3000 //kW// o u t p u t
Vsl =11000 // v o l t s
pf =0.8 // l a g g i n g // power f a c t o r
R =3*0.4; //ohm// r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r
X =3*0.8; //ohm// r e a c t a n c e o f e a c h c o n d u c t o r
Vs = Vsl / sqrt (3) ;
Z =( R * pf + X * sind ( acosd ( pf ) ) ) ;
Vs_ = round ( Vs ) ;
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printf ( Vr=%d %. 1 f I \n ,Vs_ , Z ) ;

I_ = P *1000/(3* pf )
Vr = poly (0 , Vr ) ;
printf ( I=%. 0 f / Vr\n , I_ ) ;
A =2.4* I_ - Vs_ * Vr + Vr ^2
answ = roots ( A ) ;
Vr =5837.041;
Vrl = sqrt (3) * Vr ;
printf ( L i n e v o l t a g e a t t h e end ( V r l )= %d V\n , Vrl ) ;
I = I_ / Vr ;
Ll =3* I * I * R ;
nt = P *1000*100/( P *1000+ Ll ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Find current and voltage of sending end and percentage regulation and line losses and sending end power factor and transmission
efficiency
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15
// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end ,

p e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n , l i n e l o s s e s , s e n d i n g end
power f a c t o r and t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
R =0.6125*100; //ohm// t o t a l r e s i s t a n c e
X =1*100; //ohm// r e a c t a n c e
Y =17.5*10^ -4; // S // t o t a l s u s e c p t a n c e
Vr =66*1000; //V
P =20*10^6; // w a t t s
Ir =( P /( Vr * pf ) ) * complex ( pf , -0.6) ;
Ic = complex (0 , Y * Vr ) ;
Is = Ir + Ic ;
theta1 = atand (( imag ( Is ) / real ( Is ) ) ) ;
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printf ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %. 2 f % . 3 f A \n , abs (

Is ) , theta1 ) ;
Vs = Vr + Is *( complex (R , X ) ) ;
theta2 = atand (( imag ( Vs ) / real ( Vs ) ) ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 3 f % . 2 f V o l t s \n ,
abs ( Vs ) , theta2 ) ;
phi = theta2 - theta1 ;
printf ( s e n d i n g end power f a c t o r = %. 3 f ( l a g ) \n , cosd (
phi ) ) ;
Pr =(( abs ( Vs ) - Vr ) *100) / Vr ;
Ll =( abs ( Is ) ) ^2* R /1000; // l i n e l o s s e s
printf ( T o t a l L i n e L o s s e s= %. 3 fkW\n , Ll ) ;
nt = P *100/( P + Ll *1000) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.7 Find current and voltage of sending end and percentage regulation and transmission efficiency
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// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end and

p e r c e n t a g e r e g u l a t i o n and t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
X =0.5*150; //ohm// r e a c t a n c e
Y =150*3*10^ -6; // S // t o t a l s u s e c p t a n c e
Vrl =132*1000; //V
P =40*10^6; //MVA
Vr = Vrl / sqrt (3) ;
Ir_ =( P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl ) ) ;
Ir = Ir_ * complex ( pf , -0.6) ;
Z = complex (R , X ) ; //ohm// Load i m p e d a n c e
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16 V_ = Vr + Ir *( Z /2) ;
17 Ic = V_ *( %i ) * Y ;
18 Is = Ir + Ic ;
19 theta1 = atand (( imag ( Is ) / real ( Is ) ) ) ;
20 printf ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %. 3 f % . 2 f
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28
29
A\n , abs (
Is ) , theta1 ) ;
Vs = V_ + Is *( Z /2) ;
Vls = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs ) /1000;
printf ( S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e= %. 2 fkV \n , Vls ) ;
Pr =(( abs ( Vs ) - Vr ) *100) / Vr ;
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n= %. 1 f p e r c e n t \
n , Pr ) ;
phi = theta2 - theta1 ;
nt =( Vrl * Ir_ * pf *100) /( Vls *1000* abs ( Is ) * cosd ( phi ) ) ;
printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y = %. 2 f p e r c e n t , nt ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.8 Find current and voltage of sending end and percentage regulation
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// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end and

percentage regulation
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
X =0.49*200; //ohm// r e a c t a n c e
Y =8*10^ -4; // S // t o t a l s u s e c p t a n c e
Vrl =132*1000; //V
P =50*10^6; //MVA
Vr = round ( Vrl / sqrt (3) ) ;
Ir_ =( P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl ) ) ;
Ir = Ir_ * complex ( pf , -0.6) ;
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Icr =0.5*( %i * Y ) * Vr ;
Il = Ir + Icr ;
Z = complex (R , X ) ; //ohm// Load i m p e d a n c e
Vs = Vr + Il *( Z ) ;
theta = atand (( imag ( Vs ) / real ( Vs ) ) ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 3 f % . 3 f \n , abs ( Vs
) , theta ) ;
Vls = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs ) /1000;
printf ( S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e= %. 2 fkV \n , Vls ) ;
M =1+0.5*( %i * Y ) * Z ; //THE BOOK HAS USED 0 . 9 9 6 2 BUT IT
IS 0.962
Vrlo = Vls / abs ( M ) ;
Pr =(( Vrlo *1000 - Vrl ) *100) / Vrl ;
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n= %. 1 f p e r c e n t \
n , Pr ) ;
//THE ANS OF THE REGULATION I S 2 1 . 4% BECAUSE OF
TYPOLOGICAL ERROR
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Find current and voltage of sending end
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// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end

clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
X =0.5*150; //ohm// r e a c t a n c e
Y =3*150*10^ -6; // S // t o t a l s u s e c p t a n c e
Vrl =110*1000; //V
P =50*10^6; //M w a t t s
Vr = floor ( Vrl / sqrt (3) ) ;
Ir_ =( P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl * pf ) ) ;
Ir = Ir_ * complex ( pf , -0.6) ;
Ic1 = Vr *( %i * Y /2) ;
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Il = Ir + Ic1 ;
Z = complex (R , X ) ;
Vs = Vr + Il * Z ;
theta = atand (( imag ( Vs ) / real ( Vs ) ) ) ;
Vls = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs ) /1000;
printf ( S e n d i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e= %. 2 f kV\n , Vls ) ;
Ic2 = Vs *( %i * Y /2) ;
Is = Il + Ic2 ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t ( I s )= %. 1 f A , abs ( Is ) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Find regulation and charging current using nominal
T method
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11
// Find r e g u l a t i o n and c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t u s i n g n o m i n a l
T method
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
function [ z ]= rxr (A , B ) // F u n c t i o n f o r t h e
multiplication of rectangular
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
function [ a ]= r2p ( z ) // F u n c t i o n f o r r e c t a n g u l a r t o
polar
12
a = z (1) * complex ( cosd ( z (2) ) , sind ( z (2) ) )
13 endfunction
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// g i v e n
P =50*10^6; //M w a t t s
Vrl =132*1000; //V
pf =0.8 // power f a c t i r
Vr =[ floor ( Vrl / sqrt (3) ) 0];
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Ir =[ floor ( P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl * pf ) ) - acosd ( pf ) ];

A =[0.95 1.4];
B =[96 78];
C =[0.0015 90];
D=A;
Z1 = rxr (A , Vr ) ;
Z2 = rxr (B , Ir ) ;
AV = r2p ( Z1 ) ;
BI = r2p ( Z2 ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 0 f % . 2 f
V o l t s \n ,
abs ( Vs ) , theta1 ) ;
Y1 = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
Y2 = rxr (D , Ir ) ;
CV = r2p ( Y1 ) ;
DI = r2p ( Y2 ) ;
Is = CV + DI ;
Ira = r2p ( Ir ) ;
Ic = Is - Ira ;
theta2 = atand ( imag ( Ic ) / real ( Ic ) ) ;
Ic_ = sqrt ( round ( imag ( Ic ) ) ^2+ round ( real ( Ic ) ) ^2) ;
printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t= %. 1 f
%f
A\n ,Ic_ ,
theta2 ) ;
Pr =(( abs ( Vs ) / A (1) - Vr ) *100) / Vr ;
// 1 . The Magnitude o f S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e i s 9 4 0 6 6 ,
i t i s due t o r o u n d i n g some o f t h e v a l u e s
// 2 . The a n g l e i n t h e book i s 9 3 . 1
in charging
current
Scilab code Exa 5.11 find sending end voltage and current and power and
efficiency
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// f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t and power and

efficiency
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
endfunction
// g i v e n
P =50*10^6; //VA
Vrl =110*1000; //V
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
Ir =[ P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl ) - acosd ( pf ) ];
A =[0.98 3];
B =[110 75];
C =[0.0005 80];
D =[0.98 3];
Z1 = rxr (A , Vr ) ;
Z2 = rxr (B , Ir ) ;
AV = r2p ( Z1 ) ;
BI = r2p ( Z2 ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 0 f V\n , abs ( Vs ) ) ;
Y1 = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
Y2 = rxr (D , Ir ) ;
CV = r2p ( Y1 ) ;
DI = r2p ( Y2 ) ;
Is = CV + DI ;
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theta2 = atand ( imag ( Is ) / real ( Is ) ) ;

printf ( Magnitude o f s e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %d A\n ,
abs ( Is ) ) ;
phis = theta2 - theta1 ;
Ps =3* abs ( Vs ) * abs ( Is ) * cosd ( phis ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end power=%. 1fMW\n , floor ( Ps /10^5)
/10) ;
Pr = P * pf ;
n = Pr *100/( floor ( Ps /10^5) *10^5) ;
printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y = %. 1 f p e r c e n t ,n ) ;
// The v a l u e o f v o l t a g e i s 8 7 4 2 7 V
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Find ABCD parameters and sending end voltage
and current and power factor and transmission eficiency
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6
7
8
9
10
11
// Find ABCD p a r a m e t e r s and s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and

c u r r e n t and power f a c t o r and t r a n s m i s s i o n
eficiency
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
12
13 endfunction
14
15 // g i v e n
16 P =80*10^6; // w a t t s
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Vrl =220*1000; //V

Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
Ir_ =[ P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl * pf ) - acosd ( pf ) ];
Ir = r2p ( Ir_ ) ;
Z =[200 80];
Y =[0.0013 90];
a = rxr (Z , Y ) ;
Ac =1+ r2p ( a ) /2;
A =[ abs ( Ac ) atand (( imag ( Ac ) / real ( Ac ) ) ) ];
D=A;
printf ( A=D= %. 3 f % . 1 f
\n ,A (1) ,A (2) ) ;
b = rxr (Z , Y ) ;
Bc =1+ r2p ( b ) /4;
B =[ abs ( Bc ) atand (( imag ( Bc ) / real ( Bc ) ) ) ];
B = rxr (Z , B ) ;
printf ( B= %. 1 f % . 2 f
ohm\n ,B (1) ,B (2) ) ;
C=Y;
printf ( C=%. 4 f % d
s i e m e n s \n ,C (1) ,C (2) ) ;
Z1 = rxr (A , Vr ) ;
Z2 = rxr (B , Ir_ ) ;
AV = r2p ( Z1 ) ;
BI = r2p ( Z2 ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
Vsl = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %dkV\n , round ( Vsl /1000)
);
Y1 = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
Y2 = rxr (D , Ir_ ) ;
CV = r2p ( Y1 ) ;
DI = r2p ( Y2 ) ;
Is = CV + DI ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %. 1 f % . 1 f A \n , abs (
Is ) , theta2 ) ;
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53 printf ( S e n d i n g end power=%. 2fMW\n , Ps /10^6) ;

54 n = P *100/ Ps ;
55 printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y = %. 1 f p e r c e n t ,n ) ;
Scilab code Exa 5.13 find sending end voltage and current and power and
efficiency
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25
// f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t and power and

efficiency
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
endfunction
// g i v e n
P =50*10^6; //VA
Vrl =110*1000; //V
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
A =[0.98 3];
B =[110 75];
C =[0.0005 80];
D =[0.98 3];
Z1 = rxr (A , Vr ) ;
Z2 = rxr (B , Ir ) ;
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36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
AV = r2p ( Z1 ) ;
BI = r2p ( Z2 ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 0 f V\n , abs ( Vs ) ) ;
Y1 = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
Y2 = rxr (D , Ir ) ;
CV = r2p ( Y1 ) ;
DI = r2p ( Y2 ) ;
Is = CV + DI ;
printf ( Magnitude o f s e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %d A\n ,
abs ( Is ) ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end power=%. 1fMW\n , floor ( Ps /10^5)
/10) ;
Pr = P * pf ;
n = Pr *100/( floor ( Ps /10^5) *10^5) ;
printf ( T r a n s m i s s i o n E f f i c i e n c y = %. 1 f p e r c e n t ,n ) ;
// The v a l u e o f v o l t a g e i s 8 7 4 2 7 V
// t h i s i s same a s ex 12 b e c a u s e o f p r i n t i n g m i s t a k e
i n book
Scilab code Exa 5.14 Determine ABCD constant and sending end power
factor
1
2
3
4
5
6
// D e t e r m i n e ABCD c o n s t a n t and s e n d i n g end power

factor
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
m u l t i p l i c a t i o n i n r e c t a n g u l a r form
57
7
8
9
10
11
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)

z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
function [ z ]= rdr (A , B ) // F u n c t i o n f o r t h e d i v i s i o n i n
r e c t a n g u l a r form
12
z (1) = A (1) / B (1)
13
z (2) = A (2) -B (2)
14
endfunction
15
16
polar
17
18 endfunction
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
// g i v e n
P =100*10^6; // w a t t s
Vrl =132*1000; //V
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
Ir =[ P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl * pf ) - acosd ( pf ) ];
A =[0.98 1];
B =[100 75];
C =[0.0005 90];
D=A;
AB = rxr (A , B ) ;
Ap = rdr ( AB , B ) ;
printf ( A( i n p a r a l l e l )= D = %. 2 f % d \n , Ap (1) , Ap
(2) ) ;
BB = rxr (B , B ) ;
Bp_ = rdr ( BB , B ) ;
Bp =[ Bp_ (1) /2 Bp_ (2) ]; //Bp i s a h a l f v e c t o r o f t h e
Bp
printf ( B( i n p a r a l l e l )= % d % d ohm\n , Bp (1) , Bp (2)
);
printf ( Here A1=A2 & D1=D2 t h e r e f o r e \n ) ;
Cp =[ C (1) *2 C (2) ];
printf ( C( i n p a r a l l e l )= %. 3 f % d
s i e m e n s \n , Cp (1)
58
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
, Cp (2) ) ;
Z1 = rxr ( Ap , Vr ) ;
Z2 = rxr ( Bp , Ir ) ;
AV = r2p ( Z1 ) ;
BI = r2p ( Z2 ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
Y1 = rxr ( Cp , Vr ) ;
Y2 = rxr ( Ap , Ir ) ; //D = A
CV = r2p ( Y1 ) ;
DI = r2p ( Y2 ) ;
Is = CV + DI ;
Spf = cosd ( phis ) ; // S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r
printf ( S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r = %. 3 f ( l a g g i n g ) , Spf
);
59
Chapter 6
Performance of Long
Transmission Lines
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Determine auxiliary constants

1 // D e t e r m i n e a u x i l i a r y c o n s t a n t s
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4
5 // s o l t i o n
6 //FUNCTIONS
7 function [ z ]= rxr (A , B ) // F u n c t i o n f o r t h e
8
9
10
11
12
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
13
14 endfunction
15
16
function [ v ]= p2r ( q ) // F u n c t i o n f o r p o l a r t o
rectangular
60
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
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31
32
33
34
35
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44
45
v (1) = abs ( q )
v (2) = atand ( imag ( q ) / real ( q ) )
endfunction
// g i v e n
r =0.25; //ohm
x =0.48; //ohm
g =4*10^ -9; //mho
b =2.53*10^ -6; //mho
f =50; // f r e q u e n c y
l =1000;
z = complex (r , x ) ;
y = complex (g , b ) ;
Z_ = z *1000;
Y_ = y *1000;
Z = p2r ( Z_ ) ;
Y = p2r ( Y_ ) ;
YZ = rxr (Z , Y ) ;
Y2Z2 = rxr ( YZ , YZ ) ;
[ Y3Z3 ]= rxr ( Y2Z2 , YZ ) ;
A_ =1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /2+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /24+( r2p ( Y3Z3 ) ) /720;
A = p2r ( A_ ) ;
printf ( A = D = %. 4 f % . 2 f \n ,A (1) ,A (2) ) ;
P_ =(1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /6+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /120+( r2p ( Y3Z3 ) ) /5040) ;
P = p2r ( P_ ) ;
B = rxr (Z , P ) ;
printf ( B= %. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n ,B (1) ,B (2) ) ;
C = rxr (Y , P ) ;
printf ( C= %. 2 f 10 3
% .2 f
s i e m e n s \n ,C (1)
*1000 , C (2) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Determine sending end voltage and current
1
2
// D e t e r m i n e s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t
clear ;
61
3 clc ;
4
5 // s o l t i o n
6 //FUNCTIONS
8
9
10
11
12
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
13
14 endfunction
15
16
rectangular
17
v (1) = abs ( q )
18
19 endfunction
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
// g i v e n
P =80*10^6; //MW
Vrl =220*1000; //V
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
Z =[200 80];
Y =[0.0013 90];
YZ = rxr (Z , Y ) ;
Y2Z2 = rxr ( YZ , YZ ) ;
[ Y3Z3 ]= rxr ( Y2Z2 , YZ ) ;
A_ =1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /2+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /24+( r2p ( Y3Z3 ) ) /720;
A = p2r ( A_ ) ;
printf ( A = D = %. 4 f % . 2 f \n ,A (1) ,A (2) ) ;
P_ =(1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /6+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /120+( r2p ( Y3Z3 ) ) /5040) ;
P = p2r ( P_ ) ;
62
38
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
B = rxr (Z , P ) ;
printf ( B= %. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n ,B (1) ,B (2) ) ;
C = rxr (Y , P ) ;
printf ( C= %. 6 f % . 2 f
s i e m e n s \n ,C (1) ,C (2) ) ;
D=A;
Z1 = rxr (A , Vr ) ;
Z2 = rxr (B , Ir ) ;
AV = r2p ( Z1 ) ;
BI = r2p ( Z2 ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 3 fkV \n , sqrt (3) * abs (
Vs ) /1000) ;
Y1 = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
Y2 = rxr (D , Ir ) ;
CV = r2p ( Y1 ) ;
DI = r2p ( Y2 ) ;
Is_ = CV + DI ;
Is = p2r ( Is_ ) ;
printf ( Magnitude o f s e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %. 1 f % . 2
f
A\n , Is (1) , Is (2) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Determine percentage rise in voltage

