Name: Anais Nagle

Project: Out of Place

Date: 5/7/16

Citation: Asylum & the Rights of Refugees. (2012, October 10). Retrieved from
http://www.ijrcenter.org/refugee-law/#What_Rights_Do_Refugees_Have
Questions/Main Ideas
Is there a
universal set of
rights for all
refugees?
Why are
people immigrating
to Ethiopia?
Whos
immigrating to
Ethiopia?
What has
Ethiopia done to
help its refugees?
Why flee to
a country that has
its own emigration
problem?
Right to
non-refoulement
Do people
become refugees to
get basic human
rights?
Right to
seek asylum
Freedom of
movement
What are
States?
How are
countries able to
determine
reasonable
grounds to not let a
refugee in?
Who gets to
make that decision?
What if a
refugee was falsely
accused of a
serious crime in
their home country?
Would they

Notes
Refugee law and international human rights law
work closely together
Refugees are fleeing governments that are either
unable or unwilling to protect their basic human rights
Cases where the fear of persecution or threat to
life or safety arises in the context of an armed conflict,
refugee law also intersects with international
humanitarian law
Basic principle of refugee law is non-refoulement
Non-refoulement refers to obligation of States not
to refoule, or return, a refugee to the frontiers of
territories where his life or freedom would be threatened
on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership
of a particular social group or political opinion
Universally acknowledged as a human right
Principle of non-refoulement not only removal of
individuals but also mass expulsion of refugees
Two restrictions: refugees may not claim
protection when there are reasonable grounds for
regarding refugee as a danger to the national security of
the host country or where the refugee, having been
convicted of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a
danger to host community
Rights to seek asylum and freedom of movement
are close related since inability to return to ones country
is basis of an asylum claim while ability to leave ones
country is a prerequisite for claiming refugee status
Freedom of movement is key right for refugees
within their host country
States shall afford refugees the right to choose
their place of residence within the territory and to move
freely within the State
obliges States Parties to issue refugees travel
documents permitting them to travel outside the State
unless compelling reasons of national security or public
order otherwise require
Freedom of movement is especially important
issue with refugee situations in countries (No WIRED)
with limited national resources and/or limited legal
frameworks for protecting refugees who have a large
population
In these countries, refugee warehousing is
practiced

still be denied from

fleeing into a host
country?
Right to
liberty and security
What is the
1951 convention?
Why do you
need to file for
refugee status?
How hard is
that compared to
getting citizenship?
Do nonWIRED countries
feel obligated to
bring in refugees?
Has Greece
responded
positively or
negatively to their
refugee problem?
What is a
third country
national?
Do the
people in charge of
reviewing asylum
cases have
emotions that could
interfere with their
decisions?
Should
other European
countries be forced
to address the
conditions in the
Greek detention
centers?
What rights
do foreign
nationalists have?
Right to
family life
Why are
these rights not fully
enforced?
What stands
in the way?
Do all

Refugees are confined to refugee camps, thereby

restricting their access to employment and education
Countries such as Kenya and Ethiopia have
national laws that restrict the movement of refugees
throughout the country and refugees may be limited to
living in designated areas, namely refugee camps
Right to liberty and security of the person is
important in context of how asylum seekers are treated
within the intended country of refuge
National laws of several countries provide for the
detention of asylum seekers at one point or another
during the adjudication of their claims
Detention of asylum seekers is serious issue
Horrible conditions found in the detention
facilities of several countries
Issue in Greece, a country overwhelmed by the
number of asylum-seekers it receives, many of whom
use Greece as a port of entry as they try to access other
European countries
In order to clarify which State has responsibility
for a particular asylum applicant, the Council of Europe
issued Dublin Regulation
It establishes the criteria and mechanisms for
determining the Member State responsible for examining
an asylum application lodged in one of the Member
States by a third country national
Under the Dublin Regulation, the State through
which the third country national first entered Europe is
generally considered the State responsible for
adjudicating that nationals asylum claim
As result, many of these asylum seekers are
returned to Greece to have their claims adjudicated
Human rights organizations including Amnesty
International have reported on unsanitary and
overcrowded conditions in Greek detention centers
Asylum-seekers have claimed that they did not
have access to a UNHCR representative or information
about how to apply for asylum while in detention
Large number of cases that the conditions in the
Greek detention centers violate individuals rights to
humane treatment and dignity under the European
Convention on Human Rights
Family is seen as the natural and fundamental
group unit of society and is entitled to protection by
society and the State
Number of countries provide for the granting of
derivative status to dependent relatives
When an individual is granted asylum, his or her
dependent relatives also receives protection through him
or her

