TOPIC NO.

MATRICES

2.1 MATRIX
A matrix of order (m x n) or an m by
n matrix is a rectangular array of
numbers or elements having m rows
and n columns and can be written in
the form:

A
=

a11

a12

a13

a14

a21

a22

a23

a24

a31

a32

a33

a34

am1

am2

am3

amn

Each number (ajk) in a given matrix is called an

element where subscripts j and k indicate
respectively the row and column where the
element appears.

2.2 ADDITION OF
MATRICES
If A= [a ] and B= [b ] are matrices of
jk

jk

the same order, then the algebraic

sum of A and B is equal to [ajk + bjk].

 The commutative and associative

laws for addition of matrices are
satisfied such that
for matrices A, B, and C.
A+B=B+A
(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)

2.3 SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

If A= [ajk] and B= [bjk] are matrices of
the same order, then the difference
between A and B is equal to [ajk - bjk].

 The commutative and associative

laws for subtraction of matrices are
not satisfied.
A-BB-A
(A-B)-CA-(B-C)

2.4 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

IF A= [aji] is an m x n matrix and B=
[bik] is an
n x p matrix, then the product of A
and B is
equal to matrix
C= [cjk] , an (m x p) matrix.
p

Cjk = ajibik ; (j = 1,2,3, m ; k =

1,2,3, p)
ji

 Matrix multiplication , AB or AB is defined

if and only if the number of columns of A

equals the number of rows of B, such
matrices are said to be conformable.
The commutative law of multiplication of

matrices is not satisfied; in general AB

BA.

 However, the associative and

distributive laws are satisfied , hence
for matrices A, B, and C;
( AB ) C = A ( BC )
( A + B ) C = AC + BC
A ( B + C ) = AB +AC
A matrix can be multiplied by itself if
and only if it is a square matrix.