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
// D e t e r m i n e p e r c e n t a g e r i s e i n v o l t a g e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
f =50; // Hz // f r e q u e n c y
w =2* %pi * f ;
l =200; //km// l e n g t h
RiV =(( w ^2) *( l ^2) *10^ -8) /18;
printf ( R i s e i n v o l t a g e= %. 2 f p e r c e n t , RiV ) ;
63
Scilab code Exa 6.4 alculate constants of equivalent circuit of line

1 // c a l c u l a t e c o n s t a n t s o f e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 //FUNCTIONS
7
8
9
10
11
of line
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
12
13 endfunction
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
// g i v e n
P =100*10^6; //VA
Vrl =220*1000; //V
Zse_ = complex (1 ,6) ;
Zseo =( Zse_ *( Vrl ^2) ) /( P *100) ;
Zse =[ abs ( Zseo ) atand ( imag ( Zseo ) / real ( Zseo ) ) ];
A =[1 0.8];
B =[169.52 84.6];
C =[0.00135 90];
D=A;
CZ = rxr (C , Zse ) ;
Ao_ = r2p ( A ) + r2p ( CZ ) ;
Ao =[ abs ( Ao_ ) atand ( imag ( Ao_ ) / real ( Ao_ ) ) ];
printf ( Ao = %. 5 f % . 2 f \n , Ao (1) , Ao (2) ) ;
DZ = rxr (D , Zse ) ;
Bo_ = r2p ( B ) + r2p ( DZ ) ;
64
31 Bo =[ abs ( Bo_ ) atand ( imag ( Bo_ ) / real ( Bo_ ) ) ];

32 printf ( Bo = %. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n , Bo (1) , Bo (2) ) ;
33 Co = C ;
34 Do = A ;
35 printf ( Co = %. 5 f
%d
s i e m e n s \n , Co (1) , Co (2) ) ;
36 printf ( Do = % d % . 1 f , Do (1) , Do (2) ) ;
37 // t h e v a l u e o f Ao i s d i f f e r e n t b e c a u s e book h a s a
c a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e and a c c o r d i n g t o book i t
0.9799
1 1 .49
is
Scilab code Exa 6.5 calculate constants of equivalent circuit of line

1 // c a l c u l a t e c o n s t a n t s o f e q u i v a l e n t c i r c u i t
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 //FUNCTIONS
7
8
9
10
11
of line
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
12
z (1) = A (1) / B (1)
13
z (2) = A (2) -B (2)
14
endfunction
15
16
polar
17
18 endfunction
19
20
// g i v e n
65
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Zse =[12 80];

A =[0.9 1];
B =[26 68];
D=A;
AD_ = r2p ( rxr (A , D ) ) -1;
AD =[ abs ( AD_ ) atand ( imag ( AD_ ) / real ( AD_ ) ) ];
C = rdr ( AD , B ) ;
CZ = rxr (C , Zse ) ;
Ao_ = r2p ( A ) + r2p ( CZ ) ;
DZ = rxr (D , Zse ) ;
CZ2 = rxr ( CZ , Zse )
Bo_ = r2p ( B ) +2* r2p ( DZ ) + r2p ( CZ2 ) ;
Bo =[ abs ( Bo_ ) atand ( imag ( Bo_ ) / real ( Bo_ ) ) ];
printf ( Bo = %. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n , Bo (1) , Bo (2) ) ;
Co = C ;
Do = Ao ;
printf ( Co = %. 5 f % d
s i e m e n s \n , Co (1) , Co (2) ) ;
printf ( Do = %. 4 f % . 2 f , Do (1) , Do (2) ) ;
// t h e r e i s a m i s t a k e i n t h e v a l u e o f C( = 0 . 0 0 7 3 8
2
.55
) so a l l the v a l u e s a re changed
Scilab code Exa 6.6 calculate Ao and Bo and Co and Do constants

1 // c a l c u l a t e Ao and Bo and Co and Do c o n s t a n t s
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 //FUNCTIONS
7
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
8
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
9 endfunction
66
10
11
12
z (1) = A (1) / B (1)
13
z (2) = A (2) -B (2)
14
endfunction
15
16
polar
17
18 endfunction
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
function [ a ]= p2r ( z ) // F u n t i o n f o r p o l a r t o r e c t a n g u l a r
a (1) = abs ( z ) ;
a (2) = atand ( imag ( z ) / real ( z ) ) ;
endfunction
// g i v e n
Zt =[100 70];
Yt =[0.0002 -75];
A =[0.92 5.3];
B =[65.3 81];
D=A;
AD_ = r2p ( rxr (A , D ) ) -1; //AD1
AD =[ abs ( AD_ ) 180+ atand ( imag ( AD_ ) / real ( AD_ ) ) ];
C = rdr ( AD , B ) ; // (AD1) /B
BYt = rxr ( Yt , B ) ;
CZt = rxr (C , Zt ) ;
YtZt_ = r2p ( rxr ( Yt , Zt ) ) *2+1; // 1+2Yt Zt
P =[ abs ( YtZt_ ) atand ( imag ( YtZt_ ) / real ( YtZt_ ) ) ]; // L e t
P=1+2Yt Zt
YtZto = r2p ( rxr ( Yt , Zt ) ) +1; //1+Yt Zt
Q =[ abs ( YtZto ) atand ( imag ( YtZto ) / real ( YtZto ) ) ]; // L e t
Q=1+Yt Zt
Ao_ = r2p ( rxr (A , P ) ) + r2p ( BYt ) + r2p ( rxr ( CZt , Q ) ) ; //A(1+2
Yt Zt )+BYt+C Zt (1+Yt Zt )
67
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
DZt = rxr (D , Zt ) ; //D Zt

CZt2 = rxr ( CZt , Zt ) ; //C Zt 2
Bo_ = r2p ( B ) +2* r2p ( DZt ) + r2p ( CZt2 ) ; // 2A Zt+B+C Zt 2
Bo =[ abs ( Bo_ ) atand ( imag ( Bo_ ) / real ( Bo_ ) ) ];
printf ( Bo = %. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n , Bo (1) , Bo (2) ) ;
BYt2 = r2p ( rxr ( BYt , Yt ) ) ; //B( Yt 2 )
AYt = rxr (A , Yt ) ; //AYt
AYt_YZt = rxr ( p2r (2* r2p ( AYt ) ) , p2r (1+ YtZto ) /2) ; // 2AYt
(1+Y Zt )
YtZt2 = rxr (Q , Q ) ; // (1+Yt Zt ) 2
Co_ = r2p ( AYt_YZt ) + BYt2 + r2p ( rxr (C , YtZt2 ) ) ; // 2AYt(1+Y
Zt )+BYt2+C(1+ Yt Zt ) 2
Co =[ abs ( Co_ ) atand ( imag ( Co_ ) / real ( Co_ ) ) ];;
Do = Ao ;
printf ( Co = %. 4 f % . 1 f
s i e m e n s \n , Co (1) , Co (2) ) ;
printf ( Do = %. 4 f % . 2 f , Do (1) , Do (2) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.7 calculate equivalent T and pi constants

1 // c a l c u l a t e e q u i v a l e n t T &
constants
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 //FUNCTIONS
7
8
9
10
11
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
12
z (1) = A (1) / B (1)
13
z (2) = A (2) -B (2)
14
endfunction
68
15
16
polar
17
18 endfunction
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
function [ a ]= p2r ( z ) // F u n t i o n f o r p o l a r t o r e c t a n g u l a r
a (1) = abs ( z ) ;
a (2) =180+ atand ( imag ( z ) / real ( z ) ) ;
endfunction
// g i v e n
A =[0.9 1];
B =[85 75];
C =[0.0013 91];
D=A;
Z = rdr ( p2r (2*( r2p ( A ) -1) ) ,C ) ;
printf ( E q u i v a l e n t T n e t w o r k \n ) ;
printf ( S e r i e s Impedance Z=%. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n ,Z (1)
,Z (2) ) ; // IN BOOK Z = 1 5 6 . 9 2
8 0 .5
BECAUSE OF
ROUNDING OFF THINGS
Y=C;
printf ( Shunt A d m i t t t a n c e Y=%. 4 f % . 0 f
s i e m e n s \n
,Y (1) ,Y (2) ) ;
printf ( E q u i v a l e n t
n e t w o r k \n ) ;
Zp = B ;
Yp = rdr ( p2r (2*( r2p ( A ) -1) ) ,B ) ;
printf ( S e r i e s Impedance Z=%. f % . f
ohm\n , Zp (1) ,
Zp (2) ) ;
printf ( Shunt A d m i t t t a n c e Y=%. 4 f % d
s i e m e n s \n ,
Yp (1) , Yp (2) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.8 find sending end reactive and active power
1
// f i n d s e n d i n g end r e a c t i v e and a c t i v e power