refugees have to
seek asylum to
legally enter a
country?
Are asylumseekers considered
refugees?
Is Ethiopia a
part of the United
Nations?
Why do they
only see these
rights as
obligations?
Is because
they are not a
WIRED country?
Right to
education
Access to
justice (courts)
Wageearning
employment
Right to
property
(immovable and
movable)
Other
fundamental rights
in international and
regional human
rights treaties
Right to
same treatment as
foreign nationals

If individuals refugee status is terminated so is

the status of dependent relatives
Do not forbid dependent relatives from making
their own asylum claims
Definition of dependent relative varies due to
cultural notions of family prevalent in the State Party
In U.K., dependents are defined as the spouse,
civil partner, unmarried or same-sex partner, or minor
child accompanying the applicant
In Kenya, dependent relatives include the brother
or sister of an applicant under the age of eighteen, or
any dependent grandparent, parent, grandchild or ward
living in the same household as the refugee
Other rights: rights to education, access to
justice, employment and other fundamental rights in
international and regional human rights treaties
Access to courts, wage-earning employment and
property rights- immovable and movable (same as
foreign nationals)
Refugees have the right to same treatment as
foreign nationals
All refugee rights protected under 1951
Convention and other human treaties
But several refugees in various countries do not
enjoy full or equal legal protection of these rights
Ethiopia treats these articles ((rights) as
recommendations rather than obligations
Restrictive labor and property laws in Lebanon
prevent Palestinians from practicing professions
requiring syndicate membership, such as law, medicine,
and engineering, and from registering property

Summary:
All refugees have the right to non-refoulement which means their host countries are not
allowed to return them to their home country. Two exceptions to this right are if there are
reasonable grounds for regarding refugee as a danger to the national security of the host
country or if the refugee, having been convicted of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a
danger to host community. They also have the right to freedom of movement which means
they have the right to choose their place of residence within the host country and to move
freely within it. But unfortunately there are some exceptions like in Kenya and Ethiopia, which
restricts refugees movement to designated areas such as refugee camps. Next, they have

the right to liberty and security which often means being placed in a safe place (detention
center) where they can apply for asylum and stay. But sadly, especially evident in Greece,
detention centers are often unsanitary and overcrowded. Moreover, they have the right to
family life which means an individual can be granted derivative status that grants the
individual asylum and their dependent relatives asylum as determined by the cultural notions
of the family. Finally, refugees have many rights shared with foreign nationalists such as the
right to education, access to justice (courts), wage-earning employment, property rights
(movable and immovable) and other fundamental rights in international and regional human
rights treaties.

Name: Anais Nagle

Project: Out of Place

Date: 5/7/16

Citation: Refugee situations in Ethiopia. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/ethiopia/refugee-situationsin-ethiopia
Questions/Main Ideas
Is there a
universal set of
rights for all
refugees?
Why are
people immigrating
to Ethiopia?
Whos
immigrating to
Ethiopia?
What has
Ethiopia done to
help its refugees?
Why flee to
a country that has
its own emigration
problem?
What
natural disasters
occur in
neighboring
countries?
What is an
urban refugee?
What is
voluntary
repatriation?
Why are
there so many
Somali refugees?
UNHCR-