69
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 //FUNCTIONS
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
endfunction
// g i v e n
Sr =7.5*10^6; //VA
Vrl =32*1000; //V
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
Ir =[ Sr /( sqrt (3) * Vrl ) - acosd ( pf ) ];
A =[1 0];
B =[11.18 63.43];
D=A;
C_ = r2p ( rxr (A , D ) ) -1;
C =[ abs ( C_ ) 0]
AV = r2p ( rxr (A , Vr ) ) ;
BI = r2p ( rxr (B , Ir ) ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. f % . 1 f V \n , abs ( Vs
) , theta1 ) ;
Y1 = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
Y2 = rxr (D , Ir ) ;
CV = r2p ( Y1 ) ;
DI = r2p ( Y2 ) ;
Is = CV + DI ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %. 2 f % . 1 f
A\n , abs (
70
37
38
39
40
41
Is ) , theta2 ) ;
Pa =3* abs ( Vs ) * abs ( Is ) * cosd ( phis ) ; // A c t i v e power
printf ( S e n d i n g end power=%. 2 f MW\n , Pa /10^6) ;
Pr =3* abs ( Vs ) * abs ( Is ) * sind ( phis ) ; // R e a c t i v e power
printf ( R e a c t i v e power= %. 1 f MVAR , Pr /10^6)
Scilab code Exa 6.9 find sending end voltage and regulation and recieving
end rective and synchornous power
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
// f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e , r e g u l a t i o n , r e c i e v i n g
end r e c t i v e and s y n c h o r n o u s power
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
endfunction
// g i v e n
P =50*10^6; //VA
Vrl =110*1000; //V
pf =0.8; // power f a c t i r
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
A =[0.96 1];
B =[100 80];
AV = r2p ( rxr (A , Vr ) ) ;
71
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
BI = r2p ( rxr (B , Ir ) ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
Vsl = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 3 fkV \n , Vsl /1000) ;
vr =( Vsl - Vrl ) *100/ Vrl ;
printf ( V o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n= %. 3 f p e r c e n t \n , vr ) ; // IN
BOOK IT I S 2 0 . 7 8 6%
clear ;
Pr =70; //MW
Vsl =120; //kV
Vrl =110; //kV
A =0.96;
B =100;
bta =80;
alp =1;
b_d = acosd ((70+( A / B ) * Vrl ^2* cosd ( bta - alp ) ) /( Vrl * Vsl / B )
) ; // b e t a d e l
Qr = Vrl * Vsl * sind ( b_d ) /B -( A / B ) * Vrl ^2* sind ( bta - alp ) ;
printf ( R e c i e v i n g end r e a c t i v e power= %. 2 f MVAR\n ,
Qr ) ;
Pc = Pr * tand ( acosd (0.8) ) - Qr ;
printf ( Power d e l i v e r e d by s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r= %
. 3 f MVAR , Pc ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.10 find sending end voltage and charging current and
power
1 // f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e , c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t , power
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4 // s o l t i o n
5 //FUNCTIONS
72
7
8
9
10
11
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)

z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
12
13 endfunction
14
15
16
z (1) = A (1) / B (1)
17
z (2) = A (2) -B (2)
18
endfunction
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// g i v e n
Vrl =230*1000; //V
Vs =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
Ir =[0 0];
A =[0.938 1.2];
B =[131.2 72.3];
C =[0.001 90];
Vr_ = r2p ( rdr ( Vs , A ) ) ;
theta1 = atand (( imag ( Vr_ ) / real ( Vr_ ) ) ) ;
Vr =[ abs ( Vr_ ) theta1 ];
Vrl = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vr_ ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 1 fkV \n , Vrl /1000) ;
Ic = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
printf ( L i n e c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t= %. 2 f % . 1 f A \n , Ic
(1) , Ic (2) ) ;
Vrl_ =220; //kV
Vsl =230; //kV
Pr = Vrl_ * Vsl / B (1) -( A (1) / B (1) ) *( Vrl_ ^2) *( cosd ( B (2) -A
(2) ) ) ; // IN BOOK IT I S 2 7 2 . 5 8 MW DUE TO
TYPOLOGICAL ERROR
printf ( Maximum power t r a n s m i t t e d= %f MW\n , Pr ) ;
Qr =( A (1) / B (1) ) *( Vrl_ ^2) *( sind ( B (2) -A (2) ) ) ;
printf ( R e c i e v i n g r e a c t i v e power r e q u i r e d a t
73
r e c i e v i n g end= %. 2 f MVAR , Qr ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.11 Determine sending end voltage and current and power
factor and MVA and power angle
// D e t e r m i n e s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t and
power f a c t o r and MVA and power a n g l e
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
1
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5
6
7
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
8
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
9
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
10
endfunction
11
12
polar
13
14 endfunction
15
16
rectangular
17
v (1) = abs ( q )
18
19 endfunction
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// g i v e n
P =40*10^6; //MVA
Vrl =220*1000; //V
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
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z = complex (0.105 ,0.3768) *500;

Z =[ floor ( abs ( z ) *1000) /1000 atand ( imag ( z ) / real ( z ) ) ];
y = complex (0 ,2.882*10^ -6) *500;
Y =[ abs ( y ) 90];
YZ = rxr (Z , Y ) ;
Y2Z2 = rxr ( YZ , YZ ) ;
A_ =1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /2+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /24;
A = p2r ( A_ ) ;
P_ =(1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /6+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /120) ;
P = p2r ( P_ ) ;
B = rxr (Z , P ) ;
C = rxr (Y , P ) ;
D=A;
AV = r2p ( rxr (A , Vr ) ) ;
BI = r2p ( rxr (B , Ir ) ) ;
Vs = AV + BI ;
Vsl = sqrt (3) * abs ( Vs ) /1000;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 3 fkV \n , Vsl ) ;
CV = r2p ( rxr (C , Vr ) ) ;
DI = r2p ( rxr (D , Ir ) ) ;
Is_ = CV + DI ;
Is = p2r ( Is_ ) ;
theta2 = Is (2) ;
printf ( Magnitude o f s e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %. 1 f A\n ,
Is (1) ) ;
Spf = cosd ( theta2 - theta1 ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r = %. 3 f l e a d i n g \n ,
Spf ) ;
Ps = sqrt (3) * Vsl * Is (1) /1000;
printf ( S e n d i n g end MVA= %. 2 f MVA\n , Ps ) ;
printf ( Power a n g l e= %. 3 f , theta1 ) ;
//ALL THE ANS ARE DIFFRENT BECAUSE OF ROUND OFF IN
THE BOOK
75
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Find sending end voltage and current and power
factor
// Find s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t and power
factor
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
1
4
5
6
7
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
8
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
9
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
10 endfunction
11
12
polar
13
14 endfunction
15
16
rectangular
17
v (1) = abs ( q )
18
19 endfunction
20
21
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// g i v e n
P =40*10^6; //MVA
Vrl =220*1000; //V
Vr =[ Vrl / sqrt (3) 0];
Ir =[0 0];
z = complex (0.105 ,0.3768) *500;
Z =[ floor ( abs ( z ) *1000) /1000 atand ( imag ( z ) / real ( z ) ) ];
y = complex (0 ,2.882*10^ -6) *500;
Y =[ abs ( y ) 90];
YZ = rxr (Z , Y ) ;
Y2Z2 = rxr ( YZ , YZ ) ;
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A_ =1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /2+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /24;

A = p2r ( A_ ) ;
P_ =(1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /6+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /120) ;
P = p2r ( P_ ) ;
C = rxr (Y , P ) ;
D=A;
AV = rxr (A , Vr ) ;
Vs = AV ;
Vsl = sqrt (3) * Vs (1) /1000;
printf ( S e n d i n g end v o l t a g e= %. 3 f kV\n , Vsl ) ; // IN
BOOK DUE TO PRINTING MISTAKE IT I S 1 1 9 . 5 1 kV
Is = rxr (C , Vr ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end l i n e c u r r e n t= %. 1 f A\n , Is (1) ) ;
// IN BOOK IT I S 1 7 1 . 4 A DUE TO ROUND OFF
Spf = cosd ( Vs (2) - Is (2) ) ;
printf ( S e n d i n g end power f a c t o r = %. 4 f l e a d i n g , Spf )
;
Scilab code Exa 6.13 Find characteristics impedance and propogation constant and ABCD constants
1
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3
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5
6
7
// Find c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i m p e d a n c e and p r o p o g a t i o n
c o n s t a n t and ABCD c o n s t a n t s
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
//FUNCTIONS
8
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
9
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
10 endfunction
11
12
77
13
14
15
16
17
z (1) = A (1) / B (1)
z (2) = A (2) -B (2)
endfunction
rectangular
18
v (1) = abs ( q )
19
20 endfunction
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22
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40
// g i v e n
Z = complex (14.1 ,51.48) ;
Y = complex (0 ,1.194*10^ -3) ;
l =200; // l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e
z=Z/l;
y=Y/l;
Zc = p2r ( sqrt ( z / y ) ) ;
printf ( C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Impedance= % d % . 2 f
ohm\n
, ceil ( Zc (1) ) , Zc (2) ) ;
P = sqrt ( z * y ) ; // p r o p o g a t i o n c o n s t a n t
printf ( P r o p a g a t i o n c o n s t a n t s= %f + i % f \n , real ( P ) ,
imag ( P ) ) ;
al = real ( P ) * l ;
bl = imag ( P ) * l ;
yl = P * l ;
A = p2r ( cosh ( yl ) ) ;
printf ( A = D = %. 4 f % . 2 f \n ,A (1) ,A (2) ) ;
B = rxr ( Zc , p2r ( sinh ( yl ) ) ) ;
printf ( B= %. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n ,B (1) ,B (2) ) ;
C = rdr ( p2r ( sinh ( yl ) ) , Zc ) ;
printf ( C= %. 6 f % . 2 f
mho\n ,C (1) ,C (2) ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.14 Determine recieving end voltage and current
78
1 // D e t e r m i n e r e c i e v i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
4
5 // s o l t i o n
6 //FUNCTIONS
8
9
10
11
12
z (1) = A (1) * B (1)
z (2) = A (2) + B (2)
endfunction
polar
13
14 endfunction
15
16
rectangular
17
v (1) = abs ( q )
18
19 endfunction
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
// g i v e n
P =60*10^6; //MW
Vsl =220*1000; //V
Vs = Vsl / sqrt (3) ;
Z =[200 80];
Y =[0.0013 90];
YZ = rxr (Z , Y ) ;
Y2Z2 = rxr ( YZ , YZ ) ;
A_ =1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /2+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /24;
A = p2r ( A_ ) ;
printf ( A = D = %. 3 f % . 3 f \n ,A (1) ,A (2) ) ;
P_ =(1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /6+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /120) ;
B = rxr (Z , p2r ( P_ ) ) ; // IN BOOK IT S 1 9 4 1 . 5 6 DUE TO
TYPOLOGICAL ERROR
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36
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39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
printf ( B= %. 2 f % . 2 f
ohm\n ,B (1) ,B (2) ) ;
D=A;
Vr_ = poly (0 , Vr ) ;
Ir =[ P /(3* pf ) - acosd ( pf ) ];
C1 = A (1) ; // c o n s t a n t o f AVr
C2 = B (1) * Ir (1) ; // c o n s t a n t o f B I
BI_ang = B (2) + Ir (2) ; // a n g l e b e t w e e n B and I
BI = C2 *( cosd ( BI_ang ) + %i * sind ( BI_ang ) ) ;
AV = C1 *( cosd (1.41) + %i * sind (1.41) ) ; // 1.41= A n g l e
b e t w e e n A and V
com = numer ((( real ( AV ) * Vr_ + real ( BI ) / Vr_ ) ^2+( imag ( AV ) *
Vr_ + imag ( BI ) / Vr_ ) ^2 - Vs ^2) ) ; // c o n s i d e r i n g o n l y
numerator part
Vr = roots ( com ) ;
Vr1 =99746; // by s e l e c t i n g t h e p o s i t i v e v a l u e & n e a r
t o s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e
Vrl = sqrt (3) * Vr1 /1000;
printf ( R e c e i v i n g end l i n e v o l t a g e= %. 2 f kV\n , Vrl ) ;
Irl = Ir (1) / Vr1 ;
printf ( R e c e i v i n g end l i n e c u r r e n t= %. 0 f A , Irl ) ;
Scilab code Exa 6.15 Determine the induced voltage in the telephone line
// D e t e r m i n e t h e i n d u c e d v o l t a g e i n t h e t e l e p h o n e
line
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
Vl =132*1000; // V o l t
P =28*10^6; // l o a d i n kw
f =50; // Hz
l =200; // l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e
80
12
13
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15
16
17
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r =0.005; // r a d i u s o f c o n d u c t o r
hA =20; // h e i g h t o f t h e l i n e
Ao =4* sqrt (3) /2;
dAP = Ao +5;
dAQ = dAP +1;;
dBP = sqrt (5*5+2*2) ;
dBQ = sqrt (6*6+2*2) ;
Ma =0.2* log ( dAQ / dAP ) ;
Mb =0.2* log ( dBQ / dBP ) ;
M =( Mb - Ma ) *10^ -3;
I = P /( sqrt (3) * Vl * pf ) ;
Vm =2* %pi * f * M * I ;
printf ( For 200 km l i n e i n d u c e d v o l t a g e= %. 1 f v o l t s \
n , Vm * l ) ;
Va = Vl / sqrt (3) ;
Vb = Va ;
Vpa = Va * log ((2*( hA + Ao ) - dAP ) / dAP ) / log ((2*( hA + Ao ) -r ) / r )
;
Vpb = Vb * log ((2*( hA + Ao ) - dBP ) / dBP ) / log ((2*( hA + Ao ) -r ) / r )
;
Vp = Vpb - Vpa ;
printf ( The p o t e n t i a l o f t e l e p h o n e l i n e = %d v o l t s ,
Vp ) ;
// t h e a n s i n t h e book i s Vm= 9 0 . 4 v o l t s and Vp=4396
b e c a u s e o f u s i n g round o f f i n some v a l u e s
81
Chapter 7
Corona
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Determine line voltage for commencing of corona
// D e t e r m i n e l i n e v o l t a g e f o r commencing o f c o r o n a
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =3; //m
r =2; //cm
go =30/ sqrt (2) ; //kV/cm . . . . D i e l e c t r i c s t r e n g t h o f a i r
Vdo = go * r * log ( d *100/ r ) ;
Vl = sqrt (3) * Vdo ;
printf ( L i n e v o l t a g e f o r c o r o n a f o r m a t i o n= %. 2 f kV ,
Vl ) ;
12 // I n book i t s 2 0 9 . 5 3 kV b e c a u s e o f some t y p o l o g i c a l
error
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Determine whether corona will be there or not
1
// D e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r c o r o n a w i l l be t h e r e o r n o t
82
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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15
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
Er =4; // r e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y
r =3.52/2; //cm
Vp =28; //kV// V o l t a g e b e t w e e n c o n d u c t o r and an e a r t h e d
clamp s u r r o u n d i n g t h e p o r c e l a i n
g1 = poly (0 , g1 ) ;
r1 =4/2; //cm
r2 =10/2; //cm
g2 = r * g1 /( Er * r1 ) ;
g1max = roots ( g1 * r * log ( r1 / r ) + g2 * r1 * log ( r2 / r1 ) -28) ;
printf ( Maximum g r a d i e n t on c o n d u c t o r s u r f a c e= %. 3 f
kV/cm\n , g1max ) ;
printf ( I f g r a d i e n t e x c e e d s d i e l e c t r i c s t r e n g t h o f
a i r ( 2 1 . 1 kV/cm ) t h e c o r o n a w i l l be p r e s e n t \n I n
t h i s c a s e i t i s p r e s e n t );
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Determine critical discruptive voltage for line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// D e t e r m i n e c r i t i c a l d i s c r u p t i v e v o l t a g e f o r l i n e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =2*100; //cm
r =0.5; //cm
mo =0.8; // I r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
del =0.95 // a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
Vdo = mo * go * del * r * log ( d / r ) ;
printf ( L i n e v o l t a g e (R .M. S )= %. 2 f kV , Vl ) ;
83
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Find spacing between the conductor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// Find s p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =1; //cm