Notes
Refugee influxes in Ethiopia do to ongoing
political and civil unrest and recurring natural disasters in
neighboring countries
Hosts a large population of refugees from African
countries: Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea, Rwanda, Burundi,
Angola, Liberia, Djibouti, Uganda, South Africa, and
Yemen
Somali, Sudanese, and Eritrean refugees are
majority
9 refugee camps located in east, west, and north
parts
Urban refugees found in major cities like Addis
Ababa and Dire Dawa
Main objectives of refugee operations in Ethiopia:
protection and provision of care and maintenance
assistance, promotion of voluntary repatriation of Somali
refugees, recovery programs including school feeding
and environment focused food for work programs
UNHCR in charge of coordination of assistance
in the various camps
ARRA established by Ethiopian government in
charges of food distribution, security issues, programs
on health, education, etc.
WFP provides general food rations
Supplementary and blanket feeding programs on
daily basis due to most children below the age of five
range between 70-80% weight for height (malnutrition
and underweight)
Mainly in centers like Sherkole and Bonga where
is undernutrition very evident in children under five
School feeding program in Sudanese camps

United Nations High

Commissioner for
Refugees
ARRAAdministration for
Refugee and
Returnee Affairs
Holds
refugees mainly
from other African
countries
Once
Ethiopia do they
want to stay in
refugee camps?
Or do they
want to reach
somewhere else,
such as Europe?
Somali,
Sudanese, and
Eritrean refugees
are majority
9 refugee
camps
Malnutrition
and underweight
very evident in
children under five
Ethiopia has
fragile ecosystem
Somalia
refugees due to
war, and fall of
government
Why do they
want to kick out
Somali refugees in
particular?
Is the large
food package a
bribe?
What is
remittance?
Even
Ethiopians take
advantage of the
refugee camps
How many
refugee camps are

provides FAMIX (high-protein porridge)

Due to this, attendance is near perfect
Somali camps located in semi-arid areas
Added pressure on fragile ecosystem resulted in
extensive degradation of surrounding natural resources
WFP, with local governments implements Food
for Work programs
They focus on natural resource management
such as tree planting, measures to control erosion,
introduces energy-saving stoves
Somali refugees began arriving following the
Ogaden war of 1977-8, again after fall of Siyad Barre
government in 1991
Settled amongst other clan members in Somali
land since class territories stand the border between
Ethiopia and Somalia
Since 1997, Eastern camps focused on
repatriation
6 Somali refugee camps closed due to successful
repatriation of over 220,000 people
As part of repatriation package, refugees receive
one-time food package of 150 kg of wheat, 10 kg of
pulses, and 5 L of oil per person
Sale of livestock used to serve as reliable source
of income
With continued and and devaluation of Somali
and Somaliland shillings, remittance is leafing income
source for refugees
Believed Ethiopians (Somalis) in refugee camps
due to recurrent drought and insecurity, especially
repatriated between 1991-3
Want access to food and other assistance
Most Sudanese arrived in Ethiopia in early 1980s
New arrivals continue to flow in due to continued
conflict in Sudan
Ethnic clashes have resulted in death adnd
displacement of refugees
Pugnido is largest camp hosting 35% of
Sudanese
Agriculture, petty trading and remittance make up
their livelihood
Lack of arable land has limited refugees
opportunities to become self-reliant
Over 6, 700 Eritrean refugees in northern camp
Consists of ethnic Kunamas who fled country in
May 2000
Increasing numbers continue to flow following
Ethio-Eritrean war in 1998
With very limited access to land and livestock,
force to survive on meager resources

there now?
Is there a
link between how
good a government
is, and the number
of people leaving
the country?
Why are
ther Ethiopian
refugees in
countries like
Sudan and Djibouti
and refugees from
Sudan and Djibouti
in Ethiopia?
Established
a new government,
caused the
refugees to come
back to Ethiopia