mo =1; // I r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
del =1 // a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
Vdo =220/ sqrt (3) ;
d = exp ( Vdo /( mo * go * del * r ) ) ;
printf ( S p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e c o n d u c t o r ( d )= %. 2 f m ,d
/100)
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Determine critical discruptive voltage for line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =2*100; //cm
r =1.2; //cm
mo =0.96; // I r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
b =72.2; // b a r o m e t r i c p r e s s u r e
t =20; // t e m p e r a t u r e
del =3.92* b /(273+ t ) ; // a i r d e n s i t y f a c t o r
Vdo = mo * go * del * r * log ( d / r ) ;
84
15
16
printf ( L i n e v o l t a g e (R .M. S )= %. 2 f kV , Vl ) ;
// I n book i t s 208 kV b e c a u s e o f r o u n d i n g o f f l o a t i n g
points
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Determine critical discruptive voltage for line and
corona loss
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
and c o r o n a l o s s
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
Vph1 =106/ sqrt (3) ; //kV
Pc1 =54; //kW// l o s s a t Vph1
Vph2 =110/ sqrt (3) ; //kV
Pc2 =95; //kW// l o s s a t Vph2
Vphu =115/ sqrt (3) ; //kV
printf ( Pc
( VphVdo ) 2\ n ) ;
Vdo = poly (0 , Vdo ) ;
A = roots (( Vph1 - Vdo ) ^2* Pc2 -( Vph2 - Vdo ) ^2* Pc1 ) ;
Vdo =54.123123; // a f t e r t h e s o l u t i o n o f r o o t s
Pcu = Pc1 *(( Vphu - Vdo ) ^2) /(( Vph1 - Vdo ) ^2)
printf ( Corona l o s s a t 115 kV= %. 2 f kW\n , Pcu ) ;
printf ( C r i t i c a l d i s c r u p t i v e v o l t a g e= %. 2 f kV , sqrt
(3) * Vdo ) ;
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Determine critical disruptive voltage and Visual critical voltage and Corona loss
// D e t e r m i n e c r i t i c a l d i s r u p t i v e v o l t a g e and V i s u a l
c r i t i c a l v o l t a g e and Corona l o s s
2 clear ;
1
85
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =1.036/2; //cm// c o n d u c t o r r a d i u s
d =2.44*10^2; //cm// s p a c i n g
go =21.1; //kV/cm// D i e l e c t r i c s t r e n g t h
mo =0.85; // i r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
mv =0.72; // r o u g h n e s s f a c t o r
b =73.15; // p r e s s u r e
t =26.6; // t e m p e r a t u r e
f =50; // f r e q u e n c y
del =3.92* b /(273+ t ) ;
Vph =110/ sqrt (3) ; //kV// V o l t a g e t o which c o n d u c t o r a r e
subjected
Vdo = go * del * mo * r * log ( d / r ) ;
Vvo = go * del * mv * r *(1+0.3/ sqrt ( del * r ) ) * log ( d / r ) ;
printf ( C r i t i c a l v o l t a g e t o n e u t r a l= %. 3 f kV ( rms ) \n
, Vdo ) ;
printf ( V i s u a l c r i t i c a l v o l t a g e t o n e u t r a l= %. 1 f kV (
rms ) \n , Vvo ) ;
Pc =(244/ del ) *( f +25) * sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vph -0.8* Vdo ) ^2*10^ -5;
printf ( T o t a l c o r o n a l o s s f o r 160 km , 3 p h a s e l i n e =
%d kW\n , ceil (160*3* Pc ) ) ;
ra = Vph /(0.8* Vdo ) ;
k =0.46;
printf ( For t h i s v a l u e o f t h e Vph/Vdo (%. 2 f ) K= %. 2 f \
n ,ra , k ) ;
Pc2 =21*10^ -6* f *(( Vph ) ^2) * k /( log10 ( d / r ) ) ^2;
printf ( T o t a l c o r o n a l o s s ( u n d e r bad w e a t h e r ) f o r 160
km , 3 p h a s e l i n e = %. 2 f kW\n ,160*3* Pc2 ) ;
// IN BOOK THE CORONA LOSS UNDER BAD CONDITION I S
1 3 0 8 . 5 BECAUSE OF SOME TYPOLOGICAL ERROR
Scilab code Exa 7.8 Find corona characteristics
86
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
// Find c o r o n a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =1/2; //cm// c o n d u c t o r r a d i u s
d =3*10^2; //cm// s p a c i n g
go =21.1; //kV/cm// D i e l e c t r i c s t r e n g t h
mo =0.85; // i r r e g u l a r i t y f a c t o r
mv =0.72; // r o u g h n e s s f a c t o r
mv_ =0.82; // f o r g e n e r a l c o r o n a
b =74; // p r e s s u r e
t =26; // t e m p e r a t u r e
f =50; // f r e q u e n c y
del =3.92* b /(273+ t ) ;
Vph =110/ sqrt (3) ; //kV// V o l t a g e t o which c o n d u c t o r a r e
subjected
Vdo = go * del * mo * r * log ( d / r ) ;
Vvo_ = go * del * mv * r *(1+0.3/ sqrt ( del * r ) ) * log ( d / r ) ;
Vvo = Vvo_ *( mv_ / mv ) ;
printf ( C r i t i c a l v o l t a g e t o n e u t r a l= %. 2 f kV ( rms ) \n
, Vdo ) ;
printf ( V i s u a l c r i t i c a l v o l t a g e t o n e u t r a l= %. 1 f kV (
rms ) \n , Vvo ) ;
Pc =(244/ del ) *( f +25) * sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vph - Vdo ) ^2*10^ -5;
%d kW\n , ceil (175*3* Pc ) ) ;
Pc_ =(244/ del ) *( f +25) * sqrt ( r / d ) *( Vph -0.8* Vdo )
^2*10^ -5;
%d kW\n , ceil (175*3* Pc_ ) ) ;
//THE ANS IN BOOK OF FAIR AND STORMY CONDITION I S
253 kW AND 1 4 6 4kW BECAUSE OF USING ROUND OFF
VALUES
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Chapter 8
Insulators
Scilab code Exa 8.1 find voltage distribution across each insulator and
string efficiency
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// f i n d v o l t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n a c r o s s e a c h i n s u l a t o r
and s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
k =1/6; // r a t i o
V = poly (0 , V ) ;
V1 =100/( k ^3+6* k ^2+10* k +4) ;
V2 =(1+ k ) * V1 ;
V3 =(1+3* k + k * k ) * V1 ;
V4 =(1+6* k +5* k ^2+ k ^3) * V1 ;
printf ( V1= %. 2 f p e r c e n t o f V\n V2= %. 2 f p e r c e n t o f
V\n V3= %. 2 f p e r c e n t o f V\n V4= %. 2 f p e r c e n t o f V
\n ,V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 ) ;
se =100*100/(4* V4 ) ;
printf ( S t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y = %. 1 f , se ) ;
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Scilab code Exa 8.2 find max safe working voltage and string efficiency
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// f i n d max s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e and s t r i n g
efficiency
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
k =0.08; // r a t i o
V3 =15;
V1 = V3 /(1+3* k + k * k ) ;
V2 = V1 *(1+ k ) ;
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ;
printf ( Max and s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e= %. 2 f kV\n ,V ) ;
Se = V *100/(3* V3 ) ;
printf ( S t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y %. 2 f p e r c e n t , Se ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.3 find ratio of ground to mutual capacitance and system line voltage and string efficiency
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// f i n d r a t i o o f g r o u n d t o mutual c a p a c i t a n c e , s y s t e m
l i n e v o l t a g e and s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
V2 =20; //kV
V3 =25; //kV
k = poly (0 , k ) ;
k = roots ( V2 *(1+3* k + k * k ) - V3 *(1+ k ) ) ;
k =0.13; // C o n s i d e r i n g o n l y p o s i t i v e p a r t
V1 = V2 /(1+ k ) ;
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ;
Se = V *100/(3* V3 ) ;
printf ( K =%. 2 f \ nSystem l i n e v o l t a g e (V)= %. 3 fkV \
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n S t r i n g E f f i c i e n c y = %. 1 f p e r c e n t ,k ,V , Se ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.4 find system line voltage and string efficiency
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// f i n d s y s t e m l i n e v o l t a g e and s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
V2 =20; //kV
V3 =30; //kV
k = poly (0 , k ) ;
k = roots ( V2 *(1+3* k + k * k ) - V3 *(1+ k ) ) ;
k =0.28; // C o n s i d e r i n g o n l y p o s i t i v e p a r t
V1 = V2 /(1+ k ) ;
V4 = V1 *(1+6* k +5* k ^2+ k ^3) ;
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 ;
Se = V *100/(4* V4 ) ;
printf ( System l i n e v o l t a g e (V)= %. 3 f kV \ n S t r i n g
E f f i c i e n c y = %. 3 f p e r c e n t , sqrt (3) *V , Se ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.5 find max safe working voltage

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// f i n d max s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
V3 =11; //kV
k =12.5/100; // s h u n t / s e l f c p a c i t a n c e
V = poly (0 , V ) ;
V1 = V /(3+4* k + k * k ) ;
V3_ = V1 *(1+3* k + k * k ) ;
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11 V = roots ( V3 - V3_ ) ;
12 printf ( Maximum V o l t a g e
f o r s t r i n g = %. 2 fkV ,V ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.7 Find the values of line to pin capacitance
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// Find t h e v a l u e s o f l i n e t o p i n c a p a c i t a n c e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
n =5;
for p = 1:4
C = p /( n - p ) ;
printf ( C%d = %. 3 f C\n ,p , C ) ;
end
Scilab code Exa 8.8 find string efficiency

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// f i n d s t r i n g e f f i c i e n c y
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
V1 = poly (0 , V1 ) ;
V2 = poly (0 , V2 ) ;
V3 = poly (0 , V3 ) ;
V = poly (0 , V ) ;
// S i n c e wC i s common s o i t s c a n c e l l e d
function x = %c_sign ( a )
x = 1 . 0 5 V2 / 1 . 2 + a + 0 . 0 5 V3 / 1 . 2
endfunction
printf ( V1= ) ;
disp ( sign ( + ) ) ;
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function x = %c_sin ( a )
x = 1.2V2 / 0 . 2 + a + 1 . 0 5 V3 / 0 . 2
endfunction
printf ( \n\nV1= ) ;
disp ( sin ( + ) ) ;
V2 =25/23.25* V1 ;
V3 =1.65/1.1625* V1 ;
printf ( \n\nOn s o l v i n g a b o v e e q u a t i o n \n\nV2= ) ;
disp ( V2 ) ;
printf ( V3= ) ;
disp ( V3 ) ;
V = V1 + V2 + V3 ;
V1 = roots (1 - V ) ; // i g n o r i n g V f o r making c a l c u l a t i o n
easy
V2 =25/23.25* V1 * poly (0 , V ) ;
V3 =1.65/1.1625* V1 ;
Se =100/(3* V3 ) ;
printf ( \n\ n S t r i n g E f f i c i e n c y = %. 1 f p e r c e n t , Se ) ;
Scilab code Exa 8.9 Calculate voltage on line end unit and capacitance
Cx required
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// C a l c u l a t e v o l t a g e on l i n e end u n i t and c a p a c i t a n c e
Cx r e q u i r e d
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
V =20; //kV
Sc =0.2; // s h u n t c a p a c i t a n c e
V2 = poly (0 , V2 ) ;
V1 = poly (0 , V1 ) ;
V2 = V1 +0.2* V1 ;
V3 = V2 ;
v1 = roots ( V1 + V2 + V3 - V ) ;
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13 V3 =1.2* v1 ;
14 printf ( V o l t a g e on l i n e end u n i t= V3= %. 2 f kV\n , V3 )
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;
Cx = poly (0 , Cx ) ;
C = poly (0 , C ) ;
printf ( For Cx \nC 1 . 2 V1 + Cx 1 . 2 V1 = C 1 . 2 V1 + C
2 . 2 V1/5\ n ) ;
C_ = roots ( Cx *1.2 -2.2/5) ; // a f t e r s i m p l i f y i n g t h e
eqution
Cx = C_ * C ;
printf ( Cx= ) ;
disp ( Cx ) ;
printf ( F a r a d s )
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Chapter 9
Underground Cables
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Determine insulation resistance

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// D e t e r m i n e i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
row =4*10^12; //ohm m
l =3*10^3; //m
r1 =12.5; //mm
r2 =12.5+5; //mm
Rins = row * log ( r2 / r1 ) /(2* %pi * l ) ;
printf ( I n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e ( R i n s )= %. 1 f M ohm ,
Rins /10^6) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.2 Determine resistivity of dielectric in a cable

1 // D e t e r m i n e
2 clear ;
3 clc ;
r e s i s t i v i t y of d i e l e c t r i c in a cable
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// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
Rins =1840*10^6; //ohm
l =2*10^3; //m
r1 =2/2; //mm
r2 =6/2; //mm
row = Rins *(2* %pi * l ) / log ( r2 / r1 ) ;
printf ( R e s i s t i v i t y o f D i e l e c t r i c = %. 3 f 1 0 1 2 ohmm
, row /10^12) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.3 Find max and min electrostatic stresses and capacitance and charging current
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// Find max and min e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s e s and

c a p a c i t a n c e and c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
a =0.645; //cm2
d = sqrt (4* a / %pi ) *0.01; //m// D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r
V =11000; // V o l t s
f =50; // Hz
Er =3.5; // p e r m i t i v i t y o f t h e d i e l e c t r i c u s e d
D =0.0218; //m// I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r o f s h e a t h
gmax =2* V /( d * log ( D / d ) ) /10^5;
printf ( Maximum e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s e s = %. 2 f kV/cm\n
, gmax ) ;
gmin =2* V /( D * log ( D / d ) ) /10^5;
printf ( Minimum e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s e s = %. 1 f kV/cm\n
, gmin ) ;
C =0.024* Er *10^ -6/( log10 ( D / d ) ) ;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f c a b l e= %. 2 f 10 6 f a r a d \n ,C
*10^6) ;
Ic =2* %pi * f * C * V / sqrt (3) ;
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printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e p e r km l e n g t h= %
. 2 f A , Ic ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Find max electrostatic stresses and charging kVA
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// Find max e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s e s and c h a r g i n g kVA

clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
r =0.6; //cm
d =0.025; //m// D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r
V =33000; // V o l t s
f =50; // Hz
l =3.4; //km
Er =3.1; // p e r m i t i v i t y o f t h e d i e l e c t r i c u s e d
D = d +2* r *10^ -2; //m// I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r o f s h e a t h
gmax =2* V /( d * log ( D / d ) ) ;
printf ( Maximum e l e c t r o s t a t i c s t r e s s e s = %. 1 f 1 0 6 V/
m\n , gmax /10^6) ;
C =0.024* Er * l *10^ -6/( log10 ( D / d ) ) ;
printf ( C a p a c i t a n c e o f c a b l e= %. 4 f 10 6 f a r a d \n ,C
*10^6) ;
Ic =2* %pi * f * C *( V / sqrt (3) ) ;
printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e p e r km l e n g t h= %
. 2 f A\n , Ic ) ;
kVA = sqrt (3) * V * Ic *10^ -3;
printf ( T o t a l C h a r g i n g= %. 2 f kVAR , kVA ) ;
//THERE ARE SOME CALCULATION ERRORS IN THE BOOK
BECAUSE OF WHICH I c = 0 . 3 0 7 8 A AND TOTAL CHARGING
CURRENT= 1 7 . 5 7kVAR
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Scilab code Exa 9.5 Determine internal diameter of shealth D and diameter of conductor d
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// D e t e r m i n e i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r o f s h e a l t h D and
diameter of conductor d
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
gmax =23*10^5; //V/cm
V =10000; // V o l t s
d =2* V / gmax ;
D = exp (1) * d *1000;
printf ( D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r ( d )= %. 1 f mm \ n I n t e r n a l
d i a m e t e r o f s h e a l t h (D)= %. 2 f mm ,d *1000 , D ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Determine most economical value of diameter and
overall diameter of insulation
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// D e t e r m i n e most e c o n o m i c a l v a l u e o f d i a m e t e r and
o v e r a l l diameter of i n s u l a t i o n
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
gmax =60; //kV/cm
V =132* sqrt (2) / sqrt (3) ; //kV
d =2* V / gmax ;
D = exp (1) * d ;
printf ( D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r ( d )= %. 1 f cm \ n I n t e r n a l
d i a m e t e r o f s h e l a t h= %. 2 f cm ,d , D ) ;
97
Scilab code Exa 9.7 Determine most economical value of diameter of single core cable
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// D e t e r m i n e most e c o n o m i c a l v a l u e o f d i a m e t e r o f
single core cable
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
gmax =40; //kV/cm
V =50* sqrt (2) ; //kV
d =2* V / gmax ;
printf ( D i a m e t e r o f c o n d u c t o r ( d )= %. 3 f cm ,d ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.8 find safe working voltage of cable

// f i n d s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e o f c a b l e
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =4; //cm
D =10; //cm
e1 =5; // r e a l t i v e p e r m e a b i l t y
d1 = e1 * d / e2 ;
d2 = e1 * d / e3 ;
gmax =40; //kV/cm
Vper =( gmax /2) *[ d * log ( d1 / d ) + d1 * log ( d2 / d1 ) + d2 * log ( D / d2
) ];
15 Vsafe1 = Vper / sqrt (2) ;
16 printf ( S a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e ( rms ) o f a c a b l e= %. 2 f
kV\n , Vsafe1 ) ;
17 Vpeak =( gmax /2) *[ d * log ( D / d ) ];
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Vsafe2 = Vpeak / sqrt (2) ;

printf ( S a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e ( rms ) o f t h e u n g r a d e d
c a b l e= %. 2 f kV , Vsafe2 ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.9 find radial thickness and safe working voltage of cable
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// f i n d r a d i a l t h i c k n e s s and s a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e o f
cable
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =6; //cm
D =18; //cm
g1max =30; //kV/cm
g2max =20; //kV/cm
d1 = g1max * e1 * d /( g2max * e2 ) ;
tin =( d1 - d ) /2;
printf ( R a d i a l t h i c k n e s s o f i n n e r d i e l e c t r i c = %. 3 f
cm \n , tin ) ;
tout =( D - d1 ) /2;
printf ( R a d i a l t h i c k n e s s o f o u t e r d i e l e c t r i c = %. 3 f
cm \n , tout ) ;
Vper =( g1max /2) *[ d * log ( d1 / d ) ]+( g2max /2) *( d1 * log ( D / d1 )
);
Vsafe = Vper / sqrt (2) ;
printf ( S a f e w o r k i n g v o l t a g e f o r a c a b l e ( rms )= %. 2 f
kV\n , Vsafe ) ;
Scilab code Exa 9.10 find the voltage on the intersheaths