Land a problem, due to location near town of

Shiraro which is close to border of Eritrea
Receive food and other assistance through WFP,
ARRA, and UNHCR
According to World Refugee Survey, more than
20,000 Ethiopians were refugees or asylum-seekers at
the end of 2002
More than 10,000 in Kenya, some 2,000 in
Djibouti, more than 1,000 in Yeme, and 6,000 in Europe
and USA
10,00 lived in refugee-like circumstances in
Sudan
Majority left during Derg Regime
Due to new establishment of government in
1991, more than 800,000 refugees were repatriated

Summary: Refugee influxes in Ethiopia are due to ongoing political and civil unrest and
recurring natural disasters in neighboring countries. They host a large population of refugees
from African countries: Somalia, Sudan, Eritrea, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola, Liberia, Djibouti,
Uganda, South Africa, and Yemen. Somali, Sudanese, and Eritrean refugees make up the
majority. Organization such as the UNHCR, ARRA, WFP provide food, education, health
services and other assistance to these refugees. Although being a safe-haven itself,
thousands of Ethiopians flee the country as well due to government instability.

Name: Anais Nagle

Project: Out of Place

Date: 5/7/16

Citation: 2015 UNHCR country operations profile - Ethiopia. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e483986.html
Questions/Main Ideas
Is there a
universal set of
rights for all
refugees?
Why are
people immigrating
to Ethiopia?
Whos
immigrating to
Ethiopia?
What has
Ethiopia done to
help its refugees?

Notes
Due to geographical location and geopolitical
development, Ethiopia is likely to receive more people
seeking refuge from neighboring countries in 2015 and
beyond
Government maintains an open-door policy and
continue to allow humanitarian access and protection to
those seeking refuge
Receive 200,000 new arrivals, mostly from South
Sudan between January and August 2014
More than 630,000 accommodated mainly in
camps
23 refugee camps and provides police presence
in some

 Why flee to
a country that has
its own emigration
problem?
Camps have
grown from 9 to 23
since 90s
Lots of
unaccompanied
children coming
from Eritrea and
South Sudan
Are there a
lot of students who
apply for the free
university?
What are
the different
ethnicities in
Sudan?
Organizatio
ns that help the
refugees are
UNHCR, ARRA,
WFP, UNICEF, and
Humanitarian
Country Team
Why is
resettlement so
hard to apply and
get accepted?

Since beginning of 2014, have accepted 190,000

fleeing South Sudan
Mostly women and children who need protection,
assistance and often alarming nutritional conditions
Large part of region prone to flooding, including
refugee areas
Large numbers of unaccompanied minors
continuously arriving from Eritrea
They face high risk of trafficking and smuggling
Provisions under Ethiopian law for local
integration are very limited
Maintains reservations with 1951 Refugee
convention such as employment opportunities,
Support out of camp scheme that allows refugees
to live outside camps and engage in informal livelihood
opportunities
Students can attend university for free (75% paid
by government and 25% by UNHCR)
Main groups of concern in 2015: with South
Sudan
Fled violence that erupted in December 2013,
since 1991 from previous inter-ethnic clashes
Eritrean refugees, many unaccompanied and
separated children have a sought asylum since 2000
UNHCR continues providing protection and
assistance to more than 720,000 people
Camps opened in 2014 will be fully developed
with adequate services and facilities
Resettlement remains most viable solution for
refugees, but only available to small percentage of them

Summary: Due to its geographical location and geopolitical development, Ethiopia is likely to
receive more people seeking refuge from neighboring countries in 2015 and beyond. The
government maintains an open-door policy and continues to allow humanitarian access and
protection to those seeking refuge. They received 200,000 new arrivals, mostly from South
Sudan between January and August 2014. More than 630,000 are accommodated mainly in
camps. There are 23 refugee camps and police presence in some of them. Since the
beginning of 2014, they have accepted 190,000 fleeing South Sudan. They are mostly women
and children who need protection, assistance and often alarming nutritional conditions. Many
refugee camps are located in a large part of region prone to flooding, including refugee areas.
Also, a large number of refugees are unaccompanied minors coming from Eritrea.