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// f i n d t h e v o l t a g e on t h e i n t e r s h e a t h s
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =2.5; //cm
d1 =3.1; //cm
d2 =4.2; //cm
D =6; //cm
V =66* sqrt (2/3) ; //kV
V1 = poly (0 , V1 ) ;
V2 = poly (0 , V2 ) ;
V3 = poly (0 , V3 ) ;
g1max = V1 /(( d /2) * log ( d1 / d ) ) ; //kV/cm
g2max = V2 /(( d1 /2) * log ( d2 / d1 ) ) ; //kV/cm
g3max = V3 /(( d2 /2) * log ( D / d2 ) ) ; //kV/cm
V2 = g1max /2.1244605;
V3 = g1max /1.3350825;
V1 = roots ( V1 + V2 + V3 - V ) ;
V2 = V1 *1.7542; // a f t e r s o l v i n g g1max=g2max
V3 = V1 *2.7857; // a f t e r s o l v i n g g1max=g3max
Vf =V - V1 ;
Vs =V - V1 - V2 ;
printf ( V o l t a g e on f i r s t i n t e r s h e a t h ( i . e . n e a r t o
t h e c o r e ) = %. 3 f kV\n , Vf ) ;
25 printf ( V o l t a g e on s e c o n d i n t e r s h e a t h= %. 3 f kV , Vs ) ;
26 //THERE I S A SLIGHT ERROR DUE TO THE USAGE OF
FLOATING POINT
27 // IN BOOK Vf = 4 4 . 2 3 7 kV & Vs= 2 7 . 1 4 7 kV
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Scilab code Exa 9.11 find the position and voltage on the intersheaths
and max and min stress
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// f i n d t h e p o s i t i o n and v o l t a g e on t h e i n t e r s h e a t h s
and max and min s t r e s s
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clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
d =2; //cm
D =5.3; //cm
V =66* sqrt (2/3) ; //kV
V1 = poly (0 , V1 ) ;
V2 = poly (0 , V2 ) ;
V3 = poly (0 , V3 ) ;
d1 = poly (0 , d1 )
d1d2 = D * d ; // d1 d2
d2 =( d1 ^2) /2;
printf ( d2= ) ;
disp ( d2 ) ;
d1 =(2* d1d2 ) ^(1/3) ; // a f t e r p u t t i n g v a l u e o f d2 i n d1
d2
d2 =( d1 ^2) /2;
printf ( d1= %. 3 f cm \ nd2= %. 1 f cm \n ,d1 , d2 ) ;
V2 =( d1 / d ) * V1 ;
V3 =( d2 / d ) * V1 ;
V1 = roots ( V1 + V2 + V3 - V ) ;
V2 =( d1 / d ) * V1 ;
V3 =( d2 / d ) * V1 ;
Vf =V - V1 ;
Vs =V - V1 - V2 ;
printf ( V o l t a g e on f i r s t i n t e r s h e a t h ( i . e . n e a r t o
t h e c o r e ) = %. 3 f kV\n , Vf ) ;
printf ( V o l t a g e on s e c o n d i n t e r s h e a t h= %. f kV\n , Vs )
;
Gmax = V1 /(( d /2) * log ( d1 / d ) ) ;
Gmin = V1 /(( d1 /2) * log ( d1 / d ) ) ;
printf ( Maximum s t r e s s = %. f kV/cm \nMinimum s t r e s s =
%. 2 f kV/cm , Gmax , Gmin ) ;
// There i s an e r r o r i n i n book i t i s V o l t a g e on
s e c o n d i n t e r s h e a t h= 2 3 . 9 1 kV & Gmax and Gmin i n
book i t i s 39kV/cm & Gmin= 2 8 . 3 5 kV/cm
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Scilab code Exa 9.12 Calculate the charging current

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// C a l c u l a t e t h e c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
C3 =(0.4*10^ -6) *5; // f a r a d
Vph =11*10^3/ sqrt (3) ;
f =50; // Hz
Cn =2* C3 ;
Ic =2* %pi * f * Vph * Cn ;
printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t= %. 2 f A , Ic )
Scilab code Exa 9.13 Calculate the kVA taken

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// C a l c u l a t e t h e kVA t a k e n
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
C3 =(0.2*10^ -6) *20; // f a r a d
Vph =11*10^3/ sqrt (3) ;
f =50; // Hz
Cn =2* C3 ;
Ic =2* %pi * f * Vph * Cn ;
printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t= %. 2 f A\n , Ic )
kVA =3* Vph * Ic *10^ -3;
printf ( kVA t a k e n by t h e c a b l e= %. 2 f kVA , kVA ) ;
// IN BOOK IT I S 2 4 . 7 5 kVA DUE TO SOME PRINTING
MISTAKE
102
Scilab code Exa 9.14 Calculate the charging current

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// C a l c u l a t e t h e c h a r g i n g c u r r e n t
clear ;
clc ;
// s o l t i o n
// g i v e n
C1 =14*10^ -6; // f a r a d
C2 =8*10^ -6; // f a r a d
Ce = C1 /3;
Cc =( C2 - Ce ) /2;
Vph =66*10^3/ sqrt (3) ;
f =50; // Hz
Cn = Ce +3* Cc ;
Ic =2* %pi * f * Vph * Cn ;
printf ( C h a r g i n g c u r r e n t= %. 2 f A , Ic ) ;
// I n book i t i s 1 1 5 . 8 2 A due t o some p r i n t i n g
mistake
103

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Transmission & Distribution Of Electrical

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

3 Mechanical Features of Overhead Line

4 Transmission Line Parameters

5 Performance of Short and Medium Transmission Lines

6 Performance of Long Transmission Lines

List of Scilab Codes

Find the copper saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Find the loop inductance and reactance . . . . . . . .

Find regulation and charging current using nominal T

find voltage distribution across each insulator and string

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Find the copper saving

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Calculate volume of conductor required in 1 phase 2

Scilab code Exa 1.5 Calculate DC supply voltage

printf ( Weight o f c o p p p e r r e q u i r e d= %d kg \n\n , round

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Calculate the max sag

// C a l c u l a t e h o r i z o n t a l component o f t e n s i o n and max

// C a l c u l a t e t h e max s a g i n s t i l l a i r and wind

printf ( Max Sag= %. 3 f m\n , sag2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Calculate the max sag

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Calculate the vertical sag

printf ( x1+x2= %dm\n ,L ) ;

printf ( Sag ( from t a l l e r o f t h e two s u p p o r t s )= %. 3 f m

Scilab code Exa 3.11 Find stringing tension in the conductor

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Find the loop inductance

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Calculate GMR pf ACSR conductor

18 printf ( Ds7= ( %f ) ( 1 / 7 ) r \n , Ds7_ ) ;

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Find the loop inductance

Scilab code Exa 4.13 Find the capacitance of 1 phase line

Scilab code Exa 4.15 Find the capacitance of 3 phase line

Scilab code Exa 4.19 Calculate the capacitance per phase

// Find s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e , power f a c t o r , e f f i c i e n y

// Find l o a d end v o l t a g e and e f f i c i e n y

printf ( Vr=%d %. 1 f I \n ,Vs_ , Z ) ;

// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end ,

printf ( S e n d i n g end c u r r e n t= %. 2 f % . 3 f A \n , abs (

// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end and

// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end and

// Find c u r r e n t and v o l t a g e o f s e n d i n g end

Ir =[ floor ( P /( sqrt (3) * Vrl * pf ) ) - acosd ( pf ) ];

// f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t and power and

theta2 = atand ( imag ( Is ) / real ( Is ) ) ;

// Find ABCD p a r a m e t e r s and s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and

Vrl =220*1000; //V

53 printf ( S e n d i n g end power=%. 2fMW\n , Ps /10^6) ;

// f i n d s e n d i n g end v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t and power and

// D e t e r m i n e ABCD c o n s t a n t and s e n d i n g end power

z (1) = A (1) * B (1)

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Determine auxiliary constants

Scilab code Exa 6.3 Determine percentage rise in voltage

Scilab code Exa 6.4 alculate constants of equivalent circuit of line

31 Bo =[ abs ( Bo_ ) atand ( imag ( Bo_ ) / real ( Bo_ ) ) ];

Scilab code Exa 6.5 calculate constants of equivalent circuit of line

Zse =[12 80];

Scilab code Exa 6.6 calculate Ao and Bo and Co and Do constants

DZt = rxr (D , Zt ) ; //D Zt

Scilab code Exa 6.7 calculate equivalent T and pi constants

// f i n d s e n d i n g end r e a c t i v e and a c t i v e power

z (1) = A (1) * B (1)

z = complex (0.105 ,0.3768) *500;

A_ =1+( r2p ( YZ ) ) /2+( r2p ( Y2Z2 ) ) /24;

Scilab code Exa 7.4 Find spacing between the conductor