Name: Anais Nagle

Project: Out of Place

Date: 5/7/16

Citation: Ethiopia overtakes Kenya as Africa's biggest refugee-hosting country. (2014, August
19). Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/53f31ebd9.html

Questions/Main Ideas
Is there a
universal set of
rights for all
refugees?
Why are
people immigrating
to Ethiopia?
Whos
immigrating to
Ethiopia?
What has
Ethiopia done to
help its refugees?
Why flee to
a country that has
its own emigration
problem?
Ethiopia is
the largest refugee
country in Africa
What
percentage of
Ethiopias is
refugees?
Hosts
almost 630,000
refugees
South
Sudanese- largest
refugee population
(247,000)
Somalis245,000
99,000Eritreans
Many
camps prone to
flooding
As of mid
August 2014, 1.861
million South
Sudanese had
been forcibly
displaced
Of those
almost 1.3 million
are internally
displaced
More than

Notes
As of August 19, 2014, UN refugee agency
announced that Ethiopia has overtaken Kenya as largest
refugee country in Africa
Shelters 629,718 refugees as of end of July 2014
Kenya hosts 575,334 refugees
Main factor in increased numbers is conflict in
South Sudan
Erupted in mid December 2013
Sent 188,000 refugees into Ethiopia since
beginning of 2014
Presently 247,000 South Sudanese refugees in
country
It's larger refugee population
245,000 Somalis
99,000 Eritreans
Over last seven months, nearly 1,500 Eritreans
and more than 3,000 Somalis arrived
UNHCR long with Ethiopian government and
other partners, providing protection and humanitarian aid
in 23 refugee camps and five transit sites
Three new camps and three transit sites opened
in 2014
2 more in process of developing
Recent week, heavy rain has flooded some of the
temporary cams and one main one
10,000 out of 47,600 of main camp hit by flooding
Many tents and shelters are under water and
latrines collapsed
Serious health concern due to outbreak of
waterborne diseases
Rainy season to last until October
Working to accumulate rainwater into nearby
small stream
Moving affected refugee to drier areas and
sending relief items
Most of Gambella region is at low-elevation and
flood-prone
South Sudans crisis has caused massive
displace not internally and into neighboring countries
As of mid August 2014, 1.861 million South
Sudanese had been forcibly displaced
Of those almost 1.3 million are internally
displaced
more than 575,000 were refugees in neighboring
countries
South Sudan is hosting 243,000 refugees,
majority from Sudan

575,000 were
refugees in
neighboring
countries
South
Sudan is hosting
243,000 refugees,
majority from
Sudan
Summary: As of August 19, 2014, the UN refugee agency announced that Ethiopia has
overtaken Kenya as largest refugee country in Africa. It shelters 629,718 refugees as of the
end of July 2014. Kenya is in second hosting 575,334 refugees. The main factor in increased
numbers is the conflict in South Sudan which erupted in mid December 2013. It has sent
188,000 refugees into Ethiopia since beginning of 2014. Presently, there are 247,000 South
Sudanese refugees in the country, 245,000 Somalis and 99,000 Eritreans.

Name: Anais Nagle

Project: Out of Place

Date: 5/7/16

Citation: Momodu, S. (2015, April). Refugees turn to Ethiopia for safety and asylum | Africa
Renewal Online. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april2015/refugees-turn-ethiopia-safety-and-asylum
Questions/Main Ideas
Is there a
universal set of
rights for all
refugees?
Why are
people immigrating
to Ethiopia?
Whos
immigrating to
Ethiopia?
What has
Ethiopia done to
help its refugees?
Why flee to
a country that has
its own emigration
problem?
Is South
Sudan mostly
Christian and
Sudan mostly
Muslim?
Is there a
correlation between

Notes
There are still South Sudanese refugees from
that came over in the 90s and have started families in
refugee camps and still live there
Still insecurity in Ethiopia
Before it was war with Arabs for independence
Now South Sudan is independent, but fighting
continues
More than 665,000 refugees currently living there
Passed Kenya in July 2014 as largest refugeehosing country in Africa
Most refugees coming from Eritrea, Somalia,
South Sudan, and Sudan
In mid-December 2013, thousand of South
Sudanese were uprooted. From their country when
President Salva Kiir accused his ousted deputy, Riek
Machar, of planning a coup
Sudan is worlds youngest nation
Battle between Dinka ethnic group of President
Kiir and Mr. Machars Nuer ethnic group
Triggered a cycle of retaliatory massacres across
country
2013 showed a total of 51.2 million refugees,
asylum seekers and internally displaced people
It's highest level of displacement since WWII

governments and
refugees?
Camps
usually hold about
50,000 people
In 3 years,
refugee population
increased times 7
Are all
camps divided by
home country?
Are there
any diverse camps?
What are
internally displaced
people?
What
caused the influx of
South Sudanese
refugees in the
80s-90s?
How many
organizations are
working in the
camps?
What does a
successful refugee
camps look like?
If Ethiopia is
described as
peaceful and
stable, then why
are there Ethiopian
refugees in
neighboring
countries?
How many
have been
repatriated so far?
Do people
have enough food
to eat in these
refugee camps?
Are
livelihood activities
put into place, so
that refugees feel
like they have a
purpose again and
can go back to

Spike mainly driven by war in Syria. Conflicts in

Central African Republic and South Sudan
No humanitarian solution
Political solution to solve the conflicts that
generate dramatic levels of displacement
More than 3 million refugees in Africa
12.5 million internally displaced people
Another 700,000 stateless people
Shares borders with Somalia, South Sudan,
Sudan and Eritrea
Hosting refugees since 1990s
2011- only 8 refugee camps with some 90,000
refugee
June 20014- 23 refugee camps with over
600,000 refugees
South Sudanese-253,030
Somalis-245,326
Eritreans-126,363
Sudanese-35,870
Other nationalities-5,300
Somali civil war has dragged on (continues) for
over two decades
Ongoing conflict in Sudan between Sudanese
governments and Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement
(SPLM in North) forces thousands to keep fleeing
There were more than 450,000 South Sudanese
refugees in late 1980s and early 1990s
Most were repatriated with about 20,000
remaining in 2013
Ethiopia is a very peaceful and stable country
8 refugee camps for Somalis along
October-December 2014, experiment increase in
number of Eritreans seeking refuge
Severity of the displacement and suffering in the
countries around Ethiopia
For past two decades, theyve always had
refugees
Ethiopia keeps providing support for refugees
Funding to support refugees is huge problem in
Ethiopia
Refugees continue to strain local resource such
as food, water and education and health facilities
Lack of resources fuels tension
Need more assistance to provide the basic needs
for refugees shelter, food, water, sanitation, education
and health
Refugees involved in various livelihood activities
Small-scale husbandry and other agricultural
projects
Provides them business grants and trading on

normality?
Are
refugees paid in
some way for their
services inside the
camps such as
being a teacher,
nurse or social
worker?

cooperative development and business management

Self-reliance activities
Refugees with skills serve a teacher's, nurse,
interpreters, or social workers with organizations within
camps
South Sudanese emergency in 2013
Unprecedented heavy downpour in August 2014,
flooded two camps, Leitchuor and Nip Nip

Summary: For the last two decades, the flow of refugees into Ethiopia has not stopped. They
come from mainly from countries like South Sudan, Somalia, and Eritrea. From 2011-2014,
90,000 refugees in the country rose to over 600,000. It the biggest displacement of people
since World War II. Ethiopia collaborates with several organization to ensure the protection
and aid of these hundreds of thousands of refugees. But refugees continues to strain local
resources such as food, and water. They need more assistance to provide for the basic needs
of these people such as shelter, food,, water, sanitation, education,and health services.